Designing the Zero Energy in HOUSING 111

TOWARD ZERO ENERGY IN HOUSING

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND REGIONAL PLANNING

IIT KHARAGPUR(WEST BENGAL)

PRESENTED BY- 11AR60R32 ( HEMANT CHANDRAVANSHI) MCP FIRST YEAR

What IS Zero-Energy?

Goal : House is designed to produce as much energy as it consumes on yearly basis.

The toward Zero Energy housing,(building) seminar aims to showcase the processes, design, and technological integrations which may lead to superior energy efficient building without compromising quality performance, health and comfort. Relevant new technological developments and products will also be examined and discussed.

The earth provides enough to satisfy everyone’s needs, but not for everyone’s greed.” Mahatma Gandhi

0BJECTIVE

To prove that a zero-energy, market-viable speculative house is possible. Co competitive(Affordable

Housing ) Beautiful Sustainable

energy independence is important.Because a healthy natural environment is important.

Fig2: Household Distribution of Energy Consumption (DOE 2008)

The Three dynamics pillars of achieving zero energy housing are as follows:- social acceptability:- designing for peopleenvironmental viability:-Resource efficientEconomic feasibility: use local and low maintained materials.

“The Earth belongs to everyone, not part of it to certain people but all of it to everyone, to be enjoyed and cared for.” Michael Foreham

Climate Change is for Real

.Our Planet

has got Fever: Earth’s

surface temperaturecontinuouslyincreasing

over past few decades

Source: http://renewableindia.com/

Energy utilized over the life cycle of building

For commercial buildingsFor residential buildings

Source: Fig2: Household Distribution of Energy Consumption (DOE 2008

5. Toward zero energy ( green building)

Green building brings together a vast array of

practices and techniques to reduce the impacts

of buildings on the environment

Indian private sector led by CII has already

achieved leadership in Green Buildings.

Already approximately 30 rated buildings existing

100 more buildings have registered for certification

7 of existing green buildings are Platinum rated

A strategy should be worked out to increase the

penetration of Green Buildings in India

Green Overhaul of Existing Buildings also to be

looked at

CII-GBC Building

Energy savings of 1,20,000 units per year 40 % less water consumptionContinuous CO2 monitoring 80 per cent recycled material used Discharges zero water 100% Day lighting15 % Power-Solar PV

Most of the energy used in buildings is due to the acclimatization systems (space heating, ventilation and air conditioning) followed by water heating and lighting.

Lowering overall consumption has a direct impact on environment such as increase in indoor air quality, decrease in natural resources use and improved comfort due to improved energy efficiency in buildings.

The pattern of different energy use of a building depends upon the building type and the climate zone where it is located.

This graphic represents the CO2 emission in tones of carbon equivalent per capita.

We should not compare just the emission. Each of us is emitting CO2. We should rather look, how efficient we use our environment depending on our life.

India is planning to invest over Rs 74,000 crore (Rs 740 billion) within the next five years to improve energy efficiency and cut carbon emissions from its power sector. Coal-based power generation plants account for around 60 per cent of India's total carbon emissions.

Source:http://www.business-standard.com/2009

Source: National building code of india,2005, part8 fig-2

DEFINATION OF VARIOUS TYPE OF ZERO BUILDING Net Zero site Energy: Net Zero Source Energy:

as much as renewable a source, when accounted as source.

Net Zero Energy Costs:

Net Zero Emissions: produce enough emissions free renewal energy to offset emission from all energy used in the building annually.

Zero Energy Homes have a number of advantages:• Improved comfort—an energy-efficient building envelope reduces temperature fluctuations.• Reliability—a ZEH can be designed to continue functioning even during blackouts.• Security—a home that produces energy protects its owner from fluctuations in energy prices.• Environmental sustainability—a ZEH saves energy and reduces pollution.

Zero Energy Homes optimize a variety of features:• Climate-specific design• Passive solar heating and cooling• Energy-efficient construction, appliances, and lighting• Solar thermal and solar electric systems.

Source: http://envfor.nic.in/divisions

used for generating and selling energy back to the distribution circuit

Highly Insulated, Tightly Sealed Envelope High Efficiency Mechanical System High-Efficiency Appliances Taking Advantage of Free Energy Solar Power – Heat and Electricity Use geo- thermal energy.

How to achieve Zero-Energy

Environmentally Conscious Investment decisions can allow the countryto leapfrog into an era of carbon efficient

advanced technologies

Beyond Zero-Energy Water efficiency Sustainable materials LEED-H Platinum Rating

Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design for Homes.

Levels (high to low) Platinum Gold Silver Certified

Energy Star Home Public Outreach and Education Market Viability

GREEN ROOF

Benefits of green roof.1.Reduce noise level .

(sound reflection by up to 3 dB and improve sound insulation by up to 8 dB)2. Thermal Insulation3. Heat Shield4.Use of Space

Public Benefits1.Natural Habitat for Animals and Plants. 2.Stormwater Retention (result less or smaller dimensioned sewerage systems can be installed)3. Urban Heat Island Effect4. Cities and Landscapes5. Reduction of Dust and Smog Levels

Source: © 2011, International Green Roof Association

THE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

Comfort Aesthetics Efficiency Sustainability Cost Context

Building Demolition & Construction Waste

Neighbors offered materials from existing house Cabinets, Flooring Fixtures Windows & Doors

Contractor salvaged all usable materials for reuse/recycling.

Very little waste sent to landfill. Framing lumber being ordered to minimize

waste. All waste is being tracked. Waste materials will be sorted and recycled to

greatest degree possible.

Envelope – Insulation

The cheapest energy to buy is the energy you don’t use.

Continuous Air-Barrier, sealed at all openings and edge

High-reflectivity roofing to reduce heat island

Windows/Doors U-factor = 0.32 (R3) Solar Heat Gain Coeff.

(SHGC) = 0.28

Envelope – Windows

Limit East and West facing Glass At least 50% more glass on North and South

than on East and West. Shade South-facing Windows and Doors

exclude heat in summer, admit it in winter

SOUTH

Passive Mechanical Systems – Nature’s Services

Natural ventilation during swing months Operable windows Cross-ventilation Timed or Humidistat

controlled fans in bathrooms. Awnings and trees reduce

cooling requirements in summer. South orientation allows for

some passive heating in winter.

Ground Character

Different ground materials reflect, store and absorb heat to different.

This type of paver should used

Wind catchers

Integration of vegetation in the building to minimize heat gain

Minimizing the surface area to volume ratio minimizes heat transfer

Various roof forms and their areas of exposure

Basic roof forms and their effect on ventilation

Roof Materials

Makes saving on cost of this slab compared to the traditional slab by about 23%.Reduces use of concrete and saves cement and steel by about 40%.

vegetation Pattern

Water Bodies

Active Mechanical Systems – Heating & Cooling

Geothermal – Ground Source Heat Pump Energy Recover Ventilator Sealed duct work, all INSIDE the Envelope. Mechanical Ventilation – “seal tight, ventilate

right” – 0.35 air changes per hour. House zoned to allow upstairs and basement to

be ‘shut down’ when not in use. Master bedroom is also a separate zone for day-night differential control.

APPLIANCES Energy Star Appliances

Refrigerator. Convection ovens. Induction cook top. Dishwasher. Clothes Washer (no dryer is energy

efficient. – consider clothesline instead).

Compact Fluorescent (CFL) and LED Lights, Energy Star Ceiling Fans. Gas fireplace w/ Electronic Ignition

ENERGY BALANCE

Zero was our goal, but don’t have to go that far to save money and the environment.

High efficiency envelope, HVAC and appliances cuts demand to manageable level.

Cut usage first before buying more PV panels.

Knowing when to stop – the better it is, the harder it is to improve.

WATER EFFICIENCY

No irrigation system required. Plants are drought tolerant.

Low-flow fixtures 1.75 gpm shower head 1.5 gpm lavatory

faucets 1.1 gallon per flush

toilets Clothes Washer –

Water Factor ≤ 5.5 Recirculation pump

– water recalculated to tank until desired temperature is reached.

Fixture-by-fixture gray water reuse –

Still considering rainwater harvesting

AQUS system from AquaPro Solutions

s s sMotion Sensor

Hot water heater

Motion Sensor Motion Sensor

warm water recirculates in cold water line

RECIRCULATION PUMP

sink

sink

tub

shower

FINISH MATERIALS – SUSTAINABILITY

LEED Recognizes following materials as ‘environmentally preferred’: FSC Certified (Forrest

Stewardship Council) Recycled (including

rubber) Reclaimed Local Rapidly Renewable

(bamboo, linoleum) Low VOC (Volatile

Organic Compounds). No urea-formaldehyde No exotic woods Durability – more

about how and where materials are installed than materials themselves.

Landscaping

Keeping rainwater on-site Nearly 100% Pervious

surfaces. Light colored surfaces to

reduce heat island effect Rainwater harvesting (still

being considered) Green Roof (planned as an

OPTION)

LANDSCAPING

Shading the House (but not the panels)

Saving potable water 100% Drought tolerant High-efficiency irrigation

system (we need NO irrigation system)

Native Species Only Protecting house

No materials that attract termites within 2 ft. of house.

Minimize site disturbance, add plantings to eliminate erosion.

COST ADVANTAGES OF GREEN BUILDING

Basically prepaying your energy bills for next 25 years. It’s (relatively) inflation-proof It’s deductible

Comfort Sustainable materials are healthier for you and

your family to live with. Tight, energy-efficient construction is more

comfortable to live in (when properly designed). Grants and Tax Rebates

Federal State Local

Cooperatives offer additional discounts.

Summary – the Fundamentals

Site selection Energy

efficiency Water efficiency Sustainable

materials Recycled Reclaimed Local Certified

Demolition and construction waste management.

CASE STUDY –1RETREAT , GURGAON(resources efficient Teri retreat or

environmental awareness and training)Site Plot Area =36 HectareBuilt up Area= 3000sq mtsParking = Adequate ParkingLandscaping =Entrance is flanked by local trees. The campus is Blooming with flowers all year round maximum number of native species planted.Accessibility = Front approaching road. situated in Teri’s gual Pahari campus, about 30 km south of Delhi.Topography =the building is standing on contoured site.Orientation = north facingSurrounding Buildings=vacant plots & only a few building.Fig no. Bird view of retreat,gurgaon

fig no. North face of Retreat::the entrance block

Plan: RETREAT, a residential training facility for executives, is designed to be self – sufficient , and independent of any extra power supply. It consists of two semicircular blocks arranged one behind the other. The south block comprises the conference centre with a lange hall, a dining room, a lounge, recreational facilities, and a library.Part of the building is sunken into the ground in order to take advantage of ground storage, which stabilizes internal temperature.DSIGN FEATURESOrientation, Insulation and design of buildingWall insulation with 40mm thick expanded polystyrene and roof insulation using vermiculate concrete (vermiculate,a porous material,is mixed with concrete to form a homogenous mix)topped with china mosaic for heat reflectionBuilding oriented to face south for winter gains;summer gains offset using deciduous tree and shading .South side partially sunk into ground to reduce heat gains and losses.East and west walls devoid of opening and are shaded.

Earth air tunnel for south block•Four tunnels of 70m length and 70cm diameter each laid at a depth of 4m below the ground to supply conditioned air to the rooms.•At a depth of 4m below ground, temperature remaining at 26 deg. Centigrade (in gorgon) through the year.•Four fans of 2hp each forcing the air in and solar chimneys forcing the air out of rooms.•Assisted cooling by air washer in dry summer and a 10 TR dehumidifier in monsoon.

south face of retreat showing solar water heater and solar chimney showing earth air tunnel layout

Ammonia absorption chillers for the north blockGas based system with minimal electrical requirement (maximum 9kw)Chlorofluorocarbon free refrigent (ammonia)Photovoltaic gasifier hybrid system50 kw gasifier and 10.7 kwp solar photovoltaic.Generates producer gas(containing methane),which runs a diesel generating set with 70% diesel replacement1unit of electricity produced needs 1kg of biomass and 90 ml of desil900 amp-hours batteries at 240v.36-kva bi-directional inverter.Load manager controls and manages loads.Solar hot water system24 solar water heating panels(inclined at 70 degrees) integrated with parapet walls.

LightingLighting load 9 kw(reduced from a minimum of 28kw in a conventional building).Ligiting provided by compact fluorescent lamp,high efficiency fluorescent tubes with electronic chokesLighting controls to reduce consumption(timer, key-tag system)Innovative daylight by means of skylights

Waste-water management system by root zone systemCleans waste water (5cu m/day)from toilets,kitchen etc.A bed of reed plants(phragmites)Treating the water ,the output used for irrigationPlants taking up nutrients from water and thriving on the same, in the process cleaning the water.Building management systemMonitors building parameters(temperature, humidity, consumption, etc)Monitors electricity generated from each sourceDecides on load-sharing and load shedding to optimize energy usageRecords at regular intervals.

Source:-http://www.teriin.org

T-ZED HOME BANGLORESite: Plot Aear = 5.5 Acres having 95 (75 apartment +15 independent villas)Super Built up =2155 to 3537 sq.ftParking =daylight basement Landscaping = plant are indigenous species Accessibility= Front approaching road connected to airport road . the building stand on flat landOrientation = east-west axisSurrounding building= many housing projects are in construction.

Plan: The total number of homes is based on the carrying capacity of the land: to ensure the autonomy in water the amount of water harvested from the annual rainfall is calculated and gives the feeding capacity of the land which is divided by the annual average consumption of a modern family, giving at last the maximum figures for settlement. The master plan consists in two parallel four-floor buildings containing a street for pedestrian and vehicles movements along it. The south-facing buildings are segmented into blocks in order to provide maximum natural light to the street and homes located in the second row of buildings. These cavities called “e-zone” are treated as garden for recreation.

Appartment view villa view

Salient feature of T zed homes‘ A self sufficient and secure water supply system is also provided, using the rainwater collected from the roofs, which is stored in shallow aquifers, through a system of drains, percolation pits, trenches and wells. Around 44 recharge wells are dug to help water percolation through the ground into the shallow zone. Four bore wells act as backup for water in extreme conditions of shortage of harvested water,Energy:Centralized district refrigeration system and air conditioning system using an ammonia-based chilling unit (non ozone depleting product) has been provided to the campus.Materials:BCIL has used filler slabs, incorporating fly ash blocks, to save the amount of steel and cement used. External walls are built using soil-stabilised blocks. Rubber wood, a non-forest timber, is used for door shutters and as flooring.

Source:- http://www.archidev.org/rubrique

Kitchen wastes They segregated into organic /inorganic wastes. Organic waste goes to the vermicomposting pits where they are converted into Vermicompost, a nutrient-rich natural fertilizer and soil conditioner to be used for the garden.Some achievementsT Zed is a campus that has no water supply connection from the outside.There is no sewerage connection for this campus. All wastewater is treated and reused for gardens in a way that such water eventually percolates into the open wells and so completes the loop of use and generation.The Capital savings of approx 20,000 tonnes of Carbon emissions.The Revenue savings of approx 1500 tonnes of Carbon emissions.Tzed consumes only 60 per cent of energy demand of a 100 houses anywhere else. Residents pay 30 % less on power and 20 % less on monthly maintenance.Every resident gains Rs. 12,000/- on an annual basis, thanks to carbon credit savings in T-Zed..

Points design Retreat Tzed inferanceDesign Efficient utilization of energy, sustainable use

of both natural resources and renenable energy technology

Energy efficency under clean development mechanism

Towards zero energy building

Description Built up 3000sq.m having tranning hostel ,conference, computer & library

5 Acres site Compariss of 95 homes(70 flats+15 villas),clube hous having canteen,gym,library

Appartment & Villas

Orientation East west Axis East west Axis East west AxisForm & Planning

South side patially sunk into ground Reduce building surface volume

Fanestration R.C.c chaaja’s and jali designed to cut off summer sun and let in winter sun.devoid east west window

Form provide maximum natural light to street & homes

Proper daylight & cross ventilation

Material Wall insulation with 400mm th expanded polystyrene,toped with china mosaic for heat reflection`

T zed used filler slab, latarite brick,and non forest timber used for door shutter and flooring.

Use filler slab,flyash with rat trap.non forest timber

Energy 24 water heater inclined @ 70 delivered 500 ⁰lit/4h

34 water heater for 95 homes delivered 600 lit/4h.

Providing solar water heaterSoalr water heaterPhotovoltaic panels

Panels generate 55 units of electricity/h & consumption is about 40 units.

T zed Generate only 60 % of energy demand of a 100 houses .

Providing solar panels

Battery bank Surplus energy generated is used to recharge the battery bank.

Small battery of 12v are Recharge for back up.

Provide small battery for reharge

Biomass Gasifier

50kl-watt Gasifier runs diesel generator .for back –up or in winter days.

2 Generator of 120kb. run by 90 %diesel+ 10% vegetable oil.

Generators provided

Bio gas plant Not having Kitchen waste biogas plant Kitchen based biogas plant

Automated system

Monitoring System (How much Power is consumed)

Mobile Home Automation. Mobile home automation

ENERGY EFFICIENT LIGHTING

Fluorescent lamp are installed. Compact fluorescent lamps and Light Emitting Diodes.

AIR CONDITION SYSTEM

UNDERGROUND EARTH TUNNELS South block maintained 20 c to 30 c ⁰ ⁰ around the year.

Centralized Refrigeration system and air conditioning system using an ammonia-based chilling unit .

Cooling tower

A TYPICSL ZERO ENERGY HOME

India: Current Scenario…cont.

According to survey conducted by Global Market Institute-a Seattle-based group-

Indians are most concernedfor climate change

Indians are Responsible too

Recommendations/conclusion There is a need of policies that encourage for more energy

efficient buildings, policies regarding energy pricing and taxation, awareness, education, technology access and building safety norms.

Regularities must provide a necessary framework for energy efficient buildings under different conditions and different climate zones. Such regularities should cover the energy use over the entire life span of buildings.

Government financing and incentives for the construction of more energy efficient and environment friendly buildings should be given.

Building codes, guidelines and equipment standards should be developed in consultation with industry to minimize adverse impacts on environment.

ELIMENTS OF A SUCCESSFUL zero ENERGY Program

ITC Green Building, Gurgaon

CII Godgej Green Building, Hyderabad

Climate Change: Impacts on India

Indian 7500-km long densely populated and low-lying

coastline would be worst hit due to rise in sea level.

20% of coastal population may need to migrate.

25% of country’s population would be exposed to

increased cyclone.

70% plants may not be able to adapt to new conditions

More than 20,000 villages may be deserted.

Adverse impact on agricultural yield.

BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES MISSIONDevelop technologies, tools, and standards for making residential and commercial buildings and appliances more energy-efficient, productive, and affordable.

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