Dept. of Energy Synchrotron and Neutron Facilities

Synchrotron and Neutron Users’ Group (SNUG) DC Visit, April 2006

Dept. of Energy Synchrotron and Neutron Dept. of Energy Synchrotron and Neutron Facilities Facilities

What They Do, Why They Matter


DOE Synchrotron and Neutron FacilitiesDOE Synchrotron and Neutron Facilities

The Synchrotron and Neutron Users’ Group (SNUG) represents:The Synchrotron and Neutron Users’ Group (SNUG) represents:

• Including two under constructionIncluding two under construction• 5 Photon Light Sources • 4 High-Flux Neutron Sources

AdvancedPhoton Source

National SynchrotronLight Source

(NSLS2 upgrade approved)

Advanced Light Source

Stanford SynchrotronRadiation Laboratory

Linac CoherentLight Source

(under construction)

Los Alamos NeutronScience Center

Intense PulsedNeutron Source

SpallationNeutron Source

(under construction)

High-FluxIsotope Reactor


Who We AreWho We Are

The Synchrotron and Neutron Users’ Group (SNUG) represents over 9,0009,000 faculty, student, industrialindustrial and government scientists. Their research is criticalcritical to every sector of the economy:

Materials Chemistry and Nanotechnology Electronic Materials and Devices Energy Production, Storage and Conversion National Security New Medicines and Disease Treatments Environmental Sciences Human and Molecular Biology

Approximately 600 scientists from over 160 companies representing technology, manufacturing, 160 companies representing technology, manufacturing, energy, chemical, and bio-pharmaceutical industriesenergy, chemical, and bio-pharmaceutical industries use the synchrotron and neutron facilities.

E.I. duPont de Nemours & Co Exxon Research & Engineering Co. Applied Materials Advanced Micro Devices SFA, Inc. Spectragen, Inc. Ford Motor

ExxonMobil Research Shering-Plough Research Institute Berlex Biosciences Gladstone Laboratory Corning, Inc Rigaku Corporation Aerospace Corp.

Dow Chemical Company Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Ctr. Wyeth Research STI Optronics, Inc BASF Althexis Hinds Instruments, Inc.

Lucent Technologies Novartis Inst. for Functional Genomics Cytokinetics Inc. Northrop Grumman ATDC Orthologics Bruker Optics Inc Air Products Chemical Inc.

IBM Research Division Whitehead Inst. for Functional Genomics EUV Technology Scientific Manu. Techno. Inc Alpha Braze, Inc. Panametrics, Inc Rohn & Hass Co.

Bristol-Myers Squibb McPherson Industries Division of S.I.C. The EXFAS Co. Edge Analytical, Inc. Anticancer, Inc. Photons Unlimited St. Jude Children's Res. Hosp.

Pfizer Global R&D Containerless Research, Inc. Indoff/K&M Digital Semiconductor Aventis Gencell Varian Vacuum Products Molecular Structure Corp.

SmithKline Beecham Structural GenomiX, Inc. Komag Co. National Semiconductor Chevron BioSpace Int'l. Inc Texas Instruments

Bruker AXS Inc. Agouron Pharmaceutical, Inc. Photon Imaging Inc. Ovonic Synthetic Materials Co. Conductus Inc. Millennium Chemicals Inc Physical Sciences, Inc.

UOP Chevron Research & Tech Canmet New Century Pharmaceuticals Crystal Logic Inc. Dow Corning Corp. Boeing Co.

Merck & Co., Inc. 3-Dimensional Pharmaceuticals AMGEN Area Detector Systems Corp. Exelixis Memc Electronic Materials Balazs

Abbott Laboratories Boehringer Ingelheim Pharm. Chiron Corp. Axson Technologies, Inc Genomics Institute Aventis Pharma Xencor, Inc.

PPG Industries, Inc International Fuel Cells Tularik Inc. Corvas International GETOM Corp. Bell Laboratories Innovene

Eli Lilly & Co. BP-Amoco Corporation Aracor Genencor International Lumileds Lighting NEC Research Institute INOES Technologies

Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc. Cummins Engine Company Genetics Institute Hughes Space & Comm. Pyro Fusion Osram Sylvania, Inc. GE Global Research

Glaxo research Institure Dana Farber Cancer Institute Burnham Institute Walschon Fire Protection Xradia Princeton Gamma-Tech Palo Alto Research Corp.

Biogen Inc. Kinetix Pharmaceuticals Intel Corporation William Hassenzahl Consulting Veeco-Ion Tech Wyerth-Ayerst Research Infineon Technologies

Bechtel Nevada Lockheed Research Lab. Hoffmann-LaRoche Dupont-Merck Pharmaceuticals Pratt & Whitney Advanced Fuel Research Evergreen Solar

Monsanto/Searle Creatv MicroTech, Inc. IBM Corp. The Molecular Biology Consortium Spectra-Tech Inc Akzo Nobel Chemicals Schott Solar

Emerald BioStructures, Inc Montell Polyolefins USA Motorola Daimler Chrysler AG MVA, Inc. General Electric BP Solar

Adelphi Technology, Inc. Vertex Pharmaceuticals Genentech Radiation Monitoring Devices Landauer Inc. Pall Corp MER Corporation

Proctor & Gamble MediChem Research, Inc. Hewlett Packard BASF Bio-Research Corporation Neocera Inc. Bicron NE Micell Technologies

Roche Biosciences Parker Hughes Institute Eastman Kodak Co. Kraft Foods Technology Center SAIC Corp. Eveready Battery Co. Micron Technologies


WHY Are These Machines So Valuable?WHY Are These Machines So Valuable?

Synchrotron Facilities:

– Produce ultra-high intensity light from infra-red to visible light to ultraviolet to X-rays.

– Enable us to see how nature and human-made devices work at the atomic and nanoscale, and directly observe biological and chemical processes.

Neutron Facilities:

– Penetrate deep into materials to give precise information about positions and motions of atoms in the interior of a sample, allowing a more detailed understanding of structure and properties.

OnlyOnly the federal government can design, build and operate facilities large and the federal government can design, build and operate facilities large and sophisticated enough to be of continuing use to thousands of individual sophisticated enough to be of continuing use to thousands of individual

industry and government researchers.industry and government researchers.


Competition for Synchrotron and Neutron SourcesCompetition for Synchrotron and Neutron Sources

• Synchrotrons and neutron light sources were inventions of fundamental physics developed at U.S. laboratories.

• While the U.S. invented these machines, in recent years other nations of the world have hastened to build their own.

Considering only beam ports on 3rd generation synchrotrons worldwide, by 2009 the U.S. will be outnumbered by the rest of

the world 7:1 7:1


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1,000

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82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05

A LS

A P S

NS LS

S S RL

IP NS

Lujan

HFIR

Scientists use the DOE synchrotron and neutron facilities in ever-increasing numbers.

FISCAL YEAR

Research at User Facilities has Increased Significantly Research at User Facilities has Increased Significantly even though operating budgets have remained near flat


Examples of Work Critical to IndustryExamples of Work Critical to Industry

– Hydrogen Technology

– Clean Fuels

– Solar Cells

– Nuclear Waste

– Environmental Clean-Up

– Studies of Viruses, Bacteria and New Techniques in Immunology

– Alzheimer’s Disease

– Earthquake Prediction

– Advanced Computing

– Data Storage


Steps Toward Hydrogen VehiclesSteps Toward Hydrogen Vehicles

Synchrotron research has shown that carbon nanotubes, 50,000 times more narrow than a human hair, are a promising material for storing hydrogen safely, efficiently and storing hydrogen safely, efficiently and compactly. compactly.

The DOE Freedom CAR program has set the goal of a material that can hold 6% of the total weight in hydrogen by the year 2010. Theoretical calculations indicate they may exceed these goals substantially.

Nikitin et. al., Phys Rev Lett. 95, 225507 (2005)

Funded by DOE, NSF and Global Climate and Energy Project (alliance of scientific researchers and leading companies in the private sector, including ExxonMobil, General Electric and Schlumberger)

Scientists at NSLS are studying nanoparticles made of the compound ceria that could improve the ability of catalytic improve the ability of catalytic converters to lead to more converters to lead to more efficient ways to generate efficient ways to generate hydrogen fuel because it is clean and renewable. hydrogen fuel because it is clean and renewable.

Funded by DOE and NSF

Liu, et al. J. Phys. Chem. B. 108, 2931 (2004)


Discovering Hydrogen Storage MaterialsDiscovering Hydrogen Storage Materials

Funded by DOE and GE Global Research

1.E-10 1.E-09 1.E-08 1.E-07 1.E-06 1.E-05 1.E-04

RGA Signal (mTorr)

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H2

Following the decomposition (left) and hydrogen release (right) in real-time during dehydrogenation of a lithium and magnesium amide-imide system, by using synchrotron x-rays and mass spectrometry.

Aiming at usingAiming at using hydrogen as an alternative fuelhydrogen as an alternative fuel, GE is working with DOE to develop onboard GE is working with DOE to develop onboard hydrogen storage storage materials for automotive applicationshydrogen storage storage materials for automotive applications. Li2Mg(NH)2, which contains 5.6% hydrogen and has reversible storage capability, has been the recent research focus. GE is using both synchrotron x-rays and neutrons to study the reaction pathways and crystal structures in unprecedented detail.

Li/Mg

N

H

Structure of Li2Mg(NH)2


Scientists at the IPNS have confirmed the existence of a unique new compound, platinum oxo complex, which mimics the bonding of oxygen to platinum present in a catalytic converter. This new knowledge may increase increase efficiencies and reduce unburned efficiencies and reduce unburned hydrocarbons in automotive hydrocarbons in automotive exhaust that contribute to exhaust that contribute to "greenhouse" effects and global "greenhouse" effects and global warming.warming.

Hill et al., Science, 306, 2074-2077 (2004)

Improved Catalysts Can Clean Fuel EmissionsImproved Catalysts Can Clean Fuel Emissions

Funded by DOE and NSF Collaboration with Emory University


Material performance and size and spatial distributions of metal defects (insets). The material with microdefects in lower spatial densities (orange) clearly outperforms materials with smaller nanodefects in higher spatial densities (blue), even though all materials contain the same total amount of metals.

The efficiency of solar cells depends on their purity. Ultrahigh-purity silicon is expensive and difficult to produce.

Previous research efforts have concentrated on ways to decrease contaminants in solar cells. Now scientists have discovered an alternative: “corral” the contaminants into one area, rather than trying to get rid of them altogether.

Results: solar cells with defects confined to smaller areas outperform up to 4 outperform up to 4 timestimes solar cells with the same total number of defects spread over a larger area.

Work supported by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, GE Energy, Evergreen Solar, Schott Solar, BP Solar

Cheaper, More Efficient Solar CellsCheaper, More Efficient Solar Cells


Cleaning up high-level radioactive waste is a top priority of U.S. Department of Energy’s Environmental Management Program.

Scientists from Westinghouse Savannah River Co., Savannah River National Lab, and MVA, Inc. have used the NSLS to study the molecular structure of Monosodium Titanate (MST), which is a promising “sponge” to concentrate and sequester radioactive strontium and uranium.

These findings will help to scale up scale up methods to deal with the 30,000,000 methods to deal with the 30,000,000 gallons of high level waste at the gallons of high level waste at the Savannah River siteSavannah River site..

Cleaning Up Radioactive WasteCleaning Up Radioactive Waste

Funded by DOE


Crystal Structures of Real MaterialsCrystal Structures of Real Materials

The data from synchrotrons - 200-500,000200-500,000 better than from laboratory sourcesbetter than from laboratory sources – enables the precise delineation of complex crystal structures of which most materials are comprised.

This new understanding improves the performance of many industrial materials, ranging from common expectorants in decongestants on the drugstore shelf to components in efficient refrigerators with no moving parts.

Funded by BP/Innovene


Neutron Scattering Aids in Development of New Neutron Scattering Aids in Development of New Environmental Cleaning TechnologyEnvironmental Cleaning Technology

Scientists, environmental officials, and the waste-water management industry are anxious to improve the great potential of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a cleaning agent for many environmentally important missions.

Research at HFIR has led to new and new and more efficient optionsmore efficient options for removal of proteins and heavy metals through the use of Carbon Dioxide.

Processes based on this research have been commercialized for the dry cleaning industry by Micell Technologies.

Funded by DOE


Researchers have found that water (red and yellow) confined in a nanotube (orange) behaves like a liquid, even below freezing temperatures.

An understanding of this phenomenon could provide provide insights into biological systemsinsights into biological systems that utilize water at sub-freezing temperatures. It may also shed light on fast hydrogen ion transportfast hydrogen ion transport, a critical mechanism throughout biology that enables cells to survive.

Carbon Nanotube-Confined WaterCarbon Nanotube-Confined Water

Neutron scattering shows that water confined in nanotubes forms one-dimensional chains, which can have liquid-like behavior at temperatures markedly below the normal freezing point of unconfined water. The freezing of normal, unconfined water yields a curve (blue). Water confined within carbon nanotubes is very different (red) showing that solid behavior doesn’t start until 50-100 degrees below the normal freezing point.

Work funded by DOE

Industrial partner: Materials and Electrochemical Research (MER) Corporation


Funded by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the National Institutes of Health

Nature has devised biological syringes (right) that function exactly as they look to mainline toxins or virulent proteins into a host cell. The workings of these syringes is of enormous interest to public health, pharmaceutical public health, pharmaceutical designersdesigners and other scientists, who can now use this information to thwart these mechanisms.

Researchers have uncovered the needle complex found in bacteria such as Salmonella and E.coli and used by the bacteria to deploy diseases ranging from food poisoning, bubonic plaque, and whooping cough.food poisoning, bubonic plaque, and whooping cough.

Ribbon and surface representation of the modeled 24-subunit ring which makes up the base of the needle

Understanding Viral Transmission:Understanding Viral Transmission:Bacterial SyringesBacterial Syringes


In Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), the brain contains a buildup of a misfolded protein, called “plaque,” that is believed to kill brain cells. It is thought that normal metal ions in the brain play a role in plaque formation. At the NSLS and APS, scientists showed that cooper and zinc ions accumulate in AD, implicating that metal ions play a role in plaque formation.

These findings provide a better understanding on how better understanding on how AD plaques formAD plaques form and can be used for developing developing preventative drugs.preventative drugs.

Funded by the National Institutes of Health

Eli Lilly is in the process of starting a collaboration to extend this work

Preventing Plaque FormationPreventing Plaque Formationin Alzheimer’s Diseasein Alzheimer’s Disease


Improved computational power comes from shrinking transistors to squeeze more of them into a microprocessor. Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) Lithography is the likely next generation technologynext generation technology to make those continued improvements possible. The pioneering work done with synchrotron radiation has driven this technology forward toward commercializationforward toward commercialization.

EUV lithography exposure tool using synchrotron radiation

Printed image showing 39 nm features

Current technology will allow manufacturers to print circuits as small as 0.1 microncircuits as small as 0.1 micron in width (or 1/1,000th the width of a human hair). EUV lithography technology will extend this down to EUV lithography technology will extend this down to

30 nm or less (.03 microns), 30 nm or less (.03 microns), making processors 8 times more powerful than they making processors 8 times more powerful than they are todayare today..

Supported by consortium including:Sandia, LLNL, LBNL, Intel, Advanced Micro Devices, Micron Technology, Infineon Technologies, and IBM

More Powerful Computing for the Information AgeMore Powerful Computing for the Information Age


Improved Data Storage: Liquid Crystal-Like States in Improved Data Storage: Liquid Crystal-Like States in Colossal Magnetoresistance MaterialsColossal Magnetoresistance Materials

Neutron scattering in a CMR material (left panel) revealed that the charge order in the insulating state is formed by linear spin chains that are weakly coupled (top right panel). Eventually these chains lock in a two-dimensional structure (bottom right panel).

In recent years, a great deal of attention has been paid to a new class of materials that exhibit huge changes in their electrical resistivity when a magnetic field is applied.

This technology could improve data storage improve data storage by 1000 %.by 1000 %.

Work funded by DOE


But … Are We Losing Our Edge?But … Are We Losing Our Edge?

The U.S. still leads the world in scientific innovation. But years of declining investment and fresh competition from abroad threaten to end our supremacy.

Time, February 13, 2006Broad science programs essential for U.S. future competitiveness


Constrained Funding for 30 years has Slowed U.S. ProgressConstrained Funding for 30 years has Slowed U.S. Progress Trends in Federal Research by Discipline, FY 1970-2004Trends in Federal Research by Discipline, FY 1970-2004


Underfunding Erodes U.S. Position Underfunding Erodes U.S. Position

Science & Engineering Article Distribution


Congress in the past few years has worked within fiscal limits to restore science, math and education funding. It has taken several important initiatives this year.

The President has joined the effort in a major way for FY 2007:

“We must continue to lead the world in human talent and creativity. Our greatest advantage in the world has always been our educated, hardworking, ambitious people – and we're going to keep that edge. Tonight I announce an American Competitiveness Initiative, to encourage innovation throughout our economy, and to give our nation's children a firm grounding in math and science.”

“I propose to double the federal commitment to the most critical basic research programs in the physical sciences over the next 10 years. This funding will support the work of America's most creative minds as they explore promising areas such as nanotechnology, supercomputing, and alternative energy sources.”

President George W. Bush State of the Union Address January 31, 2006

The Nation Needs to Keep The Nation Needs to Keep Basic Research Moving Forward! Basic Research Moving Forward!


FY 2007 Funding Needed to “Right the Ship” FY 2007 Funding Needed to “Right the Ship”

The U.S. needs to optimize knowledge-based resources, particularly in science and technology

Scientific progress and competitive position of U.S. depends on how wisely we invest in research capability

User research has broad applications of national interest, including: – energy efficiency and supply– toxic waste cleanup– bioterrorism and disease detection– electronics, telecommunications and manufacturing

After several decades of constrained spending, support for the American Competitiveness Initiative is essential in FY 2007 to reinvigorate the U.S. science base, including efficient maintenance and use of the large U.S. investment in synchrotron facilities and neutron facilities

Dept. of Energy Synchrotron and Neutron Facilities

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