Project Report – VIII Semester (2016-17) ‘Design and fabrication of cost effective equipment using biofilters for the removal of auto exhaust gas utilizing solar energy’ A Project dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in Biotechnology of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi Submitted by PAVITHRA V G 1NH13BT034 MADHU CHANDRA R 1NH13BT027 MOHANA PRIYA N 1NH13BT031 June 2016-17 Under the guidance of Mr. Girish N Desai Assistant Professor (2), Department of Biotechnology To New Horizon College of Engineering Department of Biotechnology
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Project Report – VIII Semester (2016-17)
‘Design and fabrication of cost effective equipment using biofilters for the
removal of auto exhaust gas utilizing solar energy’
A Project dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in
Biotechnology
of
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi
Submitted by
PAVITHRA V G 1NH13BT034
MADHU CHANDRA R 1NH13BT027
MOHANA PRIYA N 1NH13BT031
June 2016-17
Under the guidance of
Mr. Girish N Desai
Assistant Professor (2),
Department of Biotechnology
To
New Horizon College of Engineering
Department of Biotechnology
DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the project work entitled “Design and fabrication of cost effective equipment using biofilters
for the removal of auto exhaust gas utilizing solar energy” has been carried out by Ms. PAVITHRA V G,
Mr. MADHU CHANDRA R, Ms. MOHANA PRIYA N respectively bearing USN 1NH13BT034,
1NH13BT027, 1NH13BT031, bonafide students of New Horizon College of Engineering in partial
fulfillment for the award of BE in Biotechnology of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi
during the year 2016-17. It is certified that all suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been
incorporated in the report that is deposited in the departmental library. The project report has been
approved for the said degree.
Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD Signature of the Principal
External Viva
Name of the Examiners Signature with date
1.
2.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly we would like to express our sincere thanks to The Chairman Dr. Mohan Manghnani of New Horizon
College of Engineering for permitting us to carry out the project work in the college. Furthermore, we would like
to extend a special note of thanks to Dr. Manjunatha, Principal New Horizon College of Engineering, who
continuously encouraged us in our entire course of engineering.
We would like to express our heartfelt thanks to Dr. Prathima Khandelwal, Head of the Department, Department
of Biotechnology, whose support and encouragement were truly inspiring for completing this project successfully
and efficiently.
We would like to express our deep sense of gratitude to our project guide Mr. Girish N Desai Asst. Prof II,
Department of Biotechnology, NHCE for his valuable guidance and advice. He not only inspired us to work on
this project but convinced us to push further. His motivation and persistence on perfection has made our project
what it is.
We would like to extend our sincere thanks to all the other teaching faculty, lab instructor and lab assistant for
their assistance during the course of project work.
We would like to express our gratitude to Mr. Rajeevan N, Manager of Wellinsen Nutraceuticals for providing
us spirulina which helped us to start our project.
We would like to sincerely thank Hemanth O, Nithin Sadeesh, Manoj R, Meghana A Reddy, Abhishek I P,
Chethan G N for helping us throughout the project.
Finally, an honorable mention goes to our families and friends for their understanding and supporting us for
completing the project.
(PAVITHRA V G, 1NH13BT034)
(MADHU CHANDRA R, 1NH13BT027)
(MOHANA PRIYA N, 1NH13BT031)
Design and fabrication of cost effective equipment using biofilters for the
removal of auto exhaust gas utilizing solar energy 2017
ABSTRACT
Air pollution is caused when harmful substances are introduced into the earth’s atmosphere. It may
also cause harm to other living organisms such as animals and food crops and may also damage
the natural or built environment. Human activity and natural processes can both generate air
pollution. Here a biological method is being used to remove the pollutants present in the air. Algae
such as spirulina which is capable of reducing the carbon-di-oxide (CO2), nitrogen oxide (NOX)
and sulfur oxide (SOX) in the polluted air and generating oxygen. The equipment comprises of the
culture tank filled with the culture fluid including algae and air supply unit. By radiating the light
throughout the equipment using sunlight during the morning and fluorescent lamps during night
in the presence of carbon-di-oxide (CO2) photosynthesis will occur, where the conversion of the
carbon di oxide occurs which results in the oxygen production. In addition to it algae utilizes
nitrogen oxide (NOX) and sulfur oxide (SOX) as nutrients during the photosynthesis. As a result
the polluted air which is passed through the equipment generates the purified air, which has high
concentration of oxygen.
KEYWORDS:
Air pollution, spirulina, photosynthesis, oxygen
Design and fabrication of cost effective equipment using biofilters for the
removal of auto exhaust gas utilizing solar energy 2017
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE NO.
ABSTRACT IV
1. INTRODUCTION 1 - 8
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 9 - 17
2.1 REVIEW TABLE 14 - 16
2.2 LACUNAE 17
2.3 OBJECTIVES 17
3. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY 18 - 24
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 25 - 37
5. CONCLUSION 38
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY 39 - 40
Design and fabrication of cost effective equipment using biofilters for the
removal of auto exhaust gas utilizing solar energy 2017
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NUMBER CONTENT PAGE NUMBER
3.1
Constituents of culture
medium
18
4.1
Optical density of
NOx and SOx
27
4.2
Optical density of NOx
30
4.3
Optical density of SOx
33
Design and fabrication of cost effective equipment using biofilters for the
removal of auto exhaust gas utilizing solar energy 2017
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NUMBER CONTENT PAGE NUMBER
1.1 Current status 5
1.2 Percentage of pollutants 6
3.1 Design of air pollution
reduction equipment
21
4.1 Subculturing of spirulina 25
4.2 Preliminary analysis 26
4.3 Equipment design 28
4.4 Standard curve of NOx 29
4.5 Concentration of NOx 31
4.6 Standard curve of SOx 32
4.7 Concentration of SOx 34
4.8 Spirulina growth curve 35
4.9 Growth curve 36
4.10 (a) NOx analysis 37
4.10(b) SOx analysis 37
Design and fabrication of cost effective equipment using biofilters for the
removal of auto exhaust gas utilizing solar energy 2017
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
CO2
Carbon di oxide
NOX
Nitrogen oxide
SOX
Sulfur oxide
CO
Carbon monoxide
Design and fabrication of cost effective equipment using biofilters for the
removal of auto exhaust gas utilizing solar energy 2017
Department of Biotechnology, NHCE Page 1
CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION
Air pollution occurs when harmful substances are introduced into the earth’s atmosphere. It may
cause diseases, allergies or death in humans. It may also cause harm to other living organisms such
as animals and food crops and may also damage the natural or built environment. Human activity
and natural processes can both generate air pollution.
At the global level, the rapid growth in motor vehicle activity has serious energy security and
climate change implications. The transport sector already consumes nearly half of the world’s oil.
But in urban areas – both developing and developed countries, it is predominately mobile or
vehicular pollution that contributes to air quality problem.
The sources of pollutants includes emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels in motor vehicles
and for industrial processes, energy production, domestic cooking and heating, and high dust levels
due to local construction, smoking, unpaved roads, sweeping, hotels, restaurants and long-range
transport. By this the quality of air has become so poor that, Bangalore is the result of both high
emissions from the vehicles and unfavorable conditions.
(Mahadevvappa Harish 2012)
Effects of air pollution.
Health Effects:
Air pollution can harm us when it accumulates in the air in high enough concentrations. Millions
of Americans live in areas where urban smog, particle pollution, and toxic pollutants pose serious
health concerns. People exposed to high enough levels of certain air pollutants may experience:
Irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat
Wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and breathing difficulties
Worsening of existing lung and heart problems, such as asthma
Increased risk of heart attack
Design and fabrication of cost effective equipment using biofilters for the
removal of auto exhaust gas utilizing solar energy 2017
Department of Biotechnology, NHCE Page 2
Environmental effects:
Acid rain is precipitation containing harmful amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids. These acids are
formed primarily by nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides released into the atmosphere when fossil
fuels are burned. In the environment, acid rain damages trees and causes soils and water bodies to
acidify, making the water unsuitable for some fish and other wildlife.
Eutrophication is a condition in a water body where high concentrations of nutrients (such as
nitrogen) stimulate blooms of algae, which in turn can cause fish kills and loss of plant and animal
diversity.
Haze is caused when sunlight encounters tiny pollution particles in the air. Haze obscures the
clarity, color, texture, and form of what we see. Some haze-causing pollutants (mostly fine
particles) are directly emitted to the atmosphere by sources such as power plants, industrial
facilities, trucks and automobiles, and construction activities.
Effects on wildlife. Toxic pollutants in the air, or deposited on soils or surface waters, can impact
wildlife in a number of ways. Like humans, animals can experience health problems if they are
exposed to sufficient concentrations of air toxics over time. Studies show that air toxics are
contributing to birth defects, reproductive failure, and disease in animals.
Ozone depletion. Ozone is a gas that occurs both at ground-level and in the Earth's upper
atmosphere, known as the stratosphere. At ground level, ozone is a pollutant that can harm human
health. In the stratosphere, however, ozone forms a layer that protects life on earth from the sun's
harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. But this "good" ozone is gradually being destroyed by man-made
chemicals referred to as ozone-depleting substances, including chlorofluorocarbons, hydro
chlorofluorocarbons, and halons.
Crop and forest damage. Air pollution can damage crops and trees in a variety of ways. Ground-
level ozone can lead to reductions in agricultural crop and commercial forest yields, reduced
growth and survivability of tree seedlings, and increased plant susceptibility to disease, pests and
other environmental stresses (such as harsh weather).
Global climate change. The Earth's atmosphere contains a delicate balance of naturally occurring
gases that trap some of the sun's heat near the Earth's surface. This "greenhouse effect" keeps the
Earth's temperature stable.
Unfortunately, evidence is mounting that humans have disturbed this natural balance by producing
large amounts of some of these greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide and methane. As a
Design and fabrication of cost effective equipment using biofilters for the
removal of auto exhaust gas utilizing solar energy 2017
Department of Biotechnology, NHCE Page 3
result, the Earth's atmosphere appears to be trapping more of the sun's heat, causing the Earth's
average temperature to rise - a phenomenon known as global warming. (Department of
environmental protection)
Pollutants:
An air pollutant is a substance in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem.
The substance can be solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. A pollutant can be of natural origin
or man-made. Pollutants are classified as primary or secondary. Primary pollutants are usually
produced from a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption. Other examples include carbon
monoxide gas from motor vehicle exhaust, or the sulfur dioxide released from factories. Secondary
pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or
interact.
Ground level ozone is a prominent example of a secondary pollutant.
Some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: they are both emitted directly and formed
from other primary pollutants.
Substances emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include:
Carbon dioxide (CO2) - Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as "the
leading pollutant" and "the worst climate pollution". Carbon dioxide is a natural component of the
atmosphere, essential for plant life and given off by the human respiratory system.
Sulfur oxides (SOx) - particularly sulfur dioxide, a chemical compound with the formula SO2.
SO2 is produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. Coal and petroleum often
contain sulfur compounds, and their combustion generates sulfur dioxide. Further oxidation of
SO2, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as NO2, forms H2SO4, and thus acid rain.
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) - Nitrogen oxides, particularly nitrogen dioxide, are expelled from high
temperature combustion, and are also produced during thunderstorms by electric discharge. They
can be seen as a brown haze dome above or a plume downwind of cities.
Carbon monoxide (CO) - CO is a colorless, odorless, toxic yet non-irritating gas. It is a product
of incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major
source of carbon monoxide.
Volatile organic compounds (VOC) - VOCs are a well-known outdoor air pollutant. They are
categorized as either methane (CH4) or non-methane (NMVOCs). Methane is an extremely
efficient greenhouse gas which contributes to enhance global warming.
Other hydrocarbon VOCs are also significant greenhouse gases because of their role in creating
ozone and prolonging the life of methane in the atmosphere. This effect varies depending on local
Design and fabrication of cost effective equipment using biofilters for the
removal of auto exhaust gas utilizing solar energy 2017
Department of Biotechnology, NHCE Page 4
air quality. The aromatic NMVOCs benzene, toluene and xylene are suspected carcinogens and
may lead to leukemia with prolonged exposure. 1, 3-butadiene is another dangerous compound
often associated with industrial use.
Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM), atmospheric particulate matter,
or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas. In contrast, aerosol refers
to combined particles and gas. Some particulates occur naturally, originating from volcanoes, dust
storms, forest and grassland fires, living vegetation, and sea spray. Persistent free
radicals connected to airborne fine particles are linked to cardiopulmonary disease.
Toxic metals, such as lead and mercury, especially their compounds.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - harmful to the ozone layer; emitted from products are currently
banned from use. These are gases which are released from air conditioners, refrigerators, aerosol
sprays, etc. On release into the air, CFCs rise to the stratosphere. Here they come in contact with
other gases and damage the ozone layer. This allows harmful ultraviolet rays to reach the earth's
surface. This can lead to skin cancer, eye disease and can even cause damage to plants.
Ammonia (NH3) - emitted from agricultural processes.
Secondary pollutants include:
Particulates created from gaseous primary pollutants and compounds in photochemical
smog. Smog is a kind of air pollution
Ground level ozone (O3) formed from NOx and VOCs. Ozone (O3) is a key constituent of the
troposphere. It is also an important constituent of certain regions of the stratosphere commonly
known as the Ozone layer. Photochemical and chemical reactions involving it drive many of the
chemical processes that occur in the atmosphere by day and by night. At abnormally high
concentrations brought about by human activities (largely the combustion of fossil fuel), it is a
pollutant, and a constituent of smog.
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (C2H3NO5) - similarly formed from NOx and VOCs.
Design and fabrication of cost effective equipment using biofilters for the
removal of auto exhaust gas utilizing solar energy 2017