1 DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE OF USABLE CONSUMER PRODUCTS: PART I - REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Majorkumar Govindaraju and Anil Mital Industrial Engineering University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH 45221-0116 ABSTRACT Survival of a company in these times of increased global competition depends upon developing high quality products at affordable cost. It calls for a strategic approach to developing usable and needed products by integrating product planning, its design, and manufacturing. A hard to use product, even one with many functions, will fall by the way side. Usability of a product is generally determined by how easily and completely it meets the users’ needs. The criteria for usability have, however, been gradually changing. Recent trends, such as increased customer demand to satisfy personal needs, are forcing the manufacturers to design a variety of usable products customized to individual needs. Also, as a result of an increased environmental awareness, customers are seeking products that are environment friendly, energy efficient, and recyclable. Thus, the attributes of a product that make it usable are changing to encompass its entire life cycle. These changes in usability need to be reflected in the design of a product and the selection of processes to achieve its manufacture. This article, part I of a two- part paper, defines product usability in the context of the global market and reviews tools and guidelines available in the published literature to produce usable products. 1.- INTRODUCTION Product design is the process of creating new and improved products for people to use. Consumer products are products designed for use by the general public whereas commercial products are products used to produce goods and services. Consumer products are different from commercial products in several respects as far as the user is concerned: (a) the user is generally untrained, (b) the user often works unsupervised, and (c) he/she is part of a
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DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE OF USABLE CONSUMER PRODUCTS:PART I - REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Majorkumar Govindaraju and Anil Mital
Industrial Engineering
University of Cincinnati
Cincinnati, OH 45221-0116
ABSTRACT
Survival of a company in these times of
increased global competition depends upon
developing high quality products at
affordable cost. It calls for a strategic
approach to developing usable and needed
products by integrating product planning, its
design, and manufacturing. A hard to use
product, even one with many functions, will
fall by the way side. Usability of a product is
generally determined by how easily and
completely it meets the users’ needs. The
criteria for usability have, however, been
gradually changing. Recent trends, such as
increased customer demand to satisfy
personal needs, are forcing the
manufacturers to design a variety of usable
products customized to individual needs.
Also, as a result of an increased
environmental awareness, customers are
seeking products that are environment
friendly, energy efficient, and recyclable.
Thus, the attributes of a product that make it
usable are changing to encompass its entire
life cycle. These changes in usability need to
be reflected in the design of a product and
the selection of processes to achieve its
manufacture. This article, part I of a two-
part paper, defines product usability in the
context of the global market and reviews
tools and guidelines available in the
published literature to produce usable
products.
1.- INTRODUCTIONProduct design is the process of creating
new and improved products for people to
use. Consumer products are products
designed for use by the general public
whereas commercial products are products
used to produce goods and services.
Consumer products are different from
commercial products in several respects as
far as the user is concerned: (a) the user is
generally untrained, (b) the user often works
unsupervised, and (c) he/she is part of a
2
diverse population (Cushman, 1991). The
process of designing and manufacturing
consumer products is greatly influenced by
the needs and demands of the customers.
In the early twentieth century,
consumer products were primarily designed
to provide functionality. Later, the form and
appearance began to be emphasized. Though
this resulted in nice looking products with
an array of features, such products were
often difficult to use (Ulrich, 1995). During
the 1980s, designers started emphasizing
user friendliness of consumer products.
Requirements such as product-user interface
design and safety were incorporated into the
design. Concern for the environment and
resource utilization in recent years has
stimulated new awareness among users to
seek products that pose minimal risk of
environmental pollution, consume less
energy, have very little toxic emissions
during use, and are recyclable when
disposed. For making products usable by
making them environmentally friendly,
designers need to emphasize energy
efficiency, recyclability, and disposability.
This calls for considering all life-cycle
phases of a product, i.e., design, production,
distribution, usage, maintenance, and
disposal/recycling, simultaneously in
determining its usability. Figure 1 shows the
various phases in the life cycle of a product.
Figure 1: Life Cycle Analysis of a Product
Recently, designers are emphasizingcustomizing the products to meet thedemands from the users to satisfy theirindividual tastes and preferences.
The following may be regarded as
the criteria for designing and manufacturing
usable consumer products:
1. Functionality
2. Ease of operation
3. Aesthetics
4. Reliability
5. Maintainability/Serviceability
6. Environment friendliness
7. Recyclability/Disposability
8. Safety and
9. Customizability
The needs and wants of customers listed
above are linked to the product design and
3
manufacture. To fulfill these needs and
wants, consumer products need to be
designed to incorporate those features that
meet the user requirements and then
manufactured by appropriate selection of
materials, processes, and tools (Figure 2).
Figure2: Usability Criteria and Design /Manufacturing Factors
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