Der Kosmische Mikrowellenhintergrund und seine Anisotropien

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Meq Dk|h`|lce H`dqkrejjenc`n}eqbqunm unm |e`ne

Gn`|k}qkvèn

H`lcgej O. \lcÿn`}yeq

0. Oeaqugq 1671

7 Mè _kqceq|gbe unm En}meldunb me| Dk|h`|lcen H`dqk(

rejjenc`n}eqbqunm|

Gjaeq} E`n|}e`n unm R`jjeh me \`}}eq ae|lcqèaen 7072 yuh eq|}en Hgj mg| Unèq|uh gj| Bgnye|

h`} meh Okqhgj`|hu| meq gjjbehe`nen Qejg}``}í}|}cekqè un}eq meq Gnngche e`ne| `|k}qkven*

ckhkbenen unm |}g}`|lcen Unèq|uh|. Nglcmeh Emr`n Cuaaje 7015(10 en}meld} cg}}e* mg||

|`lc gjje Bgjgsèn |lce`nagq kn un| reb aereben unm mè|e Aerebunb uh|k |lcnejjeq `|}* ie

re`}eq mè Bgjgsè kn un| en}oeqn} |`nm* |}ejj}e Bekqbe| Jehgî}qe 7012 oe|}* mg|| mè Gnngche

e`ne| |}g}`|lcen Unèq|uh n`lc} nk}renm`b q`lc}`b |e`* |knmeqn mg|| mg| Unèq|uh esvgnmèq}.

Jehgî}qe rgq gulc meq eq|}e* meq gu| meq Esvgn|`kn me| Unèq|uh| mgqguo |lcjk||* mg|| e| mgnn `n

meq _eqbgnbence`} e`nen Ye`}vund} bebeaen cgaen hú||e* yu rejlceh mg| Unèq|uh vund}oÿqh`nb

rgq “ mè Uqdngjj(]cekqè rgq beakqen. Mè Esvgn|`kn dgnn muqlc mè kn Gjesgnmeq Oqèmhgnn

aeqe`}| 7011 guobe|}ejj}en Oqèmhgnn(Bje`lcunben ae|lcqèaen reqmen. Meq Un}eq|lcèm yr`|lcen

E`n|}e`n| unm Oqèmhgnn| Hkmejj* rgq mg|| E`n|}e`n mè |kbengnn}e dk|hkjkb`|lce Dkn|}gn}e

`n |e`n Hkmejj e`noúcq}e unm `cqe BqÿÛe meqgq} ae|}`hh}e* mg|| mè Bje`lcunben e`n |}g}`|lce|

Unèq|uh ae|lcqèaen. Oqèmhgnn eqrgqo mè unaebqúnme}e Gnngche me| |}g}`|lcen Unèq|uh|

unm |e}ye mè Dkn|}gn}e bje`lc Nujj. Ceu}e r`||en r`q* mg|| mg| Unèq|uh yrgq n`lc} |}g}`|lc `|}

|knmeqn |`lc |e`} meh Uqdngjj gu|mecn}* mè Dk|hkjkb`|lce Dkn|}gn}e iemklc }qk}ymeh n`lc} Nujj

`|}. Mè vcp|`dgj`|lce @n}eqvqe}g}`kn meq Dk|hkjkb`|lcen Dkn|}gn}e en}yèc} |`lc a`|ceq un|eqeh

R`||en* hgn aeye`lcne} |è ceu}e ko} eqgjjbehe`neq} gj| Mundje Eneqbè.

Mè gu| meq gjjbehe`nen Qejg}``}í}|}cekqè okjbenme gjjbehe`ne Ae|lcqeàunb me| Unèq|uh|

cínb} kn e`neq Qe`ce kn Vgqghe}eqn ga* rejlce en}|lce`men* ka mg| Unèq|uh esvgnmèq} kmeq

|`lc yu|ghhenyèc} unm ka e| figlc kmeq bedqúhh} `|}. Mè|e yu ae|}`hhen* becÿq}e úaeq jgnbe

Ye`} yu men r`lc}`ben Guobgaen meq Dk|hkjkbè. @nyr`|lcen dennen r`q |è bengu benub* uh |gben

yu dÿnnen* mg|| r`q `n e`neh figlcen* |e`} meh Uqdngjj esvgnmèqenmeh unm mgae` gadúcjenmeh

Unèq|uh jeaen.

@n men 70=6eqn okjbeq}en Bekqbe Bghkr* Qgjvc Gjvceq unm Qkaeq} Ceqhgn gu| meq Uqdngjj(

}cekqè* mg|| e| e`nen \}qgcjunb|c`n}eqbqunm `n H`dqkrejjenaeqe`lc beaen hú||}eT7X9

7



Duqy nglc meh Uqdngjj en}|}gnmen `h Unèq|uh e`ne _èjygcj gn Ejehen}gq}e`jlcen* rejlce

h`} meq \}qgcjunb `h }ceqh`|lcen Bje`lcber`lc} |}gnmen. H`} meq Ye`} |gnd muqlc mè Esvgn|`kn

me| Unèq|uh| mè M`lc}e unm mgh`} gulc mè ]ehveqg}uq me| \}qgcjunb|(Hg}eqè(Beh`|lc| `h(heq re`}eq ga* a`| nglc e}rg <36.666 Igcqen mè ]ehveqg}uq guo e}rg <.666 Dej`n be|unden rgq

unm |`lc |kh`} mè Vqk}knen unm Ejed}qknen yu Rg||eq|}kstg}khen eqa`nmen dknn}en. Hgn |vq`lc}

cèq “ n`lc} bgny q`lc}`b “ kn Qedkha`ng}`kn. Nglc mè|eq ngceyu |lcjgbgq}`ben Qedkha`ng}`kn*

bga e| de`ne oqeèn Ejed}qknen hecq* rkmuqlc mè Vck}knen n`lc} hecq muqlc ]ckh|kn(\}qeuunb

gabejend} ruqmen unm kn nun gn oqe` muqlc mg| Unèq|uh jèoen. Mg| Unèq|uh ruqme |kyu(

|gben |lcjgbgq}`b muqlc|`lc}`b. Mè Vck}knen kn mghgj| muqlcfièben mg| Unèq|uh a`| ceu}e.

@cqe Oqewuenyeq}e`junb en}|vq`lc} meq e`ne| \lcrgqydÿqveq|* mg |è kq meq Qedkha`ng}`kn h`}

meq Hg}eqè `h }ceqh`|lcen Bje`lcber`lc} |}gnmen. @cqe ]ehveqg}uq en}|vqglc meq me| Bje`lcbe(

r`lc}|* ruqme iemklc |e`}ceq muqlc mè dk|h`|lce Esvgn|`kn |}gqd qk}eq|lckaen #y ≃ 7.666). Mè]ehveqg}uq meq Dk|h`|lcen C`n}eqbqunm|}qgcjunb #enbj`|lc lk|h`l h`lqkrge agldbqkunm* duqy

LHA) ae}qíb} ceu}e e}rg 1*2 Dej`n.T5X

Nglc meq eqokjbjk|en \ulce ygcjqe`lceq g|}qkvcp|`dgj`|lceq ]egh| en}meld}en 70?= Gqnk Ven(

y`g| unm Qkaeq} Rkkmqkr R`j|kn yuoíjj`b men H`qdqkrejjenc`n}eqbqunm* gj| |è gn e`neq neuen

ehvnmj`lcen Gn}enne gqae`}e}en unm e`n \}ÿq|`bngj ognmen* mg|| |}e}| bje`lc rgq* ungacínb`b

mgkn* `n rejlce Q`lc}unb mè Gn}enne gu|beq`lc}e} rgq. Nglcmeh mg| \`bngj gulc n`lc} muqlc

Qe`n`bunb meq Gn}ennen eq|lcrgnm unm |è de`ne Eqdjíqunb mgoúq ognmen* rgnm}en |è |`lc gn gn(

meqe Vcp|`deq. Mè Dk|hkjkben uh Qkaeq} M`lde `n Vq`nle}kn `men}`yèq}en mg| \`bngj |lcjèÛj`lc

gj| dk|h`|lce C`n}eqbqunm|}qgcjunb.T7X Meq Ounm me| LHA b`j} gj| e`ne meq r`lc}`b|}en En}meldun(ben meq Dk|hkjkbè unm gj| Ae|}í}`bunb me| Uqdngjjhkmej|. Un}eqhgueq} r`qm mè| mgmuqlc* mg||

mg| \ved}quh íuÛeq|} vqíy`|e e`neh \lcrgqydÿqveq(\ved}quh en}|vq`lc} unm úaeq men be|gh}en

C`hhej íuÛeq|} bje`lchíÛ`b `|}* rg| ye`b}* mg|| e| |`lc mgae` n`lc} uh e`ne Úaeqjgbequnb kn

èjen dje`nen \}gcjunb|wuejjen cgnmej}.

Mè es}qehe @|k}qkvè meq \}qgcjunb |}ejj}e iemklc gulc e`n Vqkajeh mgq. Mè ceu}`ben \}qud(

}uqen `h Unèq|uh dÿnnen |`lc nuq bea`jme} cgaen* renn gulc `h oqúcen Unèq|uh kq meq

Qedkha`ng}`kn aeqe`}| M`lc}e|lcrgndunben es`|}èq} cgaen. Mè|e hú||}en |`lc iemklc `n \lcrgn(

dunben `n meq ]ehveqg}uq me| LHA nèmeqbe|lcjgben cgaen. Hgn aebgnn gj|k m`qed} nglc meq

En}meldunb meq C`n}eqbqunm|}gcjunb mgh`}* Gn`|k}qkvèn `n `cq yu |ulcen. _kn 70?5 a`| 7001*

gj|k og|} mqe` Igcqyecn}e jgnb* ajèa mè|e \ulce eqokjbjk|.7 @n mè|eq Ye`} ruqmen |krkcj muqlc

}cekqe}`|lce _kqceq|gben gj| gulc muqlc mè esveq`hen}ejjen Aeounme #níhj`lc de`ne) mè _kq(

ceq|gben meq \}íqde meq ]ehveqg}uq|lcrgndunben kn 76% guo 6*667% cequn}eq dkqq`bèq}.T7X Mè

}cekqe}`|lce Bqunmjgbe mgc`n}eq `|}* mg|| hgn `nyr`|lcen eqdgnn}e* mg|| n`lc} mè berÿcnj`lce* |k(

bengnn}e agqpkn`|lce Hg}eqè* |knmeqn mè Mundje Hg}eqè `h Unèq|uh kqceqq|lc}. Gj| beqgme

eqn|}e Yreòej gn meq Q`lc}`bde } meq ]cekqèn guodgh* aqglc}e meq \g}ejj`} LKAE men Muqlcaqulc.

Mè|eq dknn}e n`lc} nuq ae|}í}`ben* mg|| mg| \ved}quh es}qeh bengu meh e`ne| \lcrgqydÿqveq|

en}|vq`lc}* eq ognm gulc mè jgnbe be|ulc}en Gn`|k}qkvèn.

7H`} Gu|ngche e`neq M`vkjgare`lcunb* rejlce mgmuqlc eqdjíq} reqmen dgnn* mg|| |`lc mè Eqme `h Aeyub guo

men LHA aereb}. Mgmuqlc dkhh} e| yu e`neq Mkvvjeqeq|lcèaunb kn 76∑<%

1



Gaa`jmunb 79 Mè kn LKAE behe||enen ]ehveqg}uqfiud}ug}`knen. Kaen eqdenn} hgn nuq mè

M`vkjgare`lcunb kn meq BqÿÛe 76∑<. En}oeqn} hgn mè|e eqdenn} hgn mè Gn`|k}qkvèn h`}

Úaeqjgbequnben. Ae` meq un}eq|}en Gaa`jmunb ruqmen mè _kqmeqbqunmkaied}e en}oeqn}.

Mg hgn “ rè r`q `n men ae`men okjbenmen Dgv`}ejn |ecen reqmen “ gu| men Gn`|k}qkvèn

me| LHA èje r`lc}`be @nokqhg}`knen ber`nnen dgnn* `n|ae|knmeqe mè kaen gnbe|vqklcenen

Vgqghe}eq meq Ae|lcqeàunb me| Unèq|uh|* ruqmen |e`}meh e}j`lce Esveq`hen}e yuq bengueqen

_eqhe||unb meq \lcrgndunben un}eqnkhhen. R`q reqmen |è `n Dgv`}ej 5 gn|vqelcen.

1 Mè Uq|glcen meq Gn`|k}qkvèn

Ae` men Uq|glcen meq \lcrgndunben `h LHA un}eq|lce`me} hgn yr`|lcen vq`híqen unm |edun(

míqen Gn`|k}qkvèn. Mè vq`híqen Gn`|k}qkvèn |`nm mè Ested}e* mè yuh Ye`}vund} meq En}|}ecunb

me| LHA `cqen Uq|vqunb cgaen* rícqenm mè |edunmíqen Gn`|k}qkvèn eq|} |ví}eq guo meh Reb

meq Vck}knen muqlc mg| Unèq|uh en}|}gnmen.

Mè r`lc}`b|}en Ested}e meq vq`híqen Gn`|k}qkvèn |`nm9

‡ Vck}knen gu| Beaè}en h`} e`neq cÿceqen Hg||enm`lc}e hu||}en gu| meh Bqg`}g}`kn|vk}en(

}`gj}kvo en}dkhhen* mgae` eqjkqen |è e`nen ]e`j `cqeq Eneqbè* rg| e`neq Qk}eq|lcèaunb

en}|vq`lc}. Vck}knen gu| Beaè}en nèmq`beqeq Hg||e aedkhhen c`nbeben Eneqbè kh Vk(

}en}`gj unm reqmen `n| Ajgue eq|lckaen. Gnmeqeq|e`}| r`qm mè|eq Ested} mgmuqlc }e`jre`|e

dkhven|èq}* mg|| mè Bqg`}g}`kn yu e`neq Ye`}m`jg}g}`kn oúcq}. Mgceq |}ghhen mè Vck}knen

meq m`lc}eqen Qeb`knen gu| e`neq e`n dje`ne| a`||lcen oqúceqen Ye`}* yu rejlceq mg| Unèq|uh

<



nklc ce`Ûeq rgq. Ae`me Ested}e reqmen yu|ghhen gj| \glc|(Rkjoe(Ested} ae|lcqèaen.T5X

‡Mè M`lc}e|lcrgndunben `h oqúcen Unèq|uh oúcqen yu Be|lcr`nm`bde`}en meq Hg}eqè

“ yu|í}yj`lc yuq Be|lcr`nm`bde`} meq Esvgn|`kn me| Qguhe| #Veduj`gqbe|lcr`nm`bde`} be(

ngnn}). Mè Ejed}qknen* h`} menen mè Vck}knen mg| je}y}e Hgj |}qeuen* cgaen gj|k e`ne kn

meq M`lc}e gacínb`be yu|í}yj`lce Be|lcr`nm`bde`}|dkhvknen}e.T5X

‡ R`qm `n e`neh dje`neh Beaè} mè Agqpknenm`lc}e eqcÿc}* reqmen mè Agqpknen gm`gag(

}`|lc dkhvq`hèq} unm mgmuqlc ce`Ûeq. Mg mè Agqpknen h`} men Vck}knen `h }ceqh`|lcen

Bje`lcber`lc} |}ecen reqmen |kh`} gulc mè Vck}knen eneqbèqe`lceq.T5X

Yu men |edunmíqen Gn`|k}qkvèn becÿqen `n|ae|knmeqe9

‡ R`q r`||en ceu}e* mg|| e| yr`|lcen meh Ye`}vund} meq Qedkha`ng}`kn unm ceu}e e`ne Qe(`kn`|g}`kn bebeaen cgaen hu||. Mgceq bà} e| a`| ceu}e oqeè Ejed}qknen `h Unèq|uh* gn

rejlcen mè Vck}knen |}qeuen dÿnnen. Mg mè ]ckh|kn(\}qeuunb re`}becenm `|k}qkv `|}* `|}

mè Q`lc}unb me| Vck}kn| nglc meq \}qeuunb re`}becenm ungacínb`b kn |e`neq Q`lc}unb

kq meq \}qeuunb. Mè be|}qeu}en Vck}knen }qgben de`ne @nokqhg}`kn úaeq mè Ojud}ug}`knen

me| LHA hecq. Mgmuqlc reqmen mè Gn`|k}qkvèn uh men Ogd}kq be|lcrílc}* uh men mè

Vck}knen e`ne \}qeuunb eqogcqen.T5X

‡ Guo meh Reb yu un| muqlcjguoen mè Vck}knen me| LHA e`n Unèq|uh* `n rejlceh |`lc

mè gnognb| dje`nen M`lc}e|lcrgndunben yu `hheq gu|bevqíb}eqen \}qud}uqen en}r`ldejn.

Mgae` muqlcjguoen |è e`ne _èjygcj kn Vk}en}`gj}ÿvoen. Ae`h muqlcwueqen e`ne| Vk}en}`gj(

}kvoe| reqmen mè Vck}knen gngjkb yuh \glc|(Rkjoe(Ested} yunílc|} ajgu( unm mgnn rèmeq

qk}eq|lckaen. Mg| Muqlcjguoen e`ne| Vk}en}`gj}kvo| h`} bje`lc ckcen \e`}en eqínmeq} mè

Eneqbè n`lc}. Úaeq mè dk|h`|lce En}oeqnunben beh`}}ej} `|} mè| bengu mgnn meq Ogjj* renn

mg| Bqg`}g}`kn|vk}en}`gj `h Unèq|uh `n|be|gh} ye`}j`lc dkn|}gn} `|}. Hgn dgnn ye`ben*

mg|| mè| nuq `n e`neh Unèq|uh nglc meh E`n|}e`n(me(\`}}eq(Hkmejj meq Ogjj `|} “ `n gj(

jen gnmeqen dk|hkjkb`|lcen Hkmejjen dkhh} e| yu e`neq _eqínmequnb meq Oqewuenyen meq

LHA(Vck}knen. Hgn nenn} mè| men @n}ebqèq}en \glc|(Rkjoe(Ested}.T5X

‡GuÛeqmeh reqmen mè Vck}knen ae`h Muqlcjguoen me| Bqg`}g}`kn|vk}en}`gj| meq dk|h`|lcen

\}qud}uqen gabejend}. Meq R`ndej* un}eq rejlceh r`q Vck}knen me| LHA aekaglc}en* en}(

|vq`lc} gj|k n`lc} bengu `cqeq Vk|`}`kn yuh Ye`}vund} meq Qedkha`ng}`kn “ mgmuqlc reqmen

mè Gn`|k}qkvèn guo dje`nen R`ndej|dgjen eq|lchèq}.T5X

‡ Gn men Ejed}qknen me| ce`Ûen Bg|e| kn Bgjgsèncguoen dÿnnen Vck}knen |}qeuen. Muqlc

mè \}qeuunb ínmeq} |`lc mè Eneqbè meq Vck}knen e`n ren`b9 |è cgaen nglc meq Lkhv}kn(

\}qeuunb `h H`}}ej e`ne cÿceqe Oqewueny. Mgmuqlc r`qm mè Ygcj meq cklcoqewuen}en Vck(

}knen qejg}` yuh Vjgnld|ved}quh eqcÿc}* rícqenm mè Ygcj meq nèmeqoqewuen}en Vck}knen

eqnèmq`b} r`qm. Mè| nenn} hgn men \unigier(\ejmkr`}|lc(Ested} #enbj`|lce ]qgn|dq`v}`kn9

\unpge(Yejmk`lc(Ested})* hgn dgnn `cn `n men LHA(Mg}en eqdennen* renn hgn úaeq e`n

=



Gaa`jmunb 19 Hÿbj`lce| Je`|}unb||ved}quh me| LHA. Guo meq Gay`||e `|} mè R`ndej|dgjg `n

Akbenh`nu}en gnbebeaen “ gj}eqng}` r`qm cèq gulc ko} Kqmnunb me| Huj}`vkj| gnbebeaen. Mè

Kqm`ng}e `|} `n r`jjdúqj`lcen E`nce`}en gnbebeaen. Wuejje9 T1X

aqe`}e| Oqewuenyagnm h`||}. Hgn dgnn `cn mgh`} e`neq|e`}| gu| men Mg}en ceqgu|qelcnen*

gnmeqeq|e`}| dgnn hgn `cn eqrenmen* uh Bgjgsècguoen yu nmen unm `cqe Bg|}ehveqg}uq

unm (m`lc}e yu ae|}`hhen.T5X

Mgqúaeq c`ngu| r`qm meq dk|h`|lce H`dqkrejjenc`n}eqbunm h`} ygcjqe`lcen Wuejjen `h _kqmeq(

bqunm úaeqjgbeq}. Mè|e reqmen hgnlchgj gj| }eq}`íqe Gn`|k}qkvèn aeye`lcne}.T2X Re`} en}oeqn}e

Bgjgsèn* mè e`nen BqkÛ}e`j `cqe| J`lc}| `h @noqgqk}eh gu||}qgcjen* eq|lce`nen gj| Vund}wuejjen

`h LHA* mg `cq J`lc} muqlc mè Qk}eq|lcèaunb `n men H`dqkrejjenaeqe`lc eq|lckaen r`qm.

Gulc mè H`jlc|}qgÛe |}qgcj} `h H`dqkrejjenaeqe`lc* eaen|k rè hecqeqe Dÿqveq #yuh A|v9 Mè

\knne* meq Hknm unm mè bqkÛen Vjgne}en) `n un|eqeh \knnen|p|}eh. Uh mè|e _kqmeqbqunmka(

ied}e |krè men \unpge(Yejmk`lc(Ested} gu| men Mg}en ceqgu| qelcnen yu dÿnnen #unm mgae`

hÿbj`lceqre`|e gulc ygcjqe`lce neue Kaied}e `h Unèq|uh yu nmen)* hu|| hgn mè H`dqkrej(

jen|}qgcjunb ae` hÿbj`lc|} èjen eq|lcèmenen Oqewuenyen eqhe||en* mg |è `h Beben|g}y yuh

LHA de`n qe`ne| \lcrgqydÿqveq|ved}quh cgaen.T1X

< Mg| Je`|}unb||ved}quh

Mè un}eq|lcèmj`lcen Uq|glcen meq vq`híqen Gn`|k}qkvè }qgben guo un}eq|lcèmj`lc bqkÛen qíuh(

j`lcen \dgjen yuh LHA ae`. Cg} hgn nun mè Gn`|k}qkvèn me| LHA behe||en unm kn _kqmeq(

bqunmwuejjen unm |edunmíqen Ested}en aeqe`n`b}* ae}qglc}e} hgn mè \}íqde meq Gn`|k}kvèn `n

Gacínb`bde`} kn `cqeq qíuhj`lcen BqÿÛe. Mè| dj`nb} nglc e`neq }pv`|lcen Guobgae oúq e`ne Oku(

qèq}qgn|okqhg}`kn* mg iemklc meq kn un| gu| aekaglc}e}e LHA e`ne Dubejkaeqfiílce mgq|}ejj}*

`|} e| nÿ}`b mg| \`bngj n`lc} `n }q`bknkhe}q`|lce Ound}`knen* |knmeqn `n Dubejfiílcenound}`knen

5



yu yeqjeben.T5XT7X Mè hg}cehg}`|lcen Bqunmjgben |`nm iemklc mè|ejaen. Hgn dgnn |`lc mè| gulc

rè okjb} kq|}ejjen9 Hgn rícj} yre` Vund}e `n oe|}eh Ga|}gnm q* h`||} `cqe ]ehveqg}uq unm

ae|}`hh} `cqe qejg}è ]ehveqg}uqm`steqeny9

∏] 8z] 7 ∑ ] 1z] #7)

rkae` ] mè muqlc|lcn`}}j`lce ]ehveqg}uq me| LHA `|}. Hgn aeqelcne} mè| oúq gjje Vund}vgg(

qe h`} meh oe|}en Ga|}gnm q unm h`}}ej} úaeq mè|e. Hgn eqcíj} |k men Req} me| |kbengnn}en

Je`|}unb|ved}quh| L #q) oúq men Req} q unm dgnn mè| oúq gjje Vund}ga|}ínme rèmeqckjen* uh

mg| Je`|}unb||ved}quh gj| Ound}`kn me| Ga|}gnm| q yu eqcgj}en.T5X @n meq Vqgs`| ae}qglc}e} hgn

mg| Je`|}unb||ved}quh n`lc} `n Gacínb`bde`} kh Vund}ga|}gnm* |knmeqn kn meq Kqmnunb j meq

Dubejfiílcenound}`knen* gj|k L j. L 6 |}ejj} mgae` mè h`}}jeqe ]ehveqg}uq mgq* L 7 mè \}íqde meq

m`vkjen ]ehveqg}uqm`steqeny* u|r. Mgae` gqae`}e} hgn he`|} h`} j #j $ 7) L j* gj| Ound}`kn úaeq j.Gj}eqng}` dgnn gn|}g}} j gulc e`ne R`ndej|dgjg eqrenme} reqmen* e`n meqgq}`be| Je`|}unb||ved(

}quh `|} `n Gaa`jmunb 1 gabea`jme}.

Mg| guobqunm meq ka`ben Ested}e kqceqbe|gb}e unm `nyr`|lcen gulc behe||ene Je`|}unb||ved(

}quh ae|}ec} mgae` vq`híq gu| mqe` ]e`jen9

‡ Ae` bqkÛen \dgjen mkh`nèq} meq \glc|(Rkjoe(Ested}.T1X BqkÛ aemeu}e} cèqae` meu}j`lc bqÿÛeq

gj| mè Ckq`ykn}jínbe yuh Ye`}vund} meq Qedkha`ng}`kn. Mè Ckq`ykn}jínbe bà} gn* rejlce

M`|}gny yre` Vund}e hgs`hgj cgaen dÿnn}en* mgh`} |è ae` enmj`lceq J`lc}be|lcr`nm`bde`} l

|e`} meh Uqdngjj ie `n e`neh dgu|gjeh Yub|ghencgnb |}ecen dknn}en. \è ae}qíb} jgu} Ve}eq

\lcne`meqT5X oúq e`n figlce| Unèq|uh e}rg9

γC*qel ≃ 7* 3◯

‡ Guo R`ndej|dgjen γC*qel ae}qglc}e} hgn Beaè}e* rejlce kq meq Qedkha`ng}`kn `nneq(

cgja me| Ckq`ykn}| jgben* gj|k h`}e`ngnmeq berelc|ejr`qd} cgaen dÿnnen. Cèq dkhh} e|

yu men |kbengnn}en Gdu|}`|lcen \lcr`nbunben9 Mg| ce`Ûe Agqpknen(Vck}knen(Beh`|lc ae(

|gÛ e`nen Mquld* meq ae|}qea} rgq* meq \lcreqdqgo} en}bebenyur`qden. Ykb |`lc e`ne úaeq(

m`lc}e Hg}eqèrkjde un}eq meh E`nfiu|| meq \lcreqdqgo} yu|ghhen* |k vqe||}e meq Mquld

me| Agqpknen(Vck}knen(Beh`|lc| |è rèmeq gu|e`ngnmeq* a`| eqneu} mè \lcreqdqgo} úaeq(

rkb unm |`lc mg| Beaè} rèmeq yu|ghhenykb* unm |k okq}. Muqlc mg| En}bebenr`qden kn

\lcreqdqgo} unm Mquld dgh e| gj|k yu \lcr`nbunben `h dk|h`|lcen Beh`|lc. Yu meqgq}`ben

\lcr`nbunben dgnn e| ng}úqj`lc nuq dkhhen* renn mè Hg}eqèrkjde dje`neq gj| mè Ckq`(

ykn}jínbe `|}. Dkndqe} hu|| mè Rkjde dje`n benub |e`n* mg|| mè Mquldrejjen benúbenm Ye`}

cgaen uh kn e`neh Enme meq Bg|rkjde yuh gnmeqen Enme yu dkhhen “ gn|kn|}en agu}

|`lc meq Mquld n`lc} |lcnejj benub guo uh mg| Dkjjgaèqen guoyucgj}en unm mè Rkjde |}úqy}*

kcne yu \lcr`nben* `n |`lc yu|ghhen.T7X Mg| Beh`|lc gu| Agqpknen unm Vck}knen jí||}

|`lc gj| e`ne qejg}``|}`|lce Ojú||`bde`} ae}qglc}en unm cg} |kh`} e`ne \lcgjjbe|lcr`nm`bde`}

kn l|≃

V+χ≃

l+∙

<.T5X Hgn aeye`lcne} mè mgqgu| okjbenme hgs`hgje Gu|mecnunb gj|

\lcgjjckq`ykn}* eq un}eq|lce`me} |`lc guobqunm meq ckcen \lcgjjbe|lcr`nm`bde`} nuq muqlc

?



e`nen Ogd}kq 7+∙

< kn meq kaen menèq}en Ckq`ykn}jínbe. Guobqunm me| enmj`lcen Gj}eq|

me| Unèq|uh| unm meq Enmj`lcde`} meq J`lc}be|lcr`nm`bde`} ognben mè Rkjden ie nglc

BqÿÛe un}eq|lcèmj`lc oqúc gn yu |lcr`nben* gj|k |`nm mè \lcr`nbunben bje`lc bqkÛeq Hg}e(qèrkjden |pnlcqkn`|èq}. @|} e`ne Hg}eqèrkjde gj|k dje`n benub uh yu |lcr`nben* |k |lcr`nb}

|è vcg|enbje`lc h`} gnmeqen Rkjden bje`lceq BqÿÛe. Yuh Ye`}vund} meq Qedkha`ng}`kn |`nm

gj|k gjje bje`lcbqkÛen Hg}eqèrkjden `n meq bje`lcen \lcr`nbunb|vcg|e.T1X Mgmuqlc dÿnn}en

r`q mè \lcr`nbunben meu}j`lc `h Je`|}unb||ved}quh |ecen. Mg e| |`lc uh M`lc}erejjen cgn(

mej}* nenn} hgn |è Gdu|}`|lce \lcr`nbunben4 e`n gnmeqeq* vcp|`dgj`|lc n`lc} bgny dkqqed}eq

Nghe oúq mè Vegd| meq \lcr`nbunben `|} Mkvvjeq(Vegd|.T7X

‡ \kjgnbe mè Qedkha`ng}`kn n`lc} gabe|lcjk||en `|}* gj|k nklc ejed}q`|lc bejgmene ]e`jlcen `h

dk|h`|lcen Beh`|lc en}cgj}en |`nm* relc|ejr`qden mè Vck}knen h`} meh dk|h`|lcen Bg|.

Mgmuqlc }qeàen mè en}|}ecenmen Hg}eqèrkjden gu|e`ngnmeq* |koeqn |è n`lc} hg||eqe`lc

benub |`nm. Dje`ne M`lc}e|lcrgndunben reqmen gj|k rebbemíhvo}* hgn aeye`lcne} mè|en

Ested} nglc |e`neh En}meldeq gj| \`jd(Míhvounb #enbj. \`jd(Mghv`nb).T1X Mgyu dkhh} nklc

e`n re`}eqeq Ested}9 Mè Qedkha`ng}`kn be|lcgc n`lc} esgd} `n|}gn}gn* |knmeqn mgueq}e e`ne

ber`||e Ye`}. Mè Vck}knen me| LHA dkhhen yu un| gj|k gu| e`neq \lcgje enmj`lceq M`lde.

Ae}qglc}en r`q nun e`nen Vund} `h LHA* |k aekaglc}en r`q mè h`}}jeqe ]ehveqg}uq úaeq

e`ne dje`ne \}qelde en}jgnb meq \`lc}j`nè muqlc mè \lcgje. @|} mè R`ndej|dgjg* guo meq r`q mè

Gn`|k}qkvèn aekaglc}en* dje`neq gj| mè M`lde meq \lcgje* |k aenmen |`lc hecqeqe Hgs`hg

unm H`n`hg `nneqcgja meq \lcgjenm`lde* rkmuqlc mè Ojud}ug}`knen rebbeh`}}ej} reqmen.

Mè|eq Ested} r`qd} guo men bje`lcen \dgjen rè mè \`jd(Míhvounb. Muqlc mè|e Ested}e

reqmen guo \dgjen 5 m.c. j 1566 mè ]ehveqg}uqfiud}ug}`knen |}gqd bemíhvo} unm

ogjjen qg|lc ga.T5X

= Dk|hkjkb`|lce Vgqghe}eq `h LHA

Mè bengue Okqh me| gu| men ae|vqklcenen Ested}en aeqelcne}en Je`|}unb|ved}quh| “ gj|k mè

\}íqde unm Jgbe meq Hgs`hg unm H`n`hg* `cqe Ga|}ínme yue`ngnmeq |krè mè \}íqde meq \`jd(

Míhvounb unm me| \glc|(Rkjoe(Ested}| “ cínben }e`j| íuÛeq|} ehvnmj`lc kn men dk|hkjkb`|lcen

Vgqghe}eqn ga. _eqh`||} hgn gj|k men H`dqkrejjenc`n}eqbqunm íuÛeq|} vqíy`|e* |k dgnn hgn gu|meh Je`|}unb||ved}quh vqgd}`|lc gjje dk|hkjkb`|lcen Vgqghe}eq íuÛeq|} vqíy`|e ae|}`hhen “ gj|k

`n|ae|knmeqe9

‡ Meq M`lc}evgqghe}eq meq Agqpkn`|lcen Hg}eqè ℯa

‡ meq M`lc}evgqghe}eq meq ce`Ûen mundjen Hg}eqè ℯCMH

‡ meq M`lc}evgqghe}eq meq Hg}eqè ℯh 8 ℯa $ ℯCMH

‡ meq M`lc}evgqghe}eq meq Mundjen Eneqbè ℯΔ

‡ meq be|gh}e M`lc}evgqghe}eq ℯ}k} 8 ℯh $ ℯΔ unm mgh`} men Dqúhhunb|vgqghe}eq d

2



‡ meq ceu}`be Req} me| Cuaajevgqgh}eq| C 6

‡mè Nkqhèqunb ό3

‡ unm meq Okqhvgqghe}eq me| Je`|}unb||ved}quh| Μ.T5X

R`q rkjjen gn men okjbenmen Ae`|vèjen eqmeu}j`lcen* rè hgn mè|e gu| meh Je`|}unb||ved(

}quh ae|}`hhen dgnn. Gaa`jmunb < ye`b} mè Gacínb`bde`} kn e`n`ben meq Vgqghe}eqn* ae|kn(

meq| ehvoecjen|req} |`nm gulc mè Gn`hg}`knen un}eq c}}v9++|vgle.h`}.emu+ckhe+}ebhgqd+

hkè|.c}hj.

Mè \}íqde unm mè Oqewueny meq gdu|}`|lcen \lcr`nbunben r`qm muqlc mè \}íqde meq Qúld(

|}ejjdqgo}* gj|k me| Mquld|* ae|}`hh}. Mè|eq cínb} rèmequh kn meq Yu|ghhen|e}yunb me| dk|(

h`|lcen Beh`|lce| ga.T7X

Mè bqÿÛ}en Hg}eqèrkjden* mè nklc yu |lcr`nben aebknnen cgaen* cg}}en e`ne Gu|mecnunb*

mè meq \lcgjjckq`ykn}jínbe en}|vq`lc}. Mgceq menèq} meq \lcgjjckq`ykn} men Bqunm}kn me| H`(

dqkrejjenc`n}eqbqunm|* gj|k mè Jgbe me| eq|}en Mkvvjeqvegd|. Mg r`q men Ye`}vund} meq Qedkh(

a`ng}`kn unm mè \lcgjjbe|lcr`nm`bde`} dennen* dÿnnen r`q mè \lcgjjckq`ykn}jínbe aeqelcnen.

Mè aeqelcne}e Jínbe `|} h`} meq Jgbe me| eq|}en Hgs`huh| muqlc mè Dqúhhunb me| Qguhe|

eqdnúvo}* menn e`ne aedgnn}e Jínbe eq|lce`n} gu| e`neq aedgnn}en En}oeqnunb un}eq e`neh un(

}eq|lcèmj`lc bqkÛeh R`ndej* ie nglcmeh* ka unm rè |}gqd meq Qguh bedqúhh} `|}. @n e`neh

vk|`}` bedqúhh}en #|vcíq`|lcen) Qguh eq|lce`n} eq un}eq e`neh bqÿÛeqeh R`ndej* gj| `n e`neh

Gaa`jmunb <9 _kqceq|gbe me| Je`|}unb||ved}quh me| Dk|h`|lcen C`n}eqbqunm| ae` _gq`g}`kn meq

Hg}eqèm`lc}en. @n gjjen Oíjjen `|} mg| Qeoeqenyhkmejj ae|lcqèaen muqlc ℯh $ ℯΔ 8 7* ℯΔ 8

6.?5* ℯac1 8 6.61* ℯhc1 8 6.7=2 unm e`neq \}e`bunb me| vq`hkqm`gjen M`lc}e|ved}quh| n 8 7*

en}|vqelcenm meh Cgqq`|kn“Yejmk`lc(\ved}quh. Wuejje9 T5X

3

http://space.mit.edu/home/tegmark/movies.html







Gaa`jmunb =9 Mè He||req}e meq LHA(Gn`|k}qkvèn guo meh \}gnm kn Enme 1661. J`nd| mè

e`nyejnen Req}e* qelc}| mè ber`lc}e}en H`}}ej unm mg| mgyu gh ae|}en vg||enme \ved}quh. Wuejje9

T5X

nebg}` bedqúhh}en #cpveqakj`|lcen) Qguh. Muqlc esgd}e| _eqhe||en meq Jgbe me| eq|}en Hg(

s`huh| jí||} |`lc gj|k mè Dqúhhunb me| Unèq|uh| ae|}`hhen. Mè|e `|} guÛeqmeh m`qed} h`}

ℯ}k} eqdnúvo}.T<X

5 Eqokq|lcunb meq Gn`|k}qkvèn

Nglc LKAE ruqmen ygcjqe`lce re`}eqe H`||`knen be|}gq}e}* uh men LHA bengueq yu eqhe||en*

mgqun}eq gulc yre` re`}eqe \g}ejj`}en9 RHGV unm Vjgnd. \g}ejj`}en |`nm |`nm rè ae` men he`|}en

Rejjenjínben gulc ae` H`dqkrejjen}eje|dkven kn _kq}e`j* mg mè G}hk|vcíqe \}qgcjunb ga|kqaèq}

unm |kh`} mg| A`jm }qúa}. Mgqúaeq c`ngu| dÿnnen |è men dkhvje}}en C`hhej gahu|}eqn unm |k(

h`} <?6◯Gn|`lc}en guonechen. Mè Gufiÿ|unb e`ne| ]eje|dkv| cínb} gjjbehe`n kn meq ßstnunb

me| ]eje|dkv| unm meq Rejjenjínbe meq yu me}ed}èqenmen \}qgcjunb ga. Mg mè BqÿÛe kn \g}ej(

j`}en }elcn`|lc |}gqd aebqeny} `|}* dÿnnen |è n`lc} mè |ejae Gufiÿ|unb rè e`n akmenbe|}ú}y}e|]eje|dkv eqqe`lcen. Guobqunm meq bqkÛen Rejjenjínbe meq C`n}eqbqunm|}qgcjunb `|} mè Gufiÿ|unb

kn H`dqkrejjen}eje|dkven kcnec`n qejg}` beq`nb.

Mè èjen gnmeqen Esveq`hen}e ruqmen en}remeq h`} Agjjknen `n meq \}qg}k|vcíqe kmeq yuh`n(

me|} gn dgj}en unm+kmeq cklcbejebenen Kq}en rè meh \úmvkj muqlcbeoúcq}* mg mkq} mè Ested}e meq

G}hk|vcíqe |lcrílceq |`nm. \è cgaen men _kq}e`j e`neq eqbje`lc|re`|e ckcen R`ndejgufiÿ|unb.

Mè 7030 be|}gq}e}e \knme LKAE cg}}e e`ne R`ndejgufiÿ|unb kn nuq |èaen Bqgm #=16 Akben(

h`nu}en) unm rgq |kh`} n`lc} `n meq Jgbe mè gdu|}`|lcen \lcr`nbunben yu me}ed}èqen'T7X Uh mè

mghgj| nklc un|`lceqe Es`|}eny meq gdu|}`|lcen \lcr`nbunben nglcyure`|en unm mgh`} mè dk|hk(

jkb`|lcen Vgqghe}eq yu ae|}`hhen* ruqmen eq|lcèmene eqmbeaunmene H`||`knen be|}gq}e}. Men

0



Gaa`jmunb 59 _eqbje`lc meq Dgq}en kn LKAE* RHGV unm Vjgnd #kn c`n}en nglc kqne). Ae`

meq Dgq}e kn Vjgnld ruqmen mè _kqmeqbqunmkaied}e a`|ceq nklc n`lc} ceqgu|beqelcne}.

Agjjkn(Esveq`hen}en AKKHEQgnB unm HGS@HG* |krè meh gh \úmvkj |}g}`knèq}eh Vqkied}

Mg|` bejgnb ungacínb`b kne`ngnmeq* men eq|}en Mkvvjeqvegd bengu unm men yre`}en gn|g}yre`|e

yu eqhe||en.T<X Uh mè Bengu`bde`} meq _eqhe||unb me| Je`|}unb||ved}quh| yu eqcÿcen* hu||}e

hgn nun eqneu} \g}ejj`}enh`||`knen |}gq}en* mg Jgnm( unm Agjjknesveq`hen}e muqlc `cq aebqeny(

}e| \`lc}oejm aeyècunb|re`|e muqlc `cqe aebqeny}e Ojubmgueq nuq e`nen dje`nen ]e`j me| C`hhej|

guonechen dÿnnen. Meq \g}ejj`} RHGV #oqúceq9 HGV kmeq gulc Esvjkqeq 36) dgq}kbqgeq}e kn

1667 a`| 1676 men LHA h`} e`neq R`ndejgufiÿ|unb kn 5< a`| 7< Akmenh`nu}en.T?X Eq hgÛ guo men

Oqewuenyen 11* <6* =6* ?6 unm 06 BCy. Mè euqkví`|lce Nglcokjbeh`||`kn* meq \g}ejj`} Vjgnld* ruq(

me 1660 `n| Rej}gjj be|lck||en unm aekaglc}e}e mkq} a`| Gnognb 1671 h`} yre` Beqí}en guo neun

eq|lcèmen Oqewuenyen yr`|lcen 15 unm 7666 BCy* |e`} meh vjgnhíÛ`ben Yuenmebecen me| Dúcj(

h`}}ej| gh 7?. Ignugq 1671 dgnn nuq nklc mg| „Jkr Oqewuenlp @n|}quhen}‚ #JO@) re`}eq(ae}qèaen

reqmenT?XT=X. Vjgnld dknn}e gn|}g}} meq kqbe|ecenen yre` |kbgq oúno dkhvje}}e C`hhej|muqlc(

hu|}equnben guonechen unm cg}}e mgae` R`ndejgufiÿ|unben kn a`| yu = Akbenh`nu}en. Mgnd

meq neun eq|lcèmenen Oqewuenyen dgnn Vjgnld _kqmeqbqunmwuejjen ae||eq ej`h`nèqen. Mè Gu|(

req}unb meq Mg}en r`qm Gnognb 167< oeq}`b |e`n unm un|eqe dk|hkjkb`|lcen Rej}hkmejje en}remeq

h`} ckceq Bengu`bde`} ae|}í}`ben kmeq neue Oqgben guoreqoen.

76



J`}eqg}uq

T7X Hg}}c`g| Agq}ejhgnn. Meq dk|h`|lce h`dqkrejjenc`n}eqbqunm. \}eqne / Rej}qguh * 59<<2*

1666.

T1X Hg}}c`g| Agq}ejhgnn. Meq dk|h`|lce h`dqkrejjenc`n}eqbqunm. G|}qknkhè$Qguhogcq} * 193*

1666.

T<X Hg}}c`g| Agq}ejhgnn. Meq dk|h`|lce h`dqkrejjenc`n}eqbqunm. „Mg| iunbe Unèq|uh‚* \}eqne

/ Rej}qguh \vel`gj * 79==* 166<.

T=X E\G. Vjgnld‐| c lkhvje}e| `}| |uqep ko egqjp unèq|e. Vqe||ehejmunb* 7?. Ignugq 1671.

T5X Ve}eq \lcne`meq. Es}qgbgjgd}`|lce G|}qknkhè unm Dk|hkjkbè . \vq`nbeq* 1663.

T?X Mkh`n`d \lcrgqy. _kqmeqbqúnm`be |}qgcjunb. Vcp|`d Ikuqngj * 0916* 1677.

T2X Hgs ]ebhgqd. Mkvvjeq Vegd| kn gjj }cg}9 LHA Gn`|k}qkvè| gnm Rcg} ]cep Lgn ]ejj U|.

Vqkl. Enq`lk Oeqh`* Lkuq|e LSSS@@* _gqenng * vgbe <20* 700?* gqS`9g|}qk(vc+05777=3.

77

Der Kosmische Mikrowellenhintergrund und seine Anisotropien

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