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INDEX

Chapters Titles Page NO

ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION TO CHOCOLATE

FILLING ACHINE

1.1 Material Handling Equipment

1.2 Engineered Systems

1.3 Industrial Trucks

1.4 Types Of Material Handling Equipment1. !"n#ey"rs

1.$ Stepper M"t"r

1.% S"len"id &al#es1.' (ctuat"rs

1.) (ctuat"r Types

1.1* E+amples "f actuat"rs1.11 ,iller

1.12 Types "f filler

! PREPARATION OF CHOCOLATE AND

STORAGE

2.1 &ari"us Stages

2.2 Melting !-"c"late f"r M"ulding

" INTRODUCTION TO CADD

3.1 Types "f !( S"ft/are

# CAD DESIGN TOOL CREO

4.1 Intr"ducti"n

4.2 !"re !0EO !"ncepts

4.3 ,eatures "f !0EO Engineering4.4 !0EO asic esign M"des

4. (ssemly in !0EO

4.$ egrees "f ,reed"m

4.% (ssemly !"nstraints4.' !0EO M"dules

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$ ODELLING OF CHOCOLATE

FILLING ACHINE FRAE IN CREO

.1 enerating 3 #ie/ "f a ,rame in !0EO

% FINITE ELEENT ANAL&SIS

$.1 Intr"ducti"n

$.2 Types "f engineering analysis

$.3 0esults "f ,E(

' ANS&S

%.1 Intr"ducti"n

%.2 enefits

%.3 ,EM

( SIULATION OF CHOCOLATE

FILLING ACHINE FRAE

'.1 Static (nalysis Of uctile Ir"n (t **

'.2 Static (nalysis Of uctile Ir"n (t 1***'.3 Static (nalysis Of (ll"y Steel (t **

'.4 Static (nalysis Of (ll"y Steel (t 1***

) RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

).1 !"mparisi"n Of 0esults et/een

uctile Ir"n (nd (ll"y Steel (t **

).2 !"mparisi"n Of 0esults et/een

uctile Ir"n (nd (ll"y Steel (t 1***

1* CONCLUSION

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BIBILOGRAPH&

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. N+ Des,ripti+- Page. N+

1.1 Industrial Me55anine

1.2 Engineered System1.3 Industrial Truck

1.4 elt !"n#ey"r

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1. !-ute !"n#ey"r

1.$ 6-eel !"n#ey"r 1.% 0"ller !"n#ey"r

1.' ra#ity 0"ller !"n#ey"r

1.) Stepper M"t"r 1.1* S"len"id &al#e

1.11 7neumatic 0ack (nd 7ini"n (ctuat"rs

,"r &al#e !"ntr"ls Of 6ater 7ipes1.12 O#er ,l"/ 8iquid ,iller

1.13 6"rking Of O#er ,l"/ 8iquid ,iller

1.14 Ser#" 7ump 8iquid ,iller 1.1 6"rking Of Ser#" 7ump 8iquid ,iller

1.1$ 7eristaltic 8iquid ,iller

1.1% 6"rking Of 7eristaltic 8iquid ,iller 1.1' Time ra#ity 8iquid ,iller

1.1) 6"rking Of Time ra#ity 8iquid ,iller

1.2* 7ist"n 8iquid ,iller

1.21 6"rking Of 7ist"n 8iquid ,iller 2.1 &ari"us !-"c"late9Making Mac-inery

4.1 6"rk Space isplay "f !0EO

.1 M"delling Of Supp"rting ,rame.2 Supp"rting ,rame (ssemly

.3 Supp"rting ,rame (ssemly

.4 3 &ie/ Of ,rame :Supp"rt;. etailing Of ,rame :Supp"rt;

'.1 Mes-ing

'.2 Stresses e#el"ped In ,rame Of

uctile Ir"n (t **

'.3 0esultant isplacement On T-e ,rame

Of uctile Ir"n (t **'.4 ,inal ,rame esign Of uctile Ir"n (t

**'. Stresses e#el"ped In ,rame Of

uctile Ir"n (t 1***

'.$ 0esultant isplacement On T-e ,rame

Of uctile Ir"n (t 1***

'.% ,inal ,rame esign Of uctile Ir"n (t

1***'.' Stresses e#el"ped In ,rame Of (ll"y

steel (t **

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'.) 0esultant isplacement On T-e ,rame

Of (ll"y steel (t **

'.1* ,inal ,rame esign Of (ll"y steel (t

**'.11 Stresses e#el"ped In ,rame Of (ll"y

steel (t 1***

'.12 0esultant isplacement On T-e ,rame

Of (ll"y steel (t 1***

'.13 ,inal ,rame esign Of (ll"y steel (t

1***

LIST OF TABLES

Tale N+. Des,ripti+- Page. N+

2.1 !rystal ,"rms 1

.1 Mac-ine specificati"ns

'.1 Study 7r"perties "f ductile ir"n

'.2

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'.1' ,act"r "f Safety "f (ll"y Steel at 1***

).1 !"mparisi"n "f results et/een uctile Ir"n

and (ll"y Steel at **

).2 !"mparisi"n "f results et/een uctile Ir"nand (ll"y Steel at 1***

DESIGN AND ANAL&SIS OF CHOCOLATE FILLING ACHINE

FRAE

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ABSTRACT

( c-"c"late filling mac-ine is a mac-ine /-ic- fills t-e tray "f c-"c"late y

filler. T-e present /"rk is directed t"/ards t-e m"delling "f c-"c"late filling

mac-ine ,rame "f "#erall dimensi"ns "f 2m +1m +1.'m .T-e c-"c"late filling

mac-ine c"nsists "f elt c"n#ey"r =M"t"r= ear "+= ,rame =!"ntr"l

panel=Tray=Tray dr"pping assemly= ,illing tank= (ctuat"rs and s"len"id

#al#es. 6e -a#e m"delled ,rame "f c-"c"late filling mac-ine in a 3 !(

t""l called !0EO 2.* and assemled. 6e -a#e als" d"ne t-e structural

analysis "n frame y applying t-ree different materials namely (ll"y steel and

uctile ir"n in (S>S SIMS .(S>S is

dedicated finite element package used f"r determining t-e #ariati"n "f

stresses=and def"rmati"n

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CHAPTER / 1

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1. INTRODUCTION TO CHOCOLATE FILLING ACHINE0

!-"c"late filling mac-ine c"nsists "f different parts

Stepper m"t"r

S"len"id #al#e

Material -andling equipment

ear "+

elt c"n#ey"rs

Tray

Tray dr"p mec-anism

H"pper

(ctuat"r

1.1 ATERILAL HANDLING EUIPENT?

Fig 1.1.0 I-23strial 4e55a-i-e.

Material9-andling equipment is equipment t-at relate t" t-e m"#ement=

st"rage= c"ntr"l and pr"tecti"n "f materials= g""ds and pr"ducts t-r"ug-"ut

t-e pr"cess "f manufacturing= distriuti"n= c"nsumpti"n and disp"sal.

Material -andling equipment is t-e mec-anical equipment in#"l#ed in t-e

c"mplete system.

Material -andling equipment is generally separated int" f"ur main categ"ries?

st"rage and -andling equipment= engineered systems= industrial trucks= and

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ulk material -andling. St"rage and -andling equipment is a categ"ry /it-in

t-e material9-andling industry. T-e equipment t-at falls under t-is descripti"n

is usually n"n9aut"mated st"rage equipment.

7r"ducts suc- as pallet racking= s-el#ing= casters and carts= am"ng "t-ers=

el"ng t" st"rage and -andling

.

1.! ENGINEERED S&STES0

Fig 1.!.0 e-gi-eere2 s6ste4.

Engineered systems are typically cust"m engineered material9-andling

systems. !"n#ey"rs= Handling 0""ts= (S@0S= (& and m"st "t-er

aut"mated material9-andling systems fall int" t-is categ"ry. Engineered

systems are "ften a c"minati"n "f pr"ducts integrated t" "ne system. Many

distriuti"n centres /ill "ptimi5e st"rage and picking y utili5ing engineered

systems suc- as pick m"dules and s"rtati"n systems.

Equipment and utensils used f"r pr"cessing "r "t-er/ise -andling edile

pr"duct "r ingredients must e "f suc- material and c"nstructi"n t" facilitate

t-"r"ug- cleaning and t" ensure t-at t-eir use /ill n"t cause t-e adulterati"n

"f pr"duct during pr"cessing= -andling= "r st"rage. Equipment and utensils

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must e maintained in sanitary c"nditi"n s" as n"t t" adulterate "r c"ntaminate

pr"duct.

1." INDUSTRIAL TRUC7S

Fig 1.". I-23strial tr3,8

Industrial trucks usually refer t" "perat"r dri#en m"t"ri5ed /are-"use

#e-icles p"/ered manually= y gas"line= pr"pane "r electrically. Industrial

trucks assist t-e material9-andling system /it- #ersatilityA t-ey can g" /-ere

engineered systems cann"t. ,"rklift trucks are t-e m"st c"mm"n e+ample "f

industrial trucks ut certainly arenBt t-e e+tent "f t-e categ"ry. T"/ tract"rs

and st"ck c-asers are additi"nal e+amples "f industrial trucks. T-eir greatest

ad#antage lies in t-e /ide range "f attac-ments a#ailaleA t-ese increase t-e

truck aility t" Material -andling and efficiency

1.# T6pes +9 4aterial:ha-2li-g e;3ip4e-t

ulk material9-andling equipment is used t" m"#e and st"re ulk materials

suc- as "re= liquids= and cereals. T-is equipment is "ften seen "n farms=

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mines= s-ipyards and refineries. T-is categ"ry is als" e+plained in ulk

material -andling.

1.#.1 O-:rails tra-s9er ,art

On9rails transfer cart is a kind "f material9-andling equipment. It m"#es "n

t-e rails and can transfer -ea#y carg"es "r equipment /it- t-e /eig-t 193**t

et/een t-e /"rks-"ps "r /are-"uses in t-e fact"ry. It is /idely used in t-e

line "f metallurgy= c"al= -ea#y manufacturing= aut"m"ti#e assemly= etc.

Its p"/er can e (! "r !. ! 7"/er -as rail transmit p"/er and attery

p"/er= /-ile (! p"/er includes cale p"/er and slippery t"uc- line p"/er.

In additi"n= t-ere is t-e manual rail transfer cart "r t"/ed rail transfer cart=

als" called m"t"ri5ed transfer tr"lley.

1.#.! Ca-tile

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S"me types "f c"n#ey"rs are inuilt= p"/er and free= c-ain= t"/line and r"ller

c"n#ey"r.

1.$.1 Belt ,+-

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strengt- and s-ape called a carcass and an "#er layer called t-e c"#er. T-e

carcass is "ften a /"#en faric -a#ing a/arp /eft. T-e m"st c"mm"n

carcass materials are p"lyester= nyl"n and c"tt"n. T-e c"#er is "ften #ari"us

ruer "r plastic c"mp"unds specified y use "f t-e elt. !"#ers can e made

fr"m m"re e+"tic materials f"r unusual applicati"ns suc- as silic"ne f"r -eat

"r gum ruer /-en tracti"n is essential

.

Fig 1.$0 ,h3te ,+-heel ,+-

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1.' SOLENOID =AL=E0

Fig 1.1*0 s+le-+i2

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T-e c"ntr"l system can e simple Ca fi+ed mec-anical "r electr"nic systemD=

s"ft/are9ased Ce.g. a printer dri#er= r""t c"ntr"l systemD= a -uman= "r any

"t-er input.

1.) ACTUATOR T&PES0

1.).1. H62ra3li,0

( -ydraulic actuat"r c"nsists "f a cylinder "r fluid m"t"r t-at uses -ydraulic

p"/er t" facilitate mec-anical "perati"n. T-e mec-anical m"ti"n gi#es an

"utput in terms "f linear= r"tary "r "scillat"ry m"ti"n. ecause liquid is nearly

inc"mpressile= a -ydraulic actuat"r can e+ert c"nsiderale f"rce= ut is

limited in accelerati"n and speed.

T-e -ydraulic cylinder c"nsists "f a -"ll"/ cylindrical tue al"ng /-ic- a

pist"n can slide. T-e term d"ule acting is used /-en pressure is applied "n

eac- side "f t-e pist"n. ( difference in pressure et/een t-e t/" side "f t-e

pist"n results in m"ti"n "f pist"n t" eit-er side. T-e term single acting is used

/-en t-e fluid pressure is applied t" Fust "ne side "f t-e pist"n. T-e pist"n can

m"#e in "nly "ne directi"n= a spring eing frequently used t" gi#e t-e pist"n a

return str"ke.

1.).! P-e34ati,0

Fig 1.110 P-e34ati, ra,8 a-2 pi-i+- a,t3at+rs 9+r

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( pneumatic actuat"r c"n#erts energy f"rmed y #acuum "r c"mpressed air at

-ig- pressure int" eit-er linear "r r"tary m"ti"n. 7neumatic energy is desirale

f"r main engine c"ntr"ls ecause it can quickly resp"nd in starting and

st"pping as t-e p"/er s"urce d"es n"t need t" e st"red in reser#e f"r

"perati"n. 7neumatic actuat"rs enale large f"rces t" e pr"duced fr"m

relati#ely small pressure c-anges. T-ese f"rces are "ften used /it- #al#es t"

m"#e diap-ragms and s" affect t-e fl"/ "f liquid t-r"ug- t-e #al#e.

1.)." Ele,tri,

(n electric actuat"r is p"/ered y a m"t"r t-at c"n#erts electrical energy t"

mec-anical t"rque. T-e electrical energy is used t" actuate equipment suc- as

multi9turn #al#es. It is "ne "f t-e cleanest and m"st readily a#ailale f"rms "f

actuat"r ecause it d"es n"t in#"l#e "il. 0ecently= ne/ type "f actuat"rs /-ic-

can e actuated y applying t-ermal "r magnetic energy -a#e dra/n many

interest and attenti"n and in many c"mmercial applicati"ns= due t" t-eir

superi"r and unique pr"perties Ci.e. m"re c"mpact= lig-t/eig-t= -ig- p"/er

density and ec"n"micalD.:1;T-ese actuat"rs are using s-ape mem"ry materials

CSMMsD= suc- as s-ape mem"ry all"ysCSM(sD "r magnetic s-ape9mem"ry

all"ysCMSM(sD

1.).# e,ha-i,al

( mec-anical actuat"r functi"ns y c"n#erting r"tary m"ti"n int" linear

m"ti"n t" e+ecute m"#ement. It in#"l#es gears= rails= pulleys= c-ains and "t-er

de#ices t" "perate. (n e+ample is arack and pini"n.In engineering= actuat"rs

are frequently used as mec-anisms t" intr"duce m"ti"n= "r t" clamp an "Fect

s" as t" pre#ent m"ti"n. In electr"nic engineering= actuat"rs are a sudi#isi"n

"f transducers. T-ey are de#ices /-ic- transf"rm an input signal Cmainly an

electrical signalD int" m"ti"n.

1.1* E?a4ples +9 a,t3at+rs

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!"m dri#e

igital micr" mirr"r de#ice

Electric m"t"r

Electr" acti#e p"lymer

1.11 FILLER0

!"nsiderati"ns in selecting a filler

asics "f liquid filling tec-n"l"gies

Types "f filler

1.11.1 C+-si2erati+-s i- sele,ti-g 9iller

Types "f pr"duct t" e fillG..

&isc"sity "f liquid

7aste "r s"lid

Stale "r unstale

&"latile "r n"n #"latile

E+pl"si#e "r n"t

H"t "r fr"5en

8arge si5e "r small si5e c"ntainer CFarD used

lass "ttles "r plastic "ttles "r metal cans

S-ape

eck si5e

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6ay t-e pr"duct is measured t" e filledG..

y #"lumetric met-"d

y /eig-t met-"d

y le#el c"ntr"lled filling

esired speed "f t-e "perati"nG..

0elati#ely sl"/ manual "perati"n

Semiaut"matic

,ully aut"matic

1.11.! Basi,s +9 li;3i2 9illi-g te,h-+l+gies0

8iquid &"lumetric ,illing

"sing filling

Measure !up filler

7ist"n filler

8e#el c"ntr"lled filling

ra#ity ,illing

&acuum ,illing

ra#ity &acuum ,illing

Time !"ntr"lled ,illing

1.1! T6pes +9 9iller0

1. O#er ,l"/ 8iquid ,iller

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2. Ser#" 7ump 8iquid ,iller

3. 7eristaltic 8iquid ,iller

4. Time ra#ity 8iquid ,iller

. 7ist"n 8iquid filler

1.1!.1 + Li;3i2 Filler0

T-is type "f filler is per-aps t-e m"st /idely used mac-ine in small "ttle

filling "perati"ns ecause it -andles a /ide range "f t-in= free fl"/ing liquids

as /ell as liquids /it- medium #isc"sity.

Fig3re 1.1!0 + li;3i2 9iller

@+r8i-g0

T-e supply side Cdark lueD "f a t/" part n"55le is used t" pump pr"duct int"

t-e c"ntainer.6-en t-e c"ntainer fills up t" t-e target fill -eig-t= t-e e+cess

pr"duct and f"am is f"rced "ut "f t-e c"ntainer Cred arr"/sD #ia t-e return side

t" t-e "riginal pr"duct s"urce tank.

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Fig3re 1.1"0 >+r8i-g +9 + li;3i2 9iller

A2

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T-is filler is t-e mac-ine "f c-"ice f"r -ig- #alueA small #"lume fills at #ery

-ig- accuracy. It is primarily suitale f"r aque"us and "t-er lig-t #isc"sity

pr"ducts.

Fig3re 1.1%0 Peristalti, li;3i2 9iller

@+r8i-g0

T-e peristaltic pump makes intermittent c"ntact "n "nly t-e "utside "f t-e

surgical Cpr"ductD tuing s" t-at t-e pr"duct "nly t"uc-es t-e inside "f t-e

tuing. T-e fillerBs master c"mputer independently tracks t-e J "f r"tati"ns "f

t-e peristaltic pump -ead s" t-at it kn"/s precisely -"/ muc- pr"duct -as

een deli#ered.

Fig3re 1.1'0 >+r8i-g +9 Peristalti, li;3i2 9iller

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6-en t-e target fill #"lume is reac-ed= t-e pump st"ps and t-e remaining

pr"duct fluid d"es n"t drip "ut due t" pipette acti"n. T-e c"mputer st"res all

fill parameters in mem"ry f"r fast c-ange"#ers.

A2

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@+r8i-g0

T-e pr"duct ulk supply is pumped int" a -"lding tank a"#e a set "f

pneumatically "perated #al#es. Eac- #al#e is independently timed y t-e

fillerBs master c"mputer s" t-at precise am"unts "f liquid /ill fl"/ y gra#ity

int" t-e c"ntainer.

Fig3re 1.1)0 >+r8i-g +9 ti4e gra

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1.1!.$ Pist+- li;3i2 9iller0

T-e pist"n filler is "ne "f t-e "ldest and m"st reliale types "f fillers used in

t-e packaging industry. T-is filling mac-ine is est suited f"r #isc"us pr"ducts

t-at are paste= semi paste= "r c-unky /it- large particulates.

Fig3re 1.!* 0 pist+- li;3i2 9iller

@+r8i-g0

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9ig3re. 1.!1 0>+r8i-g +9 pist+- li;3i2 9iller

T-e pist"n is dra/n ack in its cylinder s" t-at t-e pr"duct is sucked int" t-e

cylinder. ( r"tary #al#e t-en c-anges p"siti"n s" t-at t-e pr"duct is t-en

pus-ed "ut "f t-e n"55le instead "f ack int" t-e -"pper.

A2

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CHAPTER : !

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PREPARATION OF CHOCOLATE STORAGE TEPARATURE

IN=OL=ED IN =ARIOUS STAGES

!.1 =ARIOUS STAGES IN=OL=ED ARE AS BELO@

,ermentati"n

!"nc-ing

Tempering

lending

St"rage

!.1.1 Fer4e-tati+-

T-e dry c"c"a eans are p"ured int" askets= c"#ered /it- anana lea#es= and

left f"r L$ days /it- "ccasi"nal stirring. T-e -eat generated in t-e asket

causes t-e eans t" ferment /it- t-e temperature rising t" * ! and t-e

c-emical c"ntent "f t-e eans underg"ing c"mple+ c-anges. T-is is kn"/n

as t-e fermentati"n pr"cess.

(s a result t-e eans l"se up t" $K "f t-eir "riginal /eig-t and t-eir

m"isture c"ntent dr"ps t" $K. T-eir c"l"r c-anges fr"m #i"let t" r"/n= t-ey

take "n a s"ft= s/eetis- uttery taste and m"st imp"rtant assume t-e

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c-aracteristic ar"ma "f c-"c"late. ,ermentati"n is t-e first and #ery imp"rtant

stage in t-e pr"cessing "f c"c"a eans. T-e degree t" /-ic- t-e eans /ere

c"rrectly and e#enly fermented /ill largely determine t-e smell= taste and

quality "f t-e future c-"c"late.

O99 t+ the 9a,t+r6

T-e fermented c"c"a eans are /as-ed and dried in t-e sun "r /it- t-e use

"f special equipment. Once dried= t-ey are packed int" sturdy sacks "f s"me

natural material= and l"aded "n "ats t-at are specially designed t" carry t-em.

In t-is /ay t-e c"c"a c"mes "n t" t-e /"rld markets. 8ater t-e eans /ill end

up in fact"ries and= s""n after= e turned int" c-"c"late.

@hats the 3se +9 ,+,+a

!"c"a eans -a#e a c"mple+ c-emical c"mp"siti"n. T-ey c"ntain pr"teins=

car"-ydrates= "rganic acids as /ell as tannic= c"l"ring= mineral and ar"matic

sustances. T-ese latter determine t-e specific c-"c"late ar"ma "f c"c"a and

pr"ducts made fr"m it. !"c"a als" c"ntains t-e alkal"ids t-e r"mine and

caffeine.it -as a stimulat"ry effect "n t-e central ner#"us and cardi"#ascular

systems. T-e" r"mine is used in t-e treatment "f c"r"nary -eart disease and

-eadac-es= and it -as als" pr"#ed effecti#e in t-e treatment "f c"ug-ing

particularly in t-e early stages.

T-us c"c"a and c-"c"late= /-ic- is made fr"m it= -a#e n"t "nly

an in#ig"rating effect= ut als" medicinal uses. ,"r t-is reas"n c"c"a eans are

a #aluale c"mm"dity "t- f"r c-"c"late manufacturers and f"r t-e

p-armaceutical= c"smetics and perfume industries. !-"c"late is created fr"m

t-e c"c"a ean. ( caca" tree /it- fruit p"ds in #ari"us stages "f ripening

!.1.! Ble-2i-g

!-"c"late liqu"r is lended /it- t-e c"c"a utter in #arying quantities t"

make different types "f c-"c"late "r c"#ertures. T-e asic lends "f

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ingredients f"r t-e #ari"us types "f c-"c"late Cin "rder "f -ig-est quantity "f

c"c"a liqu"r firstD= are as f"ll"/s?

ark c-"c"late? sugar= c"c"a utter= c"c"a liqu"r= and Cs"metimesD

#anilla

Milk c-"c"late? sugar= c"c"a utter= c"c"a liqu"r= milk "r milk p"/der=

and #anilla

6-ite c-"c"late? sugar= c"c"a utter= milk "r milk p"/der= and #anilla

T-e te+ture is als" -ea#ily influenced y pr"cessing= specifically c"nc-ing

Csee el"/D. T-e m"re e+pensi#e c-"c"late tends t" e pr"cessed l"nger and

t-us -a#e a sm""t-er te+ture and feel "n t-e t"ngue= regardless "f /-et-er

emulsifying agents are added.

ifferent manufacturers de#el"p t-eir "/n signature lends ased "n t-e

a"#e f"rmulas= ut #arying pr"p"rti"ns "f t-e different c"nstituents are used.

T-e finest= plain dark c-"c"late c"#ertures c"ntain at least %*K c"c"a C"t-

s"lids and utterD= /-ereas milk c-"c"late usually c"ntains up t" *K. Hig-9

quality /-ite c-"c"late c"#ertures c"ntain "nly a"ut 33K c"c"a.

7r"ducers "f -ig- quality= small atc- c-"c"late argue t-at mass pr"ducti"n

pr"duces ad quality c-"c"late. S"me mass9pr"duced c-"c"late c"ntains

muc- less c"c"a Cas l"/ as %K in many casesD and fats "t-er t-an c"c"a

utter. &egetale "ils and artificial#anilla fla#"r are "ften used in c-eaper

c-"c"late t" mask p""rly fermented and@"r r"asted eans.

!.1." C+-,hi-g

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Fig3re !.1 =ari+3s ,h+,+late:4a8i-g 4a,hi-er6

T-e penultimate pr"cess is called c"nc-ing. ( c"nc-e is a c"ntainer filled /it-

metal eads= /-ic- act as grinders. T-e refined and lended c-"c"late mass is

kept in a liquid state y fricti"nal -eat. !-"c"late pri"r t" c"nc-ing -as an

une#en and gritty te+ture. T-e c"nc-ing pr"cess pr"duces c"c"a and sugar

particles smaller t-an t-e t"ngue can detect= -ence t-e sm""t- feel in t-e

m"ut-. T-e lengt- "f t-e c"nc-ing pr"cess determines t-e final sm""t-ness

and quality "f t-e c-"c"late.

!.1.# Te4peri-g

T-e final pr"cess is called tempering.

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!rystal. Melting Temp. "tes

1

1% ! C$3 ,D S"ft= crumly= melts t""

easily.

II 21 ! C%* ,D S"ft= crumly= melts t""

easily.

III 2$ ! C%) ,D,irm= p""r snap= melts

t"" easily.

I& 2' ! C'2 ,D,irm= g""d snap= melts

t"" easily.

& 34 ! C)3 ,D

l"ssy= firm= est snap=

melts near "dy

temperature C3% !D.

&I 3$ ! C)% ,D

Hard= takes /eeks t"

f"rm.

Tale !.1 ,r6stal 9+r4s

Making c-"c"late c"nsidered g""d is a"ut f"rming as many type & crystals

as p"ssile. T-is pr"#ides t-e est appearance and te+ture and creates t-e m"st

stale crystals s" t-e te+ture and appearance /ill n"t degrade "#er time. T"

acc"mplis- t-is= t-e temperature is carefully manipulated during t-e

crystalli5ati"n. enerally= t-e c-"c"late is first -eated t" 4 ! C113 ,D t"

melt all si+ f"rms "f crystals. e+t= t-e c-"c"late is c""led t" a"ut 2% !

C'1 ,D= /-ic- /ill all"/ crystal types I& and & t" f"rm. (t t-is temperature=

t-e c-"c"late is agitated t" create many small crystal seeds /-ic- /ill ser#e

as nuclei t" create small crystals in t-e c-"c"late. T-e c-"c"late is t-en -eated

t" a"ut 31 ! C'' ,D t" eliminate any type I& crystals= lea#ing Fust type &.

(fter t-is p"int= any e+cessi#e -eating "f t-e c-"c"late /ill destr"y t-e temper

and t-is pr"cess /ill -a#e t" e repeated. H"/e#er= t-ere are "t-er met-"ds "f

c-"c"late tempering used. T-e m"st c"mm"n #ariant is intr"ducing already

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tempered= s"lid seed c-"c"late. T-e temper "f c-"c"late can e measured

/it- a c-"c"late temper meter t" ensure accuracy and c"nsistency. ( sample

cup is filled /it- t-e c-"c"late and placed in t-e unit /-ic- t-en displays "r

prints t-e results.

T/" classic /ays "f manually tempering c-"c"late are?

6"rking t-e m"lten c-"c"late "n a -eat9as"ring surface= suc- as a

st"ne sla= until t-ickening indicates t-e presence "f sufficient crystal

seedsA t-e c-"c"late is t-en gently /armed t" /"rking temperature.

Stirring s"lid c-"c"late int" m"lten c-"c"late t" in"culate t-e liquid

c-"c"late /it- crystals Ct-is met-"d uses t-e already f"rmed crystal "f

t-e s"lid c-"c"late t" seed t-e m"lten c-"c"lateD.

!-"c"late tempering mac-ines C"r temperersD /it- c"mputer c"ntr"ls can e

used f"r pr"ducing c"nsistently tempered c-"c"late= particularly f"r large

#"lume applicati"ns.

!.1.$ St+rage0

!-"c"late is #ery sensiti#e t" temperature and -umidity. Ideal st"rage

temperatures are et/een 1 and 1% ! C) and $3 ,D= /it- a relati#e

-umidity "f less t-an *K. !-"c"late is generally st"red a/ay fr"m "t-er

f""ds as it can as"r different ar"mas. Ideally= c-"c"lates are packed "r

/rapped= and placed in pr"per st"rage /it- t-e c"rrect -umidity and

temperature. (dditi"nally c-"c"late is frequently st"red in a dark place "r

pr"tected fr"m lig-t y /rapping paper. &ari"us types "f l""ming effects

can "ccur if c-"c"late is st"red "r ser#ed impr"perly. If refrigerated "r fr"5en

/it-"ut c"ntainment= c-"c"late can as"r en"ug- m"isture t" cause a /-itis-

disc"l"rati"n= t-e result "f fat "r sugar crystals rising t" t-e surface. M"#ing

c-"c"late fr"m "ne temperature e+treme t" an"t-er= suc- as fr"m a

refrigerat"r "n a -"t day= can result in an "ily te+ture. (lt-"ug- #isually

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unappealing= c-"c"late suffering fr"m l""m is perfectly safe f"r

c"nsumpti"n.

!.! elti-g ,h+,+late 9+r 4+3l2i-g i- a ,lassr++40

T-e simple Nc-"c"late melting equipment s-"/n el"/ /ill= if used care9

fully= pr"duce satisfact"ry c-"c"late f"r m"ulding c-"c"late s-apes. It

illustrates t-e #ariales needing t" e c"ntr"lled in "rder t" pr"duce a

c"nsistently -ig-9quality pr"duct= and indicates t-e maF"r c"st fact"rs in

making c-"c"lates Ce.g. quality "f pr"cessing fr"m t-e ra/ materials= careful

tempering and m"ulding= g""d packaging and presentati"n= appr"priate

st"rage= marketing= care during transp"rt= etc.D.T-e est met-"d "f melting

c-"c"late is t" use a /ater9at-. ( simple Nc-"c"late9melter made fr"m a 2l

plastic ice9cream c"ntainer is s-"/n el"/.

-"le cut in t-e ice9cream c"ntainer lid Fust large en"ug- f"r t-e "dy "f a

**g plastic p"t C/it- lidD= 7ayless 7lastics item 12$@1$ P make sure t-e rim

"f t-e p"t d"es n"t fit t-r"ug- t-e -"le 2l plastic ice9cream c"ntainer

insulati"n Ce.g. !"rf lute= cl"sed9cell f"amD 8"ng9-andled teasp""n ent

up/ards y a"ut $*.(lt-"ug- c-"c"late can e melted in a micr"/a#e "#en=

t-e kinds "f c-"c"late #ary in t-eir melting rates= and muc- care is required t"

a#"id "#er-eating "r sc"rc-ing it.

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Milk c-"c"late seems especially pr"ne t" sc"rc-ing. T-e /ater9at- met-"d

takes l"nger ut needs less m"nit"r9ing and can maintain t-e melted

c-"c"late in m"ulding c"nditi"n during a m"ulding sessi"n. "te t-at

c-"c"late pieces may retain t-eir s-ape e#en /-en melted= s" al/ays stir t-e

c-"c"late and c-eck t-e temperature ef"re furt-er -eating.

T-e appearance "f t-e c-"c"late is n"t a sufficient guide t" its melted state. If

t-e m"ulding "f c-"c"late is c"ncurrent /it- t-e plastic m"uld f"rming

Cassuming t-ere are sufficient adult super#is"rsD= t-e c-"c"late m"ulding area

needs t" e /ell separated fr"m t-e plastics area. (part fr"m safety and

super#isi"n issues= t-ere is t-e need t" ensure t-at t-e pupils -a#e minimum

e+p"sure t" t-e fumes= and t" reduce t-e c-ance "f t-e c-"c"late eing

tainted.

T-e m"ulds and all utensils in c"ntact /it- c-"c"late must al/ays e

c"mpletely dry. ( small sp""n is needed t" ladle c-"c"late int" t-e m"uld.

T-e dra/9ing "f t-e c-"c"late9melter a"#e s-"/s a l"ng9-andled teasp""n

/it- t-e sp""n9end ent s" it ec"mes m"re "f a ladle. 6-ile miniature ladles

and parfait sp""ns suitale f"r ending are a#ailale t-ey tend t" e

e+pensi#e.

Tap t-e c-"c"late9filled m"uld gently "n t-e tale a fe/ times t" maket-e

c-"c"late fl"/ fully int" t-e m"uld and t" ring any air ules t" t-e

surface. Melted c-"c"late can maintain its s-ape= and #irating "r tapping it

makes it fl"/A pr"fessi"nal c-"c"latiers use #irating tales. 6-en m"ulding=

it is est if a refrigerat"r is a#ailale in /-ic- t" place t-e m"ulds /it- t-eir

s"ft= /arm c-"c"late.

!""ling makes it easier f"r t-e c-"c"late t" e rem"#ed fr"m t-e m"uld= ut

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it is imp"rtant t" n"t lea#e t-e c-"c"late t"" l"ng in t-e refrigerat"r. If t""

c"ld= c"ndensati"n "n t-e surface /-en it is rem"#ed fr"m t-e m"uld can

cause l""ming. (s c-"c"late c"ntracts as it c""ls it usually separate easily

fr"m a clean m"uld Clack "f separati"n indicates it may -a#e een "#er-eated

in t-e melting stageD.

ec"rati"n can als" e added after t-e c-"c"lates -a#e een rem"#edfr"m

t-e m"ulds. S"me "f t-e m"ulds pr"#ide "pp"rtunity t" use different kinds "f

c-"c"late f"r different parts= suc- as N/-ite c-"c"late f"r eyes and utt"ns=

milk@dark c-"c"late f"r parts "f cl"t-ing= etc. Small l"s "f c-"c"late can e

placed in t-e m"uld /it- t""t-picks. 6-en /anting discrete c"l"urs f"r

different parts= t-e m"uld and c-"c"late must e c""led ef"re t-e ne+t l"t "f

c-"c"late is added.

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CHAPTER / "

INTRODUCTION TO CAD

!"mputer9aided design C!(D= als" kn"/n as c"mputer9aided design and

drafting C!(D= is t-e use "f c"mputer tec-n"l"gy f"r t-e pr"cess "f design

and design9d"cumentati"n. !"mputer (ided rafting descries t-e pr"cess "f

drafting /it- a c"mputer. !( s"ft/are= "r en#ir"nments= pr"#ides t-e user

/it- input9t""ls f"r t-e purp"se "f streamlining design pr"cessesA drafting=

d"cumentati"n= and manufacturing pr"cesses.

!( "utput is "ften in t-e f"rm "f electr"nic files f"r print "r mac-ining

"perati"ns. T-e de#el"pment "f !(9ased s"ft/are is in direct c"rrelati"n

/it- t-e pr"cesses it seeks t" ec"n"mi5eA industry9ased s"ft/are

Cc"nstructi"n= manufacturing= etc.D typically uses #ect"r9ased ClinearD

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en#ir"nments /-ereas grap-ic9ased s"ft/are utili5es raster9ased Cpi+ilatedD

en#ir"nments.

!( en#ir"nments "ften in#"l#e m"re t-an Fust s-apes. (s in t-e manual

drafting "f tec-nical and engineering dra/ings= t-e "utput "f !( must

c"n#ey inf"rmati"n= suc- as materials= pr"cesses= dimensi"ns= and t"lerances=

acc"rding t" applicati"n9specific c"n#enti"ns.!( may e used t" design

cur#es and figures in t/"9dimensi"nalC2D spaceA "r cur#es= surfaces= and

s"lids in t-ree9dimensi"nalC3D "Fects.

!( is an imp"rtant industrial art e+tensi#ely used in many applicati"ns=

including aut"m"ti#e= s-ipuilding= and aer"space industries= industrial and

arc-itectural design=pr"st-etics= and many m"re. !( is als" /idely used t"

pr"duce c"mputer animati"n f"r special effects in m"#ies= ad#ertising and

tec-nical manuals.

T-e m"dern uiquity and p"/er "f c"mputers means t-at e#en perfume

"ttles and s-amp"" dispensers are designed using tec-niques un-eard "f y

engineers "f t-e 1)$*s. ecause "f its en"rm"us ec"n"mic imp"rtance= !(

-as een a maF"r dri#ing f"rce f"r researc- in c"mputati"nal ge"metry=

c"mputer grap-ics C"t- -ard/are and s"ft/areD= and discrete differential

ge"metry.

T-e design "fge"metric m"dels f"r "Fect s-apes= in particular= is "ften called

c"mputer9aided ge"metric design C!(D.!urrent c"mputer9aided design

s"ft/are packages range fr"m 2 #ect"r9ased drafting systems t" 3 s"lid

and surface m"dellers. M"dern !( packages can als" frequently all"/

r"tati"ns in t-ree dimensi"ns= all"/ing #ie/ing "f a designed "Fect fr"m any

desired angle= e#en fr"m t-e inside l""king "ut. S"me !( s"ft/are is

capale "f dynamic mat-ematic m"deling= in /-ic- case it may e marketed

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as !( 9 c"mputer9aided design and drafting.!( is used in t-e design "f

t""ls and mac-inery and in t-e drafting and design "f all types "f uildings=

fr"m small residential types C-"usesD t" t-e largest c"mmercial and industrial

structures C-"spitals and fact"riesD.

!( is mainly used f"r detailed engineering "f 3 m"dels and@"r 2

dra/ings "f p-ysical c"mp"nents= ut it is als" used t-r"ug-"ut t-e

engineering pr"cess fr"m c"nceptual design and lay"ut "f pr"ducts= t-r"ug-

strengt- and dynamic analysis "f assemlies t" definiti"n "f manufacturing

met-"ds "f c"mp"nents. It can als" e used t" design "Fects.!( -as

ec"me an especially imp"rtant tec-n"l"gy /it-in t-e sc"pe "f c"mputer9

aided tec-n"l"gies= /it- enefits suc- as l"/er pr"duct de#el"pment c"sts

and a greatly s-"rtened design cycle. !( enales designers t" lay "ut and

de#el"p /"rk "n screen= print it "ut and sa#e it f"r future editing= sa#ing time

"n t-eir dra/ings.

".1 T6pes +9 CAD S+9t>are

".1.1 !D CAD

T/"9dimensi"nal= "r 2= !( is used t" create flat dra/ings "f pr"ducts and

structures. OFects created in 2 !( are made up "f lines= circles= "#als=

sl"ts and cur#es.

2 !( pr"grams usually include a lirary "f ge"metric imagesA t-e aility

t" create e5ier cur#es= splines and p"lylinesA t-e aility t" define -atc-ing

patternsA and t-e aility t" pr"#ide a ill "f materials generati"n.

".1.! "D CAD

T-ree9dimensi"nal C3D !( pr"grams c"me in a /ide #ariety "f types=

intended f"r different applicati"ns and le#els "f detail. O#erall= 3 !(

pr"grams create a realistic m"del "f /-at t-e design "Fect /ill l""k like=

all"/ing designers t" s"l#e p"tential pr"lems earlier and /it- l"/er

pr"ducti"n c"sts. S"me 3 !( pr"grams include (ut"desk In#ent"r= !"

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!reate S"lid esigner= 7r"@Engineer S"lid Edge= S"lid 6"rks=

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CHAPTER : #

CAD:DESIGN TOOL

C+4p3ter Ai2e2 Desig- Dra9ti-g

CREO:Para4etri,

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#.1 INTRODUCTION0

#.1.1 CAD

!"mputer aided design CcadD is defined as any acti#ity t-at in#"l#es

t-e effecti#e use "f t-e c"mputer t" create= m"dify= analy5e= "r d"cument an

engineering design. !( is m"st c"mm"nly ass"ciated /it- t-e use "f an

interacti#e c"mputer grap-ics system= referred t" as cad system. T-e term

!(@!(M system is als" used if it supp"rts manufacturing as /ell as design

applicati"ns.

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T-e design s"ft/are used t" design t-e Single ,"ur "lted R"ints in !0EO

#.1.! I-tr+23,ti+- t+ CREO

!0EO is a suite "f pr"grams t-at are used in t-e design= analysis= and

manufacturing "f a #irtually unlimited range "f pr"duct. In !0EO /e /ill e

dealing "nly /it- t-e maF"r fr"nt Pend m"dule used f"r pan and assemly

design and m"del creati"n= and pr"ducti"n "f engineering dra/ings. T-ere are

/ide ranges "f additi"nal m"dules a#ailale t" -andle tasks ranging fr"m

s-eet metal "perati"ns= piping lay"ut m"ld design= /iring -arness design= !

mac-ining and "t-er "perati"ns.

In a nuts-ell= !0EO is a parametric= feature9ased s"lid m"deling system=

,eature ased means t-at y"u can create part and assemly y defining

feature like e+trusi"ns= s/eep= cuts= -"les= sl"ts= r"unds= and s" "n= instead "f

specifying l"/9le#el ge"metry like lines= arcs= and circle features are

specifying y setting #alues and attriutes "f element suc- as reference planes

"r surfaces directi"n "f creati"n= pattern parameters= s-ape= dimensi"ns and

"t-ers.

#.! ,+re CREO >il29ire !.* ,+-,epts0

Th+se are

s"lid m"delling

,eature ased

7arametric

7arent@c-ild relati"ns-ips

(ss"ciati#e

m"delclinic

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#.!.1 Para4etri,means t-at t-e p-ysical s-ape "f t-e part "r assemly is

dri#en y t-e #alues assigned t" t-e attriutes Cprimarily dimensi"nsD "f its

features. 7arametric may define "r m"dify a features dimensi"ns "r "t-er

attriutes at any time.

,"r e+ample= if y"ur design intent is suc- t-at a -"le is centered "n a l"ck=

y"u can relate t-e dimensi"nal l"cati"n "f t-e -"le t" t-e l"ck dimensi"ns

using a numerical f"rmulaA if t-e l"ck dimensi"ns c-ange= t-e centered -"le

p"siti"n /ill e rec"mputed aut"matically.

#.!.! S+li2 +2elli-gmeans t-at t-e c"mputer m"del t" create it ale t"

c"ntain all t-e inf"rmati"n t-at a real s"lid "Fect /"uld -a#e. T-e m"st

useful t-ing a"ut t-e s"lid m"deling is t-at it is imp"ssile t" create a

c"mputer m"del t-at is amigu"us "r p-ysically n"n9reali5ale.

7T! /as f"unded in 1)'= y Samuel 7eisak-"#ic- inserg= /-" pre#i"usly

/"rked at 7rime !"mputer= !"mputer #isi"n C!&D and (pplic"n.

7r"@EIEE0 Ca.k.a. 7r"@ED= t-e c"mpanyBs first pr"duct= s-ipped in 1)''.

Fig3re #.1 @+r8 Spa,e Displa6 +9 CREO

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#.!." Capailities a-2 Be-e9its0

1. !"mplete 3 m"deling capailities enale y"u t" e+ceed quality arid

time t" arid time t" market g"als.

2. Ma+imum pr"ducti"n efficiency t-r"ug- aut"mated generati"n "f

ass"ciati#e ! t""ling design= assemly instructi"ns= and mac-ine c"de.

3. (ility t" simulate and analysis #irtual pr"t"type t" impr"#e

pr"ducti"n perf"rmance and "ptimi5ed pr"duct design.

4. (ility t" s-are digital pr"duct data seamlessly am"ng all appr"priate

team memers

!"mpatiility /it- myriad !( t""ls9including ass"ciati#e data

e+c-ange and industry standard data f"rmats.

#." Feat3res +9 CREO E-gi-eeri-g

!0EO is a "ne9st"p f"r any manufacturing industry. It "ffers effecti#e feature=

inc"rp"rated f"r a /ide #ariety "f purp"se. S"me "f t-e imp"rtant features are

as f"ll"/s?

Simple and p"/erful t""l

7arametric design

,eature9ased appr"ac-

7arent c-ild relati"ns-ip

(ss"ciati#e and m"del centric

#.".1 Si4ple a-2 P+>er93l T++l

!0EO t""ls are used friendly. (lt-"ug- t-e e+ecuti"n "f any "perati"n

using t-e t""l can create a -ig-ly c"mple+ m"del

#.".! Para4etri, Desig-

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ass"ciati#e. If c-anges are made in "ne m"dule= t-ese /ill aut"matically get

updated in t-e referenced m"dule.

#.# Cre+ Basi, Desig- +2es

6-en a design fr"m c"ncepti"n t" c"mpleti"n in cre"= t-e design inf"rmati"n

g"es t-r"ug- t-ree asic design steps.

1. !reating t-e c"mp"nent parts "f t-e design

2. R"ining t-e parts in an assemly t-at rec"rds t-e relati#e p"siti"n

"f t-e parts.

3. !reating mec-anical dra/ing ased "n t-e inf"rmati"n in t-e

parts and t-e assemly.

#.$ Asse4l6 i- CREO0

"tt"m9

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UU Tra-slati+-P m"#ement al"ng Q= >= and V a+is Ct-ree degrees "f

freed"mD

UU R+tati+-P r"tate a"ut Q= >= and V a+is Ct-ree degrees "f freed"mD

#.' Asse4l6 C+-strai-ts0

In "rder t" c"mpletely define t-e p"siti"n "f "ne part relati#e t" an"t-er= /e

must c"nstrain all "f t-e degrees "f freed"m.Mate, Align, and Insert

4.7.1 Mate

T/" selected surfaces ec"me c"9planar and face in opposite directions. T-is

c"nstrains 3 degrees "f freed"m Ct/" r"tati"ns and "ne translati"nD

4.7.2 Mate Offset

T/" surfaces are made parallel /it- a specified "ffset distance.

4.7.3 Align Coincident

T/" selected surfaces ec"me c"9planar and face in t-e same directi"n. !an

als" e applied t" re#"l#ed surfaces. T-is c"nstrains 3 degrees "f freed"m

Ct/" r"tati"ns and "ne translati"nD. 6-en (lign is used "n re#"l#ed surfaces=

t-ey ec"me c"a+ial Ca+es t-r"ug- t-e centers alignD.

4.7.4 Align Offset

T-is can e applied t" planar surfaces "nlyA surfaces are made parallel /it- a

specified "ffset distance.

4.7.5Align Orient

T/" planar surfaces are made parallel= n"t necessarily c"9planar= and face t-e

same directi"n Csimilar t" (lign Offset e+cept /it-"ut t-e specified distanceD.

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4.7.6 Insert

T-is c"nstrain can "nly e applied t" t/" re#"l#ed surfaces in "rder t" make

t-em c"a+ial Cc"incident

#.( CREO +23les0:

Sketc-er C2D

7art C3D

(ssemly

ra/ing and rafting

S-eet Metal

0endering

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CHAPTER / $

ODELING OF CHOCOLATE FILLING ACHINE FRAE IN

CREO !.*

$.1 a,hi-e spe,i9i,ati+-s0

7neumatic system 1**mm=3*mm=2mm

electric p"/erac 23*# 1@2-p

t-ree p-ase 12* rpm

dimensi"ns

l + / + - Cm@mD2+1+1.'

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Tale0 $.1 a,hi-e spe,i9i,ati+-s

$.! ODELING OF FRAE IN CREO !.*

Fig3re $.10 S3pp+rti-g 9ra4e

Fig3re $.!0 S3pp+rti-g 9ra4e Asse4l6

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Fig3re $."0 S3pp+rti-g 9ra4e Asse4l6

Fig3re $.#0 "D +9 9ra4e s3pp+rt

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Fig3re $.$0 Detaili-g +9 Fra4e s3pp+rt

,rame is m"delled y using /eldment feature in CREO !.*/it- t-e -elp "f

3 sketc-es.

CHAPTER : %

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incredile precisi"n. 7resent day superc"mputers are n"/ ale t" pr"duce

accurate results f"r all kinds "f parameters.

,E( c"nsists "f a c"mputer m"del "f a material "r design t-at is stressed and

analy5ed f"r specific results. It is used in ne/ pr"duct design= and e+isting

pr"duct refinement. ( c"mpany is ale t" #erify a pr"p"sed design /ill e

ale t" perf"rm t" t-e clientBs specificati"ns pri"r t" manufacturing "r

c"nstructi"n. M"difying an e+isting pr"duct "r structure is utili5ed t" qualify

t-e pr"duct "r structure f"r a ne/ ser#ice c"nditi"n.In case "f structural

failure= ,E( may e used t" -elp determine t-e design m"dificati"ns t" meet

t-e ne/ c"nditi"n.

T-ere are generally t/" types "f analysis t-at are used in industry? 29

m"deling= and 39 m"deling. 6-ile 29 m"deling c"nser#es simplicity and

all"/s t-e analysis t" e run "n a relati#ely n"rmal c"mputer= it tends t" yield

less accurate results. 39 m"deling= -"/e#er= pr"duces m"re accurate results

/-ile sacrificing t-e aility t" run "n all ut t-e fastest c"mputers effecti#ely.

6it-in eac- "f t-ese m"deling sc-emes= t-e pr"grammer can insert numer"us

alg"rit-ms Cfuncti"nsD /-ic- may make t-e system e-a#e linearly "r n"n9

linearly. 8inear systems are far less c"mple+ and generally d" n"t take int"

acc"unt plastic def"rmati"n. "n9linear systems d" acc"unt f"r plastic

def"rmati"n= and many als" are capale "f testing a material all t-e /ay t"

fracture.

,E( uses a c"mple+ system "f p"ints calledn"des/-ic- make a grid called a

mes-. T-is mes- is pr"grammed t" c"ntain t-e material and structural

pr"perties /-ic- define -"/ t-e structure /ill react t" certain l"ading

c"nditi"ns. "des are assigned at a certain density t-r"ug-"ut t-e material

depending "n t-e anticipated stress le#els "f a particular area.

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0egi"ns /-ic- /ill recei#e large am"unts "f stress usually -a#e a -ig-er

n"de density t-an t-"se /-ic- e+perience little "r n" stress. 7"ints "f interest

may c"nsist "f? fracture p"int "f pre#i"usly tested material= fillets= c"rners=

c"mple+ detail= and -ig- stress areas.

T-e mes- acts like a spider /e in t-at fr"m eac- n"de= t-ere e+tends a mes-

element t" eac- "f t-e adFacent n"des. T-is /e "f #ect"rs is /-at carries t-e

material pr"perties t" t-e "Fect= creating many elements.

( /ide range "f "Fecti#e functi"ns C#ariales /it-in t-e systemD are a#ailale

f"r minimi5ati"n "r ma+imi5ati"n?

Mass= #"lume= temperature

Strain energy= stress strain

,"rce= displacement= #el"city= accelerati"n

Synt-etic C

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0"d elements

eam elements

7late@S-ell@!"mp"site elements

S-ear panel

S"lid elements

Spring elements

Mass elements

0igid elements

&isc"us damping elements

Many ,E( pr"grams als" are equipped /it- t-e capaility t" use multiple

materials /it-in t-e structure suc- as?

Is"tr"pic= identical t-r"ug-"ut

Ort-"tr"pic= identical at )* degrees

eneral anis"tr"pic= different t-r"ug-"ut

%.! T6pes +9 E-gi-eeri-g A-al6sis

%.!.1 Str3,t3ral a-al6sis

T-is c"nsists "f linear and n"n9linear m"dels. 8inear m"dels use simple

parameters and assume t-at t-e material is n"t plastically def"rmed. "n9

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linear m"dels c"nsist "f stressing t-e material past its elastic capailities. T-e

stresses in t-e material t-en #ary /it- t-e am"unt "f def"rmati"n as in.

%.!.! =irati+-al a-al6sis

T-is is used t" test a material against rand"m #irati"ns= s-"ck= and impact.

Eac- "f t-ese incidences may act "n t-e natural #irati"nal frequency "f t-e

material /-ic-= in turn= may cause res"nance and susequent failure.

,atigueanalysis -elps designers t" predict t-e life "f a material "r structure y

s-"/ing t-e effects "f cyclic l"ading "n t-e specimen. Suc- analysis can s-"/

t-e areas /-ere crack pr"pagati"n is m"st likely t" "ccur. ,ailure due t"

fatigue may als" s-"/ t-e damage t"lerance "f t-e material.

%.!." Heat Tra-s9er a-al6sis

T-is m"dels t-e c"nducti#ity "r t-ermal fluid dynamics "f t-e material "r

structure. T-is may c"nsist "f a steady9state "r transient transfer. Steady9state

transfer refers t" c"nstant t-erm" pr"perties in t-e material t-at yield linear

-eat diffusi"n.

%." Res3lts +9 Fi-ite Ele4e-t A-al6sis

,E( -as ec"me a s"luti"n t" t-e task "f predicting failure due t" unkn"/n

stresses y s-"/ing pr"lem areas in a material and all"/ing designers t" see

all "f t-e t-e"retical stresses /it-in. T-is met-"d "f pr"duct design and testing

is far superi"r t" t-e manufacturing c"sts /-ic- /"uld accrue if eac- sample

/as actually uilt and tested.

In practice= a finite element analysis usually c"nsists "f t-ree principal steps?

%.".1 Pre pr+,essi-g?

T-e user c"nstructs a m"del "f t-e part t" e analy5ed in /-ic- t-e ge"metry

is di#ided int" a numer "f discrete su regi"ns= "r elements= c"nnected at

discrete p"ints called n"des. !ertain "f t-ese n"des /ill -a#e fi+ed

displacements= and "t-ers /ill -a#e prescried l"ads. T-ese m"dels can e

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e+tremely time c"nsuming t" prepare= and c"mmercial c"des #ie /it- "ne

an"t-er t" -a#e t-e m"st user9friendly grap-ical prepr"cess"r t" assist in

t-is rat-er tedi"us c-"re. S"me "f t-ese prepr"cess"rs can "#erlay a mes- "n a

pree+isting !( file= s" t-at finite element analysis can e d"ne c"n#eniently

as part "f t-e c"mputeri5ed drafting9and9design pr"cess.

%.".! A-al6sis?

T-e dataset prepared y t-e prepr"cess"r is used as input t" t-e finite element

c"de itself= /-ic- c"nstructs and s"l#es a system "f linear "r n"nlinear

algeraic equati"ns/-ere u and f are t-e displacements and e+ternally applied

f"rces at t-e n"dal p"ints. One "f ,E(Bs principal ad#antages is t-at many

pr"lem types can e addressed /it- t-e same c"de= merely y specifying t-e

appr"priate element types fr"m t-e lirary

.

%."." P+st pr+,essi-g?

In t-e earlier days "f finite element analysis= t-e user /"uld p"re t-r"ug-

reams "f numers generated y t-e c"de= listing displacements and stresses at

discrete p"siti"ns /it-in t-e m"del. It is easy t" miss imp"rtant trends and -"t

sp"ts t-is /ay= and m"dern c"des use grap-ical displays t" assist in

#isuali5ing t-e results. Typical p"stpr"cess"r display "#erlays c"l"red

c"nt"urs representing stress le#els "n t-e m"del= s-"/ing a full field picture

similar t" t-at "f p-"t" elastic "r m"irW e+perimental results.

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CHAPTER : '

'.1 ANS&S

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(S>S is an Engineering Simulati"n S"ft/are Cc"mputer aided

EngineeringD. Its t""ls c"#er T-ermal= Static= ynamic= and ,atigue finite

element analysis al"ng /it- "t-er t""ls all designed t" -elp /it- t-e

de#el"pment "f t-e pr"duct.

T-e c"mpany /as f"unded in 1)%* y r. R"-n (. S/ans"n as S/ans"n

(nalysis Systems= Inc. S(SI. Its primary purp"se /as t" de#el"p and market

finite element analysis s"ft/are f"r structural p-ysics t-at c"uld simulate

static Cstati"naryD= dynamic Cm"#ingD and -eat transfer Ct-ermalD pr"lems.

S(SI de#el"ped its usiness in parallel /it- t-e gr"/t- in c"mputer

tec-n"l"gy and engineering needs. T-e c"mpany gre/ y 1* percent t" 2*

percent eac- year= and in 1))4 it /as s"ld. T-e ne/ "/ners t""k S(SIs

leading s"ft/are= called (S>SX= as t-eir flags-ip pr"duct and designated(S>S= Inc. as t-e ne/ c"mpany name

'.! BENIFITS OF ANS&S0

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T-e (S>S ad#antage and enefits "f using a m"dular simulati"n

system in t-e design pr"cess are /ell d"cumented. (cc"rding

t"studies perf"rmed y t-e (erdeen r"up= est9in9class c"mpanies

perf"rm m"re simulati"ns earlier. (s a leader in #irtual pr"t"typing=

(S>S is unmatc-ed in terms "f functi"nality and p"/er necessary t"

"ptimi5e c"mp"nents and systems. T-e (S>S ad#antage is /ell9

d"cumented.

(S>S is a #irtual pr"t"typing and m"dular simulati"n system t-at is

easy t" use and e+tends t" meet cust"mer needs= making it a l"/9risk

in#estment t-at can e+pand as #alue is dem"nstrated /it-in a

c"mpany. It is scalale t" all le#els "f t-e "rgani5ati"n= degrees "f

analysis c"mple+ity= and stages "f pr"duct de#el"pment.

'." Fi-ite Ele4e-t eth+2

'.".1 Ge-eral Des,ripti+- +9 the Fi-ite Ele4e-t eth+20

In t-e finite element met-"d= t-e actual c"ntinuum "r "dy "f matter like

s"lid= liquid "r gas is represented as assemlage "f su di#isi"ns called finite

elements. T-ese elements are c"nsidered t" e interc"nnected at specified

F"ints= /-ic- are called n"des "r n"dal p"ints. T-e n"des usually lie "n t-e

element "undaries /-ere adFacent elements are c"nsidered t" e c"nnected.

Since t-e actual #ariati"n "f t-e field #ariale Clike displacement= stress=

temperature= pressure and #el"cityD inside t-e c"ntinuum is n"t kn"/n= /e

assume t-at t-e #ariati"n "f field #ariale inside a finite element can eappr"+imated y a simple functi"n. T-ese appr"+imating functi"ns Cals"

called interp"lati"n m"delsD are defined in terms "f t-e #alues at t-e n"des.

'.".! Str3,t3ral A-al6sis0

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Structural analysis is pr"aly t-e m"st c"mm"n applicati"n "f t-e finite

element met-"d. T-e term structural C"r structureD implies n"t "nly ci#il

engineering structures suc- as s-ip -ulls= aircraft "dies= and mac-ine

-"usings= as /ell as mec-anical c"mp"nents suc- as pist"ns= mac-ine parts=

and t""ls.

'.# T6pes +9 Str3,t3ral A-al6sis0

ifferent types "f structural analysis are0

Static analysis

M"dal analysis

Harm"nic analysis

Transient dynamic analysis

Spectrum analysis

ucking analysis

E+plicit dynamic analysis

'.#.1. Stati, A-al6sis0

( static analysis calculates t-e effects "f steady l"ading c"nditi"ns "n a

structure= /-ile ign"ring inertia and damping effects= suc- as t-"se caused y

time #arying l"ads.

( static analysis can= -"/e#er= include steady inertia l"ads Csuc- as gra#ity

and r"tati"nal #el"cityD= and time9#arying l"ads t-at can e appr"+imated as

static equi#alent l"ads Csuc- as t-e static equi#alent /ind arid seismic l"ads

c"mm"nly defined in many uilding c"desD.

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Static analysis is used t" determine t-e displacements= stresses= strains= and

f"rces in structural c"mp"nents caused y l"ads t-at d" n"t induce significant

inertia and damping effects. Steady l"ading and resp"nse are assumed t" #ary

sl"/ly /it- respect t" time.

T-e kinds "f l"ading t-at can e applied in a static analysis include0

E+ternally applied f"rces and pressures

Steady9state inertial f"rces Csuc- as gra#ity "r r"tati"nal

#el"cityD

Imp"sed Cn"n95er"D displacements

Temperatures Cf"r t-ermal stainD

,luences Cf"r nuclear s/ellingD

( static analysis can e eit-er linear "r n"n9linear. (ll types "f n"n9linearities

are all"/ed9large def"rmati"ns= plasticity= creep= stress= stiffening= c"ntact

CgapD elements= -yper elastic elements= and s" "n.

'.#.! O

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'.$ BASIC STEPS IN ANS&S Fi-ite Ele4e-t S+9t>are0

'.$.1 Pre:Pr+,essi-g De9i-i-g the Pr+le40

T-e maF"r steps in pre9pr"cessing are gi#en el"/

efine key p"ints@lines@ areas@#"lumes.

efine element type and material@ge"metric pr"perties

Mes- lines@ areas@#"lumes as required.

T-e am"unt "f detail required /ill depend "n t-e dimensi"nality "f t-e

analysis Ci.e.= 1= 2= a+i9symmetric= 3D.

'.$.! S+l3ti+- Assig-i-g L+a2sJ C+-strai-tsJ A-2 S+l

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'.$." P+st Pr+,essi-g0 In t-is stage= furt-er pr"cessing and #ie/ing "f t-e

results can e d"ne suc- as?

8ists "f n"dal displacements

Element f"rces and m"ments

eflecti"n pl"ts

Stress c"nt"ur diagram

'.$.# A2S pr"#ides a c"mpre-ensi#e set "f p"st9pr"cessing t""ls t" display

results "n t-e m"dels as c"nt"urs "r #ect"r pl"ts= pr"#ide summaries "f t-e

results Clike min@ma+ #alues and l"cati"nsD. 7"/erful and intuiti#e slicing

tec-niques all"/ t" get m"re detailed results "#er gi#en parts "f y"ur

ge"metries. (ll t-e results can als" e e+p"rted as te+t data "r t" a spreads-eet

f"r furt-er calculati"ns. (nimati"ns are pr"#ided f"r static cases as /ell as f"r

n"nlinear "r transient -ist"ries. (ny result "r "undary c"nditi"n can e used

t" create cust"mi5ed c-arts

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'.% E?pl+ri-g 2esig-0

( single simulati"n Fust pr"#ides a #alidati"n "f a design. (S>S rings y"u

t" t-e ne+t le#el /it- design+pl"rer a t""l designed f"r fast and efficient

design analysis. >"u /ill n"t need m"re t-an a fe/ m"use clicks t" get a

depper understanding "f y"ur design= /-et-er y"u /ant t" e+amine multiple

scenari"s "r create full resp"nse surfaces "f y"ur m"del and get sensiti#ities t"

design parameters= "ptimi5e y"ur m"del "r perf"rm a Si+ Sigma analysis.

'.' C+443-i,ati-g res3lts0

(S>S lets y"u e+pl"re y"ur design in multiple /ays. (ll t-e results y"u get

must t-en e efficiently d"cumented? (S>S /ill pr"#ide y"u instantane"us

rep"rt generati"n t" gat-er all tec-nical data and pictures "f t-e m"del in a

c"n#enient f"rmat C-tml= MS 6"rd= MS 7"/er7"intGD.Capt3ri-g the

8-+>le2ge0

'.( INDI=IDUAL COPONENT ANAL&SIS0:

IM7O0TI THE !OM7OEET ,0OM !( C!0E*D TOO8 TO !(ETOO8 C(S>SD

(fter creating part m"dels in cre" /e can directly imp"rt t-e files fr"m !0EO

t" (S>S y c"n#erting .prt files int" t-e f"ll"/ed file f"rmat. ,"r t-ese

g" t" sa#e as select any "ne "f el"/ listed file f"rmats.

1. IES9Initial Graphics Exchange Specification

2. ST79 STandard f"r t-e E+c-ange "f 7r"duct m"del data

3. ST89 standard tri angular 8anguage

4. 7ara s"lid

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CHAPTER :(

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SIULATION OF CHOCOLATE FILLING ACHINE

FRAE

T-e structural analysis "f t-e frame is d"ne y applying= uctile ir"n and

(ll"y steel t-e material /-ic- yielded less stresses t-an t-eir yield strengt- is

preferred.

(.1 STATIC ANAL&SIS OF FRAE B& APPL&ING DUCTILE IRON

B& APPL&ING $**N0

On t-e frame y calculating t-e /eig-t "f t-e c"n#ey"r= fasteners= tray

dr"pping mec-anism t-e t"tal /eig-t "n t-e frame /ill e **.

(.1.1 STUD& PROPERTIES0

St326 -a4e Static 1

A-al6sis t6pe Static

esh t6pe eam Mes-

S+l

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(.1.! U-its

U-it s6ste40 SI CMYSD

Le-gthKDispla,e4e-t mm

Te4perat3re Yel#in

A-g3lar

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Tale '.3 Material 7r"perties "f ductile ir"n

'.1.4 8O(S ( ,IQT

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(.1.$ ESHING

Fig0 (.10 eshi-g

Na4e T6pe i- a?

Stress1 TQ>? S-ear in >

ir. "n >V 7lane

*.1%'%')

@mmZ2 CM7aD

Element? %

4.4*2' @mmZ2

CM7aD

Element? 1'

Tale (.% 0 Stress +9 D3,tile Ir+- At $**N

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Fig3re (.!0 stresses 2e

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Tale (.(0 Fa,t+r +9 Sa9et6 +9 D3,tile Ir+- at $**N

Fig3re (.#0 Fi-al Fra4e Desig- +9 23,tile ir+- at $**N

( fact"r "f safety less t-an 1 at a l"cati"n indicates t-at t-e material at t-at

l"cati"n -as failed( fact"r "f safety greater t-an 1 at a l"cati"n indicates t-at

t-e material at t-at l"cati"n is safe.

(s "ur ,OS is greater t-an 1 it indicates t-at "ur design is safe.

(.! STATIC ANAL&SIS OF FRAE B& APPL&ING DUCTILE IRON

B& APPL&ING 1***N0

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Fig3re (.%0 Res3lta-t Displa,e4e-t O- The Fra4e O9 D3,tile Ir+- At

1***N

Na4e T6pe i- a?

Fa,t+r +9

Sa9et61

(ut"matic *.4''%34

"de? 1)

%.4%32

"de? %$

Tale (.110 Fa,t+r +9 Sa9et6 +9 D3,tile Ir+- at 1***N

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Fig (.' Fi-al Fra4e Desig- +9 23,tile ir+- at1***N

( fact"r "f safety less t-an 1 at a l"cati"n indicates t-at t-e material at t-at

l"cati"n -as failed. ( fact"r "f safety "f 1 at a l"cati"n indicates t-at t-e

material at t-at l"cati"n -as Fust started t" fail. ( fact"r "f safety greater t-an 1

at a l"cati"n indicates t-at t-e material at t-at l"cati"n is safe.

(s "ur ,OS is 8ess t-an 1 it indicates t-at "ur design is n"t safe..

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(."STATIC ANAL&SIS OF FRAE B& APPL&ING ALLO& STEEL B&

APPL&ING $**N0

'.3.1 Material 7r"perties

M"del 0eference 7r"perties

ame? All+6 SteelM"del type? Li-ear Elasti,

Is+tr+pi,

efault failure

criteri"n?

a? ield strengt-? %.!*#!!e**(

NK4M!

Tensile strengt-? '.!"(!%e**(

NK4M!

Elastic m"dulus? !.1e*11 NK4M!7"iss"nBs rati"? *.!(Mass density? ''** 8gK4M"S-ear m"dulus? '.)e*1* NK4M!T-ermal e+pansi"n

c"efficient?

1."e:**$ K7el? S-ear in > ir.

"n >V 7lane

*.1%'%')

@mmZ2 CM7aD

Element? %

$.42 @mmZ2

CM7aD

Element? 1'

Tale (.1"0 Stress +9 All+6 Steel at $**N

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Fig (.(0 Stress 2e

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Fig (.)0 Res3lta-t Displa,e4e-t O- The Fra4e O9 All+6 steel At $**N

Na4e T6pe i- a?

Fa,t+r +9

Sa9et61

(ut"matic 1*.))

"de? 1)

1$)'.1

"de? %$

Tale (.1$0 Fa,t+r +9 Sa9et6 +9 All+6 Steel at $**N

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Fig3re (.1*0 Fi-al Fra4e Desig- O9 All+6 Steel At $**N

(.# STATIC ANAL&SIS OF FRAE B& APPL&ING ALLO& STEEL

B& APPL&ING 1***N0

Na4e T6pe i- a?

Stress1 TQ>? S-ear in >

ir. "n >V 7lane

*.3%%'

@mmZ2 CM7aD

Element? %

112.'

@mmZ2 CM7aD

Element? 1'

Tale (.1%0 Stress +9 All+6 Steel at 1***N

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Fig (.110 Stress 2e

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Fig (.1!0 Res3lta-t Displa,e4e-t O- The Fra4e O9 All+6 steel At 1***N

Na4e T6pe i- a?

Fa,t+r +9 Sa9et61 (ut"matic .4)%%$

"de? 1)

'4).*%$

"de? %$

Tale (.1(0 Fa,t+r +9 Sa9et6 +9 All+6 Steel at 1***N

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Fig (.1"0 Fi-al Fra4e Desig- O9 All+6 steel At 1***N

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CHAPTER : )

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

T-e structural analysis "f t-e c-"c"late mac-ine frame is d"ne y applying

t-ree different materials namely uctile ir"n and (ll"y steel f"r ** and

1*** l"ading c"nditi"ns.

).1 C+4parisi+- +9 res3lts 9+r l+a2 +9 $**N0

S.n" uctile ir"n (ll"y steel

Stresses de#el"ped:Mpa; 4.4*2' $.42

0esultant displacement 1.'*113 1.113

Tale ).10 C+4parisi+- +9 res3lts Bet>ee- D3,tile Ir+- a-2 All+6 Steel at

$**N

).! C+4parisi+- +9 res3lts 9+r l+a2 +9 1***N0

S.n" uctile ir"n (ll"y steel

Stresses de#el"ped:Mpa; 1*'.' 112.'

0esultant displacement 3.$*2$ 2.23*%2

Tale ).!0 C+4parisi+- +9 res3lts Bet>ee- D3,tile Ir+- a-2 All+6 Steel at

1***N

,r"m t-e a"#e results /e infer t-at t-e uctile ir"n -as "tained less stresses

c"mpared t" t-e "t-er materials .(s $*$1 all"y is failed f"r "t- t-e l"ads

ecause t-e stresses induced are greater t-an t-e material yield strengt-.T-e

ductile ir"n is c-eap c"mpared t" all"y steel. S" t-e est material f"r t-e

frame /"uld e ductile ir"n.

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CHAPTER : 1*

CONCLUSION

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T-e c-"c"late filling mac-ine "#erall dimensi"ns are 2m + 1m + 1.'m.T-e

c-"c"late filling mac-ine c"mp"nents like elt c"n#ey"r =frame =m"t"r =ear

"+= Tray dr"pping assemly= filling tank assemly /it- actuat"rs and

s"len"id #al#e are m"delled in a 3 !( t""l called !0EO 2.*.

(ll t-e parts /ere m"delled and assemled in cre" 2.*

T-e aut"mati"n "f c-"c"late filling mac-ine is d"ne /it- ansys m"ti"n

analysis.

T-e tray assemly = elt c"n#ey"r assemly =fasteners are m"unted "n

t-e frame s" t-e structural analysis "f frame is d"ne y applying t-ree

different materials namely uctile ir"n= $*$1 all"y and (ll"y steel f"r

** and 1***l"ading c"nditi"ns.

T-e uctile ir"n -as "tained less stresses c"mpared t" t-e "t-er

materials.

T-e ductile ir"n is c-eap c"mpared t" all"y steel. S" t-e est material

f"r t-e frame /"uld e ductile ir"n.

FUTURE SCOPE

(s c-"c"late filling mac-ine is m"delled t-e ne+t step /"uld e t-e m"deling

"f c""lers and packaging set up f"r t-e c-"c"lates.T-e t-ermal analysis can e

carried f"r -eat stacking mec-anism "f c-"c"late mac-ine. T-e structural

analysis "f tray c"uld als" e carried "ut /-ile -eat staking l"ad /ill e "n

tray.

REFERENCES

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,illing Mac-ine Selecti"n uide.Inline ,illing Systems. 0etrie#ed

24 May 2*14.

Types "f 7acking Mac-ine (pplicati"ns. Ec"n"c"rp. 0etrie#ed

Ruly 2*14.

S"r"ka= 6= ,undamentals "f 7ackaging Tec-n"l"gy= I"77=

2**2= IS 19)3*2$'9294

>am= Y. 8.= Encycl"pedia "f 7ackaging Tec-n"l"gy= R"-n 6iley

S"ns= 2**)=IS )%'9*94%*9*'%*49$

6ats"n= Traci C22 Ranuary 2*13D. Earliest E#idence "f !-"c"late in"rt- (merica. Science. 0etrie#ed 3 Marc- 2*14.

Rustin Yerr. !-"c"late? ( Mes"american 8u+ury 12**[121 P

Otaining !aca".,ield Museum. 0etrie#ed 23 "#emer 2*11.

Yennet- . Miller= 6illiam Reffery Hurst= Mark R. 7ayne= a#id (.

Stuart= R"an (pgar= aniel S. S/eigart and "+in Ou. R. (gric. ,""d

!-em.= 2**'= $ C1'D= pp '2%P'33 OI? 1*.1*21@Ff'*1$%*p

7ulicati"n ate C6eD? 1) (ugust 2**'.Impact "f (lkali5ati"n "n t-e

(nti"+idant and ,la#an"l !"ntent "f !"mmercial !"c"a 7"/ders.

0etrie#ed? 2 (pril 2*14.

!affeine. e/ S"ut- 6ales "#ernment. 0etrie#ed 2 May 2*13.

Tauert= irkA 0enate 0"esenA !lara 8e-mannA "rma RungA Edgar

Sc-\mig C4 Ruly 2**%D.Effects "f 8"/ Haitual !"c"a Intake "n

l""d 7ressure and i"acti#e itric O+ide. T-e R"urnal "f t-e

(merican Medical (ss"ciati"n !)(C1D? 4)P

$*.d"i?1*.1**[email protected])'.1.4).7MI1%$*)4)*. 0etrie#ed 12 Ranuary

2*1*.

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&eterinary ] (? !-"c"late T"+icity.("ut.c"m. 0etrie#ed 2*

May 2**'.

T-e (merican Heritage icti"nary.(rc-i#ed fr"m t-e "riginal"n

1% May 2**'. 0etrie#ed ) May 2**).

!ampell= 8yle. ]uic-ean 8inguistic 7re-ist"ryA

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magnetic material t" make certain t-at t-e flu+ is directed t-r"ug- t-e

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