Citation: Liu, Y.; Mi, G.; Zhang, S.; Li, P.; Huang, Y. Determination of Discrete Element Modelling Parameters of Adzuki Bean Seeds. Agriculture 2022, 12, 626. https://doi.org/10.3390/ agriculture12050626 Academic Editor: Rosa Francaviglia Received: 29 March 2022 Accepted: 25 April 2022 Published: 27 April 2022 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). agriculture Article Determination of Discrete Element Modelling Parameters of Adzuki Bean Seeds Yan Liu, Guopeng Mi, Shilin Zhang, Peng Li and Yuxiang Huang * College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; [email protected] (Y.L.); [email protected] (G.M.); [email protected] (S.Z.); [email protected] (P.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-029-87091111 Abstract: Using discrete element simulation to reveal the interaction between seed and seed metering devices (SMD) is an important method for developing SMDs. However, due to the lack of discrete element modeling (DEM) parameters of adzuki bean seeds (ABS) in existing literature, it is difficult to develop a suitable SMD. In this study, the DEM parameters of ABS were determined by a combination of physical tests and virtual calibration. Initially, the intrinsic parameters, contact parameters, and angle of repose (AOR) of ABS were measured. The parameters significantly affected AOR were then screened out by Plackett–Burman test. Furthermore, the Steepest Ascent test was used to determine the optimal interval value of significant parameters. Finally, the optimal values of significant parameters were obtained by the Box–Behnken test with an AOR of 23.93 ◦ and an error of 0 as targets. The results showed that the coefficient of static friction of ABS–ABS, coefficient of static friction of ABS-photosensitive resin plate, and coefficient of rolling friction of ABS–ABS significantly affected the AOR, and their optimal values were 0.302, 0.282, and 0.043, respectively. The verification test showed that the relative error between simulated and measured values of AOR was 0.67%. This indicated that the determined DEM parameters were accurate and reliable. The results from the study can provide a reference for the selection of DEM parameters in the mechanized seeding process of ABS. Keywords: adzuki bean seeds; discrete element method; parameters; angle of repose; calibration 1. Introduction China is the country with the largest output of adzuki beans in the world. In 2018, the planting area of adzuki bean was 182.44 thousand hectares, and the yield was 0.28 million tons [1]. At present, adzuki bean planting in China mainly depends on manual operation, which is costly and inefficient. The development of adzuki bean sowing machinery is an important way to solve this problem. As a core component, a seed metering device (SMD) directly affects the performance of sowing machinery. The development of high- performance SMDs is essential to improve the sowing quality and efficiency and increase agricultural production. Accurate modeling of the seed–SMD interaction will allow optimization of the SMD without performing expensive and time-consuming field tests which may only be under- taken at certain times of the year [2–4]. The discrete element modeling (DEM), which is a discontinuum numerical method for modeling the mechanical behavior of granular materi- als, is a relevant approach for modeling the metering process of adzuki bean seeds (ABS). In recent years, the operation process of an SMD has been simulated using the DEM to reveal the complex interaction of key components and seeds, which can be performed without relying on expensive and time-consuming physical tests [5–7]. Establishing a simulation model in EDEM software requires the input of specific parameter values, such as density, Poisson’s ratio, shear modulus, coefficient of restitution, friction factor, etc. [8]. Due to individual differences in materials, test errors, and other factors, it is difficult to obtain the Agriculture 2022, 12, 626. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050626 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/agriculture
Determination of Discrete Element Modelling Parameters of Adzuki Bean Seeds
Jun 15, 2023
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