DESIGN OF SINGLE PHASE H-BRIDGE MULTILEVEL INVERTER USING MICROCONTROLLER ATMEL 89C51 A Project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of Degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING By CH. ASHLESHA (08241A0203) A.MOUNIKA (08241A0224) B.APARNA (09245A0201) N.SHARADA (09245A0205) Under the Esteemed Guidance of Mr. P.PRAVEEN KUMAR Assistant Professor Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering GOKARAJU RANGARAJU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, BACHUPALLY, HYDERABAD-72 2008 – 2012
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Design of Single Phase H-bridge Multilevel Inverter Using Microcontroller Atmel 89c51
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DESIGN OF SINGLE PHASE H-BRIDGE MULTILEVEL
INVERTER USING MICROCONTROLLER ATMEL 89C51
A Project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Award of Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
By
CH. ASHLESHA (08241A0203)
A.MOUNIKA (08241A0224)
B.APARNA (09245A0201)
N.SHARADA (09245A0205)
Under the Esteemed Guidance of
Mr. P.PRAVEEN KUMAR
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
GOKARAJU RANGARAJU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,
BACHUPALLY, HYDERABAD-72
2008 – 2012
GOKARAJU RANGARAJU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
BACHUPALLY, HYDERABAD-72
2008 – 2012
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled
“ DESIGN OF SINGLE PHASE H-BRIDGE MULTILEVEL INVERTER USING
MICRO CONTROLLER ATMEL 89C51” that is being submitted by
CH.ASHLESHA, ROLL.NO.08241A0203
A.MOUNIKA, ROLL.NO.08241A0224,
B.APARNA, ROLL.NO.09245A0201,
N.SHARADA, ROLL.NO.09245A0205, in partial fulfillment for the award of the
Degree of Bachelor of technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering to the
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University is a record of bonafide work carried out by
them under my guidance and supervision.
The results embodied in this project report have not been submitted to any
another University or Institute for the award of any Degree or Diploma.
External Guide Internal Guide
HOD, EEE MR.P.PRAVEEN KUMAR
GRIET, Hyderabad. Assist. Professor
GRIET, HYDERABAD
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This is to place on record our appreciation and deep gratitude to the persons without
whose support this project would never seen the light of the day.
We express our propound sense of gratitude to Mr. P.S. RAJU, Director, GRIET.
For his guidance, encouragement, and for all facilities to complete this project.
We also express my sincere thanks to Mr. P.M. SARMA, Head of the Department,
Electrical and Electronics Engineering G.R.I.E.T for extending his help.
We have immense pleasure in expressing thanks and deep sense of gratitude to my guide
Mr. P.PRAVEEN KUMAR, Assist. Professor of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
G.R.I.E.T for his valuable suggestion and guidance throughout this project.
Finally at the outset we would like to thank all those who have directly or
indirectly helped us accomplish our project successfully.
CH.ASHLESHA
A.MOUNIKA
B.APARNA
N.SHARADA
ABSTRACT
The power electronics device which converts DC power to AC power at required
output voltage and frequency level is known as inverter. The voltage source inverters produce an
output voltage or a current with levels either 0 or +ve or-ve V dc. They are known as two-level
inverters. Multilevel inverter is to synthesize a near sinusoidal voltage from several levels of dc
voltages. Multilevel inverter has advantage like minimum harmonic distortion.
Multi-level inverters are emerging as the new breed of power converter options
for high power applications. They typically synthesize the stair –case voltage waveform
(from several dc sources) which has reduced harmonic content.
In this project work hardware model of Three-level single phase cascade H-
Bridge inverter has been developed using MOSFETS. Gating signals for these MOSFETS
have been generated by designing comparators. In order to maintain the different voltage
levels at appropriate intervals, the conduction time intervals of MOSFETS have been
maintained by controlling the pulse width of gating pulses ( by varying the reference
signals magnitude of the comparator ). The results of hardware are compared with
simulation results. Simulation models (designed in SIMULINK) have been developed up
to five levels and THD in all the cases have been identified.
CONTENTS
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Outline of the thesis
Chapter 2 MULTI-LEVEL INVERTERS – TOPOLOGIES
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Types of Multi-level Inverters
2.3 Applications
2.4 Conclusions
Chapter 3 SIMULATION OF MULTI -LEVEL INVERTERS
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Single phase H-bridge Inverters
3.3 Comparison with conventional systems
Chapter 4 HARDWARE COMPONENTS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Description of components
4.2.1 Power MOSFETS
4.2.2 NOT gate
4.2.3 Comparator
Chapter 5 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
5.1 Single H-Bridge
5.2 Cascade H-Bridge
5.2.1 Positive cycle
5.2.2 Negative cycle
5.2.3 Complete waveform
Chapter 6 CONCLUSIONS
Future Scope of the Project
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
In high power systems, the multilevel inverters can appropriately replace the
existing system that uses traditional multi-pulse converters without the need of the
transformers . All the three multi-level inverter topologies can be used in reactive power
compensation without having the voltage unbalance problem. With the help of a
transformer having one primary winding and several secondary windings, the cascade H-
bridge configuration can be used in back-to-back intertie application. Also the structure of
separate dc sources is well suited for various renewable energy sources such as fuel cell
, photovoltaic , biomass etc. This structure is therefore well suited for an ac power
supply in vehicle system utilities.
The key features of a multi-level structure are as follows
� Harmonic content decreases as the number of levels increases thus
Reducing the filtering requirements.
� Here switching losses can be avoided. (because of the absence of
PWM techniques)
� Without an increase in the rating of an individual device, the output
Voltage and power can be increased.
� The switching disservices do not encounter any voltage sharing problems.
For this reason, multi-level inverters can easily be applied for high
power applications such as large motor drivers and utility supplies.
� They have higher efficiency because the devices can be switched at
Low frequency.
Because of the key feature, they have become indispensable in high power and high
voltage applications.
1.1 Outline of the thesis:
Here a complete survey of the multi-level inverters is described. In chapter 2, the
various topologies available are presented. Simulation of the cascade type inverter is
done up to 5 level and the results of are shown in chapter 3 . A detailed
description of the components used in hardware implementation is done in chapter
4 . In chapter 5 , hardware implementation of single phase H-Bridge , cascade H-
bridge inverter is described.
CHAPTER 2
MULTI-LEVEL INVERTERS – TOPOLOGIES
2.1 Introduction
The voltage source inverters produce a voltage or a current with levels either 0
or ±V dc they are known as two level inverters. To obtain a quality output voltage or a
current waveform with a minimum amount of ripple content, they require high switching
frequency along with various pulse width modulation (PWM) strategies. In high power
and high voltage applications, these two level inverters, however, have some limitations
in operating at high frequency mainly due to switching devices should be used in such
a manner as to avoid problems associated with their series- parallel combinations that are
necessary to obtain capability of handling high voltages and currents.
It may be easier to produce a high power, high voltage inverter with the multi-
level structure because of the way in which device voltage stresses are controlled in the
structure. Increasing the number of voltage levels in the inverters without requiring
higher ratings on the individual devices can increase the power rating. The unique
structure of Multi-level voltages sources inverters allow them to reach high voltages with
low harmonics without the use of transformer or series connected synchronized switching
devices. As the number of voltage levels increases , the harmonic content of output
voltage waveform decreases significantly.
2.2 Types of Multi-level Inverters
The general structure of multi-level converter is to synthesize a near sinusoidal
voltage from several levels of dc voltages, typically from capacitor voltage sources. As
number of levels increases, the synthesized output waveform has more steps, which
provides a staircase wave that approaches a desired waveform . Also, as steps are added to
waveform, the harmonic distortion of the output wave decreases, approaching zero as the
number of voltage levels increases. The Multi-level inverters can be classified into three types.
� Diode – clamped Multi-level inverter
� Flying – capacitor Multi-level inverter
� Cascade Multi-level inverter
2.2.1 Diode- clamped Multi – level inverter
A diode – clamped (m-level) inverter (DCMLI) typically consists of (m-1) capacitor
on the dc bus and produces m levels on the phase voltages. Figure shows full bridge five-
level diode clamped converter. The numbering order of the switches is Sa1, Sa2, Sa3, Sa4,
S’a1, S’a2, S’a3, S’a4. The dc bus voltage consists of four capacitors C1, C2, C3, and C4. For
a dc voltage Vdc, the voltage across each capacitor is V dc/4, and each devices voltage
stress is limited to one capacitor voltage level V dc/4 through clamping diodes.
An m-level inverter leg requires (m-1) capacitors, 2(m-1) switching devices and
(m-1) X(m-1) clamping diodes.
2.2.1(a) Principle of operation
To produce a stair case output, let us consider only one leg of five level
inverter, as shown in Figure 2.1. A single phase bridge with one leg is shown in figure 2.1
The steps to synthesize the five level voltages are as follows
a) Voltage level Van= V dc; turn on all upper switches S1, S2 , S3 and S4.
b) Voltage level Van= V dc/2, turn on the switches S2, S3, S4 and S1′.
c) Voltage level Van= 0, turn on the switches S3, S4, S1′ and S2′.
d) Voltage level Van= - V dc/2 turn on the switches S4, S1′, S2′, S3′.
e) Voltage level Van= - V dc; turn on all lower switches S1′, S2′ ,S3′ and S4′.
Fig 2.1 Single phase Diode clamped inverter
2.2.1(b)Advantages:
a) When the number of levels is high enough , the harmonic content is
Low enough to avoid the filters.
b) Inverter efficiency is high because all devices are switching at the
Fundamental frequency.
c) The control method is simple.
2.2.1(c)Disadvantages:
a) Excessive clamping diodes are required when the number of levels
is high.
b) It is difficult to control the real power flow of the individual
Converter in multi-level converter system.
2.2.2 Flying capacitor multilevel inverter:
2.2.2(a) Single phase flying capacitor inverter:
The figure 2.2 shows a single phase full bridge 5-level inverter based on flying
capacitors. Each phase like has an identical structure. Assuming that each capacitor has the
same voltage rating, the series connection of the capacitors indicates the voltage level
between calming points. All phase legs share the DC link capacitors C1 to C4.
2.2.2(b) Principle of operation:
To produce a staircase output voltage, the switching instants of MOSFETS will
be shown below.
1) Voltage level Van = Vdc/2, turn on all upper switches S1 - S4 .
2) Voltage level Van = Vdc/4, there are three combinations.
a) Turn on switches S1, S2, S3 and S1′. (Van = Vdc/2 of upper
C4‟s - Vdc/4 of C1‟s).
b) Turn on switches S2, S3, S4 and S4′. (Van = 3Vdc/4 of upper
C3‟s - Vdc/2 of C4‟s).
c) Turn on switches S1, S3, S4 and S3′. (Van= Vdc/2 of upper C4‟s –
3Vdc/4 or C3‟s + Vdc/2 of upper C2„).
3) Voltage level Van= 0, turn on upper switches S3, S4, and lower switch
S1′, S2′.
4) Voltage level Van= -Vdc/4, turn on upper switch S1 and lower switches
S1′, S2′ and S3′.
5) Voltage level Van= -Vdc/2, turn on all lower switches S1′, S2′, S3′ and
S4′.
Fig 2.2 single phase flying capacitor inverter
2.2.2(c) Advantages:
a) Large amount of storage capacitors can provide capabilities during
Power outages.
b) These inverters provide switch combination redundancy for
Balancing different voltage levels.
c) With the number of voltages levels increased, the harmonic content
is low enough to avoid the filters.
d) Both real and reactive power flow can be controlled.
2.2.2(d) Disadvantages:
a) An excessive number of storage capacitors are required when the
Number of levels is high. High-level inverters are more difficult to
Package with the bulky power capacitors and expensive too.
b) The inverter control can be very complicated and switching
Frequency and switching losses are high for real power
Transmission.
2.2.3 Cascaded Multi-level inverter:
A relatively new converter structure called Cascaded Multi-level inverter, can
avoid extra clamping diodes or voltage balancing capacitors. The converter topology used
here is based on the series connection of single phase inverters with separate DC
sources.
2.2.3(a) The different topologies by with H-bridge are designed are:
� Cascade H-bridge
� Hybrid H-bridge
2.2.3.1 Cascade H-bridge:
Figure 2.3 shows the basic block of cascade H-bridge Multi-level inverter and its
associated switching instants. As shown its consists of four power devices and a DC
source. The switching states for four power devices are constant i.e., When S1 is on, S2
cannot be on and vice versa. Similarly with S3 and S4.
Fig 2.3 Block of a h-bridge Multi-level inverter
Figure 2.4 shows the power circuit for one phase of multi level inverter. The
resulting voltage ranges from +3Vdc to -3Vdc and the staircase are nearly sinusoidal, even
without filtering.
2.2.3.2 Hybrid H-bridge:
A hybrid H-bridge inverter consists of a series of H-bridge inverter units. The
general function of this Multi-level inverter is to synthesize a desired voltage form
several DC sources (SDCSs). Each SDCS is connected to an H-bridge inverter. The AC
terminal voltages of different level inverters are connected in series. Unlike diode clamp
or flying capacitors inverters the hybrid H-bridge inverter does not require any voltage-
clamping diodes or voltage-balancing capacitors.
Fig 2.4 Circuit diagram of 4-level cascade multi-level inverter
2.2.3.2 Single phase Hybrid H-bride inverter:
2.2.3.2(a) Principle of operation:
Figure 2.6 shows the synthesized phase voltage waveform of five-level hybrid
H-bridge inverter with four SDCSs. The phase output voltage is synthesized by the sum
of the four inverter outputs, Van = Va1+Va2+Va3+Va4. Each inverter circuit can generate
three different outputs, +Vdc , 0 , -Vdc , by connecting the dc source to the ac output
side by different combinations of four GTOs , S1,S2, S3, S4. Turning on S1 and S4 yields
Va4 = +Vdc. Turning on S2 and S3 yields Va4 = -Vdc. Bypassing the source yields Va4 = 0.
Similarly ac output voltage at each level can be obtained in the same manner.
The circuit connections of hybrid H-bridge and cascade H-bridge are same but
the basic difference between them is that we can have only voltage source of same
magnitude in cascade H-bridge whereas in hybrid h-bridge we can have voltage source
of different magnitude in the hybrid H-bridge. Figure 2.5 shows a single phase leg of
the hybrid Multi-Level inverter. Figure 2.6 shows output waveform has the levels :
±4Vdc, ±3Vdc, ±2Vdc, ±1Vdc and 0.
Fig 2.5 Hybrid H-Bridge inverter
Five level H-bridge Inverter output waveform
2.2.3.2(b) Advantages
1. Requires the least number of components among all multi-level
Converter to achieve the same number voltage levels.
2. Modularized circuit layout and packaging is possible because each
Level has the structure, and there are no extra clamping diodes or
Voltage balancing capacitors.
3. Soft switching can be used in this structure to avoid bulky and
lossy resistor, capacitor, diode, snubbers.
2.2.3.2(c) Disadvantages
The limitation of h-bridge is the provision of the isolated power supply for
each individual H-bridge cell. For applications, where, isolated power supply cannot be
provided, the requirement of capacitors and complexity of its control increases as the
number of voltage levels increases, which restricts its applications.
2.3 Applications:
1. Reactive power compensator
When a Multi-level inverter draws pure reactive power, the phase voltage and
current are 90 degrees apart, and the capacitor charge and discharge can be balanced. Such
a converter, when serving for reactive power compensation is called Static Var Generator.
The multi-level structure allows all the converter to be directly connected to a
high voltage distribution or transmission system without the need of a step down
transformer . All the three Multi – level inverters can be used in reactive power
compensation without having voltage unbalanced problem.
2. Back to Back intertie
Inter connection of two Multi-level inverter with a DC link in between is
called as a Back to back intertie. In this type of circuit the left hand side converter
servers as rectifier , while the right hand side serves as the inverter. The purpose of the
back to back intertie is to connect to synchronous systems of different frequencies. It can
be treated as a) frequency connector b) phase shifter c) a power flow controller.
3. Utility compatible adjustable speed drives
An ideal utility compatible adjustable speed drives requires unity power factor,
negligible harmonics and high efficiency. By extended the back to back intertie, the multi-
level inverter can be used for a utility compatible adjustable speed drive with the input
as constant frequency AC source and the output has the variable frequency AC source.
The major differences when using as a utility compatible adjustable speed
drives and for back to back intertie, are the control design and size of capacitor.
2.4 CONCLUSION
In this chapter design of multi-level inverter discussed in detail, relevant
waveforms are presented and analyzed. From this analysis it can be concluded that multi-
level inverters offer a low total harmonic distortion and high efficiency. Multi-level
inverters are suitable for high voltages and high current application and also have higher
efficiency because the devices can be switched at a lower frequency.
CHAPTER 3
SIMULATION OF MULTI-LEVEL INVERTERS
Introduction:
The multi-level inverter system is a very promising device in AC power
drives when both reduced content and high power are required. Up to now several multi-
level topologies have been introduced. The main topologies are diode clamped inverter,
flying capacitor inverter, hybrid H-bridge inverter in order to generate a high voltage
waveform using low voltage devices. In this chapter, we are considering the simulation of H-
bridge inverters. Compared with diode clamped inverter and flying capacitor inverter , H-
bridge inverters requires the least number of components to achieve the same number of
voltage levels and H-bridge inverters does not require any extra clamping diodes or
voltage balancing capacitors. Optimized circuit layout and packaging are possible in H-
bridge multi-level inverter because each level has the same structure.
The general structure of the H-bridge multi-level inverter is to synthesize a near
sinusoidal voltage form several levels of DC voltages. As the number of levels are
increased, the synthesize output waveform has more steps which produce a staircase
wave that approaches the desired waveform. Also as the steps are added to the
waveform the harmonic distortion of the output wave decreases.
This can be observed from the figure following which are generated by
simulating a single phase H-Bridge Multi level inverter and three phase H-Bridge Multi-
level inverter using MATLAB SIMULINK.
3.2 Single Phase H-Bridge inverters
Fig 3.1 Single Phase Full-Bridge inverter
Fig 3.2 Single Phase Full-Bridge Inverter output waveform
Fig 3.3 Single Phase Full-Bridge Inverter Harmonic waveform
Fig 3.4 Single Phase three Level H-Bridge Inverter
Fig 3.5 Single Phase Three Level H-Bridge Inverter output wave form
Fig3.6 Single Phase Three Level H-Bridge Inverter Harmonic
Fig 3.7 Single Phase four-level H-Bridge Inverter
Fig 3.8 Single Phase four level H-Bridge inverter Harmonic waveform
Fig 3.9 Single Phase four level H-Bridge Inverter Harmonic waveform
Fig 3.10 Single Phase five level H-Bridge Inverter
Fig 3.11 Single phase five level H-bridge Inverter Harmonic waveform
Fig 3.12 Single phase five level H-Bridge Inverter Harmonic Waveform
3.3 Comparison with conventional systems
The 3rd
, 5th , 7
th and 9
th harmonic ( normalized components ) of a H-Bridge Multi-
level inverter for different number of levels are tabulated in table 3.1