Desalination Becomes A Reality In Tampa Bay Florida Jim Jensen Senior Project Manager PB Water Area Manager Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc.

Desalination Becomes A Reality In Tampa Bay

Florida

Desalination Becomes A Reality In Tampa Bay

Florida

Jim JensenSenior Project ManagerPB Water Area Manager

Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc.

San Diego

NBWA Water Conference April 2, 2004

Jim JensenSenior Project ManagerPB Water Area Manager

Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc.

San Diego

NBWA Water Conference April 2, 2004

Interaction of Clarifiers with Other Facilities

Clarifier Design MOP FD-8Clarifier Design MOP FD-8

Nikolay Voutchkov, PE, DEESenior Vice President

Poseidon Resources Corporation

Clarifier InteractionsClarifier Interactions

Clarifier Performance Is Affected by:

Wastewater Collection System; Screening Facilities; Grit Removal System; Plant Side-streams.

Clarifier Performance Impacts: Biological Treatment; Solids Handling.

Clarifier Performance Is Affected by:

Wastewater Collection System; Screening Facilities; Grit Removal System; Plant Side-streams.

Clarifier Performance Impacts: Biological Treatment; Solids Handling.

Effect of WW Collection System on Clarifier

Design

Effect of WW Collection System on Clarifier

Design Combined Sewer Systems – Subject to Wide Flow

Variations;

CSO Control Measures Necessitate Clarifier Design for Peak Wet-Weather Conditions;

Transient Flows Impact Clarifier Effluent Quality and Sludge Density;

Cooler Storm Water Deteriorates Clarifier Settling and Overall Hydraulic Performance;

Prolonged Wet-Weather Events Result in Grit Washout to Primary Clarifiers;

I&I Reduction Programs Result in 5 to 25 % of Influent Flow Decrease and Wastewater Strength Increase:

Increase in Sludge Production and Blanket Depth;

Elevated Potential for More Frequent Sludge Bulking.

Combined Sewer Systems – Subject to Wide Flow Variations;

CSO Control Measures Necessitate Clarifier Design for Peak Wet-Weather Conditions;

Transient Flows Impact Clarifier Effluent Quality and Sludge Density;

Cooler Storm Water Deteriorates Clarifier Settling and Overall Hydraulic Performance;

Prolonged Wet-Weather Events Result in Grit Washout to Primary Clarifiers;

I&I Reduction Programs Result in 5 to 25 % of Influent Flow Decrease and Wastewater Strength Increase:

Increase in Sludge Production and Blanket Depth;

Elevated Potential for More Frequent Sludge Bulking.

Impact of Sewer System on Clarifier Design

Impact of Sewer System on Clarifier Design

Average and Peak Daily Flows Used to: Calculate Hydraulic and Solids Loading

Rates; Select Type, Size and Configuration of

Sludge Collection and Withdrawal Systems.

Peak Hourly Flow Used to: Estimate Maximum Clarifier and Sludge

Blanket Depths; Identify the Need for Flow Equalization; Determine Sludge Inventory Control Strategy

During Transient Flow Conditions.

Peak Instantaneous Flow Used to: Determine Influent Pump Capacity; Select Sludge Blanket Depth Control

Strategy.

Average and Peak Daily Flows Used to: Calculate Hydraulic and Solids Loading

Rates; Select Type, Size and Configuration of

Sludge Collection and Withdrawal Systems.

Peak Hourly Flow Used to: Estimate Maximum Clarifier and Sludge

Blanket Depths; Identify the Need for Flow Equalization; Determine Sludge Inventory Control Strategy

During Transient Flow Conditions.

Peak Instantaneous Flow Used to: Determine Influent Pump Capacity; Select Sludge Blanket Depth Control

Strategy.

Transient Flow Impact Mitigation – Sewer

System

Transient Flow Impact Mitigation – Sewer

System Complete More Frequent Sewer Line

Cleaning Restores System Storage Capacity;

Reduce Peak Industrial Discharge Flows by On-Site Equalization;

Enlarge Bottlenecking Sections of the Sewer System;

Construct Sewer System Retention Tanks;

Implement Comprehensive I&I Reduction Program.

Complete More Frequent Sewer Line Cleaning Restores System Storage Capacity;

Reduce Peak Industrial Discharge Flows by On-Site Equalization;

Enlarge Bottlenecking Sections of the Sewer System;

Construct Sewer System Retention Tanks;

Implement Comprehensive I&I Reduction Program.

Transient Flow Impact Mitigation – Treatment

Plant

Transient Flow Impact Mitigation – Treatment

Plant Equalize Influent Flows/Loads;

Use Deep Clarifiers;

Reduce Sludge Inventory;

Increase RAS and WAS Rate;

Use Sludge Contact Stabilization;

Implement Step-Feed Aeration;

Construct Adjustable Aeration Basin Effluent Weirs;

Shut Down Aeration For a Brief Period of Time.

Equalize Influent Flows/Loads;

Use Deep Clarifiers;

Reduce Sludge Inventory;

Increase RAS and WAS Rate;

Use Sludge Contact Stabilization;

Implement Step-Feed Aeration;

Construct Adjustable Aeration Basin Effluent Weirs;

Shut Down Aeration For a Brief Period of Time.

Flow and Load Equalization

Flow and Load Equalization

Typically Cost-Effective if Plant Peak Hourly Factor > 2.5;

Allows Decreasing Size and Depth of Primary & Secondary Clarifiers;

Provides Opportunity to Run at Higher Sludge Inventories (MLSS & SRT);

May Cause Odor Problems;

Equalization of Primary Effluent More Desirable.

Typically Cost-Effective if Plant Peak Hourly Factor > 2.5;

Allows Decreasing Size and Depth of Primary & Secondary Clarifiers;

Provides Opportunity to Run at Higher Sludge Inventories (MLSS & SRT);

May Cause Odor Problems;

Equalization of Primary Effluent More Desirable.

Use of Deeper ClarifiersUse of Deeper Clarifiers

Clarifier Depth vs. Performance

Clarifier Depth vs. Performance

Clarifier Depth – Rules of ThumbClarifier Depth – Rules of Thumb

Plants with Wet Weather Peaking Factors > 2.5:

SWD of 14 to 16 ft; Transient Sludge Blanket Allowance – 6

ft.

Conventional Activated Sludge Tanks – Sludge Blanket of 1 to 2 ft (avg. conditions);

BNR Plants – Keep Minimal Sludge Blanket Depth (< 1.5 ft);

Maintain a Minimum Buffer Distance of 3 feet Between Sludge Blanket Level & Clarifier Surface.

Plants with Wet Weather Peaking Factors > 2.5:

SWD of 14 to 16 ft; Transient Sludge Blanket Allowance – 6

ft.

Conventional Activated Sludge Tanks – Sludge Blanket of 1 to 2 ft (avg. conditions);

BNR Plants – Keep Minimal Sludge Blanket Depth (< 1.5 ft);

Maintain a Minimum Buffer Distance of 3 feet Between Sludge Blanket Level & Clarifier Surface.

Depth - Surface Overflow Rate Trade-Off

Depth - Surface Overflow Rate Trade-Off

When Shallow Clarifiers Work? – Reduced Sludge

Inventory

When Shallow Clarifiers Work? – Reduced Sludge

Inventory

Lower Solids Inventory = Reduced Sludge BlanketLower Solids Inventory = Reduced Sludge Blanket

An Alternative to Deeper Clarifiers or Lower SORs;

Only Suitable When SRT can Be Reduced Significantly (20 to 40 %) w/o Effluent Quality Penalty;

Limited Application for BNR Systems;

Main Reason Why Shallow and Deep Clarifiers May Show Similar Performance.

An Alternative to Deeper Clarifiers or Lower SORs;

Only Suitable When SRT can Be Reduced Significantly (20 to 40 %) w/o Effluent Quality Penalty;

Limited Application for BNR Systems;

Main Reason Why Shallow and Deep Clarifiers May Show Similar Performance.

RAS and WAS Rate Increase

RAS and WAS Rate Increase

RAS Rate Increase Has Only Temporary Relief Effect and is Limited by Critical Flux;

WAS Increase After Critical Flux is Reached;

Gradual Increase in Essential – “Rat-holing”;

Design RAS Pump Capacity - 120 % of Avg. Dry-Weather Flow or 50% of Peak Wet Weather Flow.

WAS Pump Capacity – Determined by Min SRT Acceptable at Wet Weather Conditions.

RAS Rate Increase Has Only Temporary Relief Effect and is Limited by Critical Flux;

WAS Increase After Critical Flux is Reached;

Gradual Increase in Essential – “Rat-holing”;

Design RAS Pump Capacity - 120 % of Avg. Dry-Weather Flow or 50% of Peak Wet Weather Flow.

WAS Pump Capacity – Determined by Min SRT Acceptable at Wet Weather Conditions.

Contact StabilizationContact Stabilization

Sludge Moved Out of the Anaerobic Clarifier Blanket

And Shifted to Aerobic Conditions.

Contact Zone – 1 to 2 Hrs of HRTStabilization Zone – 4 to 6 Hrs of HRT

Step-Feed AerationStep-Feed Aeration

Higher MLSS

Lower MLSS

Clarifiers & PretreatmentClarifiers & Pretreatment

Influent Pumps (Hydraulic Surges): VFDs; Screw Pumps – Dampen Flow

Variations.

Screens – Type and Size Affects Sludge:

Grinders – 5 to 10 % Sludge Increase. Clarifier Sludge Collection & Withdrawal

Affected; Suction Sludge Withdrawal Not Suitable

for Grinders; Use of Grinders May Plug Lamella

Openings.

Influent Pumps (Hydraulic Surges): VFDs; Screw Pumps – Dampen Flow

Variations.

Screens – Type and Size Affects Sludge:

Grinders – 5 to 10 % Sludge Increase. Clarifier Sludge Collection & Withdrawal

Affected; Suction Sludge Withdrawal Not Suitable

for Grinders; Use of Grinders May Plug Lamella

Openings.

Grit Chamber Performance Impacts Sludge Quantity and

Quality

Grit Chamber Performance Impacts Sludge Quantity and

Quality Effective Grit Removal Is Essential;

Grit Accumulates in Primary Sludge and Digesters;

Excessive Grit in Primary Sludge May Cause Collector Mechanism Damage;

De-gritting of Primary Sludge Recommended if Grit Chambers are Overloaded/Ineffective;

Aerated Grit Chambers Help Address Sludge Septicity/Excessive H2S;

Good Point of Chemical Addition for Mixing & Flocculation.

Effective Grit Removal Is Essential;

Grit Accumulates in Primary Sludge and Digesters;

Excessive Grit in Primary Sludge May Cause Collector Mechanism Damage;

De-gritting of Primary Sludge Recommended if Grit Chambers are Overloaded/Ineffective;

Aerated Grit Chambers Help Address Sludge Septicity/Excessive H2S;

Good Point of Chemical Addition for Mixing & Flocculation.

Primary Clarifiers & Nutrient Removal

Primary Clarifiers & Nutrient Removal

Sedimentation Affects BOD : N : P Ratio; Chemical Phosphorus Removal:

Over 90 % of Particulate Phosphorus Could Be Removed;

Use of Iron Salts Also Controls Odors/H2S;

Use of Aluminum Salts Minimizes Phosphate Release in Anaerobic Digesters;

Increased Sludge Amount and Elevated Metal Content;

Reduction in Influent Alkalinity (5.8 mg/mg Al & 2.5 mg/mg Fe);

Excessive Removal Could Hinder Denitrification Due to Nutrient Deficiency.

Sedimentation Affects BOD : N : P Ratio; Chemical Phosphorus Removal:

Over 90 % of Particulate Phosphorus Could Be Removed;

Use of Iron Salts Also Controls Odors/H2S;

Use of Aluminum Salts Minimizes Phosphate Release in Anaerobic Digesters;

Increased Sludge Amount and Elevated Metal Content;

Reduction in Influent Alkalinity (5.8 mg/mg Al & 2.5 mg/mg Fe);

Excessive Removal Could Hinder Denitrification Due to Nutrient Deficiency.

Use of Primary Clarifiers for Solids Pre-fermentation

Use of Primary Clarifiers for Solids Pre-fermentation

Volatile Fatty Acids

Volatile Fatty Acids

Sludge Recirculation

Regular Removal of Methane Organisms

Secondary Clarifier Design for Enhanced Nutrient

Removal

Secondary Clarifier Design for Enhanced Nutrient

Removal Apply Conservative SOR – 300 to 600 gpd/sf;

Use Deep Clarifiers – 12 to 16 ft SWD;

Maintain Shallow Sludge Blankets < 1.5 ft/ Leave 0.6 ft of Blanket for Compaction;

Keep Sludge Blanket Retention Time Below 3 Hrs;

Design for High RAS Rates (50 to 75 %);

Provide Anaerobic or Anoxic Selectors to Control Filaments;

Operate at High DO Levels – 2.5 to 3 mg/L;

Apply Conservative SOR – 300 to 600 gpd/sf;

Use Deep Clarifiers – 12 to 16 ft SWD;

Maintain Shallow Sludge Blankets < 1.5 ft/ Leave 0.6 ft of Blanket for Compaction;

Keep Sludge Blanket Retention Time Below 3 Hrs;

Design for High RAS Rates (50 to 75 %);

Provide Anaerobic or Anoxic Selectors to Control Filaments;

Operate at High DO Levels – 2.5 to 3 mg/L;

Interaction With ThickenersInteraction With Thickeners

Thickening in Deep Primary Clarifiers is OK - 3 to 6 % Solids;

If Influent Prone to Septicity – Use Shallow Clarifiers & Thicken Separately;

Thickening in Secondary Clarifiers Usually Causes More Harm than Good;

Co-thickening in Primary Clarifiers: Suitable for Trickling Filter Sludge; Usually Detrimental for Primary Clarifiers

in WAS Used.

When in Dough – Thicken Separately!

Thickening in Deep Primary Clarifiers is OK - 3 to 6 % Solids;

If Influent Prone to Septicity – Use Shallow Clarifiers & Thicken Separately;

Thickening in Secondary Clarifiers Usually Causes More Harm than Good;

Co-thickening in Primary Clarifiers: Suitable for Trickling Filter Sludge; Usually Detrimental for Primary Clarifiers

in WAS Used.

When in Dough – Thicken Separately!

Interaction With Anaerobic Digesters

Interaction With Anaerobic Digesters

Homogenous Sludge Feed is of the Essence;

Thicken if Feed Sludge is Below 1 % Solids;

Optimum Primary Sludge Concentration – 4 to 6 %;

Minimize Activated Sludge Production;

Ferric Salt Addition is Effective in Controlling H2S (Ferrous Sulfate – the Best);

Avoid Addition of Chlorine and FeCl3 at the Same Point – Iron Sulfide is Difficult to Settle;

Chemically Enhanced Sedimentation Increases Sludge Quantity.

Homogenous Sludge Feed is of the Essence;

Thicken if Feed Sludge is Below 1 % Solids;

Optimum Primary Sludge Concentration – 4 to 6 %;

Minimize Activated Sludge Production;

Ferric Salt Addition is Effective in Controlling H2S (Ferrous Sulfate – the Best);

Avoid Addition of Chlorine and FeCl3 at the Same Point – Iron Sulfide is Difficult to Settle;

Chemically Enhanced Sedimentation Increases Sludge Quantity.

Clarifiers & Aerobic Digestion

Clarifiers & Aerobic Digestion

Aerobic Digestion of Primary Sludge is Several Times More Costly than WAS (More Energy);

Thickening is Essential – Aeration Costs Driven by Mixing;

Higher Target Thickening Goals – 4 to 6 % vs. 3 to 4 % for Primary Digesters;

Achilles Heal – Foaming – Control Using Activated Sludge System Selectors.

Aerobic Digestion of Primary Sludge is Several Times More Costly than WAS (More Energy);

Thickening is Essential – Aeration Costs Driven by Mixing;

Higher Target Thickening Goals – 4 to 6 % vs. 3 to 4 % for Primary Digesters;

Achilles Heal – Foaming – Control Using Activated Sludge System Selectors.

Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions Clarifiers are the “Cross-Roads” of the

Treatment Plant;

Clarifier Performance and Design are Strongly Influenced by:

Wastewater Collection System Type and Performance;

Screening and Grit Removal; Effluent Treatment Goals.

Influent Septicity Most Critical for Primary Clarifier Design;

Solids Inventory Most Critical for Secondary Clarifier Performance;

Optimized Clarifier Operation Is Essential For Cost Effective Solids Handling.

Clarifiers are the “Cross-Roads” of the Treatment Plant;

Clarifier Performance and Design are Strongly Influenced by:

Wastewater Collection System Type and Performance;

Screening and Grit Removal; Effluent Treatment Goals.

Influent Septicity Most Critical for Primary Clarifier Design;

Solids Inventory Most Critical for Secondary Clarifier Performance;

Optimized Clarifier Operation Is Essential For Cost Effective Solids Handling.

Questions?Questions?Questions?Questions?

Clarifier Design MOP Clarifier Design MOP FD-8FD-8