Design and Cost Efficiency of Steel Silos and Concrete Silo

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878 (Online), Volume-8 Issue-4, November 2019

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Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering & Sciences Publication

Retrieval Number: D8954118419/2019©BEIESP DOI:10.35940/ijrte.D8954.118419 Journal Website: www.ijrte.org

Abstract: Silos usually work as storage structures between offer

and demand for varied product, and their structural safety has long been of interest to the engineering profession due to seismic effect. This is especially true for dynamically loaded silos, e.g., just in case of seismic excitation. Significantly thin-walled cylindrical silos are extremely susceptible to seismic Iatrogenic pressures which might cause essential buckling phenomena of the silo shell. The analysis of silos may be administered in two, alternative ways. Within the initial, self-Wight, the seismic loading is sculpturesque through statically equivalent loads acting on the shell. As an alternative, a time history analysis could be administered, during which nonlinear phenomena because of the filling as well because the interaction between the shells, and therefore, the granular material is taken under consideration. The paper presents a comparison of an analytical design of steel and concrete comparison. Do all different types of loads which is action on the steel and concrete silo those approaches. The model used for the nonlinear time history analysis considers the granular material by suggests that of thinker granular strain approach for hypoplasticity theory. The interaction effects between the two types of Reaction and the cost comparison of the silos.

Keywords :. Concrete silos, Steel Silo, Corrugated Sheet, Vertical Storage System, seismic load, cost.

I. INTRODUCTION

Silo and therefore, the corresponding structure is analyzed and designed. Silos are the generic name for upright containers used for storing granular materials, and their supports. Containers are the tanks for storing granular materials. The term granular materials are taken to incorporate, “fine particles.” Silo walls are the upright wall of the containers. Hopper is the inclined wall of the containers. The structural materials of the silos are often concrete and steel. Bulk material handling system could be a tedious Manuscript published on November 30, 2019. * Correspondence Author

D.S.Vijayan*, is Associate Professor Department of civil Engineering Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, Vinayaka mission research foundation, India PH-+91-9176477171. E-mail: [email protected]

S Arviand, Research Scholar Department of civil Engineering Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, Vinayaka mission research foundation, India PH-+91-9940089968. E-mail: [email protected]

Mithun P S, Nizam Muhammed, UG student Department of civil Engineering Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, Vinayaka mission research foundation, India

Yahiya Yoosuf Thattarth, UG student Department of civil Engineering Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, Vinayaka mission research foundation, India © The Authors. Published by Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

method. Several failures are the results of loading, and therefore, the owner faces the immediate prices of lost conditions not anticipated by the designer. In production and repairs, personnel within the neighborhood we tend to describe style procedures that are exposed to danger, and therefore, the designer has found it to achieve success. The design of silos & their structure involves three vital factors like, bulk material, geometric, and structural issues. Bulk material concerns are vital as a result of the resistance and cohesive properties of bulk solids vary from one solid to a different, and these properties have an effect on material behavior significantly. Additionally, a given bulk solid’s flow

properties will vary dramatically with changes in varied parameters, together with particle size, moisture, temperature, and consolidating pressure. This variability of properties makes testing at actual conditions a lot of vital for correct bin and silo style than initially seem.

Established style procedures embrace choice of the optimum hopper angles and minimum outlet dimensions. The best discharge mode is one wherever, at a steady state, all material flows while not obstruction. This can be noted as mass flow. The discharge mode wherever just some fabric flows is allowed is termed funnel flow. In the mass flow, the fabric doesn't essentially move at a standardized rate throughout: rate variations across any horizontal crosswise are doable.

Fig. 1. Silo supporting structure

The structural style of a silo needs, among different things, data of the distribution of pressures and shear stresses on its walls and the way that distribution varies throughout charging, storage at rest, discharging, and recharging.

Design and Cost Efficiency of Steel Silos and Concrete Silo

D.S.Vijayan, S.Arvindan, Mithun P S, Nizam Muhammed, Yahiya Yoosuf Thattarth

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II. DATA AND CALCULATION

A. GENERAL

Silo Load -There are three types of loads caused by a stored material in a Silo as shown,

They are:

a) Horizontal load or horizontal pressure (Ph) acting on the sidewalls,

b) Vertical load of vertical pressure (Pv) acting on the cross-sectional area of the silo filling and

c) Frictional wall load or frictional wall pressure (Pw) introduced into the side walls through wall friction

Fig. 2. Types of load caused by a stored material in a silo

B. LOAD AND PRESSURE CALCULATION FOR SILO

The load and pressure which is action on the silo has been classified in the table below and the input which is going to derive in the software.

Table 1: Load calculation for Silo

DESCRIPTION VALUE UNIT

DEAD LOAD CALCULATION

Floor Load

Thickness of slab 0.15 M

Self Wt Of slab 0.375 T/Sqm

Grain Load 0.06 T/Sqm

Total Load 0.435 T/Sqm

LIVE LOAD CALCULATIONS

Live load is taken as

500kg/Sqm

0.5 MT/Sqm

Table 2: Vertical and Horizontal pressure calculation for Silo

Height

(From top of

silo ) in

"m"

Vertical

Pressure(T/

Pressure)

Horizontal

Pressure at silo

wall ( T/Sqm)

Z Pv=yz Ph=Pv*Ka

0.500 0.450 0.098

1.000 0.900 0.196

1.500 1.350 0.293

2.000 1.800 0.391

2.500 2.250 0.489

3.000 2.700 0.587

3.500 3.150 0.685

4.000 3.600 0.783

4.500 4.050 0.880

5.000 4.500 0.978

5.500 4.950 1.076

6.000 5.400 1.174

6.500 5.850 1.272

7.000 6.300 1.370

7.500 6.750 1.467

8.000 7.200 1.565

8.500 7.650 1.663

9.000 8.100 1.761

9.455 8.510 1.850

9.910 8.919 1.939

10.365 9.329 2.028

10.820 9.738 2.117

11.275 10.148 2.206

11.730 10.557 2.295

12.185 10.967 2.384

12.640 11.376 2.473

13.095 11.786 2.562

13.550 12.195 2.651

14.005 12.605 2.740


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C. SILO SUPPORTING STRUCTURE

The following parameters for silo supporting structures and its components are follows:

1. Length of the span = 22.41 m

2. Width of the span = 7.27 m

3. Terrain Type considered = Plain (Flat)

4. Terrain Category = 2 (Category -2)

5. Class of the structure = B

6. Return Period = 100 years.

7. Wind Zone = II

8. Basic Wind Speed = 50 m/s

9. Design Wind Pressure = 1.025 KN/m2

10. Seismic Zone = III

11. Zone Factor (Z) = 0.16

12. Important building (I) = 1.5

III. LOAD CALCULATION

In order to determine the load on silo supporting structure, the silo supporting structure is divided into different panels having a length “L”. These panels should normally be taken

between the intersections of vertical and horizontal. For silo supporting structure, load calculation given below with load calculation.

A. PRIMARY LOAD CASE

1. SEISMIC LOAD (SL) X +VE / X –VE DIRECTION.

2. SEISMIC LOAD (SL) Z +VE / Z –VE DIRECTION.

3. WIND LOAD (WL) X +VE / -VE DIRECTION.

4. WIND LOAD (WL) Z +VE / -VE DIRECTION.

5. DEAD LOAD (DL).

6. LIVE LOAD (LL).

B. LOAD COMBINATIONS

a) DL + LL b) DL + SL (X) c) DL + SL (Z) d) DL + WL (X) e) DL + WL (Z) f) DL + LL + SL (X) g) DL + LL + SL (Z) h) DL + LL + WL (X) i) DL + LL + WL (Z)

C. GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS

Primary drawings with show details of the dimension of the silo for both the concrete and the steel silos. Which has a plan, front view, top view and side elevation of the silos. Which all the dimensions are shown in mm. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM

Fig. 3. Plan (All dimension’s are in mm)

Fig. 4. Front elevation

Fig. 5. Side elevation


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IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

STAAD professional is the next generation of the structural analysis, and design software from analysis engineers. The STAAD engine provides general purpose structural analysis and integrates steel/ concrete/ timber. STAAD professional is easy to use and user-friendly. The whole computer file is also generated either graphically or by writing easy English based mostly commands. STAAD uses analysis and styles commands Perform Analysis and style the member. For this, the silo structure is idealized as a three-dimensional mounted jointed space frame consisting of nodes and members. Frame are statically indeterminate structure, therefore, applicable powerful PC code is important. When completion of silo structure STAAD model the ladings and load combination applied within the model. The load combinations are followed as per code. The silo structure are analyzed and designed in STAAD and therefore, the following critical member results are obtained.

A. Structural Analysis Output From STAAD-RCC

Fig. 6. Isometric view

Fig. 7. Rendered view

Fig. 8. Vertical load assignment

Fig. 9. Wind load assignment (x-direction)

Fig. 10. Wind load assignment (z-direction)


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Fig. 11. Seismic load assignment (x-direction)

Fig. 12. Seismic load assignment (z-direction)

Fig. 13. Shear force diagram

Fig. 14. Bending moment diagram

B. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OUTPUT FROM STAAD - STEEL

Fig. 15. Isometric view

Fig. 16. 3D Rendered view


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Fig. 17. Vertical load assignment

Fig. 18. Wind load assignment (x-direction)

Fig. 19. Wind load assignment (z-direction)

Fig. 20. Seismic load assignment (x-direction)

Fig. 21. Seismic load assignment (z-direction)

Fig. 22. Axial force diagram


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C. Support reaction summary

Fig. 23. Support reaction summary table in STAAD

D. Axial force summary

Fig. 24. Axial force summary table in STAAD

E. COMPARISON OF RCC AND STEEL

Structural analysis of silo supporting structure using RCC & steel is completed and the comparison according to weight and cost is given below.

Fig. 25. Weight comparison of RCC and STEEL

Fig. 26. Cost comparison of RCC and STEEL

V. CONCLUSION

Comparative study on analysis and design of silo supporting structure using RCC & Steel is done. The silo supporting structure can adopt three numbers of silos. The diameter of silo is 7. 27m and the height of silo is 7. 1m and the hopper bottom is 3.5 m. The total length, breadth and the height of supporting structure is 22. 41m × 7. 27m × 20 m.

Both RCC & Steel silo supporting structures are modeled in STAAD pro v8i, considering the vertical forces (Dead load & live load) and also the laterals forces like to wind load and Seismic loads for structural analysis and design. Structural analysis is done using stiffness matrix method following the Indian standards.

Finally, the weight and cost of silo supporting structure is compared for both RCC and Steel, and the results are stated below.

• Weight of steel — 87 tonnes

• Weight of RCC — 326.15 tonnes

• Cost of steel (material alone) — Rs. 4350000

• Cost of RCC (material alone) — Rs. 1043680

According to the requirement and cost availability, RCC or Steel can be adopted for the silo supporting structures.

REFERENCES

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2. Younan, A.H.; Veletsos, A.S. Dynamics of solid-containing tanks I: Rigid tanks. J. Struct. Eng. 1998, 124, 52–61.

3. Veletsos, A.S.; Younan, A.H. Dynamics of solid-containing tanks II: Flexible tanks. J. Struct. Eng. 1998, 124, 62–70.

4. M.Wojcik, P.Iwicki, J.Tejchman “3D buckling analysis of a cylindrical

metal bin composed of corrugated sheets strengthened by vertical stiffeners” Science Direct/Thin-Walled Structures 49 (2011) 947–963.

5. E.Gallego, C.González-Montellano, A.Ramírez, F.Ayuga, E.Gallego et al. “A simplified analytical procedure for assessing the worst patch load

location on circular steel silos with corrugated walls” Science Direct /

Engineering Structures 33 (2011) 1940–1954. 6. P.Iwicki, M.Wójcik, J.Tejchman “Failure of cylindrical steel silos

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(2011) 2064– 2083.


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7. Rotter J.M. “Guide for the economic design of circular metal silos” Spon

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AUTHORS PROFILE

Dr.D.S.Vijayan complete Graduation in civil Engineering from Bharath University in the year 2007, Post-Graduation in structural Engineering from Anna University in the year 2010 and completed the doctorate from Bharath University in 2017. Currently working as Associate Professor in the department of Civil Engineering on Aarupadi veedu institute of

Technology. I have completed my doctorate in pre-stressed concrete beams with FRP Laminates and has major interest in design and experimental works. Published 3 International Research papers and 5 National Research Paper. Have 2 years of industrial and 9 years of teaching experience. Has a life member in ICI (Indian Concrete institute), ISTE (Indian Society for Technical Education) and ASCE (American Society for Civil Engineering). Certified Registered Engineer Grade I from Greater Chennai Corporation from 2019 to 2024 and Certified Registered Structural Engineer Grade I from CMDA (Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority) from 2019 to 2024.

Mr.S.Arvindan completes Graduation in civil Engineering from Dr.MGR educational and research Institute University in the year 2014.post-graduation in structural engineering from Sathyabama University in 2017. Currently working as Assistant professor in Anand school of architecture ,Affiliated under Anna university and also pursuing doctorate in aarupadai veedu institute of technology .I have published two

international journal and one conference paper .I have 1 .5 year of teaching experience and 1 year of site experience. Has a life member of ISTE (Indian Society for Technical Education) and ASCE (American Society for Civil Engineering). Certified Registered Engineer Grade II from Greater Chennai Corporation from 2019 to 2024 and Certified Registered Structural Engineer Grade II from CMDA (Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority) from 2019 to 2024

Design and Cost Efficiency of Steel Silos and Concrete Silo

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