Design for the Environment Felicia Kaminsky ESM 595F 2 November 2000
Dec 17, 2015
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Outline
History and Definitions EPA Cooperative Industry Projects
Printing Garment Care
Corporate Environmental Policy Xerox Lucent
Conclusions & Discussion
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Defining “DfE” Concept pioneered by industry US EPA Program
Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics Over the past decade – created from several voluntary
initiatives Safer chemicals Comparative risk analysis Alternative technology
Voluntary, partnership program that works directly with industries and other partners to integrate health and environmental considerations in business decisions
DfE
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Goals
New approaches to risk reduction through pollution prevention Balancing business needs and environmental
concerns Encourages front-end innovations through the
redesign of formulations and manufacturing and disposal processes
DFE
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Design for the Environment
Integrated Product Development
Pollution Prevention
Environmental StewardshipTotal Quality
Management
Sustainable Development
DFE
EnterpriseIntegration
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Scope of DfE
Occupational health and safety Consumer health and safety Ecological integrity and resource protection Pollution prevention and toxic use reduction Transportability (safety and energy use) Waste reduction and minimization Disassembly and disposability Recycle-able and remanufacture-able
DFE
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Cooperative Industry Projects
Premise: companies do not want to pollute, but often lack information
Information needed Environmental impacts and consequences
Trade one product or process for another Aim to provide current information needed
to practice DfE
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Entire industry sector Industry leaders Trade associations
Printing Printed Wiring Board Computer Display Garment and Textile
Care
EPA DfE Partnerships
Industrial/Institutional Cleaning Formulations
Auto Refinishing Adhesives in Foam
Furniture and Sleep Products
Supplier Initiative
DfE
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Printing Projects
1992 Printing Industries of America approached DfE Screen printing
Evaluated 18 screen reclamation technologies Lithography
Assessed 40 blanket wash formulations Flexography
Comparing solvent, water, and ultraviolet ink technologies
printing
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Flexography Project
Printing from a raised image on a printing plate made from rubber or photopolymers
Printing on paper, corrugated paperboard, or plastic consumer packages and labels
Inks – highly fluid and quick drying Contain solvents or water Selection = performance requirements
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Flexography Project, continued Traditionally solvents
from VOCs Regulated air pollutants
Alternatives to conventional ink formulations Waterborne UV-cured Hazardous materials Disposal
DfE seeks to provide info: Technical and
environmental advantages and disadvantages
Implementation Studies – research and applied
Outreach
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Garment and Textile Care Program
Following a 1992 roundtable on drycleaning, industry leaders paired with DfE
Technical studies Cleaner Technologies Substitutes Assessment
(CTSA) Implementation
Demonstration shops; Training Outreach
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DfE Guidelines
Design for: recovery and reuse disassembly waste minimization energy conservation material conservation chronic risk reduction accident prevention
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Driving Forces
Design for Environment
Sustainable Development
Risk Management
Product Stewardship
Regulatory Constraints
Customer Satisfaction International
Standards
Competitive Pressures
Enterprise Integration
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DfE at Xerox
Waste-free products and factories Minimize waste to landfill and releases to the
environment at every step of a product life cycle 1993 – began training design engineers in DFE
principles Objective to incorporate into new and existing products
Copy cartridges new copiers, printers, and multifunction products
Xerox
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Implementation
Develop and environmental plan for each product Environmental impacts Product life cycle costs
Limit production materials Recyclable Recycled thermoplastics and metals
Recycling symbols
Xerox
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Design for Reuse
1995 – Mark engineering drawings with remanufacturing codes
Snap-together designs Facilitate assembly and disassembly processes
Copy cartridges Asset Recovery Center
One million parts in 1993
Xerox
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Goals (1998); Results (1994)
Decrease waste 90% Air emissions -90% Water discharges -90% Post-consumer +25% Energy efficiency +10%
Recycled >75% Air emissions -75% Use of recycled
materials
Xerox
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DfE at Lucent
Part of Corporate Environmental Strategy “Committed to ‘design for the environment’”
Established cross-functional DfE team Product Lifecycle Team Integrated into product realization process
Aims to develop and apply DfE criteria for all operating units by 2000
Lucent
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Lucent Program Highlights
Equipment reuse and refurbishment Repair and refurbishment of business
telephones Battery-return program Packaging Material Reclamation Center
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Conclusions & Discussion
Public awareness – is this necessary? Fully integrated to environmental
management practices? What about small companies?