國立臺灣師範大學科技與工程學院 科技應用與人力資源發展學系 碩士論文 Department of Technology Application and Human Resource Development College of Technology and Engineering National Taiwan Normal University Master’s Thesis 女性創業者職家衝突與創業自我效能相關之研究 Work-Family Conflict and Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy of Female Entrepreneur 劉紀鈺 Liu, Chi-Yu 指導教授：黃能堂 博士 Adviser: Huang, Neng-Tang, Ph.D. 中華民國 109 年 7 月 July 2020
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College of Technology and Engineering
National Taiwan Normal University
Female Entrepreneur
July 2020
iii
Efficacy of Female Entrepreneur
The study view was based on the relationships between female
entrepreneurs, work-family conflict and entrepreneurial self-efficacy.
According to previous studies, entrepreneurial self-efficacy would influence
the procedure, goal and result while the business was start-up.
Work-family conflict wae the situation that each woman has to
experience. They had to sperate the time to handle their work(business) and
family responsibility, activity and stress. As we knew, the greater
performance would be expressed by higher self-efficacy. The work stress
might growed by the work ability with higher self-efficacy, but the work-
family conflict was reduced. Basic on this point of view, the study focused
on the entrepreneurial self-efficacy and work-family conflict.
The 150 samples are choosing from the members who joined “the
female entrepreneurial project” which supervised by Ministry of Economic
Affairs in Taiwan. The result shows that the background of female
entrepreneurs, their self-efficacy and work-family conflict are non-
significant.
entrepreneurial self-efficacy.
2-1 ....................................................................... 20
3-1 .................................................... 41
3-2 ........................................................................... 43
3-3 ................................................................... 45
3-6 WFC .............. 49
3-7 FWC .............. 49
3-8 ................. 50
3-9 WFC .............. 51
3-10 ...................... 51
4-1 ........................................................................... 57
4-2 ........................................................ 60
4-3 ........................................................... 62
4-4 ........................................................... 63
4-5 ................................................ 64
4-6 ................................ 67
4-9 ........................ 74
4-10 ............................................................. 76
Entrepreneurship Monitor [GEM]2018-2019
NECI GEM 2019
12 Entrepreneurial Framework
Conditions [EFCs]
9= 54
30.90%
28.95% 71.05%1111 2018 2018
10 89.07%
“Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2018-2019 Global Report” by N. Bosma
& D. Kelley, 2018., London, UK: Global Entrepreneurship Research
Association, p.108.
Agarwal, 2015
3
5
Henry,
Crant, 1996
Work Interference with Family [WIF]
WFC
Family Interference with Work [FIW]
FWC
Entrepreneurship
Brockhaus, 1980
Moore, 1990
1986
62% 1980
Mastercard Index of Women Entrepreneurs
2018
38.2% 36.8%
61.8%38.2%75.0%25.0
Bowen & Hisrich, 1986 Lumpkin Dess1996
Financial barrier
…
16
Work role
FWC 2015
18
Job stressorsJob
involvementFamily stressorsFamily
involvementConceptual model of
work-family interface 2-1 d
Disturbance
2-1
“Conceptual model of the work-family interface” by M. R. Frone, M. Russell,
& M. L. Cooper.1992., Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(1), p.66.
WFC
WFC
FWC
WFC
FWC WFC
WFC
FWC
FWC
WFC FWC
WIF FIW
1. WIF 4. FIW
2. WIF 5. FIW
3. WIF 6. FIW
“Dimensions of work–family conflict.” by D. S. Carlson, K. M. Kacmar, & L.
J. Williams, 2000., Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56(2), p.251.
21
Social cognition theory
23
p.193.
2012
Mueller Goic2003McGeePetersonMueller
Sequeira2009Process model
2018
2016
30 40 30
WFC Schjoedt, 2020
WFC
WFC Zhou, Zhao, & Fan,
2019
FWC
Kim & Ling, 2001
H2
WFC WFC OCB
WFC OCB
Abdullah, Marican, & Kamil, 2019
WFC
2013
Job-Focused Self-Efficacy [JFSE]
WFC Mathis & Brown, 2007
WFC FWC
FIW WIF
Wang, Lawler, & Shi, 2010
WIF FIW WIF FIW
Cinamon, 2006
30.1% 18.9%
WFC
5
43
1.
My work keeps me from my family activities more than I
would like.
2.
The time I must devote to my job keeps me from participating
equally in household responsibilities and activities.
3.
I have to miss family activities due to the amount of time I
must spend on work responsibilities.
WIF
When I get home from work I am often too frazzled to
participate in family activities/responsibilities.
I am often so emotionally drained when I get home from work
that it prevents me from contributing to my family.
9.
Due to all the pressures at work, sometimes when I come
home I am too stressed to do the things I enjoy.
WIF
The problem-solving behaviors I use in my job are not
effective in resolving problems at home.
14.
Behavior that is effective and necessary for me at work would
be counterproductive at home.
The behaviors I perform that make me effective at work do not
help me to be a better parent and spouse.
44
The time I spend on family responsibilities often interfere with
my work responsibilities.
The time I spend with my family often causes me not to spend
time in activities at work that could be helpful to my career.
6.
have to miss work activities due to the amount of time I must
spend on family responsibilities.
10.
Due to stress at home, I am often preoccupied with family
matters at work.
11.
have a hard time concentrating on my work.
12.
Tension and anxiety from my family life often weakens my
ability to do my job.
FIW
16.
The behaviors that work for me at home do not seem to be
effective at work.
17.
Behavior that is effective and necessary for me at home would
be counterproductive at work.
The problem-solving behavior that work for me at home does
not seem to be as useful at work.
“Dimensions of work-family conflict.” by D. S. Carlson, K. M. Kacmar, & L.
J. Williams, 2000., Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56(2), p.251.
45
1
5
How much confidence do you have in your ability to…?
1.
Brainstorm (come up with) a new idea for a product or
service.
3.
Design a product or service that will satisfy customer needs
and wants.
How much confidence do you have in your ability to…?
4.
5.
Determine a competitive price for a new product or service.
6.
necessary to start my business.
7. /
new product or service.
How much confidence do you have in your ability to…?
8.
Get others to identify with and believe in my vision and
plans for a new business.
9.
with others.
10.
business idea in everyday terms.
—
How much confidence do you have in your ability to…?
11.
Supervise employees.
12.
14.
15. .
16.
Train employees
—
How much confidence do you have in your ability to…?
17.
18.
19.
“Entrepreneurial self-efficacy: refining the measure.” J. E. MacGee, M.
Peterson, & J. M. Sequeira, 2009., Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,
33(4), 978.
2020 5 5 50 2020
5 13 32
α .900 Cronbach's α .933 WFC
Cronbach's α .868FWC Cronbach's α .910
Cronbach's α .912 3-5 3-8
Cronbach's α
18 .933
WFC 9 .868
FWC 9 .910
19 .912
37 .900
…
.903
.912
16. … .904
17. … .911
18. … .910
19. ... .923
WFC 2 3
3 WFC
Cronbach's α .878 3-9
Cronbach's α .941
3-10
18 .933 17 .941
WFC 9 .868 8 .878
FWC 9 .910 9 .910
19 .912 19 .912
38 .900 37 .925
52
2020 6 19 150 2020 6
29 113 113
53
150
10 15
2020
()
α
Cronbach’s α 0.7
113 75.3%
77 68.1
58
76 67.3
26-30 21-30 10-12
10
()
()
46 38 33.6%21-25
2 1.8%26-30 13 11.5%31-35 36-40
19 16.8%
59
68% 15 13.3%
21 18.6%
()
33 29.2%
49 43.4% 1
2 27 23.9% 3
10 8.8%
()
67.3% 37 32.7%
()
56 43.4%
1-3 18 15.9%4-6 14 12.4%7-
9 5 4.4%10-12 17 15.7%
3 2.7%
()
59 52.2%
24 21.2% 13 11.5%
17 15.0%
60
3.654.453
FWC 2.863.681
3.885.523 3.551.601
3.714.688— 3.689
.564— 3.434.859
al., 2019 Powell Eddleston2013
WFC
Cronbach's α Cronbach's α
.865 36 4-3
Cronbach's α .912 17 WFC Cronbach's α
.822 8 FWC Cronbach's α .870 9
Cronbach's α .886 19 Cronbach's α
.767 3 Cronbach's α .679 4
Cronbach's α .787 3 — Cronbach's α .855
6 — Cronbach's α .917 3
4-3
17 .912
WFC 8 .822
FWC 9 .870
19 .886
3 .767
4 .679
3 .787
1.000
.152 .146 .140 .505** 1.000
.041 -.038 .104 .781** .443** 1.000
-.058 -.085 -.029 .743** .302** .570** 1.000
—
—
-.095 -.138 -.047 .648** .061 .335** .346** .409** 1.000
**p<.01n=113
r=-.065, p>.05
WFC
r=-.024, p>.05
WFC FWC WFC
r=.146, p>.05
r=-.038, p>.05r=-.085, p>.05—r=-.146,
p>.05—r=-.138, p>.05 FWC
r=.140, p>.05r=-.104,
p>.05r=-.029, p>.05—r=-.147, p>.05
—r=-.047, p>.05
64
β t F R2 Adj. R2
-.065 -.682 .465 .004 -.005
WFC
-.103 -1.089 1.186 .011 .002 .146 1.559 2.430 .021 .013 -.038 .689 .161 .001 -.008 -.085 -.896 .802 .007 -.002
— -.146 -1.553 2.412 .021 .012
— -.138 -1.465 2.147 .019 .010
FWC
-.024 -.256 .066 .001 -.008
.140 1.492 2.225 .020 .011 .104 1.106 1.224 .011 .002 -.029 -.307 .094 .001 -.008 — -.147 -1.571 2.468 .022 .013 — -.047 -.496 .246 .002 -.007
n=113
β=-.064,
WFC FWC
FWCβ=-.103,
t=1.089, p>.05WFCβ=-.024, t=-.256, p>.05 H3-1
WFC H3-2 FWC
65
10 10-12
4-6 21-
30 31-35 β=.057, t=.432, p>.0536-40 β=.007,
t=.055, p>.0541-45 β=-.017, t=-.123, p>.0546
β=-.090, t=-.618, p>.05
β=-.014, t=-.104, p>.05β=-.140,
66
β=.113, t=1.197,
p>.05
1 β=-.130, t=-1.266,
p>.052 β=.007, t=.067, p>.05 3
β=-.120, t=-1.213, p>.05
67
β t F R2 Adj. R2
.402 .015 -.022
21-30
-.014 -.104
0
1.025 .009 .000
2.453 .063 .037
n=113 21-25 26-30
21-30 10-12 10
68
β=-.096, t=-1.012, p>.05
1-3 β=-.047, t=-.470, p>.054-6
β=.062, t=.623, p>.057-9 β=-.006, t=-.057, p>.05 10
β=-.023, t=-.226, p>.05
β=.179, t=1.599, p>.05β=-.110,
t=-.927, p>.05H2
4-7 WFC 21-30
31-35 β=.051, t=.392, p>.0536-40 β=-.056,
t=-.432, p>.0541-45 β=-.094, t=-.699, p>.0546
β=-.137, t=-0.940, p>.05H2-1
WFC
WFC
β=-.059, t=-.448, p>.05
β=-.177, t=-1.339, p>.05H2-3
WFC
β=.069, t=.731, p>.05H2-5
WFC
β t F R2 Adj. R2
WFC .687 .025 -.011
21-30
-.059 -.448
-.177 -1.339
WFC .535 .005 -.004
.069 .731
WFC .841 .023 -.004
0 1 -.126 -1.224
2 -.037 -.355
WFC .746 .007 -.002
-.082 -.864
WFC .307 .011 -.025
1-3 -.081 -.803
4-6 .040 .399
7-9 -.011 -.113
WFC 2.290 .059 .033
-.255 .226
.283 .208
-.139 .159
n=113 21-25 26-30
21-30 10-12 10
70
WFC
1 β=-.126, t=-1.224, p>.052 β=-.037, t=-.355,
p>.05 3 β=-.124, t=-1.249p>.05
WFC
β=-.082, t=-.864, p>.05
H2-7 WFC
WFC
1-3 β=-.081, t=-.803, p>.054-6 β=.040,
t=.399, p>.057-9 β=-.011, t=-.113, p>.05 10
β=-.057, t=-.559, p>.05H2-9
WFC
β=.283, t=.208, p>.05β=-.139,
t=.159, p>.05H2-11
WFC
4-8 FWC 21-30
31-35 β=.055, t=.421, p>.0536-40 β=.062,
t=.470, p>.0541-45 β=.052, t=.388, p>.0546
β=-.040, t=-.274, p>.05
H2-2 FWC
71
β t F R2 Adj. R2
FWC .317 .012 -.025
21-30
.027 .205
0
FWC 1.060 .009 .001
FWC 2.328 .060 .034
n=113 21-25 26-30
21-30 10-12 10
72
FWC
β=.027, t=.205, p>.05
β=-.093, t=-.706, p>.05H2-4
FWC
β=.138, t=1.472, p>.05 H2-6
FWC
FWC
1 β=-.119, t=-1.161, p>.052 β=.044, t=.427, p>.05
3 β=-.103, t=-1.046, p>.05
FWC
β=-.097, t=-1.030, p>.05
H2-8 FWC
FWC
1-3 β=-.013, t=-.129, p>.054-6 β=.075,
t=.749, p>.057-9 β=.000, t=-.002, p>.05 10
β=-.009, t=.088, p>.05 H2-
10 FWC
FWC
β=.182, t=1.623, p>.05β=-.103,
t=-.866, p>.05H2-12
FWC
21-30
31-35 β= -.084, t= -.640, p>.0536-40 β= -.100, t= -.763,
p>.0541-45 β= .048, t= .357, p>.0546 β= -.108,
t= -.745, p>.05 H1-1
β= .158, t= 1.191, p>.05
β= .144, t= 1.091, p>.05
H1-2
β=.080, t=.847, p>.05H1-3
1 β=.091, t=.878, p>.052 β=.041, t=.398,
p>.05 3 β=.055, t=.546, p>.05
β=.018, t=.184, p>.05
H1-4
β t F R2 Adj. R2
.619 .022 -.014
21-30 -.084 -.640
31-35 -.100 -.763
36-40 .048 .357
41-45 -.108 -.745
46 -.084 -.640
.158 1.191
0
.034 .000 -.009
2.457 .063 .038
n=113 21-25 26-30
21-30 10-12 10
75
1-3 β=-.085, t=-.849, p>.054-6
β=-.134, t=-1.347, p>.057-9 β=-.066, t=-.685, p>.05
10 β=-.117, t=-1.161, p>.05
H1-5
p>.05β=.198, t=1.769, p>.05
β=-.029, t=-.245, p>.05 H1-
6
86.6%
H3
77
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0419
91
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My work keeps me from my family activities more than
I would like.
2.
The time I must devote to my job keeps me from
participating equally in household responsibilities and
activities.
3.
I have to miss family activities due to the amount of
time I must spend on work responsibilities.
4. ()
interfere with my work responsibilities.
5.
The time I spend with my family often causes me not to
spend time in activities at work that could be helpful to
my career.
100
have to miss work activities due to the amount of time
I must spend on family responsibilities.
7.
/
When I get home from work I am often too frazzled to
participate in family activities/responsibilities.
8.
I am often so emotionally drained when I get home
from work that it prevents me from contributing to my
family.
9.
Due to all the pressures at work, sometimes when I
come home I am too stressed to do the things I enjoy.
10.
Due to stress at home, I am often preoccupied with
family matters at work.
11.
responsibilities, I have a hard time concentrating on
my work.
101
weakens my ability to do my job.
13.
The problem-solving behaviors I use in my job are not
effective in resolving problems at home.
14.
work would be counterproductive at home.
15.
The behaviors I perform that make me effective at
work do not help me to be a better parent and spouse.
16.
The behaviors that work for me at home do not seem
to be effective at work.
17.
home would be counterproductive at work.
102
home does not seem to be as useful at work.
103
1.
Brainstorm (come up with) a new idea for a product or
service.
2.
3.
needs and wants.
4.
service.
5.
service.
6.
capital necessary to start my business.
104
for a new product or service.
8.
Get others to identify with and believe in my vision
and plans for a new business.
9.
information with others.
10.
business idea in everyday terms.
11.
Supervise employees.
12.
13.
business.
14.
105
16.
Train employees.
17.
business.
18.
19.
107
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2.
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household responsibilities and activities.
3.
I have to miss family activities due to the amount of time I must spend on work
responsibilities.
4. ()
The time I spend on family responsibilities often interfere with my work
responsibilities.
5.
The time I spend with my family often causes me not to spend time in activities at
work that could be helpful to my career.
6
have to miss work activities due to the amount of time I must spend on family
responsibilities.
7. /
When I get home from work I am often too frazzled to participate in family
activities/responsibilities.
8.
I am often so emotionally drained when I get home from work that it prevents me
from contributing to my family.
9.
Due to all the pressures at work, sometimes when I come home I am too stressed
to do the things I enjoy.
10.
Due to stress at home, I am often preoccupied with family matters at work.
11.
Because I am often stressed from family responsibilities, I have a hard time
concentrating on my work.
12.
Tension and anxiety from my family life often weakens my ability to do my job.
13.
The problem-solving behaviors I use in my job are not effective in resolving
problems at home.
14.
Behavior that is effective and necessary for me at work would be
counterproductive at home.
15.
The behaviors I perform that make me effective at work do not help me to be a
better parent and spouse.
16.
The behaviors that work for me at home do not seem to be effective at work.
17.
Behavior that is effective and necessary for me at home would be
counterproductive at work.
18.
The problem-solving behavior that work for me at home does not seem to be as
useful at work.
1.
Brainstorm (come up with) a new idea for a product or service.
2.
3.
Design a product or service that will satisfy customer needs and wants.
Determine a competitive price for a new product or service.
6.
Estimate the amount of start-up funds and working capital necessary to start my
business
7. /
Design an effective marketing/advertising campaign for a new product or service.
8.
Get others to identify with and believe in my vision and plans for a new business.
Network—i.e., make contact with and exchange information with others.
10.
Clearly and concisely explain verbally/in writing my business idea in everyday
terms.
0067*****@gapps.ntnu.edu.tw
3
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122
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41-45 46
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18. … 1 2 3 4 5
19. … 1 2 3 4 5
National Taiwan Normal University
Female Entrepreneur
July 2020
iii
Efficacy of Female Entrepreneur
The study view was based on the relationships between female
entrepreneurs, work-family conflict and entrepreneurial self-efficacy.
According to previous studies, entrepreneurial self-efficacy would influence
the procedure, goal and result while the business was start-up.
Work-family conflict wae the situation that each woman has to
experience. They had to sperate the time to handle their work(business) and
family responsibility, activity and stress. As we knew, the greater
performance would be expressed by higher self-efficacy. The work stress
might growed by the work ability with higher self-efficacy, but the work-
family conflict was reduced. Basic on this point of view, the study focused
on the entrepreneurial self-efficacy and work-family conflict.
The 150 samples are choosing from the members who joined “the
female entrepreneurial project” which supervised by Ministry of Economic
Affairs in Taiwan. The result shows that the background of female
entrepreneurs, their self-efficacy and work-family conflict are non-
significant.
entrepreneurial self-efficacy.
2-1 ....................................................................... 20
3-1 .................................................... 41
3-2 ........................................................................... 43
3-3 ................................................................... 45
3-6 WFC .............. 49
3-7 FWC .............. 49
3-8 ................. 50
3-9 WFC .............. 51
3-10 ...................... 51
4-1 ........................................................................... 57
4-2 ........................................................ 60
4-3 ........................................................... 62
4-4 ........................................................... 63
4-5 ................................................ 64
4-6 ................................ 67
4-9 ........................ 74
4-10 ............................................................. 76
Entrepreneurship Monitor [GEM]2018-2019
NECI GEM 2019
12 Entrepreneurial Framework
Conditions [EFCs]
9= 54
30.90%
28.95% 71.05%1111 2018 2018
10 89.07%
“Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2018-2019 Global Report” by N. Bosma
& D. Kelley, 2018., London, UK: Global Entrepreneurship Research
Association, p.108.
Agarwal, 2015
3
5
Henry,
Crant, 1996
Work Interference with Family [WIF]
WFC
Family Interference with Work [FIW]
FWC
Entrepreneurship
Brockhaus, 1980
Moore, 1990
1986
62% 1980
Mastercard Index of Women Entrepreneurs
2018
38.2% 36.8%
61.8%38.2%75.0%25.0
Bowen & Hisrich, 1986 Lumpkin Dess1996
Financial barrier
…
16
Work role
FWC 2015
18
Job stressorsJob
involvementFamily stressorsFamily
involvementConceptual model of
work-family interface 2-1 d
Disturbance
2-1
“Conceptual model of the work-family interface” by M. R. Frone, M. Russell,
& M. L. Cooper.1992., Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(1), p.66.
WFC
WFC
FWC
WFC
FWC WFC
WFC
FWC
FWC
WFC FWC
WIF FIW
1. WIF 4. FIW
2. WIF 5. FIW
3. WIF 6. FIW
“Dimensions of work–family conflict.” by D. S. Carlson, K. M. Kacmar, & L.
J. Williams, 2000., Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56(2), p.251.
21
Social cognition theory
23
p.193.
2012
Mueller Goic2003McGeePetersonMueller
Sequeira2009Process model
2018
2016
30 40 30
WFC Schjoedt, 2020
WFC
WFC Zhou, Zhao, & Fan,
2019
FWC
Kim & Ling, 2001
H2
WFC WFC OCB
WFC OCB
Abdullah, Marican, & Kamil, 2019
WFC
2013
Job-Focused Self-Efficacy [JFSE]
WFC Mathis & Brown, 2007
WFC FWC
FIW WIF
Wang, Lawler, & Shi, 2010
WIF FIW WIF FIW
Cinamon, 2006
30.1% 18.9%
WFC
5
43
1.
My work keeps me from my family activities more than I
would like.
2.
The time I must devote to my job keeps me from participating
equally in household responsibilities and activities.
3.
I have to miss family activities due to the amount of time I
must spend on work responsibilities.
WIF
When I get home from work I am often too frazzled to
participate in family activities/responsibilities.
I am often so emotionally drained when I get home from work
that it prevents me from contributing to my family.
9.
Due to all the pressures at work, sometimes when I come
home I am too stressed to do the things I enjoy.
WIF
The problem-solving behaviors I use in my job are not
effective in resolving problems at home.
14.
Behavior that is effective and necessary for me at work would
be counterproductive at home.
The behaviors I perform that make me effective at work do not
help me to be a better parent and spouse.
44
The time I spend on family responsibilities often interfere with
my work responsibilities.
The time I spend with my family often causes me not to spend
time in activities at work that could be helpful to my career.
6.
have to miss work activities due to the amount of time I must
spend on family responsibilities.
10.
Due to stress at home, I am often preoccupied with family
matters at work.
11.
have a hard time concentrating on my work.
12.
Tension and anxiety from my family life often weakens my
ability to do my job.
FIW
16.
The behaviors that work for me at home do not seem to be
effective at work.
17.
Behavior that is effective and necessary for me at home would
be counterproductive at work.
The problem-solving behavior that work for me at home does
not seem to be as useful at work.
“Dimensions of work-family conflict.” by D. S. Carlson, K. M. Kacmar, & L.
J. Williams, 2000., Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56(2), p.251.
45
1
5
How much confidence do you have in your ability to…?
1.
Brainstorm (come up with) a new idea for a product or
service.
3.
Design a product or service that will satisfy customer needs
and wants.
How much confidence do you have in your ability to…?
4.
5.
Determine a competitive price for a new product or service.
6.
necessary to start my business.
7. /
new product or service.
How much confidence do you have in your ability to…?
8.
Get others to identify with and believe in my vision and
plans for a new business.
9.
with others.
10.
business idea in everyday terms.
—
How much confidence do you have in your ability to…?
11.
Supervise employees.
12.
14.
15. .
16.
Train employees
—
How much confidence do you have in your ability to…?
17.
18.
19.
“Entrepreneurial self-efficacy: refining the measure.” J. E. MacGee, M.
Peterson, & J. M. Sequeira, 2009., Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,
33(4), 978.
2020 5 5 50 2020
5 13 32
α .900 Cronbach's α .933 WFC
Cronbach's α .868FWC Cronbach's α .910
Cronbach's α .912 3-5 3-8
Cronbach's α
18 .933
WFC 9 .868
FWC 9 .910
19 .912
37 .900
…
.903
.912
16. … .904
17. … .911
18. … .910
19. ... .923
WFC 2 3
3 WFC
Cronbach's α .878 3-9
Cronbach's α .941
3-10
18 .933 17 .941
WFC 9 .868 8 .878
FWC 9 .910 9 .910
19 .912 19 .912
38 .900 37 .925
52
2020 6 19 150 2020 6
29 113 113
53
150
10 15
2020
()
α
Cronbach’s α 0.7
113 75.3%
77 68.1
58
76 67.3
26-30 21-30 10-12
10
()
()
46 38 33.6%21-25
2 1.8%26-30 13 11.5%31-35 36-40
19 16.8%
59
68% 15 13.3%
21 18.6%
()
33 29.2%
49 43.4% 1
2 27 23.9% 3
10 8.8%
()
67.3% 37 32.7%
()
56 43.4%
1-3 18 15.9%4-6 14 12.4%7-
9 5 4.4%10-12 17 15.7%
3 2.7%
()
59 52.2%
24 21.2% 13 11.5%
17 15.0%
60
3.654.453
FWC 2.863.681
3.885.523 3.551.601
3.714.688— 3.689
.564— 3.434.859
al., 2019 Powell Eddleston2013
WFC
Cronbach's α Cronbach's α
.865 36 4-3
Cronbach's α .912 17 WFC Cronbach's α
.822 8 FWC Cronbach's α .870 9
Cronbach's α .886 19 Cronbach's α
.767 3 Cronbach's α .679 4
Cronbach's α .787 3 — Cronbach's α .855
6 — Cronbach's α .917 3
4-3
17 .912
WFC 8 .822
FWC 9 .870
19 .886
3 .767
4 .679
3 .787
1.000
.152 .146 .140 .505** 1.000
.041 -.038 .104 .781** .443** 1.000
-.058 -.085 -.029 .743** .302** .570** 1.000
—
—
-.095 -.138 -.047 .648** .061 .335** .346** .409** 1.000
**p<.01n=113
r=-.065, p>.05
WFC
r=-.024, p>.05
WFC FWC WFC
r=.146, p>.05
r=-.038, p>.05r=-.085, p>.05—r=-.146,
p>.05—r=-.138, p>.05 FWC
r=.140, p>.05r=-.104,
p>.05r=-.029, p>.05—r=-.147, p>.05
—r=-.047, p>.05
64
β t F R2 Adj. R2
-.065 -.682 .465 .004 -.005
WFC
-.103 -1.089 1.186 .011 .002 .146 1.559 2.430 .021 .013 -.038 .689 .161 .001 -.008 -.085 -.896 .802 .007 -.002
— -.146 -1.553 2.412 .021 .012
— -.138 -1.465 2.147 .019 .010
FWC
-.024 -.256 .066 .001 -.008
.140 1.492 2.225 .020 .011 .104 1.106 1.224 .011 .002 -.029 -.307 .094 .001 -.008 — -.147 -1.571 2.468 .022 .013 — -.047 -.496 .246 .002 -.007
n=113
β=-.064,
WFC FWC
FWCβ=-.103,
t=1.089, p>.05WFCβ=-.024, t=-.256, p>.05 H3-1
WFC H3-2 FWC
65
10 10-12
4-6 21-
30 31-35 β=.057, t=.432, p>.0536-40 β=.007,
t=.055, p>.0541-45 β=-.017, t=-.123, p>.0546
β=-.090, t=-.618, p>.05
β=-.014, t=-.104, p>.05β=-.140,
66
β=.113, t=1.197,
p>.05
1 β=-.130, t=-1.266,
p>.052 β=.007, t=.067, p>.05 3
β=-.120, t=-1.213, p>.05
67
β t F R2 Adj. R2
.402 .015 -.022
21-30
-.014 -.104
0
1.025 .009 .000
2.453 .063 .037
n=113 21-25 26-30
21-30 10-12 10
68
β=-.096, t=-1.012, p>.05
1-3 β=-.047, t=-.470, p>.054-6
β=.062, t=.623, p>.057-9 β=-.006, t=-.057, p>.05 10
β=-.023, t=-.226, p>.05
β=.179, t=1.599, p>.05β=-.110,
t=-.927, p>.05H2
4-7 WFC 21-30
31-35 β=.051, t=.392, p>.0536-40 β=-.056,
t=-.432, p>.0541-45 β=-.094, t=-.699, p>.0546
β=-.137, t=-0.940, p>.05H2-1
WFC
WFC
β=-.059, t=-.448, p>.05
β=-.177, t=-1.339, p>.05H2-3
WFC
β=.069, t=.731, p>.05H2-5
WFC
β t F R2 Adj. R2
WFC .687 .025 -.011
21-30
-.059 -.448
-.177 -1.339
WFC .535 .005 -.004
.069 .731
WFC .841 .023 -.004
0 1 -.126 -1.224
2 -.037 -.355
WFC .746 .007 -.002
-.082 -.864
WFC .307 .011 -.025
1-3 -.081 -.803
4-6 .040 .399
7-9 -.011 -.113
WFC 2.290 .059 .033
-.255 .226
.283 .208
-.139 .159
n=113 21-25 26-30
21-30 10-12 10
70
WFC
1 β=-.126, t=-1.224, p>.052 β=-.037, t=-.355,
p>.05 3 β=-.124, t=-1.249p>.05
WFC
β=-.082, t=-.864, p>.05
H2-7 WFC
WFC
1-3 β=-.081, t=-.803, p>.054-6 β=.040,
t=.399, p>.057-9 β=-.011, t=-.113, p>.05 10
β=-.057, t=-.559, p>.05H2-9
WFC
β=.283, t=.208, p>.05β=-.139,
t=.159, p>.05H2-11
WFC
4-8 FWC 21-30
31-35 β=.055, t=.421, p>.0536-40 β=.062,
t=.470, p>.0541-45 β=.052, t=.388, p>.0546
β=-.040, t=-.274, p>.05
H2-2 FWC
71
β t F R2 Adj. R2
FWC .317 .012 -.025
21-30
.027 .205
0
FWC 1.060 .009 .001
FWC 2.328 .060 .034
n=113 21-25 26-30
21-30 10-12 10
72
FWC
β=.027, t=.205, p>.05
β=-.093, t=-.706, p>.05H2-4
FWC
β=.138, t=1.472, p>.05 H2-6
FWC
FWC
1 β=-.119, t=-1.161, p>.052 β=.044, t=.427, p>.05
3 β=-.103, t=-1.046, p>.05
FWC
β=-.097, t=-1.030, p>.05
H2-8 FWC
FWC
1-3 β=-.013, t=-.129, p>.054-6 β=.075,
t=.749, p>.057-9 β=.000, t=-.002, p>.05 10
β=-.009, t=.088, p>.05 H2-
10 FWC
FWC
β=.182, t=1.623, p>.05β=-.103,
t=-.866, p>.05H2-12
FWC
21-30
31-35 β= -.084, t= -.640, p>.0536-40 β= -.100, t= -.763,
p>.0541-45 β= .048, t= .357, p>.0546 β= -.108,
t= -.745, p>.05 H1-1
β= .158, t= 1.191, p>.05
β= .144, t= 1.091, p>.05
H1-2
β=.080, t=.847, p>.05H1-3
1 β=.091, t=.878, p>.052 β=.041, t=.398,
p>.05 3 β=.055, t=.546, p>.05
β=.018, t=.184, p>.05
H1-4
β t F R2 Adj. R2
.619 .022 -.014
21-30 -.084 -.640
31-35 -.100 -.763
36-40 .048 .357
41-45 -.108 -.745
46 -.084 -.640
.158 1.191
0
.034 .000 -.009
2.457 .063 .038
n=113 21-25 26-30
21-30 10-12 10
75
1-3 β=-.085, t=-.849, p>.054-6
β=-.134, t=-1.347, p>.057-9 β=-.066, t=-.685, p>.05
10 β=-.117, t=-1.161, p>.05
H1-5
p>.05β=.198, t=1.769, p>.05
β=-.029, t=-.245, p>.05 H1-
6
86.6%
H3
77
https://www.1111.com.tw/news/jobns/116119
140
14743-47
2013
57117-154
doi:10.30132/JER.201003.0002
https://woman.sysme.org.tw/Article/Visitor/Page_Detail.aspx?SiteMapI
82
20206 30 109 6
https://www.moea.gov.tw/Mns/dos/content/ContentLink.aspx?menu_id
=6849
2015
10579-100
2011—
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0419
91
0966-***-628
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I would like.
2.
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participating equally in household responsibilities and
activities.
3.
I have to miss family activities due to the amount of
time I must spend on work responsibilities.
4. ()
interfere with my work responsibilities.
5.
The time I spend with my family often causes me not to
spend time in activities at work that could be helpful to
my career.
100
have to miss work activities due to the amount of time
I must spend on family responsibilities.
7.
/
When I get home from work I am often too frazzled to
participate in family activities/responsibilities.
8.
I am often so emotionally drained when I get home
from work that it prevents me from contributing to my
family.
9.
Due to all the pressures at work, sometimes when I
come home I am too stressed to do the things I enjoy.
10.
Due to stress at home, I am often preoccupied with
family matters at work.
11.
responsibilities, I have a hard time concentrating on
my work.
101
weakens my ability to do my job.
13.
The problem-solving behaviors I use in my job are not
effective in resolving problems at home.
14.
work would be counterproductive at home.
15.
The behaviors I perform that make me effective at
work do not help me to be a better parent and spouse.
16.
The behaviors that work for me at home do not seem
to be effective at work.
17.
home would be counterproductive at work.
102
home does not seem to be as useful at work.
103
1.
Brainstorm (come up with) a new idea for a product or
service.
2.
3.
needs and wants.
4.
service.
5.
service.
6.
capital necessary to start my business.
104
for a new product or service.
8.
Get others to identify with and believe in my vision
and plans for a new business.
9.
information with others.
10.
business idea in everyday terms.
11.
Supervise employees.
12.
13.
business.
14.
105
16.
Train employees.
17.
business.
18.
19.
107
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2.
The time I must devote to my job keeps me from participating equally in
household responsibilities and activities.
3.
I have to miss family activities due to the amount of time I must spend on work
responsibilities.
4. ()
The time I spend on family responsibilities often interfere with my work
responsibilities.
5.
The time I spend with my family often causes me not to spend time in activities at
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6
have to miss work activities due to the amount of time I must spend on family
responsibilities.
7. /
When I get home from work I am often too frazzled to participate in family
activities/responsibilities.
8.
I am often so emotionally drained when I get home from work that it prevents me
from contributing to my family.
9.
Due to all the pressures at work, sometimes when I come home I am too stressed
to do the things I enjoy.
10.
Due to stress at home, I am often preoccupied with family matters at work.
11.
Because I am often stressed from family responsibilities, I have a hard time
concentrating on my work.
12.
Tension and anxiety from my family life often weakens my ability to do my job.
13.
The problem-solving behaviors I use in my job are not effective in resolving
problems at home.
14.
Behavior that is effective and necessary for me at work would be
counterproductive at home.
15.
The behaviors I perform that make me effective at work do not help me to be a
better parent and spouse.
16.
The behaviors that work for me at home do not seem to be effective at work.
17.
Behavior that is effective and necessary for me at home would be
counterproductive at work.
18.
The problem-solving behavior that work for me at home does not seem to be as
useful at work.
1.
Brainstorm (come up with) a new idea for a product or service.
2.
3.
Design a product or service that will satisfy customer needs and wants.
Determine a competitive price for a new product or service.
6.
Estimate the amount of start-up funds and working capital necessary to start my
business
7. /
Design an effective marketing/advertising campaign for a new product or service.
8.
Get others to identify with and believe in my vision and plans for a new business.
Network—i.e., make contact with and exchange information with others.
10.
Clearly and concisely explain verbally/in writing my business idea in everyday
terms.
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