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Department of Psychology, Neuropsychology Research Group, University of Turin Anna Berti Torino, 12 maggio 2009 Intenzione e consapevolezza: evidenze dall’anosognosia per l’emiplegia
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Department of Psychology, Neuropsychology Research Group , University of Turin Anna Berti

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Page 1: Department of Psychology, Neuropsychology Research Group , University of Turin  Anna Berti

Department of Psychology, Neuropsychology Research Group, University of Turin

Anna Berti

Torino, 12 maggio 2009

Intenzione e consapevolezza: evidenze dall’anosognosia per l’emiplegia

Page 2: Department of Psychology, Neuropsychology Research Group , University of Turin  Anna Berti

So long as the brain functions normally, the inadequacies of common-sense framework can be hidden from view, but with a damaged brain the

inadequacies of theory are unmasked.

Patricia Smith-Churchland, Neurophilosophy,1986

Page 3: Department of Psychology, Neuropsychology Research Group , University of Turin  Anna Berti

-L’esperienza soggettiva che abbiamo di noi stessi è caratterizzata, in condizioni normali, da una sensazione di unitarietà.

Da qui coscienza e l’autocoscienza caratterizzate da una struttura unitaria e monolitica

Alcune particolari sindromi neuropsicologiche possono costituire una sorta di grimaldello per sradicare delle credenze consolidate relative ai sistemi di consapevolezza.

Page 4: Department of Psychology, Neuropsychology Research Group , University of Turin  Anna Berti

1. Struttura unitaria

2. Multicomponenziale

Previsioni diffferenti

Un danno cerebrale dovrebbe causare:

1. Un disordine generalizzato di consapevolezza

2. Disordini selettivi

Gli studi lesionali sono in grado di svelare la multicomponenzialità dei processi di coscienza

LA STRUTTURA DEI PROCESSI COSCIENTI

-Negligenza spaziale

-Anosognosia per l’emiplegia

Disordini di consapevolezza dominio-specifici disordini dove un danno cerebrale non comporta una perdita generalizzata di consapevolezza, ma una perdita di consapevolezza relativa al prodotto di un processo cognitivo

Page 5: Department of Psychology, Neuropsychology Research Group , University of Turin  Anna Berti

1. Presentazione clinica

2. Interpretazione del disturbo

Page 6: Department of Psychology, Neuropsychology Research Group , University of Turin  Anna Berti

In generale negazione della malattia

anosognosia per l’emiplegia

Definizione

Page 7: Department of Psychology, Neuropsychology Research Group , University of Turin  Anna Berti

(Seneca, lettere a Lucilius, epistula IX,Citato da Bisiach e Geminiani, 1990)

Harpestem, uxoris meae fatuam, scis hereditarium onus in domo meae remanisse . . . Haec fatua desiit videre. Incredibilem rem tibi narro, sed veram: nescit esse se caecam; su binde paedagogum suum rogat ut

migret, ait domum tenebricosam esse.. . . et ideo difficulter ad sanitatem pervenimus quia nos

aegrotare nescimus.

Tu sai che Harpeste, una sciocca amica di mia moglie, è rimasta a casa mia come un fardello ereditato. Questa folle donna ha improvvisamente perso la vista. Non solo, ora ti dico una cosa incredibile, ma vera. Ella non sa di essere cieca. Chiede continuamente di essere riportata da

un’altra parte dal suo guardiano poiché sostiene che la mia casa è buia.. . . è difficile riprendersi da una malattia se non sappiamo di

essere ammalati

Page 8: Department of Psychology, Neuropsychology Research Group , University of Turin  Anna Berti

-Von Monakow (1885): anosognosia per la cecità corticale

-Anton (1893, 1899): anosognosia per la plegia, emisomatoagnosia e anosognosia per la cecità corticale

- Pick (1899): emiplegia, emianopsia e dislessia da neglect; negava tutti i disordini

-Zingerle (1913): anosognosia per l’emiplegia i disturbi vengono considerati:

disordini locali della coscienza e della rappresentazione mentale

-Babinski (1914; 1918) conia il termine ‘anosognosia’.

Page 9: Department of Psychology, Neuropsychology Research Group , University of Turin  Anna Berti

Berti et al., 1998

Page 10: Department of Psychology, Neuropsychology Research Group , University of Turin  Anna Berti

Berti et al., 1998

An example that illustrates the motor behavior of the anosognosic patient CC. This patient developed left side hemiplegia and anosognosia after a right hemisphere ischemic stroke affecting fronto-parietal areas, sparing SMA. She was well oriented in time and space. Her intellectual abilities were within the normal range for her age and educational level. She did not show any language or memory problems. E=examiner, P=patient.

E: Where are we? P: In the hospital

E: Why are you in the hospital? P: I fell down and I bumped my right leg

E: What about your left arm and leg? Are they all right? P: Neither well nor bad

E: In which sense? P: They are aching a bit

E: Can you move your left arm? P (remaining completely still): Yes I can.

E: Could you clap your hands? P: I am not at the theatre.

E: I know. But we just want to see whether you are able to clap your hands.

P: (CC lifts her right arm and puts it in the position of clapping, perfectly aligned with the trunk midline. Moving it as if it was clapped against the left hand! She seems perfectly satisfied with the performance).

E: Are you sure that you are clapping your hands? We did not hear any sound.

P: I never make noise.

Page 11: Department of Psychology, Neuropsychology Research Group , University of Turin  Anna Berti

E: Can you raise both your arms? P: (raising the right arm but not the left) Here you are!

E: Have you raised also the left arm? P: Yes

E: Thank you. You can now put your arms down.

E: Now, could you raise your right arm again? (CC does it without any hesitation)

E: Now could you slowly raise your left arm and tell me when it is at the same height as the right? P: (After a few seconds) Done!

E: Are you sure? P: Yes!

E: Could you clap your hands? P: (the patient raises the right arm and says) Where has it gone? I must go and look for it (presumably speaking of the left hand). It must come back by itself.

E: Where is the left hand?

P: I do not know. I think that it has gone for a walk.

E: Has it gone by itself, detached from your body? P: Yes.

E: At this very moment is your left hand away from you? P: Yes.

E: Please look on the left and tell me whether or not the left hand is back. P: (looking on the left side) it is back now.

E: Can you move it now? P: I do not now. It is too far away to give an answer.

Page 12: Department of Psychology, Neuropsychology Research Group , University of Turin  Anna Berti

Different behaviours

When explicitly asked about their motor abilities:

severe denial

somatoparaphrenia

Anosodiaforia

Different degrees of severity or different brain mechanisms?

Different behaviours

Verbal vs Non-verbal:

1. Patients who do not complain of being confined in bed with severe verbal denial

2. Patients who admit their paralysis, but try to get off the bed (and fall)

Page 13: Department of Psychology, Neuropsychology Research Group , University of Turin  Anna Berti

-Pia et al. 2004 between 20% and 50% of right brain damage affected by left hemiplegia

How frequent is AHP?

a) Studies that reported anosognosia irrespective of the side of the lesion

b) Studies that distinguished between right and left brain damaged patients

c) Studies that selected only right brain damaged patients.

Page 14: Department of Psychology, Neuropsychology Research Group , University of Turin  Anna Berti

a) Studi che non tengono conto del lato lesionale

60%

28%

20%

31%

66%

32%

Page 15: Department of Psychology, Neuropsychology Research Group , University of Turin  Anna Berti

b) Studi che dividono i pazienti in base alla sede lesionale

51%

39%

58%

62%

Page 16: Department of Psychology, Neuropsychology Research Group , University of Turin  Anna Berti

c) Studi che selezionano i pazienti in base alla presenza di lesione destra

56%41%33%2044%26%