1 Department of Social Department of Social Development nodal baseline Development nodal baseline survey: survey: KwaMashu results KwaMashu results
Jan 09, 2016
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Department of Social Department of Social Development nodal baseline Development nodal baseline
survey:survey:
KwaMashu resultsKwaMashu results
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Objectives of overall project
• Conduct socio-economic and demographic baseline study and situational analyses of DSD services across the 14 ISRDP and 8 URP Nodes
• Integrate existing provincial research activities in the 10 ISRDP nodes of the UNFPA’s 2nd Country Programme
• Monitor and evaluate local projects, provide SLA support• Identify and describe types of services being delivered
(including Sexual Reproductive Health Services)• Establish the challenges encountered in terms of delivery
& make recommendations regarding service delivery gaps and ultimately overall improvement in service delivery
• Provide an overall assessment of impact of these services• Project began with baseline & situational analysis; then on-
going nodal support; and will end in 2008 with second qualitative evaluation and a second survey, a measurement survey that looks for change over time.
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Methodology for generating these results
• First-ever integrated nodal baseline survey in all nodes, urban and rural
• All results presented here based on original, primary data
• Sample based on census 2001; stratified by municipality in ISRDP and wards in URP; then probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling used in both urban and rural, randomness via selection of starting point and respondent; external back-checks to ensure fieldwork quality
• 8387 interviews completed in 22 nodes• Sample error margin: 1.1% - nodal error margin:
4.9%• This presentation is only KwaMashu data: national
report and results available from DSD.
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How to read these findings• Baseline survey on 5 major areas of
DSD/government work:– Poverty– Development– Social Capital– Health Status– Service Delivery
• Indices created to track strengths and challenges in each area; and combined to create a global nodal index. Allows comparison within and across node, overall and by sector.
• Using this index, high index score = bad news• Nodes colour-coded on basis of ranking relative
to other nodes – Red: Really bad compared to others– Yellow: OK– Green: Better than others
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Findings• Detailed baseline report available
– Published November 2006
– Detailed findings across all nodes
– Statistical tables available for all nodes
– Background chapter of secondary data available for each node
– Qualitative situation analysis available per node
• This presentation
– High level KwaMashu-specific findings
– KwaMashu scorecard on key indicators
– Identify key strengths/weakness for the node and target areas for interventions
• What next?
– 2008 will see qualitative evaluation and second quantitative survey to measure change over time
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KwaMashu scorecard
Index Rating
Poverty Social Capital Deficit Development Deficit Service Delivery Deficit Health Deficit Global
A brief glance at the scorecard shows that KwaMashu is among the poorer
urban nodes, with red warning lights flashing in the areas of social capital,
development awareness and as the overall, composite score for the node.
Poverty is not as acute as in other urban nodes, while service delivery and
health are on average for the URP.
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Poverty deficitPoverty Index - URP Nodes
11%
14%16% 17% 17%
19%
26%27%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
MitchellsPlain
KwaMashu Mdantsane Motherwell AlexandraGaleshewe
Inanda
Khayelitsha
Female headed households Overcrowding
Unemployment No refuse removal
No income No RDP standard water
Informal housing No RDP standard sanitation
Functional illiteracy No electricity for lighting
The poverty deficit index is based on 10 indicators (see table below), given equal
weighting. KwaMashu is the second least poor urban node.
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Poverty deficit
The two areas The two areas
scoring above the scoring above the
URP average are URP average are
illiteracy and illiteracy and
over-crowding; over-crowding;
on all other on all other
poverty poverty
indicators, indicators, in in
green,green,
KwaMashu did KwaMashu did
better or as well better or as well
as the URP as the URP
average.average.
Poverty Measures: KwaMashu vs. URP Avg
3% 1%9%
3% 6%
49%43%
8%16%
4%13%
3%
19%
5% 7%
63%
47%
8%14%
3%0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
No RDPsanitation No income
Informaldwelling
No
electricity(lights)
No RDPwater
Unemployed
Female
headed HHNo refuse
removalFunctional
illiteracyOver-
crowding
KwaMashu URPAvg
Difference vs URP Avg
-79%-73%
-51%-45%
-22% -21%
-9%
0%
14% 16%
-100%
-80%
-60%
-40%
-20%
0%
20%
40%
No RDPsanitation No income
Informaldwelling
No
electricity(lights)
No RDPwater
Unemployed
Female
headed HHNo refuse
removalFunctional
illiteracyOver-
crowding
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Social capital deficitSocial Capital Deficit Index - URP Nodes
42% 44%46% 46% 48% 49%
52%
59%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Galeshewe Mdantsane Motherwell AlexandraKhayelitsha
Mitchells Plain
Inanda
KwaMashu
• This graph measures the social capital deficit - so high scores are bad news.
• Social capital includes networks of reciprocation, trust, alienation and anomie, membership of civil society organisations, and so on.
• By comparison with other URP nodes, social capital is in real trouble in KwaMashu, which has the worst score in this area, suggesting that building social capital must be a nodal priority.
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Social Capital Measures: KwaMashu vs. URP Avg
29%
57%
96%
69% 73% 71%61%
18%30%
57%
84%
58% 55%50%
42%
11%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
C'ty mmbrsonly care 4themselves
Anomie
Be carefulwith peoplePolitics awaste of
timeNo CSOmmbrship Alienation C'ty can't
solveproblems
No Religion KwaMashu URPAvg
Difference vs URP Avg
-2%
0%
14%20%
33%
41% 44%
72%
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
C'ty mmbrsonly care 4themselves
Anomie
Be carefulwith peoplePolitics awaste of
timeNo CSOmmbrship Alienation C'ty can't
solveproblems
No Religion
Social capital deficit
Priority areas - Priority areas -
where the nodal where the nodal
average was average was
higher than the higher than the
URP average - URP average -
include mistrust include mistrust
(14% higher (14% higher
than the than the
average), lack of average), lack of
faith in politics, faith in politics,
low CSO low CSO
membership, membership,
high alienation high alienation
and so on.and so on.
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Development deficitDevelopment Deficit Index - URP Nodes
31% 33%
38% 38% 39%43%
47%
56%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
KhayelitshaMitchells Plain
Inanda
Alexandra Motherwell Galeshewe Mdantsane KwaMashu
• This index measures respondents’ awareness of development projects, of all types, carried out by government and/or CSOs. It is a perception measure - not an objective indication of what is actually happening on the ground.
• KwaMashu has the worst level of development awareness, reflecting its poor social capital score.
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Development Measures: KwaMashu vs. URP Avg
19%
55%
30%
48%57%
51%60%
55%
42%
69% 67%74%
66%72% 75%
50%
68%
30%36%
40%36%
40% 37%27%
42% 39% 42%38% 40% 41%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
No Devt-GovtNo Devt-NPOs
No HousesNo water
No C'ty hallsNo GardensNo Farming
No HIV/AIDS project
No Roads
No Health Facilities
No SchoolsNo Creches
No food project
No Sport
No Other Dev
KwaMashu URPAvg
Difference vs URP Avg
-62%
-20%
-2%
34%41% 44%
49% 50% 52%
63%71% 73% 74% 77% 82%
-80%
-60%
-40%
-20%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
No Devt-GovtNo Devt-NPOs
No HousesNo water
No C'ty hallsNo GardensNo Farming
No HIV/AIDS project
No Roads
No Health Facilities
No SchoolsNo Creches
No food project
No Sport
No Other Dev
Development deficit
Awareness is lower Awareness is lower
than the URP than the URP
average across average across
board - the only board - the only
less gloomy scores less gloomy scores
relate to whether relate to whether
civil society or civil society or
government is government is
providing providing
development development
services. But services. But
across all types of across all types of
development development
activity, awareness activity, awareness
in KwaMashu was in KwaMashu was
lower than the lower than the
URP average.URP average.
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Service delivery deficitService Delivery Deficit Index - URP Nodes
45%48% 49% 50% 52% 53%
56%60%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Galeshewe
Inanda
Motherwell Khayelitsha Mdantsane KwaMashu Alexandra MitchellsPlain
KwaMashu ranks 6th worst out of the 8 URP nodes on service delivery
KwaMashu ranks 6th worst out of the 8 URP nodes on service delivery
Service Delivery Index• Average proportion receiving DSD Grants• Average proportion making use of DSD Services• Average proportion rating government services as poor quality• Proportion who rarely have clean water
• Proportion with no/limited phone access• Proportion who believe there is no coordination in government• Proportion who believe local council has performed badly/terribly• Proportion who have not heard of IDPs
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Service Delivery Measures: KwaMashu vs. URP Avg
21%
48%
19%29%
89%
15%
49%
32%21% 24%20%
44%
17%24%
70%
12%
36%
23%12% 10%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Poor Qualityof ServicesGovt DeptCo-ordination
poor Water notclean
Quality-sewerage
poor
Local GovtPerformance
poor Quality-education
poor
Quality-
security poor
Quality-health poor
No PhoneNot
participated
in IDP
Kw aMashu URPAvg
Difference vs URP Avg
2% 9% 9%18% 26% 32% 36% 42%
74%
131%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
Poor Qualityof ServicesGovt DeptCo-ordination
poor Water notclean
Quality-sewerage
poor
Local GovtPerformance
poor Quality-educationpoor
Quality-
security poor
Quality-health poor
No PhoneNot
participated
in IDP
Service delivery – weaknesses
WeaknessesWeaknesses, i.e. , i.e.
where doing worse where doing worse
than URP average, than URP average,
include issues such include issues such
as respondents are as respondents are
42% more likely to 42% more likely to
rate the quality of rate the quality of
access to health access to health
services as poor than services as poor than
the URP average, and the URP average, and
32% more likely than 32% more likely than
the URP average to the URP average to
report the quality of/ report the quality of/
access to education access to education
as poor, and so on.as poor, and so on.
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Service Delivery Measures: KwaMashu vs. URP Avg
7% 7%
19%
68%
26%17% 13%
25%
78%
30%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Quality-electricitypoor
Quality-transportpoor Quality-
roadspoorNo Old
agepension Quality-housing
poor
KwaMashu URPAvg
Difference vs URP Avg
-60%
-44%
-23%
-13% -12%-9% -8% -7%
-70%
-60%
-50%
-40%
-30%
-20%
-10%
0%
Quality-electricitypoor
Quality-transportpoor
Quality-roads
poorNo Old age
pension Quality-
housing poor
Poor DSDServices DSD Staffunhelpfull DSD Staff nocomparssion
Service delivery – strengths
Strengths: Strengths:
Respondents are Respondents are
less likely to less likely to
complain about a complain about a
range of different range of different
services delivered in services delivered in
this node when this node when
compared with the compared with the
URP average. For URP average. For
instance, instance,
respondents in this respondents in this
node are 60% less node are 60% less
likely to rate the likely to rate the
quality of/ access to quality of/ access to
the electricity the electricity
supply poor than the supply poor than the
URP average, and URP average, and
44% less likely than 44% less likely than
the URP average to the URP average to
report that that report that that
quality of transport quality of transport
is poor and so on.is poor and so on.
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Service Delivery: Main Features
• Other important services provided by DSD such as Children Homes, Rehabilitation Centres and Drop-In Centres worryingly received no mention by respondents and signals very low awareness of these critical services.
• Urgent thought should be given as to how best to raise awareness across the node with respect to these under utilised services - and how to increase penetration of DSD services as well as grants in the node.
KwaMashu URP
• Of the households receiving grants a third (37%) are receiving Child Support Grants
• Average for households receiving Child Support Grants is a third (37%)
• A third (33%) receiving grants are receiving Pensions
• Average for households receiving pensions is two out of ten (22%)
•Four out of ten (44%) encounter DSD services at a DSD office
• Four out of ten (44%) experience DSD services at a DSD office
• A third (37%) of the respondents interact with the DSD at a Pension Pay Out point
• A third (35%) will receive DSD services at a Pension Pay Out point
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Health DeficitHealth Deficit Index - URP Nodes
29%34%
37%
42%45%
53% 53% 54%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
MitchellsPlain
Alexandra Galeshewe Khayelitsha Mdantsane KwaMashu Motherwell
Inanda
Mdantsane is ranked as the
6th best of the 8 URP nodes
in respect to health measures
Mdantsane is ranked as the
6th best of the 8 URP nodes
in respect to health measures
Health Index• Proportion of household infected by malaria past 12 months• Proportion who experience difficulty accessing health care • Proportion who rated their health poor/terrible during past 4 weeks
• Proportion who had difficulty in doing daily work • Proportion whose usual social activities were limited by physical/emotional problems
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Health Measures: KwaMashu vs. URP Avg
0%
44%
53%
62%66%
1%
33%39% 42% 44%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Malariaincidence
PoorHealth
Difficultyaccessinghealthcare Cannotwork
Ltd SocialActivities
KwaMashu URPAvg
Difference vs URP Avg
-75%
33% 36%
49% 51%
-100%
-80%
-60%
-40%
-20%
0%
20%
40%
60%
Malariaincidence
PoorHealth
Difficultyaccessinghealthcare Cannotwork
Ltd SocialActivities
Health deficit
Priority areas: Priority areas:
Respondents in this Respondents in this
node are 51% more node are 51% more
likely to report that likely to report that
poor health limits poor health limits
their social activities their social activities
than the URP average, than the URP average,
49% more likely than 49% more likely than
the URP average to the URP average to
state that poor health state that poor health
prevented them from prevented them from
working, and 36% working, and 36%
more likely to say that more likely to say that
they had difficulty they had difficulty
accessing health care accessing health care
when compared with when compared with
the URP average. the URP average.
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Health • HIV and AIDS was seen to be the major health problem in the node (37% mentioned
this, lower than the URP average of 42%),
• Drug and Alcohol Abuse were also perceived as major health problems in KwaMashu
– Drug abuse received mention by a third of all respondents (33%, more than double the URP
average of 14%)
– Alcohol abuse was mentioned by two out of ten respondents (20%, vs. URP average of 24%)
• Men were as likely as women to rate their health as poor
• Youth were as likely as older adults to rate their health as poor
• Access to health services was erceived to be worse than the IRDP average, in
particular
– 19% of respondents reported distance to health facility as being a problem
– 45% of respondents reported paying for health services as being a problem
• These findings highlight the key health issues facing those in the node and point to the
need for an integrated approach that focuses on the issues of HIV and AIDS, alcohol
and drug abuse and improving access to health facilities
• A sectoral or targeted approach is need to focus on these health challenges in this node
• Poverty and the health challenges noted in this node cannot be separated and
whatever intervention is decided upon should be in the form of an integrated response
to the challenges facing KwaMashu residents
20Proportion who agree that both parties in a relationship should share
decision - making
67
77
84
68
34
44
57
29
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Agree on whether to take a sickchild to the clinic
Agree on using income to payfor health care or medicines
Agree on when to have children
Agree whether to use familyplanning
URP Average KwaMashu
Read as: Minority in the
node support the view
that most decisions in
the household require
joint decision-making by
both partners, far lower
than the URP average
Read as: Minority in the
node support the view
that most decisions in
the household require
joint decision-making by
both partners, far lower
than the URP average
21
Proportion supporting statements about female contraception
71
49
46
30
81
69
42
27
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Agree that women getpregnant so women must
worry aboutcontraception
Agree that femalecontraception is a
women's business andnothing to do with men
Agree that women whouse contraception risks
being sterile
Agree that contraceptionleads to promiscuity
URP Average KwaMashu
Read as: Node is relatively
progressive on some issues as
these myths about
contraception are not as
widely held as the URP
average, but on other items it
is very conservative when
compared to the URP average.
Read as: Node is relatively
progressive on some issues as
these myths about
contraception are not as
widely held as the URP
average, but on other items it
is very conservative when
compared to the URP average.
22Proportion who agreed that a man is
justified in hitting or beating his partner in the following situations
Read as: Support for violence against women in all situations is much higher in this node than the URP average and points to a high proportion of negative attitudes about Gender Based Violence in the node.
Disturbing to note that the differences between males and females, and young and old, in terms of attitudes towards Gender Based Violence are not large - these negative attitudes have been absorbed by men and women, young and old, and interventions are needed to break this cycle
Read as: Support for violence against women in all situations is much higher in this node than the URP average and points to a high proportion of negative attitudes about Gender Based Violence in the node.
Disturbing to note that the differences between males and females, and young and old, in terms of attitudes towards Gender Based Violence are not large - these negative attitudes have been absorbed by men and women, young and old, and interventions are needed to break this cycle
URP Average KwaMashu
Is unfaithful 16 41
Does not look after the children
12 26
Goes out without telling him
7 15
Argues with him 7 12
Refuses to have sex with him
4 6
Burns the food 4 8
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Attitudes towards abortion
49
44
42
48
9
8
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Total
KwaMashu
Agree that abortion should only be allowed if mother's life in danger
Agree that abortion is morally wrong and should never be allowed
Agree that abortion on request should be the right of every women
Read as: Abortion is NOT
supported by nearly half
the respondents (48%),
higher than the average
(42%)
Read as: Abortion is NOT
supported by nearly half
the respondents (48%),
higher than the average
(42%)
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Sexual Reproductive Health & GBV
• Findings point to the need for nuanced campaigns around contraception and their very close link with inappropriate attitudes to women in the node
• Disturbing to note the high levels of support for Gender Based Violence, coupled to very limited support for abortions and widespread belief in a range of different myths about contraception. Hence the need for a campaign that is based on a solid understanding of local attitudes towards both sexual reproductive health and GBV as opposed to the interests of a national campaign
• There are those in the node who support the idea that decisions in the household require joint decision-making by both partners, but there are many who do not support joint decision-making. Moreover, many of these respondents have taken it further and endorsed physically abusing women.
• Need to develop an integrated approach that takes poverty and the health challenges facing nodal residents into account and also integrate critical aspects of GBV and Sexual Reproductive Health
• Challenge is to integrate Sexual Reproductive Health and GBV issues with other related services being provided by a range of governmental and non-governmental agencies - integration and co-ordination remain the core challenges in the ISRDP and URP nodes.
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HIV & AIDS: Awareness levels
66
67
19
89
88
43
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Heard about those incommunity with AIDS?
Heard about those who havedied of AIDS in community?
If household member wasinfected would want to keep it
secret?
% Yes
URP Average KwaMashu Read as: Prevalence
rates are high and
secrecy is more than
double the URP average,
suggesting
stigmatization has yet to
drop in the face of the
epidemic.
Read as: Prevalence
rates are high and
secrecy is more than
double the URP average,
suggesting
stigmatization has yet to
drop in the face of the
epidemic.
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HIV & AIDS: Proportion who accept the following statements
19
80
88
85
85
5
82
98
98
89
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Mosquitoes pass on HIV
Infected mothers can pass onvirus through breastfeeding
Healthy looking person can haveAIDS
One can get AIDS from sharingrazors
Condoms prevent transmissionof HIV
% who agree
URP Average KwaMashu
Read as: Very high
awareness of how HIV is
transmitted
Read as: Very high
awareness of how HIV is
transmitted
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HIV and AIDS
• Evidence suggests that previous campaigns (and the high incidence of the pandemic in the node) have led to high awareness of impact of HIV and AIDS.– Worrying that so many in the node would want to keep their
status secret if they were infected. – Further research is urgently needed on this issue in the node
in order to inform a nuanced campaign that takes the fears and concerns of the local communities into account.
• Encouraging to see how many in the node have correct knowledge about the transmission of the disease (the node compares favourably with the URP average on all the items.
• Despite high levels of poverty in this node, there is some evidence that respondents are trying to actively assist those community members who are infected and suffering– 9% are providing Home Based Care (HBC)– 5% providing direct support to orphans
• These findings support the need for an urgent integrated intervention in the node that incorporates health, poverty, GBV, HIV and AIDS.
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Conclusions• KwaMashu has a below average Global Development Rating. Key challenges and
existing strengths, emerging from the statistical analysis, are below.
Challenges Strengths
Poverty • Illiteracy • Above average scores for sanitation, regular income and incidence of shacks
Development
• Low across the board, worst rate in the URP
Service Delivery
• Low participation in IDPs• Challenges include phone and health services
• Positives include electricity, transport, roads
Health • Poor health impacts on social activities and ability to work; access to health care facilities a challenge, as is GBV, Sexual Reproductive Health, HIV and AIDS (esp. stigmatisation)
• High awareness of HIV/AIDS issues
Social Capital
• Low across the board, worst rate in the URP