DESALINATION and SAN DIEGO’S ROLE IN ITS …olli.ucsd.edu/documents/UCSD-new.pdfDESALINATION and SAN DIEGO’S ROLE IN ITS DEVELOPMENT SHERMAN MAY, PE 1 . 2 INTRODUCTION Why Desalination

DESALINATION and

SAN DIEGO’S ROLE IN ITS DEVELOPMENT

SHERMAN MAY, PE 1

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INTRODUCTION

Why Desalination ? Desalination Process Development Desalination Processes Review Seawater Desalination Concerns San Diego’s Contributions Applications Summary

WHY DESALINATION ?

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EXISTING SUPPLIES •MET WATER (MWD) •GROUND WATER •SURFACE WATER

NEW SUPPLIES •BRACKISH WATER •RECYCLE •SEAWATER

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INTRODUCTION TO WATER

WATER-Essential and a Universal Solvent TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (tds)

What’s in the water

WATER SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS Brackish Sea Water

WATER QUALITY REQUIREMENTS Drinking/Industrial/Agricultural/Aquatic

COST/VALUE

TERMINOLOGY and UNITS TDS (ppm) RECOVERY RATIO (%) PRODUCT/PERMEATE BRINE/REJECT MWD (Metropolitan Water District) UNITS

Gallons (100 gallons/day/person) Cubic Meters (264 gallons) Acre Feet (326,000 gallons)

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DESALINATION PROCESS DEVELOPMENT

PRESIDENT KENNEDY-“No water resources program is of greater long-range importance than our efforts to convert water from the world’s greatest and cheapest natural resources – our oceans – into water fit for our homes and industry. Such a break-through would end bitter struggles between neighbors, states and nations” (1961)

OFFICE OF SALINE WATER Five Test Centers-One was in San Diego

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DESALINATION PROCESSES

MULTI-STAGE FLASH (MSF) MULTI-EFFECT DISTILLATION (MED) VAPOR COMPRESSION (VC) FREEZING ELECTRODIALYSIS (ED) REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO) DEVELOPING PROCESSES!

MULTI-STAGE FLASH (MSF)

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GOR-Gained Output Ratio

DESALINATION PLANT (SUPPLIES RIYADH)

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MULTI-EFFECT (ME)

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ME PLANTS

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MECHANICAL VAPOR COMPRESSION (MVC)

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MVC KESTERSON RESERVOIR

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FREEZING PROCESS

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ELECTRODIALYSIS (ED)

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RO FUNDAMENTALS

Osmotic Pressure Seawater has a TDS of 35,000 ppm and osmotic pressure of 350 psi Brackish Water is only a few thousand TDS so low

osmotic pressure (i.e. 20 psi) 16

RO MEMBRANE DEVELOPMENT

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Loeb-Sourirajan Membrane UCLA

RO MODULE

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RO SCHEMATIC

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RECOVERY RATIO (RR)

RO PLANT

PUMP BAY RO MODULES

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PROCESS COMPARISON S/W ENERGY REQUIREMENTS

SEAWATER DESALINATION PROCESS

MULTI-STAGE FLASH

MULTI-EFFECT

DISTILLATION

MECHANICAL VAPOR

COMPRESSION

REVERSE OSMOSIS

MSF MED MVC ROElectric Energy (kWhr/m3) 4-6 1.5-2.5 7-12 3-5.5Thermal Energy (kWhr/m3) 50-110 60-110 none noneElectic Equivalent of Thermal Energy (kWhr/m3)

9.5-19.5 5-8.5

none noneTotal Equivalent Electrical Energy (kWhr/m3)

13.5-25.5 6.5-11 7-12 3-5.5

(kWhr/kgal) 51-97 25-42 27-45 11-21

DESALINATION COMPARISON BRACKISH vs. SEAWATER

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% of FEED REMAINING (RECOVERY RATIO)

100 40 50 60 80 90 95 98

CONCENTRATION FACTOR 1.67 2 2.5 5 10 20 50SEAWATERTDS 35000 58,333 70,000 87,500 175,000OSMOTIC PR 350 583 700 875 1,750

BRACKISH WATERTDS 2000 3,333 4,000 5,000 10,000 20,000 40,000 100,000OSMOTIC PR 20 33 40 50 100 200 400 1,000

SEAWATER DESALINATION CONCERNS

WATER COST ELECTRICAL ENERGY USAGE ALTERNATIVES SUPPLIES

(CONSERVATION) IMPINGEMENT/ENTRAINMENT BRINE DISPOSAL GROWTH INDUCEMENT

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DESALINATION COST

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CALIFORNIA Water Accounts For 19% of Electric Usage

MWD WATER FROM NORTHERN CALIFORNIA

10.4 kWh/kgal (2.75 kWh/m3) AFFORDABLE DESALINATION COLLABORATION (ADC)

Demonstrate Energy Consumption of 10.4 to 11.3 kW-hr/kgal (2.75-2.98 kWh/m3)

PERTH, AUSTRALIA (38 mgd)

8.7 to 13.2 kWhr/kgal (2.3 to 3.5 kWh/m3) REUSE (ORANGE COUNTY GROUNDWATER REPLENISHMENT SYSTEM)

Requires About 1/3 of That Required for Seawater Desalination (SD says 1/6) BRACKISH DESALTING

Depends But Is Less Than Seawater Desalination

ELECTRICAL ENERGY USAGE

CONSERVATION SAN DIEGO’S WATER SUPPLY

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IMPINGEMENT/ENTRAINMENT

ENTRAINMENT-occurs when marine organisms enter the desalination plant intake system and enter the treatment facilities.

MOSTLY A CONCERN WITH OPEN INTAKES

INTAKE ALTERNATIVES SUBSEA OTHER METHODS

UNDEFINED REQUIREMENTS FOR RO

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INTAKE ALTERNATIVES

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SAN DIEGO’S CONTRIBUTIONS

POINT LOMA DESALINATION PLANT CLAIR ENGLE MSF PLANT-SOUTH BAY ROGA-Reverse Osmosis General Atomics SPIRAL WOUND MEMBRANE CONCEPT SEVERAL OTHER RO COMPANIES CARLSBAD DESALINATION PLANT PROSPECTS TO SHARE DESALINATION

PLANT WITH MEXICO 29

LOCAL COMPANIES MEMBRANES

Hydranautics ROGA (Koch Membranes)

ENGINEERING SPI Malcolm Pirnie PBS&J

SUPPORT King Lee Avista Myron L Home RO units

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WORLDWIDE DESALINATION APPLICATIONS

Australia-117 mgd near Melbourne (H)

Singapore-84 mgd Tuaspring Israel-143 mgd Sarek (H)

Saudi Arabia-271 mgd Ras Azzour India-20 mgd Reliance refinery Japan-13 mgd Fukuoka UAE-500 mgd Taweelah

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USA and LOCAL EXAMPLES

South Florida-33 brackish and two seawater desalination plants, additional 7 plants under construction. Total capacity 245 mgd

California-20 brackish desalting plants, 19 located in southern California. Plant capacities range from 500,000 to 10 mgd

Texas-44 municipal brackish water desalination facilities 72 mgd Desalination Plant at Yuma Oceanside-6.4 mgd operating since 1992 Water Factory 21 is 70 going to 100 mgd Proposed San Onofre S/W Desalination Plant (~100 mgd) Proposed SD recycle project Santa Barbara, Marin County, Santa Cruz,

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CALIFORNIA S/W FACILITIES

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S/W DESALINATION AT ROSARITO BEACH POWER PLANT

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RED SEA-DEAD SEA PROJECT

Jordan River water over allocated

Dead sea is being lost Water is in short supply

______________ Canal and pipeline carries

ocean water to Dead Sea Power and Desalted water

is produced

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SUMMARY

California is not unique in the application of seawater desalination

Water can have a value far in excess of its cost Desalination is a dependable water supply as

demonstrated in many countries in the world S/W desalination will become an increasing important

part of our water supply San Diego has played a key role in desalinating

development There continues to be process improvements (can’t

stand still)

INTAKE ALTERNATIVES

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INTAKE TYPE RELATIVE COST

RELATIVE PRETREATMENT

SPACE REQUIREMENTS

RELIABILITY

Beach Wells Low High Variable based upon

litho logy

Constructed Seabed/infiltration Gallery

High Medium Unknown

Submerged Open Intake

Medium-Low

Low High

Surface-Open Intake

Low Low High

Co-located Intake Low Low High