Design Science Research Workshop I-4 Science Research I.pdf · Outputs f Outputs of desi n design science research Output Description 1 Constructs The conceptual vocabulary of a domain
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Conducting Design Science Conducting Design Science Research in IT: Introduction
Vijay K. Vaishnavij y K.
OutlineOutlineOverview of Design Science Research (DSR)Phil hi l G di f DSRPhilosophical Grounding of DSRDSR MethodologyAn Example of DSRAn Example of DSRDesign Science Research versus DesignConclusions
Research related termsResearch related termsResearch: an activity that ycontributes to the understanding of a phenomenonPh t f b h i f Phenomenon: a set of behaviors of some entity(ies) that is found interesting by the researcher or by a
• Overview of DSR• Philosophical G d f DSR interesting by the researcher or by a
research communityUnderstanding: knowledge that allows
d f h b h f
Grounding of DSR• DSR Methodology• An Example of DSR • Design Science prediction of the behavior of some
Research related terms (2)Research related terms (2)Research Methods: The set of Research Methods: The set of activities a research community considers appropriate to the production of knowledgeParadigmatic Community: Having
l i s l m t th
• Overview of DSR• Philosophical G d f DSR nearly universal agreement on the
phenomenon of interest and the research methods for investigating
Grounding of DSR• DSR Methodology• An Example of DSR • Design Science r r m f r n g ng
Research related terms (3)Research related terms (3)Pre-Paradigmatic or Multi-gParadigmatic Research Community: Bound into a nominal community by overlap in sets of phenomena of interest overlap in sets of phenomena of interest and/or overlap in methods of investigation
• Overview of DSR• Philosophical G d f DSR
gInformation Technology/ Computer Science/ Information Systems, Biotechnology Examples of multi
Grounding of DSR• DSR Methodology• An Example of DSR • Design Science Biotechnology – Examples of multi-
Design: “Inventing things which do not yet g g g yexist” (Gregory, 1966)Design Science: “Organized, rational, and
h ll s st m tic ppr ch t d si n; n t wholly systematic approach to design; not just the utilization of scientific knowledge of artifacts, but design in some sense as a
• Overview of DSR• Philosophical G d f DSR scientific activity itself” (Cross, 2001).
Science of Design: “A federation of sub-disciplines having design as the subject of
Grounding of DSR• DSR Methodology• An Example of DSR • Design Science disciplines having design as the subject of
their cognitive interests” (Cross, 2001).Design Science
D i S i R h L i Design Science Research: Learning through building (Vaishnavi and Kuechler, 2004). “. . . Using design as a vehicle for
ti d i i k l d i creating design science knowledge in an area . . . Contributions of design science research are in the combined novelty and utility of
d if “ (M h d S
• Overview of DSR• Philosophical G d f DSR constructed artifacts “ (March and Storey,
2008).Design Theory (ISDT): A high level
Grounding of DSR• DSR Methodology• An Example of DSR • Design Science D gn ry ( D ) g
description of the functional (design) requirements and the design methods for a class of artifacts (Walls et al.. 1992).
Design Science Research versus Design• Conclusions
A General Model for Generatingand Accumulating Knowledge [Owen 1997]
Grounding of DSR• DSR Methodology• An Example of DSR • Design Science and Accumulating Knowledge [Owen, 1997]Design Science Research versus Design• Conclusions
“Schools of architecture, business, education law and medicine are all education, law, and medicine, are all centrally concerned with the process of design…. However, in this century n tur l sci nc s lm st dr v ut th natural sciences almost drove out the design from professional school curricula in all professions, including business, with exceptions for management science, computer science, and chemical engineering --
• Overview of DSR• Philosophical G d f DSR
sc ence, and chem cal eng neer ng an activity that peaked two or three decades after the Second World War ” [Simon 1996]
Grounding of DSR• DSR Methodology• An Example of DSR • Design Science War. [Simon, 1996]. Design Science Research versus Design• Conclusions
“. . . The professional schools will reassume their . . . responsibilities just t th d th t th dis to the degree that they can discover a science of design, a body of intellectually tough, analytic, partly ntellectually tough, analyt c, partly formalizable, partly empirical teachable doctrine about the design
“ [Si 1996]
• Overview of DSR• Philosophical G d f DSR process . . . “ [Simon, 1996]Grounding of DSR• DSR Methodology• An Example of DSR • Design Science Design Science Research versus Design• Conclusions
Simon’s distinction between “natural sciences” and “sciences of the artificial”
“A natural science is a body of knowledge about some class of things
sc ences and sc ences of the art f c al
g g-- objects or phenomenon -- in the world (nature or society) that describes and explains how they describes and explains how they behave and interact with each other.
A science of the artificial, on the other • Overview of DSR• Philosophical G d f DSR
,hand, is a body of knowledge about artificial (man made) objects and phenomena designed to meet certain
Grounding of DSR• DSR Methodology• An Example of DSR • Design Science phenomena designed to meet certain
An inner environment, an outer environment, and the interface between the two that meets certain desired goals meets certain desired goals Outer Environment: the total set of external forces and effects that act on the artifact the artifact Inner Environment: the set of components that make up the artifact and their
l h h f h
• Overview of DSR• Philosophical G d f DSR relationships – the organization – of the
artifact Design Activity: the bringing-to-be of an
Grounding of DSR• DSR Methodology• An Example of DSR • Design Science D gn y r ng ng f n
artifact, components and their organization, which interfaces in a desired manner with its outer environment
Design Science Research versus Design• Conclusions
rt fact n truct n f a ata visualization interface for complex queries against large relational databasesProblem Awareness: Need for an interface for quick and effective answers to questions about answers to questions about performance of business operationsResearch communities: Database
• Overview of DSR• Philosophical G d f DSR Research communities: Database,
Software Engineering, Decision Sciences, Information System Cognitive Researchers
Grounding of DSR• DSR Methodology• An Example of DSR • Design Science Cognitive ResearchersDesign Science Research versus Design• Conclusions
Philosophical grounding of design science research
Ontology is the study that describes the gy ynature of reality: for example, what is real and what is not, what is fundamental and what is derivative? Epistemology is the study that explores the nature of knowledge: for example, on what does knowledge depend and how can
• Overview of DSR• Philosophical Grounding of DSR what does knowledge depend and how can
we be certain of what we know? Axiology is the study of values: what values does an individual or group hold and
DSR• DSR Methodology• An Example of DSR • Design Science values does an individual or group hold and
EvaluationContains an analytic sub-phase; h th d b t th b h i hypotheses made about the behavior of the artifactRarely, initial hypotheses completely y, yp mp yborne out
Results in additional information, fed back to another round of problem awareness and
• Overview of DSR• Philosophical Grounding of DSR to another round of problem awareness and
suggestion• DSR Methodology• An Example of DSR • Design Science Design Science Research versus Design• Conclusions
Awareness of Problem RedouxAny of the earlier research phases may be spontaneously revisited p yBy the inception of the development stage, the problem statement had changed to:changed to:
“how to effectively model operations support systems for complex,
• Overview of DSR• Philosophical Grounding of DSR pp y p
hierarchical, procedure driven environments”
• DSR Methodology• An Example of DSR •Design Science Research versus Research versus Design• Conclusions
DevelopmentDevelopment was not straightforwardConstruction was conceptual involved Construction was conceptual, involved the “discovery” of details of the novel artifact – “smart objects”
lWhat would the syntax be for the two types of rules, domain and control?Should the two types of knowledge be
i d i f h
• Overview of DSR• Philosophical Grounding of DSR
permitted to interact? If so, how?• DSR Methodology• An Example of DSR •Design Science Research versus Research versus Design• Conclusions
Desi n science research vs desi nDesign science research vs. designResearch distinguished by the production of interesting (to a research community) new interesting (to a research community) new knowledgeDistinguished by the intellectual risk,
b f k hi h h number of unknowns, which when successfully surmounted provides new information of value to the community
• Overview of DSR• Philosophical Grounding of DSR
Most product design efforts preceded by meetings to “engineer the risk out of” the design effort
• DSR Methodology• An Example of DSR • Design Science Research versus gResearch versus Design• Conclusions
Design science research needs to be conducted and taught in all professional disciplines –engineering, business, law, medicine, g g, , , ,information technology, …Certain phases – problem awareness, evaluation – can and should borrow well developed
s h m th ds (p siti ist i t p ti )
• Overview of DSR• Philosophical Grounding of DSR
research methods (positivist, interpretive)Creativity important part of such research but the research can benefit from guidance through research patterns
• Design Science Research versus Design• DSR Methodology• An Example of through research patterns
General design cycle, a research framework, for research in professional disciplines