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DESIGN A SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE (SCC) USING LOCAL MATERIALS - STUDY ON WORKABILITY AND COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
A project Paper Submitted To Faculty of Engineering, University Malaysia Sarawak
In Partial Fulfillment for The Degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Civil Engineering
2000
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Dedicate To My Beloved Parent & Brothers and Sisters
H. Achong Lulut & Jara Asun Desmond, Anna, Pauline & Nyadang
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to express gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor, Mr.
Mohammad Ibrahim Safawi Bin Mohammad Zain for his guidance, concern,
knowledge and idea which I manage to do this project smoothly. To my partner,
Abdul Razi Bin Kassim, thanks for your co-operation in this project. Thanks to lab
assistants for their immaculate helping this project done especially to Tuan Hj.
Affandi and Puan Rosidah. The deepest appreciation to Stigang Resources Sdn. Bhd.
and Premier Structure PTE LTD for giving us free sample of quarry dust and
chemical admixture respectively that we use in this project. Not forgetting to my
friend, 5-induk hajik who gives me support and courage especially to Aaa, Mac, Jess,
Pauline and Agnes. Stay cool and always be hajik !
Lastly to my mum and dad, my brothers and sisters who are always beside me in
wherever I am and whatever I do. I love you all.
Ill
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ABSTRACT
Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) is new type of concrete first developed in Japan in
1988. SCC refer to concrete that can be compacted into every corner of formwork,
purely by its own weight and without the need for vibrating compaction. SCC can
also flow between reinforcement bar without tendency blockage of coarse aggregate.
Besides that introduced SCC as construction material not only satisfied the
workability and strength requirement but also will develop new rational construction
system. For examples, the elimination of vibration process and reduction in labor cost,
creating working environment free from noise pollution and other better aspects of
construction method. Therefore the main objectives of this project are to design self-
compacting concrete using local material and to study on workability and
compressive strength of designed SCC. This project will view detail information
about SCC and process involved in producing SCC based on the experiment that has
been done in the laboratory.
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ABSTRAK
Self-Compacting Concrele (S('() merupakan prototaip konkrit Yang perluma
dimujukun di Jepun puda luhun 1988. S('(' merujuk kepudu konkrit yang belch
dipadatkan keseluruh sudul kotak acuan menggunakun dgya berat konkril itu sendiri
lanpa huntuun mesin gegaran S('(' juga belch mengalir di untara halang hesi dimunu
hatu kelikir lidak cenderung untuk tersekal. Selain itu, penggunuan SCC sehagui
bahan binuaz2 bukan suhuju memenuhi ciri-ciri tahup husuh konkrit dun kekuulun
dayu padalan konkrit malahan mewujudkan sistem pemhinaan rasional yang huru.
('ontohnvu, penghapusun proses pemadatan oleh mesin gegaran clan pengurungun
gUji pekerja, mewujudkan kawasan pembinuan yang hehas duripadu pencemaran
bun vi . sertu kueduh pemhinuun yang lehih efektif Oleh itu, ohjektif utumu projek ini
adalah untuk merekahentuk S('(' dengan menggunakan hahan hinaan iempulun dun
seterusnya mempe/ujari ciri-ciri S( '( ' padu tahup hasah clan kekuutan duvu pudulun
konkrit ketika keras. Yrcyek ini akan memaparkan maklumut lerperinci lentung S('('
dun proses yang te/ihut dulum menghusilkun S('(' herdasurkun kepudu ck. sperimen
yang telah dilaksanakan dulum makmul.
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CONTENT
Declaration
Dedication
Acknowledgment
Abstract
Abstrak
Content
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Symbols
i
ii
Ill
IV
V
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ix
xi
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1.0 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Overview 1.1.1 Concrete 1.1.2 Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) 1.1.3 Reason for the Development of SCC
1.2 SEC Historical Background 1.3 Objectives 1.4 Project Description 1.5 Chapter Summary
2.0 Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1 Concrete Components 2.2 Type of Concrete 2.3 Self-compacting Concrete (SCC)
2.3.1 SCC Component 2.3.2 SCC Properties 2.3.3 Obtaining High Performance Concrete 2.3.4 Achieve High Compactability 2.3.5 Proportional Mix Design of SCC 2.3.6 SCC Classification 2.3.7 Proposed Standard Test of SCC
2.4 Workability Definition 2.5 Factor Affecting Workability 2.6 Review on SCC Experiment
2.6.1 Common Workability Test 2.6.2 Result
2.6.2.1 SCC Applied in Sandwich Composite Structure in Japan
2.6.2.2 SCC Experiment in Korea 2.6.2.3 SCC Experiment in Netherlands
3.0 Chapter 3: Experimental Works
3.1 Introduction 3.2 Design Mix Proportion of SCC 3.3 Preparation of Material 3.4 Mixing SCC 3.5 Workability Test
3.5.1 Slump-Flow Test 3.5.2 Box-type Test 3.5.3 L-shaped Test
1 1 2 ý
4 5 6 7
9 16 16
17 19 22 23 24 25 26
29 30 31
31 31
31 32 33
34 36 37 41 42
43 44 45
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3.6 Curing Process 47 3.7 Hardened Test: Compressive Strength Test 48 3.8 Trial Mix 49
3.8.1 Trial Mix Proportion 3.8.2 Result and Discussion
3.9 Experimental Work
4.0 Chapter 4: Result and Data Analysis
4.1 Introduction 4.2 Result
4.2.1 Sieve Analysis for Fine Aggregate 4.2.2 Observation and Description
49 50
53
55 56
56 57
4.2.2.1 Mixing Stage 57 4.2.2.2 Fresh Stage: Workability 60
4.2.2.2.1 Slump Flow and Segregation 60 4.2.2.2.2 Self-Compatibility 64 4.2.2.2.3 Flowability 65
4.2.2.3 Placing, Curing and Demoulding Stage 66 4.2.2.4 Hardened Stage: Surface Texture and
Aggregate Distribution 68
4.3 Data Analysis 71
4.3.1 Data Summary 71 4.3.2 Analysis on Workability 73 4.3.2 Analysis on Compressive Strength 77
4.4 Analysis Summary
5.0 Chapter 5: Conclusion
5.1 Project Objective Achievement 5.2 Conclusion 5.3 Recommendation
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX A: Project Schedule
APPENDIX B: Experimental Result
82
84 85 86
87
88
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1: Chronological of Development SCC 4
Table 2.1: Constituents of Cement Involve in Hydration 10
Table 2.2: Type of Aggregate 12
Table 2.3: Classification of Compressive Strength Concrete 16
Table 2.4: Example of Superplasticizer 19
Table 2.5: Performance of SCC 21
Table 2.6: Consistency Test Procedures Standardised in Various Countries 31
Table 2.7: Result of Experiment 31
Table 2.8: Result Experiment in Korea 32
Table 2.9: Characteristic of Powder Material 32
Table 2.10: Characteristic of Superplasticizer 32
Table 2.11: Result Experiment in Netherlands 33
Table 3.1: Mix proportion of SCC in kg/m3 37
Table 3.2: Specified Mix Proportion of SCC for Trial Mix 49
Table 3.3: Result of Trial Mix 52
Table 3.4: Specified Mix Proportion of SCC in Kilogram (kg) 53
Table 4.1: Sieve Analysis for Fine Aggregate 56
Table 4.2: Summarize Experimental Result 71
Table 4.3: Analysis Summary 81
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: Rational Construction System Achieved by Making Full Performance of SCC 3
Figure 1.2: General Stages of Producing SCC 6
Figure 2.1: Main Components of Concrete 9
Figure 2.2: Formula for Determine Fineness Modulus (FM) 14
Figure 2.3: Effect Water Cement Ratio to Compressive Strength 15
Figure 2.4: SCC Components 17
Figure 2.5: Properties of SCC 19
Figure 2.6: Method to Obtain High Performance Concrete 22
Figure 2.7: Proportional Mix Method 24
Figure 2.8: Classification of SCC 25
Figure 2.9: Proposed Standard Test of SCC 26
Figure 2.10: Concept of Acceptance Test on Site 28
Figure 3.1: Concrete Mould of 150x150x150 mm 35
Figure 3.2: A Rational Mix Design Method for Self-Compacting Concrete 36
Figure 3.3: Main components of SCC 37
Figure 3.4: Quarry Dust from Stigang Resource Sdn. Bhd. 38
Figure 3.5: Coarse Aggregate (Gravel) 39
Figure 3.6: Fine Aggregate (sand) 39
Figure 3.7: Sieve Analysis Apparatus 39
Figure 3.8: Forced Pan Mixer 41
Figure 3.9: Slump Flow Test Apparatus 43
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Table B 1: Experimental Result for SCC I
Table B2: Experimental Result for SCC 2
Table B3: Experimental Result for SCC 3
Table B4: Experimental Result for SCC 4
Table B5: Experimental Result for SCC 5
Table B6: Experimental Result for SCC 6
Table B7: Experimental Result for SCC 7
Table B8: Experimental Result for SCC 8
Table B9: Experimental Result for SCC 9
Table B10: Experimental Result for SCC 10
Table B 11: Box-type Test Result
89
89
89
90
90
90
90
91
91
91
91
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Figure 3.10: Dimension of Slump Flow Apparatus
Figure 3.11: Dimension Box-type test
Figure 3.12: Box-type Test
Figure 3.13: L-shaped Apparatus
Figure 3.14: Dimension of L-shaped Test
Figure 3.15: Curing Tank
Figure 3.16: Compressive Strength Test Machine
Figure 3.17: Material For Trial Mix
Figure 3.18: Slump Test for Trial Mix
Figure 3.19: Trial Mix after 24 hours Placing
Figure 3.20: Trial Mix (TM) After 7 days Curing
Figure 3.21: Compressive Strength Test for TM3
Figure 3.22: TM 3 after Compressive Test
Figure 4.1: Particle Size Distribution Analysis of Sand
Figure 4.2: SCC 5 Before Added Mighty 21 Using Forced Pan Mixer
Figure 4.3: SCC 5 After Added Mighty 21 Forced Pan Mixer
Figure 4.4: SCC 10 Before Added Mighty 21 using Hand Mixing
Figure 4.5: SCC 10 After Added Mighty 21 using Hand Mixing
43
44
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
50
51
51
51
56
57
57
58
58
Figure 4.6: Remix SCC 7 in the Tray 59
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Figure 4.7: SCC 3- 640 x 620 mm
Figure 4.8: SCC 3 at T50 Value
Figure 4.9: SCC 5- 530 x 520 mm
Figure 4.10: SCC 6- 520x510mm
Figure 4.11: $CC 7- 430 x 430 mm
Figure 4.12: SCC 8- 400 x 390 mm
Figure 4.13: SCC 9- 400 x 400 mm
Figure 4.14: SCC 10-380x 380 mm
Figure 4.15: SCC 2- 40 mm
Figure 4.16: SCC 4- 20 mm
Figure 4.17: Self-Compactability of SCC 3 Evaluated Using Box-typed Test
Figure 4.18: Self-Compactability of SCC 5 Evaluated Using Box-typed Test
Figure 4.19: Evaluated Fioiwabiiity of SCC 6 Using L-shaped
Test
Figure 4.20: SCC 6 Flowing Through Reinforcement Bars of L-Shaped Apparatus
Figure 4.21: Remix SCC 3 in Tray
Figure 4.22: placing SCC 3 into Mould
Figure 4.23: Placing SCC 4 and SCC 5 into Mould
Figure 4.24: Remove the SCC 2 Cube from Mould
Figure 4.25: SCC 6 After 24 hours Casting
Figure 4.26: Ready for Strength Test SCC 3, SCC 5-1 and SCC 5-2
Figure 4.27: Ready for Compressive Strength Test
60
60
60
61
61
61
62
62
63
63
64
64
65
65
66
66
67
67
68
68
69
Figure 4.28: Surface Texture of SCC 69
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Figure 4.29: SCC 5 at age 28 days After Strength Test 70
Figure 4.30: SCC 8,9& 10 After Compressive Strength Test 70
Figure 4.31: Coarse Aggregate Distribution in SCC 5 at age 14 days 70
Figure 4.32: Slump Flow of SCC 2 and SCC 4 73
Figure 4.33: Slump Flow of SCC 2, SCC 3 and SCC 5 74
Figure 4.34: Slump Flow of SCC 5, SCC 6 and SCC 7 75
Figure 4.35: plump Flow of SCC 8, SCC 9 and SCC 10 76
Figure 4.36: Average Compressive Strength for SCC 1 76
Figure 4.37: Compressive Strength for SCC 2 and SCC 4 After 28 day Curing 77
Figure 4.38: Compressive Strength for SCC 3 with 5% Mighty 21 78
Figure 4.39: Compressive Strength with Different Quantity of Mighty 21 78
Figure 4.40: Increment of Compressive Strength 79
Figure 4.41: Compressive Strength for SCC 5 and SCC 6 After 28 day Curing 79
Figure 4.42: Average Compressive Strength for SCC 7 and SCC 8 After 28 day Curing 80
Figure 4.43: Compressive Strength for SCC 9 and SCC 10 After 28 day Curing 81
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LIST OF SYMBOLS
C- Cement (OPC)
Cube ref. - Cube reference
D- Diameter
d- Day
f cu - Compressive Strength in N/mm2
FM - Fineness Modulus
H- Filing Height of box-type test
G- Coarse aggregate
G max - Maximum size of coarse aggregate
M21 - Mighty 21
QD - Quarry Dust
R,; - Relative funnel speed
S- Fine aggregate (sand)
S/a - Coarse aggregate to concrete ratio
SCC - Self-Compacting Concrete
SP - Superplasticizer
s- Second
TM - Trial Mix
T50 - Time in second taken to reach slump flow of 50 cm
W- Water
W/C - Water cement ratio
W/P - Water powder ratio
p- Density in kg/m2
+- Varied parameter
- Fixed parameter
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
1.1.1 Concrete
These days, apart from steel, concrete is the most common and widely used as
structural material in construction field. Concrete defined as a composite material
made up of composed granular material (the aggregate or filler) embedded in a hard
matrix of material (cement or binder) and water that fills the space between the
aggregate particles and glues them together. There are many types of concrete with
different material used and mix design. Therefore the definitions of concrete itself not
specific to one definition but become more broadly depended on various type
materials use in concrete constituent itself.
In mix design, good concrete must economical and fulfill the requirements include:
" Fresh state: satisfactory the workability, compacted, cohesive enough to be
transported, and place in the formwork without segregation
" Hardened state: satisfactory compressive strength, tensile strength, durability,
density, permeability and other properties.
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1.1.2 Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC)
To fulfill all these requirements, the research to develop new type concrete become a
major interest in most country. In Japan, researchers were successful developed a new
type of concrete named Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC). This new concrete not only
satisfied the two basic requirements of concrete, but also create the new properties of
concrete that is very workable, flowable and self-compacting.
From definition, SCC is a type of concrete that can be compacted into every corner of
formwork, purely by means of its own weight and without the need for vibrating
compaction. SCC classified in High Performance Concrete which define as follow-
" Fresh: self-compactable and flowable
" Early age: Avoidance from initial defects
" Hardened: protection against external factor ýx'
1.1.3 Reason for the Development of SCC
The main factors for the development of SCC are to achieve high durable, flowable,
workable and, self-compacting of concrete and to solve the weakness properties of
concrete as we know the concrete is a brittle material with low tensile strength,
volume stability, low ductility and low strength to weight ratio.
Normal concrete usually needs vibration. The vibrations cause noise that not only
leads to stress on construction site but also effect the surrounding neighborhood.
Apart from that, it has harmful physical impact on worker such deafness and `white
finger'. Moreover vibration is time consuming. When the casting is on critical path of
1)
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the construction process it can produce delay and increase the cost. However, SCC is
different because it is more homogeneous concrete in the construction for example
variation due to consolidation with vibrator during placing. Adopt SCC means less
variation in production of concrete for example less deviation in strength.
The other advantage using SCC is improved the surface quality of concrete. It also no
refinishing before painting or paper hanging of the walls. Applied SCC means reduce
damage on the surface of the construction such as visual effects. Last but not least,
cost will decrease as manpower reduces during placement of fresh concrete.
Self-Compacting Concrete
No Vibration
Less Restriction to design
Resistance to Segregation
Less Restriction to Particle
v New Type of
Structure
Rational Combination
of Concrete andSteel
Rational Construction System
Figure 1.1: Rational Construction System Achieved by
Making Full Perwrmunce of S('(' ýý'
As shown in Figure 1.1, in future, researchers believe by implementing this new type
of concrete will satisfies all the construction requirements.
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1.2 SCC Historical Background
Problem of the durability of concrete structures was a major topic of interest in Japan
beginning in 1983. This situation is seen as a major problem facing by Japanese
society. Sufficient compaction by skilled workers is required in order to realize
durable concrete structures. However, the gradual reduction of the number of skilled
workers in Japan's construction industry has led to a similar reduction in the quality of
construction work. Therefore the development of self-compacting concrete would be
necessary in order to guarantee durable concrete structures in the future. Table 1.1
shows the chronological of development SCC:
Year Event Place
March 1986
August 1989
January
i r I i ý I ý
1989
July 1989
Proposal for developing self-compacting concrete (SCC) by Okamura
Completion of a prototype by Okamura
A presentation by Okamura at the second East-Asia
and Pacific Structural Engineering and Construction (EASEL-2)
An open experiment
May 1992 Presentation on SCC by Ozawa at i
ý--ä International Conference
Japan ý-------- ---
CANMET & ACI I
i
I Istanbul
-1 I ý I I I
ý----- -_i j September A text book on self-compacting HPC in Japanese
I99-3
November ACI Workshop on High Performance 1994 -n_I -I
---
-I sponsorea oy rroi. raue Lia January RILEM Committee found SCC
1997 August Proceedings of International
1yyx Compacting Concrete
i I i
Japan
Bangkok Concrete
Workshop on _- ---
Self- Kochi University of Technology, Tosa-
yamada, Kochi,
1 uhle 1.1: Chronological o/*Uevelopment S( X'
Japan
Japan
in Chaing-Mai
I University of Tokyo,
i
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Beside Japanese researcher, almost the same time, Aitcin et al. "K) aslo defined "High
Performance Concrete" as concrete with high durability due to low water cement
ratio. However, this types of concrete differ from SCC because of the difference
contrived to make the concrete self-compactable.
The use of self-compacting concrete in actual structures has been gradually increasing
over the last few years. The applications of SCC are:
" Used in the construction of the two anchorage of the Akashi-Kaiyo bridge
" Used for wall of a large LNG tank of Osaka Gas Company
" Applied to sandwich composite structure
" Widely use in concrete product such box culvert, precast retaining wall, segment
for shield tunnel, precast concrete girder and other concrete block.
1.3 Objectives
The main objectives of this project are:
1. To design Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) based on the current mix
proportion using local material.
II. To study the fresh property such as workability of the SCC.
Ill. To investigate the hardened property such as compressive strength of SCC.
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1.4 Project Description
Design mix-proportion Scc
ý
Trial Mix
Experiment work
T Data Analysis
Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC)
Mixing
w Workability Test
Placing, Curing Removing
Compressive Strength Test
' Figure 1.2: General Stakes of Producing SC C
Our project is classified as an experimental project. The description of the project is
summarized as shown in Figure 1.2. First of all, the project begins with design a mix-
proportion of SCC. The design of SCC will be based on Okamura and Ozawa method
We also use the mix proportion suggested by Premier Structure PTE Ltd., one
company from Singapore that provide us free sample chemical admixture, Mighty 21
for our project.
After design, we proceed the trial mix for SCC. This trial mix is very important in
order to ensure the relevant mix proportion of SCC. However, during trial mix the
additive not available because of delivery problem. Therefore we have proceeded the
trial mix without additive.
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Then, our project continued with experimental works. First step for experimental
work is material preparation and followed by mixing. Just after mixing, we test for
three type of workability test namely slump-flow test, box-type test and L-shaped test.
The next process is placing in concrete mould. After one day, concrete cubes removed
from mould and then proceed with curing process. Compressive strength test applied
the sample at age 7,14 and 28 days.
Data analysis is the entire process of converting raw data into meaningful information
for analyst. Experimental data present in convenient form using graphical method
such as bar chart. This information will reduce to major finding and ultimate finding
will yield to conclusions and recommendations of project. If the experimental work
satisfied all the experiment and fulfils the criteria SCC, this project considered as
succeeded in designing and producing a new type of concrete using local material
known as SCC.
1.5 Chapter Summary
This thesis is divided into six chapters. Chapter one will elaborate on self-compacting
concrete in general such as definition, historical background, and reason of
development SCC. Besides that, the objectives and project description are explained
in this chapter. The literature review mostly on concrete and SCC widely described in
chapter two.
Experimental work is described in chapter three. This chapter will elaborate on how
this project done, the design and the experiments involved. Trial mix experiment also
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discussed here. Data analysis of the project is discussed in chapter four. All the raw
data from experimental work will illustrate and convert into graphs and tables in this
chapter.
Finally the project conclusion will be in chapter five. This chapter will conclude how
far the achievement of the project, future works recommendation if it required and
conclusion.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Concrete. Components
Concrete define as composite material composed of granular material (the aggregate
or filler) embedded in a hard matrix of material (cement or binder) and water that fills
the space between the aggregate particles and glues them together. (" In hydraulic
cement concrete, the binder is formed from a mixture of hydraulic cement and water.
Concrete
ý
Cement
" Portland Cement
" Rapid Hardening Portland Cement
" Calcium aluminate cement
"Enoxv resin
Aggregate
" Natural sources: sand, gravel, crushed stone
" Synthetic: expanded clay and shale, blast- furnace slag, Fly ash
Water Potable water or drinking water pH between 6.0 to 8.0
Figure 2.1: Main Components o/ ('oncrele
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