Chapter 7 DESIGN OF WORK SYSTEMS Aizell A. Bernal MGNT 102 BSBA 3 Mr. R. Navarro
Specialization Behavioral Approaches to Job Design
Teams Methods Analysis Motions Study Working conditions
Design of Work Systems
Job DesignJob design involves specifying the content and methods of job
• What will be done?• Who will do the job?• How the job will be done?• Where the job will be done?
Successful Job Design must be:
Carried out by experienced personnel with the necessary training and background
Consistent with the goals of the organization
In written formUnderstood and agreed to by both management and employees
Job Design Success
Specialization in Business: Advantages
For Management:1. Simplifies training2. High productivity3. Low wage costs
For Labor:
1. Low education andskill requirements
2. Minimumresponsibilities
3. Little mental effortneeded
Disadvantages
For Management:1. Difficult to motivatequality 2. Worker dissatisfaction,
possibly resulting inabsenteeism, highturnover, disruptivetactics, poor attention
to quality
For Labor:1. Monotonous work
2. Limited opportunitiesfor advancement
3. Little control over work4. Little opportunity for
self-fulfillment
Job Enlargement - giving a worker a larger portion of the total task by horizontal loading
Job Rotation - workers periodically exchange jobs
Job Enrichment - increasing responsibility for planning and coordination tasks, by vertical loading
Behavioral Approaches to Job Design
Motivation◦Influences quality and productivity
◦Contributes to work environment Trust◦Influences productivity and employee-management relations
Motivation and Trust
Benefits of teams◦Higher quality◦Higher productivity◦Greater worker satisfaction
Self-directed teams◦Groups of empowered to make certain changes in their work process
Teams
Methods Analysis
Analyzing how a job gets done
Begins with overall analysis
Moves to specific details
The need for methods analysis can come from a number of different sources:
Changes in tools and equipmentChanges in product design or new products
Changes in materials or proceduresOther factors (e.g. accidents, quality problems)
Methods Analysis
1. Identify the operation to be studied2.Get employee input3.Study and document current method4.Analyze the job5.Propose new methods6.Install new methods7.Follow-up to ensure improvements have been achieved
Methods Analysis Procedure
Selecting a job to study consider:◦High labor content◦Done frequently◦Unsafe◦Tiring◦Unpleasant◦Noisy◦Designated problem
Selecting an Operation
Flow process chart◦Chart used to examine the overall sequence of an operation by focusing on movements of the operator or flow of materials
Worker-machine chart◦Chart used to determine portions of a work cycle during which an operator and equipment are busy or idle
Analyzing the Job
Motion study- is the systematic study of the human motions used
to perform an operation.
Motion Study
Motion study principles - guidelines for designing motion-efficient work procedures
Analysis of therbligs - basic elemental motions into which a job can be broken down
Micromotion study - use of motion pictures and slow motion to study motions that otherwise would be too rapid to analyze
Charts Therbligs
Motion Study Techniques
1. Eliminate unnecessary motions2. Combine activities3. Reduce fatigue4. Improve the arrangement of
the workplace5. Improve the design of tools
and equipment
Developing Work Methods
Therbligs - basic elemental motions that make up a job.◦Search◦Select◦Grasp◦Hold◦Transport load◦Release load
Therbligs
Working ConditionsT e m p e r a t u r e &H u m i d i t y
V e n t i l a t i o n
I l l u m i n a t i o n C o l o r
Work measurement - determining how long it should take to do a job.
◦Standard time
◦Stopwatch time study
◦Historical times
◦Predetermined data
◦Work Sampling
Work Measurement
The amount of time it should take a qualified worker to complete a specific task,
working at a sustainable rate, using given methods, tools
and equipment, raw materials, and workplace arrangement.
Standard time
Stopwatch Time Study - development of a time standard based on observations of one worker taken over a number of cycles.
The basic steps in a time study1. Define the task to be studied2. Determine the number of cycles to
observe3. Time the job4. Compute the standard time
Stopwatch Time Study
Standard elemental times - time standards derived from a firm’s historical data.
Steps for standard elemental times1. Analyze the job2. Check file for historical times3. Modify file times if necessary4. Sum elemental times to get normal time
Standard Elemental Times
Predetermined time standards - published data based on extensive research to determine standard elemental times.
Advantages1. Based on large number of workers under
controlled conditions2. Analyst not requires to rate performance3. No disruption of the operation4. Standards can be established
Predetermined Time Standards
Work sampling - technique for estimating the proportion of time that a worker or machine spends on various activities and idle time.
- involves making brief observations of a worker or machine at random intervals
Work sampling does not require ◦timing an activity◦continuous observation of an activity
Work Sampling
Time-based system◦Compensation based on time an employee has worked during a pay period
Output-based (incentive) system◦Compensation based on the amount of output an employee produces during a pay period
Compensation