1 Designing Light-Tech & High Tech Dynamic auditory scanning systems GAYLE PORTER LINDA BURKHART ISAAC conference, Natal, Brazil 2004 www.Lburkhart.com Light tech Aided auditory scanning n Partner assisted auditory scanning n Human voice n “Smart partner” operating system n Not as rigid with timing n Can interpret a broader range of movements (learning movements) n Partner skills to operate the system n Operational versus social speech n Vocabulary organization ! High tech Aided auditory scanning n Computer or dedicated communication device n Digitized or synthesized voice n Scanning voice versus speaking voice n Can be confusing to “less involved” partners n Use different voices n Use private and public speakers n More independent n “Computer” operating system n Rigid with timing n Accurate movements n Vocabulary organization ! Selection techniques n 1 Movement to accept option n “Yes” – partner assisted auditory scanning n Accurate movement with timing control to access switch with automatic scanning n 2 movements to reject & accept n Differentiated “Yes” & “No” movements n generally increases partner’s confidence using scanning n ? Increase activity & possible fatigue n 2 switch scanning n Reduced timing & attention requirements n Need to access to separate locations n ? Increase activity & possible fatigue Why use auditory scanning? n Aim is the same as all AAC interventions n For the person to meet his/her varied communication requirements as n intelligibly n specifically n efficiently n independently n in as socially valued a manner as possible Considerations for auditory scanning systems n Choice of auditory or auditory + visual system n Cortical Vision Impairment n Operational considerations n Social speech vs operational speech • Selection set is transient • Limited selection set presented at one time (auditory memory) n Need multiple levels / branches
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n Not as rigid with timingn Can interpret a broader range of movements
(learning movements)n Partner skills to operate the system
n Operational versus social speechn Vocabulary organization !
High techAided auditory scanningn Computer or dedicated communication
devicen Digitized or synthesized voicen Scanning voice versus speaking voice
n Can be confusing to “less involved” partnersn Use different voicesn Use private and public speakers
n More independentn “Computer” operating system
n Rigid with timingn Accurate movements
n Vocabulary organization !
Selection techniquesn 1 Movement to accept option
n “Yes” – partner assisted auditory scanningn Accurate movement with timing control to access
switch with automatic scanning
n 2 movements to reject & acceptn Differentiated “Yes” & “No” movements
n generally increases partner’s confidence using scanningn ? Increase activity & possible fatigue
n 2 switch scanningn Reduced timing & attention requirementsn Need to access to separate locationsn ? Increase activity & possible fatigue
Why use auditory scanning?n Aim is the same as all AAC interventions
n For the person to meet his/her variedcommunication requirements asn intelligiblyn specificallyn efficientlyn independentlyn in as socially valued a manner
as possible
Considerations forauditory scanning systemsn Choice of auditory or auditory + visual
systemn Cortical Vision Impairment
n Operational considerationsn Social speech vs operational speech
• Selection set is transient
• Limited selection set presented at onetime (auditory memory)n Need multiple levels / branches
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Activity Specific Scanning Display - ColumnsAuditory scanning activity display
Dynamic AuditoryScanning systems
Common issues using auditoryscanning branching systemsË Child and partner locating required vocabulary in
branchesË Layout instructions
Ë Speed of communication (number of levelchanges required to communicate message)
Ë Enabling quicker access to predictable messages
Ë Enabling access to a wide vocabulary for spontaneous,unpredicted messages
Design strategiesn To enable “automatic” level changes
n “go to page number” instructionsn Use of color & numbers on page tags
n Organisation of dynamic displayn Placement of vocabularyn Navigation
Organisation Dynamic displaysn Taxonomic - organised according to categories
n Schematic - organised according to events or activities
n Topic - organised according to the topice.g.: I’m talking about my dog, “I’m talking aboutpirates”, “I’m talking about school”.
n Pragmatic - organised according to communication function and discourse requirements
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Pragmatic organisationn Uses communication function and discourse
requirements to structure the placement ofvocabulary within the dynamic display.
n Taxonomic, schematic, topic and anecdoteorganisations can all be used within a pragmaticorganisation
n Efficiency to meet communication requirementsis the overriding factor determining the types ofbranches and the placement of specificvocabulary.
The question
“What does the child need to say,when, to whom and how?”
raises many considerations for vocabularyplacement
Vocabulary placement
Considerations for vocabulary placement
What functions may be expressed with thisvocabulary?
Shop- Request - “Let’s go to the shops”- Question – “Are we going to the shop?”- Relate information – “I went to the shop …….”- Tell a story – “We went to the shops ……..”- Pretend – “Let’s play shops”Etc.
What type of branchingWhat type of branching organisation organisationsuits each function?suits each function?
Pragmatic branch startersI like this I don't like this I think it’s .. (opinion)
Something's wrong I want something
I want to go somewhere Let’s do something
I'm telling you something I'm asking a question
I'm telling a story I have an idea
Do you want to hear a joke Let’s pretend
I’ve got something to show you I’ll tell you how to ....
Considerations for vocabulary placement
Time requirements for effective messagetransmission?n Priority continuum
n Varies given message, function,environments, partners & individualrequirements.
n Consider discourse patterns of use
n Some context dependent messagesneed to be said “quickly or not at all”.
Early learning auditory scanning bookn Partner instructionsn Visual symbols present
n Opportunities to learnn Point of focus (partner / child)
n Early communication functions onseparate pages
n Introduction to lists within functionn Light tech
n Partner scaffoldsn Active observation & interpretation of movementn Adapt timing
n Reduced attention / skill needed for operation
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Early learning auditory scanning book
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Visual plus auditory scanning- May use light to highlight individual pictographs
Auditory scanning chart
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Expanding vocabulary
n Expand range of communicationfunctionsn Less predictablen Require categories
Individual vocabulary placement Operational commands- Link pagesn To and from the front / main page
n Need to be able to get to all pages from the frontpage and main navigation index
n Need to be able to get back to main navigationindex from all pages
n To other “predictably” associated pagesn Within a category or topic
n Turn the page / next pagen Go back / previous pagen Sub-category pages
Increasing linguistic complexity
n Scaffoldingn Inclusion of more specific informationn Grammatically correct sentences
n Uses conversational topic with pragmaticbranch organisationn Narrows options for auditory scanning whilst
allowing for broader vocabulary
n Developed by Louise Dunne
My class learnedabout theFederation of Aust.
I have a messageabout school
Go to page 4
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I’m telling yousomething
Go to page 4b
My class learnedabout theFederation of Aust.
Past tense
My whole class
learned about
Go to page 4c
My class learnedabout theFederation of Aust.
The federation of
Australia
My class learnedabout theFederation of Aust.
Let’s work withJames.
I have a messageabout school
Go to page 4
I’ve got an idea.
Go to page 4g
Let’s work withJames.
Let’s work withsomeone
Go to page 9b
Let’s work withJames.
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…James
Let’s work withJames.
High tech dynamic displaysIssues & challenges for auditory scanning
n Enough vocabulary/ message types to meetwide range of communication requirements
n Limited number of options on a page withlinear scanning
n Absence of ‘co-construction’ from acommunication partner in message formationn Key words sentences expanded by partner
n Voice output messages may not soundgrammatically correct to the child
Louise Dunne 2001
Pragmatic organization for High Techauditory scanning dynamic displaysn Can use similar organizations to light tech
displaysn Pragmatic branch startersn Strategic clues such as “It’s already happened”,
“going to happen”.
n However, computer technology only respondsto it’s programming. Need to program extrapages and link buttonsn Operation and navigation buttonsn Scaffold language outputn Do tasks that partners do in light tech systems
Other optionsn Combination direct access (eye, hand)
to limited set of visual symbols withattached lists to use auditory scanning.
n Auditory scanning groups of words
Referencesn Ayton, T. and Porter, G. (1991) Working with visual
communication. in Bloomberg, K., and Johnson, H.,(eds),(1991) Communication Without Speech; A Guide forparents and teachers. Melbourne: Australian Council ForEducational Research
n Beukelman, D.R. & Mirenda, P. (1998) Augmentative andalternative communication. Management of severecommunication disorders in children and adults. 2ndEdition. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.
n Blackstone, S. (1994) Auditory scanning AugmentativeCommunication News 7(2), 6-7
n Dunne, L. & Porter, G. (2001) Dynamic Displays: Low techand High Tech. Pre-conference workshop AGOSCIconference Adelaide
n Glennen, S.L. & De Coste, D.C. (1997) Handbook ofaugmentative and alternative communication San Diego,CA: Singular Publishing Group Inc.
n Kraat, A. (1987) Communication interaction between aidedand natural speakers: A state of the art report. (2nd Edition)Wisconsin- Madison: Trace R&D Center.
n Light, J. (1989) Toward a Definition of CommunicativeCompetence For Individuals Using Augmentative andAlternative Communication Systems. Augmentative andAlternative Communication Vol 5. No 2 pp 137- 144
n Musselwhite, C. & Burkhart, L. (2002) Sequenced SocialScripts: Companion CD to Can we Chat? Co-PlannedSequenced Social Scripts
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n Porter, G. (2000) Ideas for the design of low- tech dynamicdisplays: User friendly, multi-level communication books.(printed in , Department of Education. (2001). Students withphysical impairment: Augmentative and alternativecommunication. Brisbane, QLD: Author.)
n Renner (2003) The development of communication withalternative means from Vygotsky’s cultural-historicalperspective in von Tetzchner, S. & Grove, N. (eds)Augmentative and alternative communication: Developmentalissues. London: Whurr Publishers Ltd.
n Retherford, K.S. (1996) Normal communication acquisition:An animated database of behaviors. Eau Claire, WI: ThinkingPublications
n Smith, M.E. (1926) An investigation of the development ofthe sentence and the extent of vocabulary in young children.University of Iowa Studies in child welfare. 3, no. 5.