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9 ,::F::SARVSTIVDIN ABHIDHARMA TEXTS
COLLBTT COXI"''IJ'''
''''
j'']:'go"
1 . INTRODUCTION PeTh
ps no aspect of early Buddst teaching has been the
r
tions of latel tadiitiollal ite=pTeters, tllis scholally
attention is
not uustied. Among s wideTanging studies of early
India:nBuddhist doctlille, PIofbssoT Alex Waylinan has devoted
sevelalInajor articles to the topic of dependent origination.1
Howevel,as he warlls us, we should not colilsidel dependent onation
assomethillg befbre [ouT] eyes to see in clear relief, as one
mightsee a book.2 Instead, we should be alert to the possibi]tity
ofInultiple IIleanings and puTposes that must be extracted fIom
thetraditional accounts. ProfossoT 'Vaylnall has hiitnself
suggested
'everal diblent illterpretive models fOr dependcnt onation,
Ihodels wch view vaatioll in the e1boration of the
depelldentoginatio fbrmuia as Ieecting direILt geographic
tladitionsor difl'rent ways in /hich the ')Tnlula could be uod.
Follongthe lead of PIofssor Wayman, hose life has beell dcvoted
toiJilvestigating many areas of Buddhist doctTine, ts pper
1lexplore olile cet of the complicated evolution of the doctne
ofdopendent oriiIiLation.Indeed, ouI undelstandillg of the
fUnctioll aliLd sig1tificallce of
all aspects of early Buddhist doctne, including
depelldetoHnation, can be clouded by a valiety of diffbrent
ftctors. rorexalnplc, ouI own distalilce froln traditioILal soulces
and scholarlypredispositions towald certn inteTpleta:tive models
can result i fliluTe to recogze the deterIIlining ro]e of
pa:rtictllaT histoca1and cultulal contexts in the development of
the systems ofBuddllist teaohig and plactice. Intelpretatiolil of
Bllddhist
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1 20 B"
P'"J
"I ReJI
"
J
doctne can also, however, be compcated by a lure to takeinto
account thc 1latural gIowth of the tTaditioll.3 This gro'vth
hasbeen guided by Buddhi st intepretels 'hose pmaTy inteyests
weTeno:t pTesenting histolical events acculately, but rILthel
Iepresentingpr ser'ying, and claj[:,Ting a valued message. The
contTibutionsof these illterpreters compieIIlented aILd often
supeTseded plileanother in the eveT colitinuing construction of the
Buddhs1lessage that calne to constitute the tTaditiol1. The textual
andplecedent nleated holizon of the Inonastic transmissioll
alildelaboration of the Buddhist tradition has been formed
thyoughthe accumulation of sucesve layers of interpretative
commentaTy; each co1IIIentary becII1! the point of depalture
anddeterlnining fiocus foI further lyeTs of supelcon111lelltary,
Tchwele themselves potelltial authoritative bases f'bI f'utule
inteTpTetation. Re1ng upon this strealn of tladitional
intepretation^Iithout
Ist clafying, :as best we can, its compositional stlataIesults
in an illtepTetative stance that mirroTs the ahistoTidstpelspecve
of the tradition itself and iglloe the particulaTcontext for each
stge or paTticulI chtblltiolil. Instead, oneIIlust 1:eln sensitive
to the tlansfbrmatioll by inteTpletationthin the tTadition ad to
the likelihood that lateT traditiona1intelpyetation, moTe often
than Ilot, obscuTes rathel than clafleseallier positions.
Thelefore, it remains a task fbI continuingtextual and histocal
resealch to become c0scious of this process by w1ch the tradition
glew, to isolate the signicant contexts that constitute its vaous
coII1ponellts and stages, and toarrest the collpsig of these
contexts thIough allistocist illte'pTetative nlo dels This
sensitivity to cotext must also dilect ouT att::Inpts to
1nderstalld spedfic dct issues. That is to say we must
beattelltive to the particular tTaditional cotext in w1ch a
doct.nal issue was elabolated alld be open to the possibility that
tlliscontext may have challged over time; a diffbrellce oT change
incotext of exposiUoll would then, in a probability, Teflect
adiflbrellce oT challge i nnctiol1 0T purpose. In the case of
depedent giatio, this contextual senUty is particularlyi1portallt
ilil deteTnillg its relation to causation. For in the latelBuddst
tTadio, examililation of dpelldent oHIlatio occulsill a context
deteTmined by plosopcal and doctri discussions concerning the
broader topic of causatio11, a colltext that is
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I?eJ"' OI'g'
"o" 12:1
.assumed to be ogina1. Yet, despite later explidt
connectiollsdlawn by te tyadition betweelil dependent oI=atioIL
andcausation, or ouI owll efk)Its to flnd in dependent onatio=l
acotext fbr the development of the Buddst theoly of causatiol1,we
cannot assume that the erly theoly of dependelilt
orinatiollftlnctions as an abstlact causal nciple oI is evelitially
orintnsically clated to caus1 ftinctioIilg. Instead, we mustallow
fbr the possibi]ity that causation and dependet onaon have quite
different oligins and different contexts ofdevelopmet.The need to
attend to ogin and context is hilldeled by the
'stTucture and style of eaIIy texts, which often cotIl oly
essentiai characterizations of topics such as dependent o
'igination,and thus nlake infblng the underl,-ng pu=pose alld
inteTpTetative colltext of these topics diflicult. Sometimes we are
liIIlited tonoting the bIe occuIIence of an ite1 or topic in a
text. Furthel,te oInission oT inclusion of a topic 7itn a text may
have beendete'Inined by the palticu1r purposes of that text alld
canot betaken as an indication of the relative i1portance or
Priority ofthat topic within the Buddhist tladition as awhole. Thus
contextual sensitivity delands that we not assunle the fUnction
ofdependent ogillation as a causal pnciple. Instead, we
mustexamille the role of dependent ogination fIoIIl its
ealliestppearalilce within Buddhist teaching and its Telation at
eachstage to othel aspects of earlieT ad la:teT Buddhist
doctrine.MoTeovel, we lust trace the pIocess thIough which
depedetoliination came to be recog=lized as the centr teac"ng of
theBuddha and was Ieforlnulated in aocoTdance with the
challnginte=pletations of ts teacngTo date, the mjority of the
soholarly investigations of depe
dent oginatiolil have focused either on its pesentatiolil ill
earlyBuddst
'I'J OI on its mole detailed elaboTation in the latescholastic
Abhidharlna ad '4ahyIla tTeatises. These studiesoften assulne the
centrity of depedent originatioll ad ofits twelve member foIInulc
expressioll evel within the eallieststlatu of Buddhist teaching.
They also freque]]ttly adopt one of:two ililte:pretative
appToaches, eEtch of which impcitly assuesthe impitace of its own
pelspective thin the earer lateals.These two ppToaches elllphasize
either the Tole of dependentonatioll as a geeralized and local
pIlcipie of abstTact
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1 22 BJ"
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I [':e,''e':
c0ditioning apcable to all pheena, or its Iole as thedescPtive
model fbr the opelatio of action ym
') and tlle
process of Tebirth. Though these assulnptions of the oe!IaJity
odepeIIdet brination in general aId of each of these
inteTpeta-:tive a.ppToaches flnd support witn both the eaTly J
'I:
J and laterAbllidharla alld Mahyna treatises, they have also not
Temained uchaeged by yet other hitoTical and textual
soholallystudies. For exalnple, Etllst Waldschmidt, aftel
examiningac ounts of the Bddhas enightenment expeece questionsthe
poty of thooo passages that identify depeIIdent originatiolilas the
culmillation of that eperience.4 Fran Bernhard pusues astluctulal
and histoTical study of the twelve Inenlber fbrnlula ofdependnt
oHnation ailld concludes that it is a colnpilatioll feaI'ier parti
folmulae.5 Both Waldschllilidt ad BeTIIhaTdsresearch would,
therofbre, challellge the assulnption that theIateT standardized
doctrie of dependent oHILation actulyconstituted one of the core
teacngs o the Buddha. Studieadopting either of the two
ite=preta:tive approachesamrmigbitheT the role of dpendent
ogination as an abstract pndpleof causation, or itS fUnction as a
decriptive model foT actionpresent an iI)Iicit challenge to those
adopting the othel. As aIIexample of these cofiicting
inteTpyetative appToaches, T1ikenKilnura in 1927 ecords a
disagreeIIIent oocerning the onaImeang of depende
't ogination among four of Jpans emi
nent earlier Buddllist scholars: Clizcn Akanuma, Haku UiTetsuo
Watsi and linlself.6 The disgycemerlt alnollg thesescholars is
thleesided: Akanuma claims that dependent ogilla:tion descbes thO
te1poral Ielation ovef severa] tiIyles asevidenced in th pTocess of
Tebilth; 1-:i and Watsi clailns thatit refbrs t the no=l:telllpolal
local or abstTact relation amongthose ctors collstituting a ven fe;
and Kilnuya himse]fsuggests that it ep1ns thc coulse of the
development of aIIimateand, in paTticular, psychological actityEach
of these scholals presellts convillcing argulnents fbT his
positio and thee is no doubt that each pproach is
solidlysppolted by one of the several interpretations of
dependentogination ored by later Abhidharla teratulie. As with
alIquestions of doctrinal developlrrlent, the chaactcr of
histocaIevideILce avlable fro1 the Indian Buddhist tTadition
precludessure alld clea recollstTuctions. Thus, sorting out the
role of the
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q' OI 123
dopendent ofigination tIil the oarliest Buddhist
tradition,weighing the evidence fbr its centrality to the
eIllightelllnentexpeece of he Buddha, and asses:ililg its Iater
doctnal development wi11 Iequire extensive alld plolollged future
research.Nevertholess, iitl this pper I hoPe to contlibute, howevel
prosionally, to thi pTect by consideng the preseliltations
ofdependent oginatioll and their relatioll to theoes eitheT
ofcausality or of nd Iebilth in the eaIIy Abhidharmaliterure,
nlaterial that perhps has not been examined as care'f Ully in
pevious discussiolls of this issue. These texts providethe orucial
transition betweell the eareli
'I:, and the lateT
Abhidhaila texts and should be able to clarify the contekts
ffomwhich the idependently denned docte o dependelkt onation
emdrged and the process by wlfch it as clystallized ortransforled
aILd finay icoporated illto the stble doctnaledice of the later
tradition. In paicular, these tTallsitioal textswi bo exalnied foT
the edence they prode concerlling therelation of dependet oJnation
to abstTact causal fUIilctiong
2. THB CHARACTBRIZATION OF DEPENDNT ORIGINATIONIN THB STRA
LITERATURE
In ordor to applecia:te the ite:][::pletative tTansfo'mation
thatthe doctlie of dependent oriHatioll nderweILt withiliL the
eaIIyAbdharma teatises, we lust rst befly 'eview the
varyingdescriptiplls and puTposes of dependent onatio as
pTeselltedin the early j
'
I. UIlfortnately, the character of the "
I
collection as an openended body of aonylnous texts precludesouT
establisg a single uliliversally applicable interpretatio
ofdependent onation and presellts celtaill diculties to allyattept
to tlacc te deveiopment of the doctne of dependelltoIilation and
its niistocal importace through the varioustextual strata.
Nolletheless, it is cleai that within at least celtnseglents bf the
J"'I coectioll, depelldent oliginatio is accorded a very impoltat
role. For exampie, fbrlnulaic descliptions odepelildent orination
in the
'IJ state that 01le who sees
depelildent ogination, sees the teachillg;7 0T, whethel oT
not
Buddhas ppeal in the world, dependellt ogillatio is establish.ed
as a ct, alld it is this that the Buddhas comprehelld.8 And atleast
one version of the Buddhs elightelllet and its s:ubse
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1 24 B Z' P'"
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I :eeIe'
quent lineage of inteTpretation sees dependellt ogiatio as
thevery cuIInination of that foTmative expeence.9These fbTmulaic
descptions of dependent ogililation in the
J'''I: oen include two parts. First, alil abstTact stateIIlent
ofdependency or conditionaty takes the f'oTIn: Whell this is,
thatis, from the arising of this, that ases; when this is not, that
is not,from the cessation of this, that ceases.1 Ts twoR)1d
abstractstatemet is usu1ly couPled with a specific Iist of
contionedand conditiong factors.11 The vaety in the erly
descTiptions
::e
:i; do::
Inent of what 'vas to becolne the standard chalactezation
ofdependent ogination in tweive nlembeTs. The N'M book ofthe Sz
'''"
offers ample edence of this variety in itslists of oollditioning
fhctols. For ex1Ple, in ceTtain texts theprinciple of dependent
ogiation is illustrated through thecontiong activity of the ve
ppropating aggreates(
"
*'
:12 othel texts descTibe a selies of coILditioning relations
that begins with peTcqptual consciousness (
'"H',
wch is established upon a oectsupport I"z bymeans of volition,
iIItentio, and being occpied; this series ofconditioning relations
collcludes with the consequent futuTe Iebilt
", bilth fJi), old age and death r ,
and indeed the ogi of the entire aggregation of ge lalelltation,
suflbng, and so on.13The moIe frequent lists of contioning factors
include some
fhctors that fbrm palt of a standard liting of tweve membels.FoT
exa1pie, the S
"', ill exp1ILing the ogin of qaIIels,
dispu!es, lalentation ge se1shness, pliide, arlogalilce,
andcalumny, traces a selies of fhctors, includng action ,
inclinations
""), determi
ation of something as 1 asant (j'or unpleasant M', contact
"J, name and form "I",and concept (M"e-,.!4 The S"'
"" also offbrs alistililg of t'yelvc
fctors that exp1n the on of suffbng: these include
tllesubstratul 0r seizing ("J
'), ignorance (, motivations
(j'
"), perceptual cosciousness (IZ:"Iz,, contact (
"J)
feengs (e"z
, cTaving ('", glasping (,?a , undeltak
ing Iz, sustenace (I, and instigation (II'15 Inthe
'''I", celt
n texts, adopting what would ppearto be atl episte1ological
perspective, trace the ogili1 of suffeng
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Oqpeg OI'g':"'':o
:::
';:
ITf 11:
, tr*I:conditions the cessation of clings (e
", craving (
"
,
ib
other causal theoes accoldig to which suffeng depends
uponoILeself, another, both onself alld allothel, or occuls by
chaILcetbut a cause.17 other texts in the
"'' adopt the
pelspective of the dynamic of action alild rebilth. For
example,in one case, the origin of biTth (") is traced through
becoming
!:
'
m:JHupleatllt, and neutla1, are impermEtnent and, thereby,
areattended with suflbling. The destruction of birth then is said
toresult fIom the destTuctioll of all grasping.18 Another text
emphasizes equaly tlle roles of both ignolance and claving
!=iYi: iad the six sense sphe'es
"
, a of which producehppiness and subng
"J" ad ultiIIlately rebirth,
birth, old age and death, and so o11.19 Severa texts appeal to
the
descent oI
entry
")presumably into a rebilth
state or wolnb, or possibly into some postnleditative for1
ofembodilentof namc ad fbTm (I" oT of perceptua1coIilsciousness
(
'
.20 Sti others gIound the seyies of colilditiolls culminating in
suffbIlg in a relation o recipIocal condi, tioIlg beteen name and
fbrm and pelceptual consciousness.21Despite this valiation in the
soriptulal acounts of dependent
origination, the later Abhidllarma alld Mahyna tleatises
mostf'equently standaldize their plesentation of dependent
ogin:tion ill a twelve member fbrllilula.22 Though a doctrilihal
andtextual histoTy or the process by which the me)els came to
bestandaldized at twelve lies outside the scope of this papeT,
twpinterpretative options have doIIlilled scho]ally eplanations
:the twelve Inember fblmula is oriILal and is abbTeviated in
thevarious paTtial series of contioniitlg factors; T the
twelvemember forlula is the product of combining eaTer
partia1fbrlnulae.Regaldless of its ultilllate origin, this twelve
membeT forlnula
1 2
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1 26 B" ',' P
HbJ"I ReJeI
tion nnds suppolt in the ,"r/J.2 Otle represetative exa1
le,again froIIl the N' book or the S
"J,'
"
is a n)IIows :
Now, in this case, oh 1olilks, the Iearned noble disciple
thorougUy directs correct attention precisIy towaTd
dqpendentoliigination: when this is, that is, from the asing of
t]tis, thatases; when this is not, that is not, fIoln the cessation
of this,that ceases. Which is to say, there are: motivations in
dependence upon ignoTance, theTe is percqptual consdousness i
:I: ;:;i II i;;:r:1gation of suflILg. Bu' from the comPlete
turniILg away f'om,the complete cessa:tion of ignoTance, thele is
the cessatiol1 ofInotivations, alld froln the cessa:tiolil of
motivations, thele isthe cessation of perceptual colls(Iiousness
[and so on . . up toold ge and deathl. In this way, thee is the
cessation f thisentire aggregatioll of sulfeliillg.24
iSHtn
1#:s
1#;LHHsf=
e
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p'J OT'" 1 27
have originated ependent]y (p"
"
D one is freedfroIn the IIlistaken perspective of self expTessed
through suchconcelns as: Did I e*ist in the past? What 'vas I in
the pat?Will I exist in the futule? What will I be in the future?
AIld,do I or do I not exist inthe pTeset? Wha:t am I at pTeset?
ands0 0n.26 TheTefbTe, it would appea:T that in these ey
accouts,oonditioning or causatioll, as such, is iIIlportant
Ileithel as anabstract descTiptive pnciple noI as an explaILation
foI the process of Iebiyth, but rather insofar as it exp1s the
presence ofsuflkIjng and thereby makes possible its
terminatiolil.27
3. DEPENDENT ORIGINATION IN EARLY SARVSTIVDINABHIDH.AR'A
TEXTS
3. 1 ,f,e E:I/lieJ' A"I"
Ip I*It is against this backdTop of the vaous descptios f
depndent oligination preseted in the "'J that oe should
exaline its tleatmeIIt in the eaTIy Abhidhalma texts. Amollg
thecalliest IIoTthern Indian Abhidhrlna texts, the S
g'
":,"
'':''
melely uses the terilns dependent ogllation and
dependentlyoriginated fctols as categoe in its classijiication
of othelfactors.28 Though this plactice is attested in the I
'"
'"
,29 both the "''
," and the r""'
"I'"
r,z'
'' also devote long i
dependellt sections to the topic ofdependent oTigitlation.30 The
structulal siJilililarity betweell the:IHJ
" ad the J"
AI"I
'I, alld betwee
both and the Thelavdill Abhidha1nla text, the '
g, haslollg been noted.31 Ts similty suggests a possible
histoca1amty alnollg these texts alld, as wil1 be discussed,
prodespossible clues as to the development of the Abhiidharma
exposition of dependellt origillation.IIl its expositio of
depeildet oliginatiol1, the
"II,
"''j''ows its Ilormal' patter of fllst dting at length aI1
pplopate
"'I
passage, which is the elaboTated by a detled commell'taJiy.g2 I
the passage dted he'e, the Buddha anoullces that hewill expound
both the pToess of dependent ogination OI.
'"z""") as well as those
ctols that have origiated dependetly ," I
deg the process of depedetogination, hc Tst offe's the abstlact
sta:temet f conditionigWhen this is, that is, alld so oI1--alld
next lists the twelve
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factors in their presentation order fioln ignorance to old
ageand death. The Buddha then notes that the co nditionig
TelLtionsalnong these ctors are established whether or not
Bddhasppear to Teaize theln. ndeed, te principle o dependent
oligination is colnprehended, expoundod, estiblished, alld
claj:iedby al1 Tathtgatas; it is fixed, regular, true, alld so on.
In deIIingthe second colnpollellt of dependently originated ctors
theBuddha explains each of the twelve melinbers as i=npermaIlent,
collditioned, constructed, dependently oginated, beingdestroyed,
passing aIay, fading, and ceaing. The Buddha concludes his
discussiol1 of dependelllt oligillation and depe11dentlyoriginated
factors with the observation that correctly uIIdeystanding both
co1ponents prevents selfLcellteTed inquiry intothe past, present,
arld ftlture, iI:Lquiry which charactezes thoseholding the view of
the persistence of se1 the persistenc oEbeings, the pelisistece of
fe, oT the persistetLce o met ordemet. Aii such views of
persistel1:ce produce sufl'ring; onlythrough the view of dcpendent
origililation calil this subring and,in the end, robirth be
telmiitlated.In its subsequent coII1lets olil this passge, the
"
rz"
presents an exteILsive analysis of both the genelal denition
ofdependent ogination and the conditioning relation bet/eeneach of
the ind dual Inelnbeys constituting dependelltly originated
factols.33 First, it notes that dependent oriILation anddependently
originated factors aTe idetical in their intnsicnature, but
dijifl)r in spedflc instances: that is to say, the samefctol can be
considered eithel coducive to dependent oligination or dependently
originated.
34 This dual charactel of al1f ctors can be furtheT
cla::III::'::iii:ned through an arlalytic Inatx ofbur categolies
o") namely, fhctols that aTe dependentlyoginatillg and not
dependntly originateda null categof
;
factors that a1e dependeitltly ogiated and not
dependentlyogiatingthe twelve lembels of dependent
onatio,presulnabiy consideed solely as effects bf conditionillg;
ctorsthat a:re boththe twelve IIlembers consideTed both as
conditions' and as effbcts of coditioning; and, naIIy, factoTs that
aTeneitheT-ctors, hele un'pecied; othel than thse listed above.35
thot mentioniILg the bstract statenlent of conditiongwhen this is,
that is, alld so on, the I,I'?', next
-
e' OI
'':o
129e*hIIlines the Iegular and established character of both
theprinciple of dependent origihatio alld of the individual
conditioning relations. These individual coIIdition ing relations
tTedeclaled to be established foT ctols in the thTee tilne periods
ofpast, pyesent, and futuTe, whetheT Buddhas ppeaT or do notappear
in the world; the nciple of conditiolling is declaredunwaveling as
the natuT and unchanging characteT of a ctolsand bc constant in its
truth Rr al1 past aILd future sages.In a subsequnt section, the
I",
" details the
condtioning elations betweell paiys of members constituting
thetwelve me}er forlnulation.36 The tlements of each of theindidu
Ie1ions utilize a limited Iange of topics and revea set of
expository pattelns that would, upon closer exalniILation, provide
ililteT=lal textual c
teria upon wch to suggestpossible orins of or connections among
certain gToups ofIIlembers. The e)It to ulilravel these topics and
epositolypatterns is aided
1)y a compason of comparble discussions instTucturally similar
and possibly historically related texts: in tlliscase, the DIJ/,,
the
"I"""I"
J'', and the
I'Mg
. Though the alltecedents of the exposition of bothdependent
origi=Iatiolil and is individuai members and the process of its
developmetlt canllot be unequivocilly determiedfrol iIIternal
textua groutlds alone, at the very Ieast, the Iecurret topics aILd
patterns testify to the composite chaacter of
theexposition--especially that of the DI,--and suggestcertaiIL
concerns that Iected it at this compalatively eystage of doctnai
development.Whereas the eumeration of the individual
condiollililg
relatiolls i both the I'r""'I"
I"J'
and the '
"gincludes only the twelve members of the standard
folmulation,
the eposiUpn of the D""""'
is distinctive in several ofthe speoic Ielationships it
isolates. The thTee illitial relationsaccod Ivith those of the
stalldald forlula: namely, ignorallce-motivatios,
motivationspeceptual consciousness, andpelceptual cosciousness--nae
ad foTm. The I"'J"next inc]des the elation, ame !alld
foTInperceptual conscious
ness, which suggests a IedpIocal relatioship between Ilallleand
f'brl and perceptual consciousness as is attested ill those
'
Passages that begill the conditioIIitlg sees from !s reciprocal
relation.37 The I'J then follows the re1llder
-
B"'
PI
qI RJe
of the sta11daTd fbIIIIulation with one cxception: between
thetvo I:elations of the staiIIdard formulation, naIe alld
fbrmsixsense spheres aitd six sense spherescontaot, the
"
rzinciudes the Iielation, nalue a1d forln contact. This
palticular:Ielations]Lip is once agai:' Icminiscent o a
''I passage, speci
cally the lI"'J
/z''I, wllich includes only nille nelnbeTs
il a ten stage series that begins with a Tedprocal
Ielationshipbeteen name and fblmTperceptual consciousness and
oIIIitSthe six sense spheres.38 Though it is not possibe to trace
unequivocally the source fbI the 0I,
" unique enumel
atiol1 of the individual co11ditioning Telations, the
siIIlilality ofthe BJ/, to the
"/z'J"
"' is striking. IIIdeed,
the O"rA,J// qi0:es the I'I
'z
,y as a s:oulce fbTits elaboraion oE those Ille111bers that are
included ill the niIIef Oid enuleration of the lI/ztD
'
n''. This would suggest
that the I'"
JEI was an ilI1portallt soulce fbI thecoposite exposition of the
OI''
I,.
In its elabolation of these iIIdividual fctors, the rp
intelweaves deFlnitions and variant ite!pretationsTith quotations
fiom the
'
, certain of which are citedrepeatediy in association wi'h
several diflblellt lembers. Forexa1ple, in colnlnellting on the Tst
reationship ignoracemoivations, the I,I-'J initially oEftrs a
denition of thenTst member, ignolance, through a list of syollyms.
Next, theig:noyance-Inotivations Ielation is explained as
signiEYing thearising of lust, hatred, and deusioll, all in
depondence 1!pollignorance. Several illustrative quotatioIIs from
the
'I are
then added, the last of which doscbes the alising of
threevarieties of Inotivations in depe'dellce upon ignolance:
naIIlcly,leritoous, deineritorious, and noninstigated
nlotivations.9This nal quotation then serves as the basis for a
Ielilgthy discussion of those circumstances, scificaily those
rebilth oI meditaive states in which ignorance gives Tise to each
of the thleevalieties of motivations.A compason of this exposition
of the ignoranceInotiva
tiolls Ielation in the DI'" with that of the JI""'I,-
'
I
'I and the
"g Ieveals certai basic simili
ties. AII three ben theil exposition wi:th a denition o
ignorance and xplain the ignolance-motivatios Ielation tIIroughthe
threefold categozatio of motivations as metorious,
1 30
-
I)e . 0'g'"'':
131demeritorious, and noninstigted.40 The
''"''
'"
J',
'' and the
"g then expand these three categories
through the hree varieties of Inoti ations or actions asing
fIolnthe body, speech, oI lind. The DrsJ, however, usestlle
characteristically AbhidhalIna categories of corl)oreal orverbal
actio, thought and thought concoitllitants, and dissociatedcto1s.41
FoI all thlee texts, the subsequent elaboration of
thignorancemotivations relationship fbcuses olil the enumeration0f
those states in which ignorance gives se to vaous types
ofInoti'atiolls or action.Asi de fro1 these stluctural simi]arities
in exposition alnon:g
the three texts, se'eral basic concerns underlie and connect
tlleirdiscussioIIs of certain indivi dua1 lembers or conditioning
Telations. For exa1ple, in the
''J, the concern th the
ebct of conditions upoll meditative or Iebilth states evident
inthe exposition of the initial ignorance--10tivations
conditioningTelation also charactezes the exposition of virtually a
othermelnbelis and their conditionin:g relations. S'oIIle o these
conditioning relations also IIlention expcitly the process of
transit atdeath and the subsequent descent into the womb: the
reciprocal relationship between perceptual consciousness ztnd
nalneand R}rm; name and R)rmsix sense spheres; naIIIe and
f'brmcontact; and grasping--existence. By conttast, thc
explanationsof certain relations i11clude a refeTence to Ihat might
be telmed
episte=IlolocaI concern, wllich recounts the conditions
I)onwhich consciousness and expellience occur:
motivationsTpeIceptua] consciousness, naIIle and f'brmTperceptual
consciousncss, name and folmcontact: Other relations fous
exclusivelyn this episte1ological concern: six sense Jphelecontact
:coIltactfeelings. And nally, still other reiations comlne
thisepistelnolocal cocen with discussion of the asing o deleInents
: fbelingscrang; and craingglaspingThe exposition of the twe]ve
individual conditioning relations
in the J"'IIIpj
'I fhlls into two patterns. ihe ex
position o those relations fro ignoranceIntivations to nalncand
R)rlnsix sense spheres fcus on the rel)ilth or meditativestate in
which these conditiong Telations occur, with specia1atteIItion
given to the te=npolal sttus as present oI nture of theeIIct
produced. The Iemaining conditioning relations, fro1 thesix sense
sphelescontact to birthold age and death, show a
-
132 B"I" P'
I Re,eI"e'
typoIogica1 elnphasis, Iisting the vaIieties of eff:E)cts
roduced idependence upon each type of conditio11. The
/ig differs.froln the other two texts in its use of a bi-level
analysis thatdivides its discussion into two sections: nalnely,
analysis ill
Yl
;'
1
questions and d'enitions; and analysis in accordallce with
th
"I ("
"'J,,z
""', which fUrther eplains the
passge throgh the application of various matriccs and
furtherq:uestions. The undelying conceln of the
"g expositiol1
of dependent origination is set by the ,H passage selected
forcolnlent, a passage addlessed explicitly to the conditions
forthe arisillg of virtuous (
'
I") ctols. Tlle sjbseq:uent /z"/z
?z exegesis then details the conditions fk)r the arising of
virtuous, uvirtuous, and indeterminate factols in various cosmic
Iealms and Ineditative states
.
Of the thTee texts, the rJJ" shows the greatest'ede'ce of
conlpilation and vaatioll in its exposition of therelations aIILong
the individual me1bels of dependent oligililation. However, in the
absence of exteTIlal evidence, a Ielativedatillg of thesc thlee
texts is only possible thIough iIIterna1structuTal compasons.
DeteIIIling the relations aIIlong thetexts is colnplicated by their
independent histolical contexts andthe probtbility of multiple
recensions. Despite the dimculty ofdetelmining their pTecise
histocal relations, the three texts velittle if any considelation
of causal theoes alild no expcitIinng of causation and dependent
ogination. There is nodepedeIIt discussio of causation in the
"'', or
the ' "
. Only the ';:
'I
IT','I Iefbrs to acausal mode1: in its exposition of the
conditioning relatioll bet'een the motivations and perceptual
consciousness Ililembers odpendent origination, it refels to eight
within its ow1 distinctiveenumelation of ten conditions (tpIJJ)42
However, ese tencondions are not discussed agn in the context of
dcpendentorigination, but serve as the s]ect of a sepalate dailod
exposition in a later section.43
3.2 THE MIDDLE ABHIDHARMA TXTS AND THE EMBRGBNCBOF CAUSAL
TORY
It is precisely on these points of the emergence of causal
-
e'
' OI'
'
o
:theory as a separate topic, the exposition of dependellt
orination and its individual membels ill terms of causal theory,
andthe Ielative i1poltnce given to each that the subsequent
eallySarvstivdin Abhidharlna texts diflr fro1 those of the
earliestpeTiod. In the '/
'
"", dependent Iigination and its indi
vidual members do not constitute the suect of a
separate:sectioll, but instead aTe mentioned within a section
devoted tothe topic of causes and conditions
.44 As would be expectedf'o1 the Z, whose focus is the
descriptioli= of pelcep:tual cosdousness, the section on causes
alld conditions presentsa. detailed analysis of the Tange of
colilditions that give rise toconsciousness analyzed f'onl a
valiety of perspectives. TheTesult is a complex latrix of valieties
of consciousness that aedependent upon specinc types of generative
coILditions in spedc ciTcumstances. For exaple, consciouIless is
itsef analyzed :. ccording to six valieties .e. visua auditoly,
ofactoly, gustatoTy, tactile, and lental,; accolding to telil
varieties .e. virtuous, unviltuous, and either obsculed oT
unobscured indeterlninatewitn the Tealn1 of desire, and virtuous
alld either obscured oIunobscured indeterminate thin the rea'ms of
fbrlin and thefby1less real); or accordillg to fifteelil varieties
.e. ve varieties=to be abandoned thIough the vision of the fbul
noble truths orthrough cultivation--associated with each of the
thlee Ieailns,Consciousness is furtlleT specied according to time
peliod,moral quality, associatioll with ceTtIl types of
defileme11ts, and:status as abandolled or not yet abandoned. These
vaeties ofconsciousness ale then colrelated to genelative
conditions them:selves siIIlilarly analyzed according to the
salille valieties.To begin this section detling causes aILd
conditions, the
''Z" ppeals to the twelve member fbrlulation of dcpell
dent oTi':;iinatioll but with a noteworthy innovatioh.
Without!ang any speciflc
'I passage as a point of departule, the
Z
" oIs two accounts of the twelve indidual cond
tionililg relations constituting the standard formulation:
onereflects a siIIIultaneous and the other a sequential
te1oaIIIlode1. Accoldllg to the simultaneous Iylode1, all twelve
Inembers fuction witllin a single molellt and account foI the
asingof oTdinary expeTience. For exaple, in the case of the aTising
oflust towaTd a desirable oect in dependence pon lack ofknowledge,
this motivation
of lust is contiolled by tho
1 33
-
1 34 B
ij' P
'I
JI,"';I ReJeIeJ
eleven remaining Inembers: the lack of knowledge is ignorance
;present cognition is perceptual cosciouslless; the collection
offive aggregates is nale and forln; the organ bases of
thoseaggregates are te six sellse sphere; the composite of those
sixspheres is contact; sensatio1 Hithin that co1posite is feclings
;pleasure produced by those feelings is craving; the extenion
ofthis craving is grasping; action that is able to produce the
subsequent lifetime is existence; the present state of the
aggregates.is biIth; the Inatulation of these aggregates is old
age; and thepssillg of these agglegates is death. By coiIItrast, in
the sequential Inode1, each of the te1c Inebers, beginnillg with
ignorance, seTves as the condition for the asing of the
subsequemeIIlber. The explanations of se'Ieral of the individual
InelnbelsInphasize theil role iil, the operation of
'Ip and 1ebilh :
foI exaIIlple, ignorallce serve as the cause and contion for
thearising of three varieties of n10tivations as letoous,
deIlleritoyious, and noninstigatd; these motivations colldition
thearising of perceptual consciousness, which constitutes
passageeither to a vorabe or unfavorable destiny; this
perceptual.consciousness conditions the arising of name and k)Il
either inthis lifbtime or the next; nalne and forln conditions the
aIisingof the six sense spheres that are either complete or
inco1plete ;and so on. The question of the temporal Ieation alnong
tlleindividual IIIInbers is not addressed i the
"'II
; thus, thciportant innovation of the
''J
consists in the sugges.tion that this conditioning pIocess
opelates through both a.si1ultaneous alld successive tenlporal
model.Before proceedillg with its matrix of valieties of
conscious
Iless ahd their: respective cases and contions, the '
"" presents a list of fbulteen conditions fbr the alising of
thought (I'' a11d then isolates :f'onl among t]lelTl fbul
conditions (,'q that fUnction to produce pelceptual
consciousness.45 These four conditions constitute a
signincantcomponent of IateT SoTvstivdin causal theory. Thus, it is
clearthat in tlle
'II',# abstlact causal I:elations are beginningto be consideled
for theil own sake, nd not Inelely as a part ofdiscussions of
dependent oliigination. Indeed, consideration ofdependent
ori8inatiol1 occupies the sutordinate role of introducing an
independent consideration of causal operations.In the P'I
"J", as in the II
"g'", the terms.
-
D OI'
tlo 13
dependent origination and
dependently oliginated factolsoccur only as categoyics in its
dassication of other fctols ;
ft::1:::;j ::rnj
=fnf:::1:[IIfcJ: T;;
J:j'fAbhidharnla texts. Though the fbur conditions presnted in
the
;;:::
'
rti
''
t:
causal relations is addlessed only ililplicitly in the
catecheticalexalnination and elaboTation of other ctors.49The
*r,,j,,":ro
':j
'
"g/-ri
jI also devotes IrluchInore attention to the contextual
opelation of causes and conditions and Iestcts its discussion of
dependent oIigination.50 Itraises the issue of and oflbls seveTal
explanations foT a distinc
;::T :;sa
'
;sI;:I;Inonlents of thought,2 and discusses the operation of
eachCOIiLdition in appropriate cotexts. The issue o'
sinlultaIIeouscoIlditions, so in'poTtant to later AbhidhaTnla
anlyses of causa1operations, is so Iaised in discussions of the
fUnctioning ofIIlental factors and the relationship of association
ploposedamong these factors.53 The twelve lemt}er dependent
origination fornlula is accorded a ccrtaim measllre of abstract
irnporta11ce: personal realization of the tIelve causes alld
conditionsand of the tw:elve dependently oginated ctors constitutes
theessence o the AbhidhaIIna ; 54 the twelve causes and
conditiollsare declared to be the deep meanig of the
'TJ and J
and the silence of the sages; 55 and kno^Iledge o
the twelvecauses ad conditions distiguishes the person of
knowledgefro1 the fbo1.56 Nonetheless, dependent ogination and
theindividual conditioning Ielations do not serve as the topic of
aseparate Icngthy section. Instead, discussion is limied to
certainof the individual relationsin particular that between
feelingsand craving57-and to certain aspects of the tradiona1
"'Ipassage referling to dependent origination. SpecicallY,
discussio of the traditioaI J"'' passage is restrited to the
Buddhasdeclaration that to see dependent ogination is to see the
teach
-
1 36 B"I' P'",'""
I RIeJ
ing,58 ad to vaous points of distinction between
dependetorigination and dependently originated factols. 59Finally,
in the n10st receIIt of the eally Sarvstivdin Abhi
dhrma texts, the I"
I:,'',D
z, which became the centla1
Abhidhalma text for at Ieast olle branch o the
Salvstivdinschoo1,60 conditioning relations ale examined ot in the
contextof dependent oginatioll, but Iather in Ie]ation to specific
causa1opeations and, in palticular, a newly elaborated theoly of
sixcauses.61 The path of Tegious plactice through which
deIemelltsare abalildoIIed, the four Iloble trutlls are Iealized,
and suffelingis ternated is explained in terms of the opelation of
these sixcauses, and not in telms of dependent 1,igination as
such.However, unlike the P'IaJ, the J"I
" does not
coIpletely ignore the tladitional twelve Inembel formulation
ofdependellt olination,62 but instead ofIIs an
unprecedentedreililteTpretation. The twelve members, the
"I,' claims,
are to be interpeted as extelilding oveT thlee lifbtimes: the
nlsttwo melnbers opelate ill the plevious ifbtime to ploduce
theliddle eight lembeTs in the plesent lifetilne; these
presentmembers the produce the last two membrs in the
subseque=iLtfe me.
4. CONCI;USIONThus, by the time of the
"IJ
"", the Salvstivdill
development of a sepaTate theoy of causal elations was extellded
thyough the theoTy of the six causes, which, f'fom the 1
""
", onwaTd, was comUned with the theoy of fouT contions
as the two major coILtponents of the Salvstivdin causal
model.The I 1,, also marks the begililning of abstract
collsideTations of the process of causatioll and vaous spedflc
causalmodels. With tho eeTgence f aII illdependent and
abstractcausal theoTy, dependellt oligination and its twelve
membeTf'brllilulatioll, wch had Ielained a stable but Iiiot
doctIla]lyevolvililg teachig tllroughout the early Sarvstivadin
texts, wasactivated, as it weye, thyough reinte=pretation: it
Ieceived itsown particulaTized rol
as an explallaon of the pIocess of
rebirth, completely divolced from genelal causal theoyThe Iater
Sarvastivadin Abhidharllila texts retai the advances
i causal theoTy as Iell as the IleI intelpletation of
dependentogination evidellt in the /z-"
"'". HoweveT, they also
-
qpe OI'"''o
137ppear to inILovate by connecting depelldent oTigination
tocausality such that dcpendent origi nation becomes the
contio11illg principle underlying all specific causal illtelaction.
As geeaI conditiong pnciple, dependent origination is thenpplied to
a11 conditioned phenolena in either successive orsimultalleous form
thIough the speciflc causal theories of the sixcauses and four
conditions. The twelve lember folmulation isIeselved fbr a detled
explaation of the operation of action.alld the pIocess of Ie1Ith.
This later twofold reinteTpetation ofdependent ogination as a
genelal conditiong plincip]e alld asprovidig the spedc conditions
for rebirth is aceved thTougha complex and eXtensive exegesis of
the origina]
"'I passage
an exegesis that is clailed, of course, to Tepresent its
implidtoiginal Ineaning
References
1. Alex Wylnan, 'Buddhist Dependnt O!igination and the
Salnkhya
-
138 B"I'i' P
IIojI
'
[;:eItI'e
7. V. Trenckner, et a1., eds., Ie M"'-N'
"
, 3 vols. (London: ThePali Text Society, 1896-99) [MNl 28.
M""I,
'
"P
(,"I' 1 : 191 oPI,',
',,"
"z ,,I, o /,I
' ,,'. o I,z'zI?Z P
'', o
"",
""
p,''. V also M""
g [MA] T.1 (26) 7 30p. 467a18. Cf: * '''"g,
'" T.24 (1463) 4 p. 820b13.
8. Leon Feer, ed., I ""
-N"
, vols. (London: The Pali TextSociety, 18841898) [SN] 12.20
Po',"' 2 2 I
' ' '
I"g
"2
""'
' '
'z "' J %'" "''''''
'
",'"
dp". '
' '"
"
'' J
"'. V. also S"""g7 [SAI T.2 (99) 12 296 p. 84b19-21.9. IIo[Inann
Oldenterg, ed.,
'z
' P"z, vo1. 1 7e I/,'g:g(Londo11: Willia1s and Norgate, 1879),
1; SN 12.10 oM
"I' 2: 10-11.
1t' '
9;:1:1::'f:::::rpi1::I:tJ=:zf::
=
':j1;::J;:':'Y:;ingfactols, it also occurs alone: v. MN 79.
C"","
"':j"I' 2: 32. J
"e "eJ,''': ':'
,"z"z J'' '"
"o'I, '",.," "'
, I
" "IIII; 'J
'
'
:'
Hf;#s1 co1lectionr v. '4itsuyoshi Saigusa; Shoki bukkyo no koe
ga aru o tki krega aru,
"g" B"
g" 28 (1979): 38-44.
11: An interpretation defending the historical priority of this
twofodabstract statement--when this is, that is, from the arising
of this. . would argue that dependent oligination begins as an
abstract causal principleand the va['ing 'ists of fac!ors reflect
later and often conicting c1}orativelatelia1.12. 'N28
"'"""
",'
1 : 190-91. Cf. SN 12.21 ,I ,"'2: 27ff.
13. SN 12.38 C'"'
2: 6f. Cf: SN 12.39 "c
"''
2: 66for a sees incorporating the standard listing of ctols
froIIl perceptua1consciousness th'ough old age and death.14. Dines
Andersen and Hellner Slith, eds., S
'
-N" (London: The
:;i:::,:!:!!;;:;I!;;i:;;!i;:jj!i:!!
i::,!::'I:!:;i:fiIj:.:: 37; 12.26
"
'J"'' 2: 41fF: Fo1 o'her texts wi'h this apparent epise10
logical pelspective v. SN 12.43 D""""''
2: 72, wch traces the arisingof sunRering
o the initial contact that arises an10ng the sense organ,
'heoectneld, and the appIopriate perceptua1 consciousness; contact
in turngives rise to feeligs and then to cravig as 'he origin of
sufTerillg. Suffbringceases th[ough the cessation of craving, which
in turn underlnines grasping,existence, birth, old age and death,
and so on.17. For othelr
"'' that counter these four views, v. SN 12.17
'z!,,
'
.
" SA. 302 86a4 30=
-
e' OI'g'
o 1 39
18.' SN 12.32 K'"I,"' 2: ofr. cr: sN 12.2 "''
"H, 12.,3-54S
"""
,"II 2: 84 whicll trace the origin of subling to craving.9. SN
12.19 B
""'
,I 2: 24ff.20. SN 12.58 N'"
'"'""'' 2: 90; SN 12.9
',
'
2: 91E; SN 12.64H"
""''
2: 101.21. SN 12.6 N"gII 2: 104E; SN 12.67 N
"J"' 2: 112. V. also
J P '-, ",.e T.1 (14) p. 243b
; T. '. Rhys Davids and J. E.Carpenter, eds., Y
"', 3 vols. (London: The Pali Text Society,
18901911) [DN 1 ""
"IM
,"'' 2:
62, which omits th six sense
r::#';
:i:;:l::;:tions (,
"'
).22. The ,variation in the enuneIations of the Inembers of
dependcnt origination plesen'ed in the J" is duly noted in later
AbhidhalHla texts: v."
'"'"j',I'' T.27 (1 4 ) [4VB] 24. p. 122a9E; /V'"""J'
'J'T.29 (162) NAS] 25 p. 480c8ff.
23. It is ilnportant to keep in Inind that it is possible, if
not proba1e, thatthe
''I canon 'vas inuencod in both style and content by an
enle[ging:
Abhidhalnla corpus. Therefbre, the priority of references in ,"'
cannot beassulned. V. Bronkholst, Dharlna and Abhidha[Ina, 316E.24.
SN 12.37 N"fJr
"J"' 2: 6. '
'' "o "'
,"',,' 'J"
"oPf"'""'
h" e "' "o
I,o ' Io'j:. '''' 'J
"
''
" "oH, ", "
" "peII'I. '"
,H" I' '" "
"o',:. IJ
""o "" "
''.
' '*
''
"" J
'
'I
. J
'I'
"
7. .e e', ",J
'/, ""o "o.
",
' ,J"'"
oJ/z Jr':'
o"o. ,'""I'oJ/,
I"
"''oo. .e
" ss, eI"
J J
"
*"J "''oJo "o'I. V. also
#
2J
1
6
;: g'f
;
2 . It should also be noted that these twelve factors beteen
ignoranoe andold ge and death ale listed in two diffkrent orders:
one fron1 old age anddeath to igno[ance, which eects the order in
whioh these factols welediscovered by the Buddha; and the other
''om ignorance to old age anddeath, which Ieects the order in Whioh
the IIlenibers were presented by theBuddha and observed by others.
ThougII the
presentation otder f'oln
ignoratlce to old age and death is more coIIIInon in the later
sources, HkuiuIi suggests tha' the discovery
order froln old age and death to ignorance isearliel. V. Hakju
Ui, Jni enga no kaishaku-ngisetsu no igi, in I""'e',
k" ke"" (Tpkyo: Iwanami shoten, 196
, 2: 303ff. For a Ieview fthe valious ordels in which the
dependent oligination fbrlnu1 is p'esented,v. Isshi Yolnada,
Prelnises and Implications of Inteldependence
(Pratitya
salnutpada), in
des HIJ B"JIJ, edited by A. K. Narain,(Delhi: B. R. Publishing
Corpol:ation, 1980), 373 and fbr Japanese scholarship on this
issue, nt. 8 p. 388. C ylnan, Dependent OIigination: theIndoTibetan
Tradition, 163f.26. SN 12.20 P,"' 2: 25-27; SA11 296 p. 84b26; 'N
38
-
1 40 B ' P
loJt""
I ReJe"e,
I"'r'=giT:J 1 p. 7a a' NAS 27.
27. As an exalnp'e of this coln10n intelpretation, v. I. Yamada,
Premisesnd Implications:, 37,.28. S
',-fiJD
"
T.26 (13 1 p. 367c22 1 p. 369a3 12 p. 419a20ff:29. V.
"'JJ/z T.26 (137) [DS] 8 p. 491c18ff: 8 p. 492b4ff; here
#:Is:;,o
"g") a10ng the seen limbs of enlightenlnent.
30. DS 11 p. 0 a912 p. 513c10; fbI 'he section frolli1 11 p. 0
c2612p. 13c1 c Siglinde Die'z, ed., f/
""'e "J I)"'
", E'"
"'=r"- T'' I" '""'':'
" C''g', Abhandlungen der Akadelnie deI Wisen
sohaften in Gttigen, Philologisohhistorisohe Klasse 3, 142
(Gottigen:
fIe:+ 6 :1 : :Y': [I
AbhidhaIIna texts see IIaUime Sakurabe, K"J"Io" "o "", (Kyoto
:
Hozkan, 196), 41=; and Baiy Watanabe, " "''"
"o "o e
"
,(rokyo: IIeibonoha, 195, 13.31. V. Taiken Kimura, b'
"
" "o """, #"I
''" z
""6 (Tokyo: heli shoin, 193, 67; 'yo Yamada, B"
,- Je';''''""o
"e" (Kyo'o: HeiI
ki 'hoten, 19
, 70E.32. ough ts
" passage is not identiaed in the
J', itc::j:1 296 p. 81; c SN .20 M" 2: 2
34. In the P'I'"" cr.26 (1
4 IPPI 6 p. 71c dqpendent o[igina
'ion
'
fH,,'"4"',) is mentioned only in coniunction with dependntly
originated factols pI'"""""" and bo'h are dened simply
asco1prising conditioed fc'ors. Cf: also the P'-
''" T.26 (1 541) 6 p.
656a16 Whele tlle contets of depenent oIination and
dependently
originated factols are spelled out as tkose factols included
witkin the eighteen
elelnents, the twe1e sense sPheres, the e agg'egates, the nine
varieties ofknowlodge, and so on. FoI a la'eI discussion of tliis
and other intelipretationsof the Ielationship between dependent
oliginaUon and dependently originaedfactols, v. '4VB 23 p.
118a25ff.3. The
""' "'r
(
VB 23 p. 118b1 attributes 'o the mastel P"aaa difelent fburfold
analytical matx, wllich Ieflects the II1ole developeddoctrinal
analysis and catogolizatibn dlaractestic of later Ab1dhalmatexts:
nalely, fctols that ale dependent originating and not
dependentlyoriginated ale fUture fhtols; fctols that ale dpendently
iginaed andot dependent or:iginating ae the past and present 've
agg[etes consituting
''''B in the last molnet plior o the teIation of their
lifestlealns ;
factors that are both include a11 past and plesent ctols otller
than those ofthe plevious categolies; and, naIy, factors that ale
neier are the unconditioned factols.36. DS 11 p. ,0c13ff; fbr the
secUon from DS 11 P. 0 c26; cf: Dietz,I
"" '
I',, 2E.37. V.
"" nt. 21.
38. DN """''"
,"'' 2: 62; MA 2497 p, 79c13; J' Pe""-"
-
e OI
'"'':o 141
c
'"g T.1 (1 p. 24b. C'
"''H 13. [DAI 10 p. 60b8 which
lists the twelve Ineml,ers of the standald folrnulation,
including the sixsense sphe'es.
: .,,; :I::T:: .41. DS 11 p. ,06a15F. C Dietz, frg
" O
'J, 26.
42. Ag 12 p. 608a9.43. $Ag 1 p. 628c10 2 p. 679b7E.44. '
''
fVKI T. 26. (139) 3 p. 547a3ff.4 . VK. 3 p. 47b22ff. The
""'' "',' (MVB 21 p. 108c21F) cites theP'"'''
'
as Ule soulce foI this theoly of foul conditions, though theydo
not appear in the sections of the Pr
''
ZJI extant in C'Unse translatioII .26 (138)). For fUrthel
application of the fbur conditions to ananalysis of thought, v. VK
11 p. 48a29ff.46. P':
'
'" PP]. T.26 (142) 5 p. 71 1c6, 8 p. 72,b16ff. Cf. silnilar
use in the
' p
"", J
" nt. 28.
47. PP. 6 p. 71c4.48. PP. p. 712b12E, 7 p. 719a13E.49. For
example, v. PP 10 p. 733c17ff:0. On the oharac'er and possible
sectarian aiation of the *,"
"f/o
'
'
,"'',Ij'J''
aS ooIIlnected with a possibly nonKamlralineage of the
Salvastivdin sect, v. 1tanabe, I/
"
"'""Io, 186
248; R. alnada, B
"
''H'J
, 401 413ff; Skurabe, K"'"Io",4, 87ff: For its dating as
cotelnporaneous wi or slightly iater 'han theJJ
" v. ghizen Akanuma, (193. Sos
''sbo's
o"o,
Kokuyaku issaikyo indo seutsubu, Bidonbu 6 okyo: Dait
shuppansh,62ff; Watanabe,
" ""
"'o", 19E; Saku'abe, K,'",
4F:1. *
'"'''IoJ/z
H,
"g''''J'I IVSS] T. 28 (149) 1 p. 724c20.
T1s topic is raised gain in Sahghabhadlas N
"''
, NAS 20 p. 449b21f.2. vs6 3 p. 739c7.3. vs 2 p. 734b13 3 p.
738c2ff.4. vs6 2 p. 733a2OF.. vs 4 p. 74c18ff.6. vs6 10 p.
802b27E.57. vsg 2 p. 734a23E.8. vs 2 p. 73a27: Noteworty in this
discussion is a distinction beteen
seeing the ,'' and seeing the individu1 ""''), and a
Iefe'enc
'o thevoidness and the sign1s gates of libe'at'on (
",
""").
9. vsg 2 p. 736a18. For a si=lililar 'eatlnet, v. MVB 23 p.
118;2E:60. Giy Nishi, Jbushai ni okelu hotchi hihotchi kei Iilado
no shoshuno gkusetsu oyobi gakuto no keky, i
'
',"
" "o ,
by Giy Niohi, 73-108. Tokyo: Kokusho kanko kai.61. JZ'
IJ
" IJPI T.26 (15) 1 p. 920c5ff. The "
""'
M,' (hlVB21 p. 108c20F) adds a disussion of the fou[ conditions
in its colnlnentaly ons passage.62. JP. 1 p. 921b16. The "''"'
'
(MVB. 21 p. 109b21ff; cf. alsoNAS 2 p. 481a9) clailns tllat the
'"' passage intelpleted here is the "
""'.J,'""'''
. V. ,' nt. 38.