Designing Like Mother Nature: An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms IEEE CS Meeting, April 15, 1999 (c) Linden Innovation Research LLC 1 Designing Like Mother Nature An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms Dr. Derek S. Linden (703) 561-3400 [email protected]2 About the Speaker, Derek Linden • B.S., USAF Academy, 1991, Applied Physics (Elec. Systems) • M.S., MIT, 1993, EE (Solid State Devices/Superconductivity) • Rome Lab, 1993 - 1996, basic research on superconductors at microwave frequencies, antennas, GAs • Ph.D., MIT, 1997, Thesis: “Automated Design and Optimization of Wire Antennas Using Genetic Algorithms” • Current research: Increasing GA efficiency, applying GAs to new problems • Linden Innovation Research LLC – Automated Design and Optimization Consulting, Training and Software
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Designing Like Mother Nature: An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms IEEE CS Meeting, April 15, 1999
(c) Linden Innovation Research LLC 1
Designing Like Mother NatureAn Introduction to Genetic Algorithms
Engineer: 8 weeks for a satisfactory designEngineer + Expert system: less than 1 day w/ 2x improvementGA + Expert system: 2 days w/ 3x improvement over engineer alone
Holland, 1992
Pratt&Whitney Engine
Designing Like Mother Nature: An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms IEEE CS Meeting, April 15, 1999
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Dighe & Jakiela, 1996
Pattern Nesting
• Applications in many industries– Clothing
– Shipbuilding
– Automobile part manufacturing
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Pattern Nesting
• Minimizing rectangular enclosure
68.4% 69.0%
Designing Like Mother Nature: An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms IEEE CS Meeting, April 15, 1999
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Pattern Nesting
• Minimizing height
70.4% 72.4%
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Simple Wire Antenna
• The design
Drive point(in center of element)
Reflector element 0 - 4 λ
Driven element 0.5 λ
Separation distance 0.04 - 2 λ
Linden, 1997
Designing Like Mother Nature: An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms IEEE CS Meeting, April 15, 1999
(c) Linden Innovation Research LLC 19
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0.02
0.22
0.42
0.62
0.82
1.02
1.22
1.42
1.62
1.82
2.02
2.22
2.42
2.62
2.82
3.02
3.22
3.42
3.62
3.82
0.08
0.28
0.48
0.68
0.88
1.08
1.28
1.48
1.68
1.88
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
Gain
Length
Separation
Simple Wire Antenna
• The search space
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Simple Wire Antenna
• The objective function– Maximize gain in forward direction (already a single
number)
• The chromosome– Two real values for length and separation
• GA parameters– 20 chromosomes, 50% overlap, 0.6% mutation
Designing Like Mother Nature: An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms IEEE CS Meeting, April 15, 1999
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Simple Wire Antenna
0
0.2
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0.6
0.8
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0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
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0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
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1 2 5
8 11 14
17 20 23
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Folded Monopole, Crooked-WireAntennas
• The problem: Our goal in each case was to achieve asingle objective: the broadest beam possible over theupper hemisphere
Designing Like Mother Nature: An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms IEEE CS Meeting, April 15, 1999
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References
• A. Adewuya, “ New Methods in Genetic Search with Real-valued Chromosomes,” Master'sThesis, Mech. Engr. Dept., MIT, 1996
• C.D. Chapman, K. Saitou, M.J. Jakiela. “Genetic Algorithms as an Approach to Configurationand Topology Design.” Journal of Mechanical Design,Vol. 116, December 1994.
• F. Zhang, Y.F. Zhang, A.Y.C Nee. “Using Genetic Algorithms in Process Planning for JobShop Machining.” IEEE Trans. on Evolutionary Computation, Vol. 1, No. 4, November 1997.
• J. Lienig. “A Parallel Genetic Algorithm for Performance-Driven VLSI Routing.” IEEETrans. on Evolutionary Computation, Vol. 1, No. 1, April 1997.
• J.H. Holland. “Genetic Algorithms.” Scientific American, July 1992.
• R. Dighe and M.J. Jakiela. “Solving Pattern Nesting Problems with Genetic AlgorithmsEmploying Task Decomposition and Contact Detection.” Evolutionary Computation, Vol. 3,No. 3, 1996.
• D.S. Linden. “Automated Design and Optimization of Wire Antennas using GeneticAlgorithms.” Ph.D. Thesis, MIT, September 1997.
• E.E. Altshuler and D.S. Linden. “Design of a Loaded Monopole Having HemisphericalCoverage Using a Genetic Algorithm.” IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation., Vol. 45,No. 1, January 1997.
• D.S. Linden and E.E. Altshuler. “Automating Wire Antenna Design using GeneticAlgorithms.” Microwave Journal, Vol. 39, No. 3, March 1996.