Depression and Social Distress in Pakistan

Depression and Social Depression and Social Distress in PakistanDistress in Pakistan

By, Bridget EspinolaBy, Bridget Espinola

("Shops and vehicles," 2011) ("Terrorist attack," )

("Pakistan earthquake," )

("A man walks," 2010) (Ahmed, 2008)

(Penn)

Life in PakistanLife in Pakistan

On October 8On October 8thth, 2005, a 7.6 , 2005, a 7.6 earthquake hit Pakistan at about 9am. earthquake hit Pakistan at about 9am. At least 86,000 people were killed, At least 86,000 people were killed, and 69,000 were injured. Whole and 69,000 were injured. Whole villages were destroyed, and 32,335 villages were destroyed, and 32,335 buildings collapsed in Anantnag, buildings collapsed in Anantnag, Baramula, Jammu, Srinagar, and Baramula, Jammu, Srinagar, and Kashmir. (U.S. Geology Survey, 2007)Kashmir. (U.S. Geology Survey, 2007)

CNN - Pakistan quake toll at 18,000CNN - Pakistan quake toll at 18,000


In the summer of 2010, the worst In the summer of 2010, the worst floods in the history of Pakistan began floods in the history of Pakistan began to take its toll on what would be 18 to take its toll on what would be 18 million people affected by the million people affected by the disaster. Nearly a year later, the flood disaster. Nearly a year later, the flood camps and distraught families are still camps and distraught families are still far from recovery. (BBC, January 28, far from recovery. (BBC, January 28, 2011)2011)

BBC News - Pakistan life after floodsBBC News - Pakistan life after floods Washington Post - Pakistan floodsWashington Post - Pakistan floods


From 2007 onwards, civilian fatalities From 2007 onwards, civilian fatalities from terrorism in Pakistan more than from terrorism in Pakistan more than doubled, as well as the number of doubled, as well as the number of attacks. The peak number of fatalities attacks. The peak number of fatalities occurred in 2009, with 2,307 civilian occurred in 2009, with 2,307 civilian deaths. (South Asia Terrorism Portal, deaths. (South Asia Terrorism Portal, 2011)2011)

BBC News - Fighting in Karachi, PakistaBBC News - Fighting in Karachi, Pakistann

BBC News - Muslims killed in PakistanBBC News - Muslims killed in Pakistan NY Times - Terrorism rising in PakistanNY Times - Terrorism rising in Pakistan

(Tanveer)

("Poverty pangs," )

("This year's anti-poverty," )

(RAWA)

("Pakistan on the," 2010)

("An afghan refugee," )

In Pakistan…In Pakistan…

54.2% of the population is literate54.2% of the population is literate 23% of the population is undernourished23% of the population is undernourished 22.59% of the population is in poverty22.59% of the population is in poverty The life expectancy at birth is 67.2 The life expectancy at birth is 67.2

yearsyears 320 of 100,000 women die giving birth320 of 100,000 women die giving birth 89 of 1,000 children under age 5 die89 of 1,000 children under age 5 die 6.8 of 100,000 people are murdered6.8 of 100,000 people are murdered

(Human Development Reports, n.d.)

Pakistan ranks…Pakistan ranks…

#143 of 178 in government #143 of 178 in government corruptioncorruption

#138 of 224 in deaths#138 of 224 in deaths #166 of 222 in life expectancy#166 of 222 in life expectancy #35 of 153 in death by HIV/AIDS#35 of 153 in death by HIV/AIDS

(Central Intelligence Agency, 2009)

(AFP, 2010)

("Stockholm," )

("Wedding of princess," 2010)

(Freedia, 2010)

("But who in," ) (H&M)

("Stormen gudrun, sweden," 2005)

Life in SwedenLife in Sweden

On January 8, 2005, hurricane On January 8, 2005, hurricane Gudrun swept across southern Gudrun swept across southern Sweden, claiming nine lives and Sweden, claiming nine lives and much forest damage. (Haanpää, much forest damage. (Haanpää, Lehtonen, Peltonen, & Talockaite, Lehtonen, Peltonen, & Talockaite, n.d.)n.d.)

Hurricane Gudrun ReportHurricane Gudrun Report


On June 19, 2010, Princess Victoria On June 19, 2010, Princess Victoria married her former personal trainer, married her former personal trainer, Daniel Westling, in Sweden. A Daniel Westling, in Sweden. A ceremony that was beheld across ceremony that was beheld across Europe, if not the world. It was Europe, if not the world. It was Sweden’s first royal marriage since Sweden’s first royal marriage since 1976. (BBC, June 19, 2010)1976. (BBC, June 19, 2010)

BBC News - Pictures of Princess BBC News - Pictures of Princess Victoria's weddingVictoria's wedding


Since winning first prize in a fashion Since winning first prize in a fashion festival in 2007, Sandra Buckland has festival in 2007, Sandra Buckland has been influencing Swedish clothing. been influencing Swedish clothing. Other designers, such as Rickard Other designers, such as Rickard Lindqvist and the three sisters Lindqvist and the three sisters behind the brand Minimarket, are behind the brand Minimarket, are also making a splash as well. also making a splash as well. (Randecker & Lagerberg, 2011)(Randecker & Lagerberg, 2011)

The Local - Swedish fashionThe Local - Swedish fashion

("Royal canal tour," )

("Swedish girls," )

("Xmas spirit in," )

("Stockholm scenery," )

("Tourism," )

("Gothia towers hotel," )

In Sweden…In Sweden…

99% of the population is literate99% of the population is literate <5% of the population is undernourished<5% of the population is undernourished There is no available statistic for povertyThere is no available statistic for poverty The life expectancy at birth is 81.3 yearsThe life expectancy at birth is 81.3 years 3 of 100,000 women die giving birth3 of 100,000 women die giving birth 3 of 1,000 children under age 5 die3 of 1,000 children under age 5 die 0.9 of 100,000 people are murdered0.9 of 100,000 people are murdered

(Human Development Reports, n.d.)

Sweden Ranks…Sweden Ranks…

#4 of 178 in government corruption#4 of 178 in government corruption #50 of 224 in deaths#50 of 224 in deaths #16 of 222 in life expectancy#16 of 222 in life expectancy #115 of 153 in death by HIV/AIDS#115 of 153 in death by HIV/AIDS

(CIA, 2009)

("Swedish flag," )

Happiness and Lifestyle in Happiness and Lifestyle in SwedenSweden

In a 2008 study focusing on the In a 2008 study focusing on the correlation of low rates of hypertension correlation of low rates of hypertension and happiness, 93% of Swedes and happiness, 93% of Swedes interviewed for the study chose to interviewed for the study chose to report that they were satisfied with report that they were satisfied with their lives.their lives.

Sweden incidentally, reported some of Sweden incidentally, reported some of the lowest occurrences of hypertension the lowest occurrences of hypertension amongst its happy individuals.amongst its happy individuals.

(Blanchflower & Oswald, 2008)


Sweden is well-known for its lifestyle. Sweden is well-known for its lifestyle. The country ranks #4 of 155 in The country ranks #4 of 155 in happiness, with 68% of its population happiness, with 68% of its population considered to be thriving, 30% to be considered to be thriving, 30% to be struggling, and only 2% to be suffering. struggling, and only 2% to be suffering. (Levy, 2010)(Levy, 2010)

Sweden has a reputation for its health-Sweden has a reputation for its health-conscious society, as such, most health conscious society, as such, most health costs are paid for by employers or taxes.costs are paid for by employers or taxes.


Sweden takes care of its people:Sweden takes care of its people:– All workers are entitled to 5 weeks of All workers are entitled to 5 weeks of

paid vacation per yearpaid vacation per year– They are also entitled to 480 days of They are also entitled to 480 days of

maternity and paternity leave after the maternity and paternity leave after the birth of a child, and 120 days annually birth of a child, and 120 days annually thereafter to take care of their children thereafter to take care of their children when sickwhen sick

– Education is free from age 6 through Education is free from age 6 through universityuniversity

(The Official Gateway to Sweden, n.d.)

("Pakistan flag," )

Depression and Anxiety in Depression and Anxiety in PakistanPakistan

A 2000 study on the prevalence of stress A 2000 study on the prevalence of stress in Pakistan suggests that over 40% of in Pakistan suggests that over 40% of the country is depressed, with around the country is depressed, with around 25% of males and 57% of females being 25% of males and 57% of females being affected.affected.

The study also suggests that the rate of The study also suggests that the rate of depression in Pakistan is higher than depression in Pakistan is higher than other developing countries due to the other developing countries due to the high levels of social adversity across the high levels of social adversity across the population.population.

(Hussain, Creed, & Tomenson, 2000)


Some believe that depression is less Some believe that depression is less likely to occur in more rural areas of likely to occur in more rural areas of Pakistan, but a 2009 study suggests Pakistan, but a 2009 study suggests otherwise. In this study, 43.1% of otherwise. In this study, 43.1% of 260 people interviewed were 260 people interviewed were concluded to suffer from anxiety and concluded to suffer from anxiety and depression. The study took place in a depression. The study took place in a rural village in Sindh, Pakistan. (Luni, rural village in Sindh, Pakistan. (Luni, Ansari, Jawad, Dawson, & Baig, 2009)Ansari, Jawad, Dawson, & Baig, 2009)


A third study published in 2007 also A third study published in 2007 also found a regional variance in found a regional variance in depression:depression:– 35.7% of the population is depressed in 35.7% of the population is depressed in

Karachi, PakistanKarachi, Pakistan– 43.9% of the population is depressed in 43.9% of the population is depressed in

Quetta, PakistanQuetta, Pakistan– 53.4% of the population is depression in 53.4% of the population is depression in

Lahore, PakistanLahore, Pakistan(Gadit & Mugford , 2007)


Pakistan ranks #58 of 155 in happiness, Pakistan ranks #58 of 155 in happiness, with 73% of its population considered with 73% of its population considered struggling or suffering. (Levy, 2010)struggling or suffering. (Levy, 2010)

Depression in Pakistan is believed to be Depression in Pakistan is believed to be closely tied to social unrest and closely tied to social unrest and financial complications in one’s life.financial complications in one’s life.

Of the 128,073 physicians in Pakistan, Of the 128,073 physicians in Pakistan, only 250 are trained as psychiatrists. only 250 are trained as psychiatrists. (Gadit & Mugford, 2007)(Gadit & Mugford, 2007)

NY Times – Class DismissedNY Times – Class Dismissed

Mercy Corps – Providing water Mercy Corps – Providing water to flood victimsto flood victims


The aforementioned studies have The aforementioned studies have speculated that social unrest, lack of speculated that social unrest, lack of education, and lifestyle difficulties education, and lifestyle difficulties are leading contributors to the are leading contributors to the distress that Pakistanis experience.distress that Pakistanis experience.

The links established to education The links established to education and lifestyle are especially evident in and lifestyle are especially evident in the videos depicting hardships the videos depicting hardships amongst Pakistani people.amongst Pakistani people.

The DifferencesThe Differences

What has been presented is the What has been presented is the picture of a developing country that picture of a developing country that greatly suffers in its struggle towards greatly suffers in its struggle towards progress. In a country where nearly progress. In a country where nearly half the population suffers from half the population suffers from depression, social distress and chaos depression, social distress and chaos is present. This is even more obvious is present. This is even more obvious when put beside the profile of a when put beside the profile of a developed country, like Sweden.developed country, like Sweden.


As you have gathered, Pakistan is a As you have gathered, Pakistan is a developing country that suffers from developing country that suffers from widespread poverty, social conflict, widespread poverty, social conflict, and poor recovery from natural and poor recovery from natural disasters.disasters.

Sweden is considered a developed Sweden is considered a developed country, with democratic ideals and country, with democratic ideals and little poverty, social conflict, and little poverty, social conflict, and easy recovery from natural disasters.easy recovery from natural disasters.


The drastic contrast between a The drastic contrast between a developed nation and one that is the developed nation and one that is the victim of severe discord is striking, victim of severe discord is striking, but also provides insight into the but also provides insight into the causes of the latter’s misfortune. causes of the latter’s misfortune. Insight which may prove to be very Insight which may prove to be very useful in finding a solution to the useful in finding a solution to the Pakistani people’s distress.Pakistani people’s distress.

Possible SolutionsPossible Solutions

It is not hard to see that the major It is not hard to see that the major driving force behind Pakistan’s driving force behind Pakistan’s troubles is terrorism. Government troubles is terrorism. Government policy can do nothing against a policy can do nothing against a population’s fear for safety in their population’s fear for safety in their own country.own country.

Eliminate terrorism, and the Eliminate terrorism, and the government will not have to compete government will not have to compete for the reigns of its own country.for the reigns of its own country.


If terrorism is ever to be eliminated in If terrorism is ever to be eliminated in Pakistan, then the government can, Pakistan, then the government can, hopefully, start moving towards progress hopefully, start moving towards progress in aiding its impoverished population.in aiding its impoverished population.

Pakistan already receives a great deal of Pakistan already receives a great deal of humanitarian aid – considered the 14humanitarian aid – considered the 14thth largest recipient of aid in 2008. (Global largest recipient of aid in 2008. (Global Humanitarian Assistance, 2010)Humanitarian Assistance, 2010)

In 2008, Pakistan received $1.5billion aid. In 2008, Pakistan received $1.5billion aid. (GHA, 2010)(GHA, 2010)

Possible SolutionsPossible Solutions 36.6% of total aid is put towards economic 36.6% of total aid is put towards economic

infrastructure and servicesinfrastructure and services 7.7% is put towards government and civil 7.7% is put towards government and civil

societysociety 3.7% is put towards other social 3.7% is put towards other social

infrastructure and servicesinfrastructure and services 3% is put towards water and sanitation3% is put towards water and sanitation 6.4% is put towards health6.4% is put towards health 10.1% is put towards population and 10.1% is put towards population and

reproductive healthreproductive health 8.5% is put towards education8.5% is put towards education

(GHA, 2010)


Perhaps if the government and Perhaps if the government and population ever recovers from the population ever recovers from the damages of terrorism, aid can be damages of terrorism, aid can be focused on eliminating poverty and focused on eliminating poverty and health concerns across Pakistan. Then, health concerns across Pakistan. Then, the population can experience real the population can experience real progress towards peace of mind and progress towards peace of mind and higher living standards. And depression higher living standards. And depression can become manageable, and lower in can become manageable, and lower in occurrence.occurrence.

BibliographyBibliography Mohammud Gadit, AA, & Mugford, G. (2007). Prevalence of Mohammud Gadit, AA, & Mugford, G. (2007). Prevalence of

depression among households in three capital cities of depression among households in three capital cities of pakistan: need to revise the mental health policy. pakistan: need to revise the mental health policy. PLoS ONEPLoS ONE, , 22(2), Retrieved from http://www.plosone.org/article/info(2), Retrieved from http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0000209%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0000209

Hussain, N, Creed, F, & Tomenson, B. (2000). Depression and Hussain, N, Creed, F, & Tomenson, B. (2000). Depression and social stress in pakistan. social stress in pakistan. Psychological MedicinePsychological Medicine, , 3030(2), (2), Retrieved from Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10824659http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10824659

Blanchflower, D, & Oswald, A. (2008). Hypertension and Blanchflower, D, & Oswald, A. (2008). Hypertension and happiness across nations. happiness across nations. Journal of Health EconomicsJournal of Health Economics, , 2727(2), (2), Retrieved from Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629607http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629607001154001154

Luni, FK, Ansari, B, Jawad, A, Dawson, A, & Baig, SM. (2009). Luni, FK, Ansari, B, Jawad, A, Dawson, A, & Baig, SM. (2009). Prevalence of depression and anxiety in a village in sindh. Prevalence of depression and anxiety in a village in sindh. J J Ayub Med Coll AbbottabadAyub Med Coll Abbottabad, , 2121(2), Retrieved from (2), Retrieved from http://ayubmed.edu.pk/JAMC/PAST/21-2/Faraz.pdfhttp://ayubmed.edu.pk/JAMC/PAST/21-2/Faraz.pdf

BibliographyBibliography BBC. (2011, January 28). BBC. (2011, January 28). Pakistan floods still claiming Pakistan floods still claiming

lives, six months onlives, six months on. Retrieved from . Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-1230891312308913

BBC. (2011, July 29). BBC. (2011, July 29). Pakistan boy on life after floodsPakistan boy on life after floods. . Retrieved from Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/impact_asia/9http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/impact_asia/9551678.stm551678.stm

BBC. (2011, August 02). BBC. (2011, August 02). Fighting in pakistani city of Fighting in pakistani city of karachi claims 34 liveskarachi claims 34 lives. Retrieved from . Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-1437077914370779

BBC. (2011, July 30). BBC. (2011, July 30). Shia muslims killed in pakistan Shia muslims killed in pakistan attackattack. Retrieved from . Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-1435308514353085

BibliographyBibliography BBC. (2010, June 19). BBC. (2010, June 19). In pictures: sweden's royal weddingIn pictures: sweden's royal wedding. .

Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10358887Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10358887 CNN. (2008, October 08). CNN. (2008, October 08). Pakistan puts quake toll at Pakistan puts quake toll at

18,00018,000. Retrieved from http://articles.cnn.com/2005-10-. Retrieved from http://articles.cnn.com/2005-10-08/world/quake.pakistan_1_quake-toll-islamabad-death-toll?08/world/quake.pakistan_1_quake-toll-islamabad-death-toll?_s=PM:WORLD_s=PM:WORLD

Washington Post. (2010). Washington Post. (2010). Pakistan floods: drowned Pakistan floods: drowned agricultural economy means more miseryagricultural economy means more misery. Retrieved from . Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/pakistan-floods-http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/pakistan-floods-drowned-agricultural-economy-means-more-misery/drowned-agricultural-economy-means-more-misery/2010/07/30/gIQAkfuApI_gallery.html#photo=82010/07/30/gIQAkfuApI_gallery.html#photo=8

Schmitt, E. (2008, May 01). Schmitt, E. (2008, May 01). Terrorist attacks in pakistan Terrorist attacks in pakistan rising, u.s. reportsrising, u.s. reports. Retrieved from . Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/01/world/americas/01iht-http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/01/world/americas/01iht-01terror.12474736.html01terror.12474736.html

BibliographyBibliography South Asia Terrorism Portal. (2011). South Asia Terrorism Portal. (2011). Pakistan assessment Pakistan assessment

20112011. Retrieved from . Retrieved from http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/

U.S. Geology Survey. (2007, October 07). U.S. Geology Survey. (2007, October 07). Magnitude 7.6 - Magnitude 7.6 - pakistanpakistan. Retrieved from . Retrieved from http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2005/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2005/usdyae/usdyae/

Central Intelligence Agency, (2009). Central Intelligence Agency, (2009). The world factbook: The world factbook: pakistanpakistan Washington, DC: Retrieved from Washington, DC: Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.htmlfactbook/geos/pk.html

Central Intelligence Agency, (2009). Central Intelligence Agency, (2009). The world factbook: The world factbook: swedensweden Washington, DC: Retrieved from Washington, DC: Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sw.htmlfactbook/geos/sw.html

BibliographyBibliography Transparency International. (2010). Transparency International. (2010). Corruption perceptions Corruption perceptions

index 2010 resultsindex 2010 results. Retrieved from . Retrieved from http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indichttp://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010/resultses/cpi/2010/results

Human Development Reports. (n.d.). Human Development Reports. (n.d.). International human International human development indicators: pakistandevelopment indicators: pakistan. Retrieved from . Retrieved from http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PAK.htmlhttp://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PAK.html

Human Development Reports. (n.d.). Human Development Reports. (n.d.). International human International human development indicators: swedendevelopment indicators: sweden. Retrieved from . Retrieved from http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/SWE.htmlhttp://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/SWE.html

Randecker, E, & Lagerberg, R. (2011, January 28). Randecker, E, & Lagerberg, R. (2011, January 28). Swedish Swedish fashion — from h&m to the runwayfashion — from h&m to the runway. Retrieved from . Retrieved from http://www.thelocal.se/followsweden/article/Swedish-http://www.thelocal.se/followsweden/article/Swedish-fashion--from-HM-to-the-runway/fashion--from-HM-to-the-runway/

BibliographyBibliography Levy, F. (2010, July 14). Levy, F. (2010, July 14). Table: the world's happiest Table: the world's happiest

countriescountries. Retrieved from . Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/2010/07/14/world-happiest-http://www.forbes.com/2010/07/14/world-happiest-countries-lifestyle-realestate-gallup-table.htmlcountries-lifestyle-realestate-gallup-table.html

The Official Gateway to Sweden. (n.d.). The Official Gateway to Sweden. (n.d.). A good lifeA good life. . Retrieved from Retrieved from http://www.sweden.se/eng/Home/Work/Labor-market/Salaryhttp://www.sweden.se/eng/Home/Work/Labor-market/Salary-and-standard-of-living/A-good-life/-and-standard-of-living/A-good-life/

Global Humanitarian Assitance. (2010, August 17). Global Humanitarian Assitance. (2010, August 17). Pakistan: country aid factsheetPakistan: country aid factsheet. Retrieved from . Retrieved from http://www.globalhumanitarianassistance.org/wp-content/uhttp://www.globalhumanitarianassistance.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Pakistan-Aid-Factsheet-1995-20091.pdfploads/2010/08/Pakistan-Aid-Factsheet-1995-20091.pdf

Haanpää, S, Lehtonen, S, Peltonen, L, & Talockaite, E. Haanpää, S, Lehtonen, S, Peltonen, L, & Talockaite, E. (n.d.). (n.d.). Impacts of winter storm gudrun of 7th – 9th january Impacts of winter storm gudrun of 7th – 9th january 2005 and measures taken in baltic sea region2005 and measures taken in baltic sea region. Retrieved . Retrieved from from http://www.gsf.fi/projects/astra/sites/download/ASTRA_WSS_http://www.gsf.fi/projects/astra/sites/download/ASTRA_WSS_report_final.pdfreport_final.pdf

BibliographyBibliography AFP. (Photographer). (2010). AFP. (Photographer). (2010). Sweden's crown Sweden's crown

princess victoria.princess victoria.. [Web]. Retrieved from . [Web]. Retrieved from http://images.smh.com.au/ftsmh/ffximage/2009/0http://images.smh.com.au/ftsmh/ffximage/2009/02/25/princess_victoria_narrowweb__300x441,0.jpg2/25/princess_victoria_narrowweb__300x441,0.jpg

StockholmStockholm. [Web]. Retrieved from . [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.banaani.info/userfiles/stockholm.jpghttp://www.banaani.info/userfiles/stockholm.jpg

Wedding of princess victoria of sweden: the Wedding of princess victoria of sweden: the wedding dresswedding dress. (2010). [Web]. Retrieved from . (2010). [Web]. Retrieved from http://img.trendencias.com/2010/06/princesa-http://img.trendencias.com/2010/06/princesa-victoria-look-vestido-boda-suecia-victoria.jpgvictoria-look-vestido-boda-suecia-victoria.jpg

Freedia, B. (Photographer). (2010). Freedia, B. (Photographer). (2010). 'sissy bounce': 'sissy bounce': gender-bending booty shaking comes to gender-bending booty shaking comes to stockholmstockholm. [Web]. Retrieved from . [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.thelocal.se/articleImages/35302.jpghttp://www.thelocal.se/articleImages/35302.jpg

BibliographyBibliography But who in sweden cannot climb on a cycle without a But who in sweden cannot climb on a cycle without a

thought and toddle off?thought and toddle off?. [Web]. Retrieved from . [Web]. Retrieved from http://networkdispatches.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/swedhttp://networkdispatches.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/sweden-bike-class-small.jpgen-bike-class-small.jpg

H&M, Initials. (Photographer). H&M, Initials. (Photographer). H&m make affordable H&m make affordable swedish fashion, while high-end designers take fashion to swedish fashion, while high-end designers take fashion to another level.another level.. [Web]. Retrieved from . [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.sweden.se/ImageVaultFiles/id_469/cf_137/st_edihttp://www.sweden.se/ImageVaultFiles/id_469/cf_137/st_edited/FXgDhq9Bq4CGoB6iHWQD.jpgted/FXgDhq9Bq4CGoB6iHWQD.jpg

Stormen gudrun, sweden - sonnarp. stormen gudrunStormen gudrun, sweden - sonnarp. stormen gudrun. . (2005). [Web]. Retrieved from (2005). [Web]. Retrieved from http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3584/3353299245_92da36f50fhttp://farm4.static.flickr.com/3584/3353299245_92da36f50f.jpg.jpg

Royal canal tourRoyal canal tour. [Web]. Retrieved from . [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.stromma.se/imageengine/cache/u.4057728905.http://www.stromma.se/imageengine/cache/u.4057728905.s0.k600.jpgs0.k600.jpg

BibliographyBibliography Swedish girlsSwedish girls. [Web]. Retrieved from . [Web]. Retrieved from

http://amazingdata.com/mediadata9/Image/amazihttp://amazingdata.com/mediadata9/Image/amazing_fun_quaint_weird_offbeat_200907291116173.jng_fun_quaint_weird_offbeat_200907291116173.jpgpg

Shops and vehicles have been set ablazeShops and vehicles have been set ablaze. (2011). . (2011). [Web]. Retrieved from [Web]. Retrieved from http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/5439200http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/54392000/jpg/_54392131_54392130.jpg0/jpg/_54392131_54392130.jpg

Terrorist attackTerrorist attack. [Web]. Retrieved from . [Web]. Retrieved from http://topnews.in/law/files/terrorist-attack.jpghttp://topnews.in/law/files/terrorist-attack.jpg

Pakistan earthquakePakistan earthquake. [Web]. Retrieved from . [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.thepakistanquake.com/pakistan-http://www.thepakistanquake.com/pakistan-earthquake-pictures-1.jpgearthquake-pictures-1.jpg

BibliographyBibliography A man walks through the waterlogged street in northwest A man walks through the waterlogged street in northwest

pakistan's peshawar on july 22, 2010.pakistan's peshawar on july 22, 2010.. (2010). [Web]. . (2010). [Web]. Retrieved from Retrieved from http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/photo/2010-http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/photo/2010-07/22/13410476_31n.jpg07/22/13410476_31n.jpg

Ahmed, F. (Photographer). (2008). Ahmed, F. (Photographer). (2008). Paramilitary soldiers guard Paramilitary soldiers guard the streets in quetta, pakistan.the streets in quetta, pakistan.. [Web]. Retrieved from . [Web]. Retrieved from http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2008http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2008/03/22/pakistan10a.jpg/03/22/pakistan10a.jpg

Penn, C. (Photographer). Penn, C. (Photographer). Diseases thrive in streets where Diseases thrive in streets where there is no decent sewerage or rubbish disposal.there is no decent sewerage or rubbish disposal.. [Web]. . [Web]. Retrieved from Retrieved from http://www.wateraid.org/images/cm_images/Pk_street_web.jpghttp://www.wateraid.org/images/cm_images/Pk_street_web.jpg

Tanveer, K. (Photographer). Tanveer, K. (Photographer). Pakistani poor people struggle to Pakistani poor people struggle to get free food at a local shrine in multan, pakistan on thursday, get free food at a local shrine in multan, pakistan on thursday, oct 16, 2008. oct 16, 2008. . [Web]. Retrieved from . [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.thestatesmen.net/wp-content/uploads/Pakistan-http://www.thestatesmen.net/wp-content/uploads/Pakistan-poverty.jpgpoverty.jpg

BibliographyBibliography Poverty pangsPoverty pangs. [Web]. Retrieved from . [Web]. Retrieved from

http://southasia.oneworld.net/ImageCatalog/pak-http://southasia.oneworld.net/ImageCatalog/pak-children.jpgchildren.jpg

This year's anti-poverty day falls in the middle of a This year's anti-poverty day falls in the middle of a global financial crisisglobal financial crisis. [Web]. Retrieved from . [Web]. Retrieved from http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/45116000/jphttp://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/45116000/jpg/_45116652_-4.jpgg/_45116652_-4.jpg

RAWA. (Photographer). Retrieved from RAWA. (Photographer). Retrieved from http://betterworld4all.org/images/kabul_sep07_34.jpghttp://betterworld4all.org/images/kabul_sep07_34.jpg

Pakistan on the streetsPakistan on the streets. (2010). [Web]. Retrieved . (2010). [Web]. Retrieved from from http://nimg.sulekha.com/others/original700/pakistan-http://nimg.sulekha.com/others/original700/pakistan-daily-life-2010-1-7-9-11-22.jpgdaily-life-2010-1-7-9-11-22.jpg

BibliographyBibliography An afghan refugee boy, right, pauses while a girl, An afghan refugee boy, right, pauses while a girl,

left, fetches water at a hand pump for a boy to left, fetches water at a hand pump for a boy to clean his feet in an alleyclean his feet in an alley. [Web]. Retrieved from . [Web]. Retrieved from http://nimg.sulekha.com/others/original700/pakistahttp://nimg.sulekha.com/others/original700/pakistan-poverty-day-2010-10-17-9-10-49.jpgn-poverty-day-2010-10-17-9-10-49.jpg

Xmas spirit in gothenburgXmas spirit in gothenburg. [Web]. Retrieved from . [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/images/attachemhttp://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/images/attachement/jpg/site1/20081223/00221917eae80aba9c173eent/jpg/site1/20081223/00221917eae80aba9c173e.jpg.jpg

Stockholm sceneryStockholm scenery. [Web]. Retrieved from . [Web]. Retrieved from http://sc.bitscn.com/CD1/Scenery/06/DOT_Scenery_http://sc.bitscn.com/CD1/Scenery/06/DOT_Scenery_06_Stockholm_Sweden_2.jpg06_Stockholm_Sweden_2.jpg

TourismTourism. [Web]. Retrieved from . [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.amazingonly.com/Photos/Tour/Sweden_http://www.amazingonly.com/Photos/Tour/Sweden_Places_09.jpgPlaces_09.jpg

BibliographyBibliography Gothia towers hotelGothia towers hotel. [Web]. Retrieved from . [Web]. Retrieved from

http://www.hotel-board.com/picture/gothia-http://www.hotel-board.com/picture/gothia-towers-hotel-67352.jpgtowers-hotel-67352.jpg

Swedish flagSwedish flag. [Web]. Retrieved from . [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.sweden.se/upload/Sweden_se/english/http://www.sweden.se/upload/Sweden_se/english/articles/SI/2006%20uppdaterad/Swedisharticles/SI/2006%20uppdaterad/Swedish%20national%20day/swedish_flag_sweden.jpg%20national%20day/swedish_flag_sweden.jpg

Pakistan flagPakistan flag. [Web]. Retrieved from . [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.aanchal.com.pk/pakistan-flag/eSearchhttp://www.aanchal.com.pk/pakistan-flag/eSearchBook.1228897740.PakistanFlag.jpgBook.1228897740.PakistanFlag.jpg

NY Times. (Producer). (2009). NY Times. (Producer). (2009). Class dismissedClass dismissed. . [Web]. Retrieved from [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ZG5IdnJn4Ihttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ZG5IdnJn4I

BibliographyBibliography

Mercy Corps. (Producerr). (2011). Mercy Corps. (Producerr). (2011). Pakistan floods - six months on: Pakistan floods - six months on: water & sanitation in sindh with water & sanitation in sindh with mercy corps mercy corps . [Web]. Retrieved from . [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C87cke8Jghov=C87cke8Jgho

Depression and Social Distress in Pakistan

Documents