Detection of a Large-Scale Structure of Intracluster Globular Clusters in the Virgo Cluster 처처처처 처처처처 처처처 처처처처처 처처처처 처처 (Lee, Park, & Hwang 2010, Science) 처처처 (Park, Hong Soo) 처처처처처처처처처 2010. 3. 24 처처처처처처처 처처처처
Jan 11, 2016
Detection of a Large-Scale Structure of
Intracluster Globular Clusters in the Virgo Cluster
처녀자리 은하단내 은하간 구상성단의
거대구조 발견(Lee, Park, & Hwang 2010, Science)
박홍수 (Park, Hong Soo)
대형망원경사업그룹
2010. 3. 24 한국천문연구원 콜로퀴움
Contents
1. Introduction1.1 Properties of GCs1.2 Intracluster Objects1.3 Previous Studies of IGCs1.4 Limits of Study of Virgo IGCs
2. Virgo Intracluster GCs2.1 Data2.2 Method2.3 Density Map2.4 Radial Profile 2.5 Discussion and Implication
3. Summary and Future Work
M13, MW GC
M49, Virgo gEGlobular Clusters in the Virgo cluster
?
Introduction
Properties of Globular Clusters
GCs in our Galaxy
The number of GCs= 150 (Harris 2003)
Spatial distribution
Introduction
Properties of Globular Clusters
Color distribution of Galactic GCs
Metal Poor Metal Rich
Introduction
Properties of Globular Clusters
Color distribution of GCs in gEs
M87 Larsen et al.(2001)
Blue GCs Red GCsMetal Poor Metal Rich
Introduction
Properties of Globular Clusters
Luminosity function - Turn over magnitude - Mv(TOM) =-7.4 mag, width~1.6
M87 by Peng et al. (2009)
M87
Galactic GCs
Introduction
Properties of Globular Clusters
Radial number density profile
NGC 1399 by Brodie & Strader (2006)
Blue GCs Red GCs
(Stellar light)
Introduction
Properties of Globular Clusters
Spatial distributionBlue GCs : circular shapeRed GCs : stellar light
NGC 4636 by Park et al. (2010)
Blue GCs Red GCs
Stellar light
Introduction
How about GCs in a galaxy cluster ?
Introduction
Intracluster Objects
Zwicky (1951), van den Bergh (1956) :There may exist stars and interstellar mediumbetween galaxies in clusters of galaxies.
Intracluster Objects : They are gravitationally controlled by the potential of the galaxy cluster itself.ex) diffuse optical stellar light, planetary nebulae, resolved red giant stars, diffuse hot X-ray emitting gas
Introduction
Intracluster Objects
Stellar Light : Mihos et al. (2005) : Virgo Cluster center.0.6 m Burrell Schmidt Telescope.~1.5x1.5deg : M,V filter.several long tidal streamers,a myriad of smaller scale tidal tails and bridges between galaxies.
Introduction
Intracluster Objects
Planetary Nebulae (PN)Feldmeier et al. (2004)Intracluster PN in the Virgo cluster.KPNO-4m.PN luminosity density.
Introduction
Intracluster Objects
Red Giant StarsDurrell et al.(2002) HST/WFPC2 Total(F814W)=33,800secan excess of a population of intracluster red giant branch (RGB) stars
Introduction
Intracluster Objects
X-ray gasBohringer et al. (1994)ROSAT 12x12 degShowing hot luminous gas extending over most of the optically visible cluster.Showing that a large part of the mass of the cluster is centered on the galaxy M87.
Introduction
How about Intracluster GCs in a galaxy cluster ?
Introduction
Previous Studies of Intracluster GCs
White III (1987), Muzzio (1987), West et al.(1995)
Globular clusters should be stripped off from galaxies in a galaxy cluster and that there should be a cluster-wide population of
intracluster globular clusters (IGCs) in galaxy clusters.
Introduction
Previous Studies of Intracluster GCs
Marin-Franch et al. (2003) Coma cluster2.5 m Isaac Newton Telescope (INT).Using surface brightness fluctuation techniqueintracluster GCs do not exist in Coma.
Jordan et al. (2003) Abell 1185HST/WFPC2The point source excess is likely due to the presence of GCs.
Introduction
Previous Studies of Intracluster GCs
Tamura et al. (2006)Wide-field imaging survey of GC populations around M87
with Suprime-Cam on the 8.2m Subaru Telescope.
2x0.5 deg field extending fromthe centre of M87out to a radius of 0.5 Mpc.∼
Introduction
Previous Studies of Intracluster GCs
Williams et al. (2007)HST/ACS (I=26,880sec, V=63,440sec)discovery of 4 candidate IGCsin the Virgo cluster
Introduction
Study of Intracluster GCs
It is not yet known whether this cluster-wide population of IGCsexists in any galaxy cluster or not
because of shallow photometric limits or small area coverage.
The Virgo cluster is the best target to search for a cluster-wide
population of IGCs, because it is the nearest massive galaxy cluster.
Introduction
Virgo Galaxy Cluster
Distance=16.5 Mpc(m-M)=31Field of view : 12x18 deg
The GCs in the Virgo clusterare showed point sources through ground based telescopes .
Binggeli et al.(1985)Virgo Cluster Catalog (VCC) N=2096
Introduction
Study of Intracluster GCs
Because of its largest angular extent and the faintness of its globular clusters it has been difficult to find and study IGCs over the entire Virgo cluster.
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey
Virgo IGCs
Data
SDSS(The Sloan Digital Sky Survey)Photometric(ugriz) and spectroscopic survey.2.5m telescope at Apache Point Observatory, New Mexico1.5 square degrees of sky at a timeThe newest data catalog : DR7Legacy DR7 Imaging Sky Coverage(one-quarter of the entire sky)
Point source catalog in SDSS/DR6
Deep enough to study the bright GCs in Virgo.Wide enough to cover the entire Virgo cluster.
Virgo IGCs
Data
Hint to detect GCs in the Virgo cluster.Color-Magnitude Diagram (CMD) of GCs in 10 gEs and 10 control fields.Selection criteria for GC candidates.
0.6 < (g-i)0 < 1.3 19.5 < i0 < 21.7
-2.0<[Fe/H]<0.4
using the GCs known the radial velocity.
Virgo IGCs
Surface number density map of the Virgo GCs12x18 deg
Virgo IGCs
Method
Contamination by background or foreground sources
foreground stars disk and halo of our GalaxyPoint sources Virgo overdensity
unresolved background galaxies
not available of conventional method (target field-control field) Color-Magnitude Diagram(CMD) Method
Virgo IGCs
Method
Virgo overdensity (tidal stream or low-surface brightness dwarf galaxy)Juric et al. (2008)
Virgo IGCs
Method
CMD to make density map Selecting CMD regions for the foreground stars
Virgo IGCs
Method
Net GC density map= raw GC map – Foreground Star map
FS map=bright star map + faint star map
Virgo IGCs
Density Map
GCs in the Virgo cluster
- Diffuse large scale distribution of GCs
- Several strong concentrations
- Large size substructure
- Tidal feature: elingated structure, bridgelike feature
Virgo IGCs
Density Map
GCs vs. X-ray- similar to large scale
x-ray emission. (ROSAT all-sky survey)- not similar to
the west of M87the north of M87.
Virgo IGCs
Density Map
GCs vs. early-type galaxies(E+S0+dE) and late-type galaxies (S+SB+Irr)
Virgo IGCs
Density Map
Spatial distribution of Blue GCs and Red GCs- BGCs are more extended
than that of RGCs. IGCs are probably
dominated by Blue GCs. (stripped from dEs)- Blue GCs 0.6 < (g−i)0 ≤ 0.95 Red GCs 0.95 < (g−i)0 < 1.3
Virgo IGCs
Radial profile
Radial density profile after masking all galaxies with R<5R25
Change in the slope at R=40 arcmin(similar to edge of the stellar halo of M87, Doherty et al 2009) GCs at R>40 arcmin may be mostly IGCs.
Virgo IGCs
Radial profile
Similar to the slope of dE profile.Consistent with the slope from numerical simulations (Bekki et al. 2006). The IGCs may follow the dark matter distribution of the Virgo cluster.
Virgo IGCs
Radial profile
The density of the blue GCs is about twice as large as that of the red GCs for 40 arcmin < R < 6 deg
The IGCs may be dominated by the blue GCs.
Virgo IGCs
Radial profile
Radial density profile of the GCs inside masked galaxiesSlope is flat following the host galaxy potential
Virgo IGCs
The Number of IGCs
Total number of IGCs
N(IGC, 40’<R<6deg) = 1,500N(IGC corrected ) > 12,000
N(GC in galaxies) = 3,200N(total Virgo GCs) > 36,000
M87 by Peng et al. (2009)
M87
Virgo IGCs
Origin of IGCs
There is a wide distribution of IGCs and they are mostly blue (metal poor). The major origin of these IGCs is low-mass dwarf galaxies.
Mixture scenario for the origin of GCs in gEs (Lee, Park, et al. 2010) :Metal-poor GCs were formed mostly in low-mass dwarf galaxies.Metal-rich GCs were formed later with stars in massive galaxies or in dissipational merging galaxies.Elliptical galaxies grow via dissipational or dissipationless
merging of galaxies and via accretion of many dwarf galaxies.
IGCs in Virgo might have been stripped off from low-mass dwarf galaxies
and are now being accreted locally to nearby massive galaxies, and globally to the center of Virgo.
Virgo IGCs
Implication
Critical role in understanding how galaxies and galaxy clusters form and evolve.
If we get the radial velocity of the IGC candidates, we can investigate the detailed distribution of dark matter in galaxy clusters, the dynamical evolution of galaxy clusters, and the origin of the intracluster matter, with the help of theoretical modeling.
If we get their ages and metallicity either from the spectroscopy or from the high resolution imaging, we can explore the origin of globular clusters, and the formation of the first stars in the universe.
Summary and Future Work
Summary ?
M13, MW GC
M49, Virgo gEVirgo cluster
Summary and Future Work
Ongoing Work
Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey (NGVS) using CFHT/Megacamugriz filter
Summary and Future Work
Future Work
To confirm of real IGCsDeep imaging of GCs candidates : HST, GMTRadial velocity of GC spectroscopy : 4m telescopes
Chemical properties of IGCs : Age and MetallcityCMD from deep imagesSpectra from spectroscopic observation : 8-10m telescopes, GMT