1 Deponent Verbs: Deponent Verbs: Overview Overview Latin, like English, has two Latin, like English, has two verbal verbal voices voices : Active and : Active and Passive. Passive. We have learned that Latin uses We have learned that Latin uses two patterns for the formation two patterns for the formation of Passive Voice verbs, one for of Passive Voice verbs, one for the Present System and one for the Present System and one for the Perfect System. the Perfect System.
Deponent Verbs: Overview. Latin, like English, has two verbal voices : Active and Passive. We have learned that Latin uses two patterns for the formation of Passive Voice verbs, one for the Present System and one for the Perfect System. Deponent Verbs: Overview. Present System : - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Deponent Verbs:Deponent Verbs:OverviewOverview
Latin, like English, has two verbal Latin, like English, has two verbal voicesvoices: Active and Passive.: Active and Passive.
We have learned that Latin uses two We have learned that Latin uses two patterns for the formation of Passive patterns for the formation of Passive Voice verbs, one for the Present Voice verbs, one for the Present System and one for the Perfect System and one for the Perfect System.System.
33rdrd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.
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Deponent Verbs:Deponent Verbs:OverviewOverviewSome verbs in Latin are classified as Some verbs in Latin are classified as Deponent Deponent
VerbsVerbs (from (from deponeredeponere, to put aside)., to put aside).
These are verbs whichThese are verbs which DO NOT have active forms, DO NOT have active forms, but must be translated as active voice.but must be translated as active voice.
A Deponent Verb, then, is defined as a verb that A Deponent Verb, then, is defined as a verb that is is Passive in Form but Active in Meaning.Passive in Form but Active in Meaning.
The Conjugation of Deponent Verbs follows the The Conjugation of Deponent Verbs follows the exact same rules and patternsexact same rules and patterns as the as the Conjugation of Regular Verbs in the Passive Conjugation of Regular Verbs in the Passive Voice.Voice.
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Deponent Verbs:Deponent Verbs:OverviewOverview
NB: NB: Even though a deponent verb looks Even though a deponent verb looks passive, its subject is the doer of the passive, its subject is the doer of the verbal action. This means that verbal action. This means that Deponent Verbs can therefore never be Deponent Verbs can therefore never be put into the passive voice or have a put into the passive voice or have a passive meaning.passive meaning.
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Deponent Verbs:Deponent Verbs:The Principle PartsThe Principle PartsSince Deponent Verbs have only Passive Forms, Since Deponent Verbs have only Passive Forms,
they necessarily have only three Principle Parts they necessarily have only three Principle Parts (because the 3(because the 3rdrd Principle Part of a regular verb Principle Part of a regular verb is the Perfect Active Stem), and is the Perfect Active Stem), and the Principle the Principle Parts will all be in Passive Voice form.Parts will all be in Passive Voice form.
Exempla:Exempla:
Sequor, Sequor, Sequi,Sequi, Secutus Sum Secutus Sum11stst Person Singular, Person Singular, Present PassivePresent Passive Perfect Passive Perfect Passive
(Deponent)(Deponent)
PresentPresent Infinitive,Infinitive, Participle + sum Participle + sum
““I follow”I follow” “To follow”“To follow” = 1 = 1stst Person Singular, Person Singular, PerfectPerfect
Miror, Miror, MirariMirari Miratus Sum Miratus Sum
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Deponent Verbs:Deponent Verbs:The Principle PartsThe Principle Parts
Deponent Verbs:Deponent Verbs:The Principle PartsThe Principle PartsRecognizing the Conjugation from the Principle Recognizing the Conjugation from the Principle
Parts: ExemplaParts: Exempla
What is the conjugation of the following verbs?What is the conjugation of the following verbs?
1. cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum1. cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum ==
2. moror, morārī, morātus sum2. moror, morārī, morātus sum ==
3. lābor, lābī, lāpsus sum3. lābor, lābī, lāpsus sum ==
4. videor, vidērī, vīsus sum4. videor, vidērī, vīsus sum ==
5. sequor, sequī, secūtus sum5. sequor, sequī, secūtus sum ==
6. morior, morī, mortuus sum6. morior, morī, mortuus sum ==
7. ingredior, ingredī, ingressus sum7. ingredior, ingredī, ingressus sum ==
8. orior, orīrī, ortus sum8. orior, orīrī, ortus sum ==
9. patior, patī, passus sum9. patior, patī, passus sum ==
10. loquor, loquī, locūtus sum10. loquor, loquī, locūtus sum ==
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Deponent Verbs:Deponent Verbs:The Principle PartsThe Principle PartsRecognizing the Conjugation from the Principle Recognizing the Conjugation from the Principle
Parts: ExemplaParts: Exempla
What is the conjugation of the following verbs?What is the conjugation of the following verbs?
Deponent Verbs:Deponent Verbs:The Present SystemThe Present SystemThe Conjugation of Deponent Verbs in the The Conjugation of Deponent Verbs in the
Present System follows the Present System follows the exact same exact same rules and patternsrules and patterns as the Conjugation of as the Conjugation of Regular Verbs in the Passive Voice:Regular Verbs in the Passive Voice:Present Stem + Tense Marker + Personal Present Stem + Tense Marker + Personal EndingsEndings
- r- r - mur- mur
- ris- ris - mini- mini
- tur- tur - ntur- ntur
As with Regular Verbs, we must always remember to As with Regular Verbs, we must always remember to use the appropriate Tense Markers and Stem use the appropriate Tense Markers and Stem Vowels.Vowels.
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The Present System:The Present System:Review – Stem Vowels and Review – Stem Vowels and TenseTenseTenseTense 11stst 22ndnd 33rdrd 33rdrd –io 4 –io 4thth
I. Deponent Verbs:I. Deponent Verbs:The Present TenseThe Present Tense
The Present Tense is formed by adding the The Present Tense is formed by adding the Personal Personal Endings Endings directly onto the Present Stem.directly onto the Present Stem.
Present Tense = Present Stem (ending in T.V.) + Personal EndingsPresent Tense = Present Stem (ending in T.V.) + Personal EndingsTenseTense 11stst 22ndnd 33rdrd 33rdrd –io 4 –io 4thth PresentPresent -a -a -e-e -i-i -i-i -i-iNB: – 1st singular ends in –orNB: – 1st singular ends in –or
11stst Conjugation – Conjugation – ––a drops out before –o of 1a drops out before –o of 1stst Sing. Sing.33rdrd Conjugation – T.V. drops out before –o of 1 Conjugation – T.V. drops out before –o of 1stst
Sing.Sing. – – T.V. becomes –e in 2T.V. becomes –e in 2ndnd Sing. Sing.
– – T.V. changes to –u in 3T.V. changes to –u in 3rdrd Pl. Pl.33rdrd –io – T.V. does not drop out before –o of 1 –io – T.V. does not drop out before –o of 1stst
Sing.Sing. – – T.V. becomes –e in 2T.V. becomes –e in 2ndnd Sing. Sing.
– – T.V. changes to –iu in 3T.V. changes to –iu in 3rdrd Pl. Pl.44thth Conjugation – T.V. changes to –iu in 3 Conjugation – T.V. changes to –iu in 3rdrd Pl. Pl.
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I. Deponent Verbs:I. Deponent Verbs:The Present TenseThe Present Tense
Present Tense = Present Stem (ending in T.V.) + Present Tense = Present Stem (ending in T.V.) + Personal EndingsPersonal EndingsTenseTense 11stst 22ndnd 33rdrd 33rdrd –io 4 –io 4thth PresentPresent -a -a -e-e -i-i -i-i -i-i
NB: – 1NB: – 1stst Sing. ends in –or Sing. ends in –or––a drops out before –or of 1a drops out before –or of 1stst Sing. Sing.Exemplum: mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sumExemplum: mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum
I. Deponent Verbs:I. Deponent Verbs:The Present Active The Present Active ParticipleParticipleIn Latin, there is no Present Passive In Latin, there is no Present Passive
Participle; the only Present Participle that Participle; the only Present Participle that exists is the Present Active Participle.exists is the Present Active Participle.
For this reason, Deponent Verbs form the For this reason, Deponent Verbs form the Present Participle according to the normal Present Participle according to the normal pattern for the Present Active Participle of pattern for the Present Active Participle of regular verbs.regular verbs.
The Present Active Participle is the only The Present Active Participle is the only form of a Deponent Verb which will be form of a Deponent Verb which will be active in form as well as meaning.active in form as well as meaning.
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I. Deponent Verbs:I. Deponent Verbs:The Present Active The Present Active ParticipleParticiplePres. Act. Part. = Imperfect Stem + ns, ntisPres. Act. Part. = Imperfect Stem + ns, ntis
M/FM/F N N M/FM/F NNOriensOriens Oriens Oriens OrientesOrientes OrientiaOrientiaOrientisOrientis OrientiumOrientiumOrientiOrienti OrientibusOrientibusOrientem OriensOrientem Oriens OrientesOrientes OrientiaOrientiaOrientiOrienti OrientibusOrientibus
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II. Deponent Verbs:II. Deponent Verbs:The Imperfect TenseThe Imperfect Tense
The The Imperfect TenseImperfect Tense is formed by is formed by adding the adding the Tense Tense Marker –ba–Marker –ba– to to the verb stem (after T.V) plus the the verb stem (after T.V) plus the Personal Endings.Personal Endings.
Imperfect = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + ba + Imperfect = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + ba + Personal EndingsPersonal Endings
III. Deponent Verbs:III. Deponent Verbs:The Future TenseThe Future Tense
The The Future Tense Future Tense is formed in two different ways, is formed in two different ways, depending on the Conjugation of the verb. depending on the Conjugation of the verb.
Verbs of the Verbs of the 11stst and 2 and 2ndnd Conjugation Conjugation follow one follow one pattern or equation, while verbs of the pattern or equation, while verbs of the 33rdrd and 4 and 4thth ConjugationConjugation follow a second pattern or equation. follow a second pattern or equation.
11stst and 2 and 2ndnd = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + bi + Personal = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + bi + Personal EndingsEndings
(Tense Marker)(Tense Marker)
33rdrd and 4 and 4thth = Present Stem (T.V. changes to e/ie) + Personal = Present Stem (T.V. changes to e/ie) + Personal EndingsEndings
III. Deponent Verbs:III. Deponent Verbs:The Future TenseThe Future Tense
11stst and 2 and 2ndnd = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + bi + = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + bi + Personal EndingsPersonal EndingsTenseTense 11stst 22ndnd 33rdrd 33rdrd–io 4–io 4thth FutureFuture -a-a -e-e -e-e -ie-ie -ie-ie
NB: 1st Singular uses –oNB: 1st Singular uses –o– – -i of Tense Marker drops out in 1-i of Tense Marker drops out in 1stst Sing. Sing.
– – -bi of Tense Marker becomes –be in 2-bi of Tense Marker becomes –be in 2ndnd Sing. Sing.– – -i of Tense Marker becomes –u in 3rd Plural-i of Tense Marker becomes –u in 3rd Plural
Exemplum: Exemplum: vereor, verērī, veritus sumvereor, verērī, veritus sumStem = verStem = verēē(–Ends in T.V.)(–Ends in T.V.)
III. Deponent Verbs:III. Deponent Verbs:The Future TenseThe Future Tense
The 3The 3rdrd and 4 and 4thth Conjugations form the Conjugations form the Future Tense Future Tense by changing the by changing the vowels at the end of the verb vowels at the end of the verb stem. stem.
These vowels themselves act as the These vowels themselves act as the Tense Marker Tense Marker that shows us the that shows us the verb is in the Future. The verb is in the Future. The Personal Personal EndingsEndings are then added right onto are then added right onto the stem ending in the modified the stem ending in the modified vowels.vowels.
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III. Deponent Verbs:III. Deponent Verbs:The Future TenseThe Future Tense
Thankfully, the changes to the vowels at the end of Thankfully, the changes to the vowels at the end of the verb the verb stem are very simple: stem are very simple:
The stem changes its Thematic Vowel in exactly The stem changes its Thematic Vowel in exactly the same way as the stem changes in the the same way as the stem changes in the Imperfect Tense.Imperfect Tense.
33rdrd and 4 and 4thth = Present Stem (T.V. changes to e/ie) + = Present Stem (T.V. changes to e/ie) + Personal EndingsPersonal Endings
IV. Deponent Verbs:IV. Deponent Verbs:The Perfect SystemThe Perfect SystemAs in the Present System, the conjugation of As in the Present System, the conjugation of
Deponent Verbs in the Prefect System follows Deponent Verbs in the Prefect System follows the exact same rules and patterns as the the exact same rules and patterns as the conjugation of Regular Verbs in the Passive conjugation of Regular Verbs in the Passive Voice:Voice:
Perfect Passive = Perf. Pass. Part. (3Perfect Passive = Perf. Pass. Part. (3rdrd P.P.) + Present of sum, esse P.P.) + Present of sum, esse
(1) Since by their definition Deponent (1) Since by their definition Deponent Verbs are Passive in form but Active in Verbs are Passive in form but Active in meaning, they lack the usual 3meaning, they lack the usual 3rdrd Principle Part (the Perfect Active Stem). Principle Part (the Perfect Active Stem).
Instead, the 3Instead, the 3rdrd Principle Part is the Principle Part is the Perfect Passive Participle (which gives Perfect Passive Participle (which gives the Perfect Passive Stem). Sometimes the Perfect Passive Stem). Sometimes this is listed with “sum”.this is listed with “sum”.
(2) Because Deponent Verbs are (2) Because Deponent Verbs are passive only in form but active in passive only in form but active in meaning, the Perfect Participle of meaning, the Perfect Participle of Deponent Verbs (3Deponent Verbs (3rdrd P.P.) must P.P.) must always be translated in active voice.always be translated in active voice.
Deponent Verbs are the ONLY Deponent Verbs are the ONLY verbs in Latin which have a verbs in Latin which have a Perfect ACTIVE Participle.Perfect ACTIVE Participle.
mīrātus, a, um – “having wondered,” NOT having been wonderedmīrātus, a, um – “having wondered,” NOT having been wondered
veritus, a, um – “having feared,” NOT “having been feared”veritus, a, um – “having feared,” NOT “having been feared”
secūtus, a, um – “having followed,” NOT “having been followed”secūtus, a, um – “having followed,” NOT “having been followed”
passus, a, um – “having suffered,” NOT “having been suffered passus, a, um – “having suffered,” NOT “having been suffered
ortus, a, um – “having arisen,” NOT “having been made to rise”ortus, a, um – “having arisen,” NOT “having been made to rise”
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IV. Deponent Verbs:IV. Deponent Verbs:The Perfect TenseThe Perfect Tense
Perfect Passive = 3Perfect Passive = 3rdrd P.P. + Present of sum, esse P.P. + Present of sum, esse 33rdrd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.
11stst Conjugation Conjugation: : mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus summīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sumpuerpuer miratus sum puellamiratus sum puella mirata sum oppidum mirata sum oppidum
miratum summiratum summiratus esmiratus es mirata esmirata es miratum es miratum esmiratus estmiratus est mirata estmirata est miratum est miratum est
veriti estisveriti estis veritae estisveritae estis verita verita estisestis
veriti suntveriti sunt veritae suntveritae sunt verita sunt verita sunt
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IV. Deponent Verbs:IV. Deponent Verbs:The Perfect TenseThe Perfect Tense
Perfect Passive = 3Perfect Passive = 3rdrd P.P. + Present of sum, esse P.P. + Present of sum, esse
33rdrd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.
33rdrd Conjugation Conjugation: : sequor, sequī, secūtus sumsequor, sequī, secūtus sumpuerpuer secutus sumsecutus sum puellapuella secuta sumsecuta sum oppidum oppidum
secutum sumsecutum sum
secutus essecutus es secuta essecuta es secutum es secutum es
secutus estsecutus est secuta estsecuta est secutum est secutum est
passi estispassi estis passae estispassae estis passa estis passa estis
passi suntpassi sunt passae suntpassae sunt passa sunt passa sunt
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IV. Deponent Verbs:IV. Deponent Verbs:The Perfect TenseThe Perfect Tense
Perfect Passive = 3Perfect Passive = 3rdrd P.P. + Present of sum, esse P.P. + Present of sum, esse
33rdrd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.
44thth Conjugation Conjugation: : orior, orīrī, ortus sumorior, orīrī, ortus sumpuerpuer ortus sumortus sum puellapuella orta sumorta sum oppidum ortum sumoppidum ortum sum
ortus esortus es orta esorta es ortum es ortum es
ortus estortus est orta estorta est ortum est ortum est
pueripueri orti sumusorti sumus puellaepuellae ortae sumus ortae sumus oppida orta oppida orta sumussumus
orti estisorti estis ortae estisortae estis orta estis orta estis
orti suntorti sunt ortae suntortae sunt orta sunt orta sunt
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V. Deponent Verbs:V. Deponent Verbs:The Pluperfect TenseThe Pluperfect Tense
Pluperfect Passive = 3Pluperfect Passive = 3rdrd P.P. + Imperfect of sum, esse P.P. + Imperfect of sum, esse
33rdrd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.11stst Conjugation Conjugation: : mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus summīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum
puerpuer miratus eram puellamiratus eram puella mirata eram oppidum miratum mirata eram oppidum miratum erameram
mirati erantmirati erant miratae erantmiratae erant mirata mirata eranterant
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V. Deponent Verbs:V. Deponent Verbs:The Pluperfect TenseThe Pluperfect Tense
Pluperfect Passive =3Pluperfect Passive =3rdrd P.P. + Imperfect of sum, esse P.P. + Imperfect of sum, esse
33rdrd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.22ndnd Conjugation Conjugation: : vereor, verērī, veritus sumvereor, verērī, veritus sum
puerpuer veritus eramveritus eram puellapuella verita eram verita eram oppidum oppidum veritum eramveritum eram
veriti erantveriti erant veritae erantveritae erant verita erant verita erant
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V. Deponent Verbs:V. Deponent Verbs:The Pluperfect TenseThe Pluperfect Tense
Pluperfect Passive = 3Pluperfect Passive = 3rdrd P.P. + Imperfect of sum, esse P.P. + Imperfect of sum, esse
33rdrd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.33rdrd Conjugation Conjugation: : sequor, sequī, secūtus sumsequor, sequī, secūtus sum
puerpuer secutus eramsecutus eram puellapuella secuta eramsecuta eram oppidum oppidum secutum eramsecutum eram
secuti erantsecuti erant secutae erantsecutae erant secuta secuta eranterant
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V. Deponent Verbs:V. Deponent Verbs:The Pluperfect TenseThe Pluperfect Tense
Pluperfect Passive = 3Pluperfect Passive = 3rdrd P.P. + Imperfect of sum, P.P. + Imperfect of sum, esseesse
33rdrd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.33rdrd –io Conjugation –io Conjugation: : patior, patī, passus sumpatior, patī, passus sum
puerpuer passus erampassus eram puellapuella passa erampassa eram oppidum oppidum passum erampassum eram
passi erantpassi erant passae erantpassae erant passa erant passa erant
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V. Deponent Verbs:V. Deponent Verbs:The Pluperfect TenseThe Pluperfect Tense
Pluperfect Passive = 3Pluperfect Passive = 3rdrd P.P. + Imperfect of sum, P.P. + Imperfect of sum, esseesse
33rdrd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.44thth Conjugation Conjugation: : orior, orīrī, ortus sumorior, orīrī, ortus sum
puerpuer ortus eramortus eram puellapuella orta eramorta eram oppidum ortum oppidum ortum erameram
ortus erasortus eras orta erasorta eras ortum eras ortum eras
ortus eratortus erat orta eratorta erat ortum erat ortum erat
pueripueri orti eramusorti eramus puellaepuellae ortae eramus oppida orta ortae eramus oppida orta eramuseramus
orti eratisorti eratis ortae eratisortae eratis orta eratis orta eratis
orti erantorti erant ortae erantortae erant orta erant orta erant
Future Perfect Passive = 3Future Perfect Passive = 3rdrd P.P. + Future of sum, esse P.P. + Future of sum, esse
33rdrd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.11stst Conjugation Conjugation: : mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus summīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum
puerpuer miratus ero puellamiratus ero puella mirata ero oppidum miratum mirata ero oppidum miratum eroero
Future Perfect Passive = 3Future Perfect Passive = 3rdrd P.P. + Future of sum, P.P. + Future of sum, esseesse
33rdrd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.22ndnd Conjugation Conjugation: : vereor, verērī, veritus sumvereor, verērī, veritus sum
puerpuer veritus eroveritus ero puellapuella verita ero verita ero oppidum veritum erooppidum veritum ero
Future Perfect Passive = 3Future Perfect Passive = 3rdrd P.P. + Future of sum, esse P.P. + Future of sum, esse
33rdrd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.33rdrd Conjugation Conjugation: : sequor, sequī, secūtus sumsequor, sequī, secūtus sum
puerpuer secutus erosecutus ero puellapuella secuta erosecuta ero oppidum secutum erooppidum secutum ero
Future Perfect Passive = 3Future Perfect Passive = 3rdrd P.P. + Future of sum, esse P.P. + Future of sum, esse
33rdrd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.33rdrd –io Conjugation –io Conjugation: : patior, patī, passus sumpatior, patī, passus sum
puerpuer passus eropassus ero puellapuella passa eropassa ero oppidum passum erooppidum passum ero
Future Perfect Passive = 3Future Perfect Passive = 3rdrd P.P. + Future of sum, P.P. + Future of sum, esseesse
33rdrd P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C. P.P. agrees with subject in G.N.C.44thth Conjugation Conjugation: : orior, orīrī, ortus sumorior, orīrī, ortus sum
puerpuer ortus eroortus ero puellapuella orta eroorta ero oppidum ortum oppidum ortum eroero
ortus erisortus eris orta erisorta eris ortum eris ortum eris
ortus eritortus erit orta eritorta erit ortum erit ortum erit