i INFLUENCE OF MARIJUANA SMOKING ON STUDENTS SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN SECONDARYSCHOOLS IN IKOM EDUCATION ZONE OF CROSS RIVER STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATIONS (EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY) FACULTY OF EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA SUPERVISOR: PROF. T. AMA NWACHUKWU BY EKPALI DAVID EGBUNG PG/M.ED/07/42681 JANUARY 2009.
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INFLUENCE OF MARIJUANA SMOKING ON STUDENTS SOCIAL
BEHAVIOUR AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN
SECONDARYSCHOOLS IN IKOM EDUCATION
ZONE OF CROSS RIVER STATE
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATIONS
(EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY)
FACULTY OF EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA
SUPERVISOR: PROF. T. AMA NWACHUKWU
BY
EKPALI DAVID EGBUNG
PG/M.ED/07/42681
JANUARY 2009.
ii
TITLE PAGE
INFLUENCE OF MARIJUANA SMOKING ON STUDENTS SOCIAL
BEHAVIOUR AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN SECONDARY
SCHOOLS IN IKOM EDUCATION ZONE OF CROSS RIVER STATE.
A RESEARCH PROJECT
PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION FOUNDATION,
FACULTY OF EDUCATION, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA, IN
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR AWARD OF
DEGREE OF MASTERS IN EDUCATION PSYCHOLOGY
BY
EKPALI DAVID EGBUNG
PG/MED/07/42681
SUPERVISOR: PROF. T. AMA NWACHUKWU
JANUARY 2009
iii
APPROVAL PAGE
This project has been approved by the Department of Educational
Foundations, Faculty of Education, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nigeria.
BY
………………………… ………………………….
Prof. T. Ama Nwachukwu Dr. J. C. Omeje
Supervisor Internal Examinar
………………………….. ……………………………
Prof. G.C. Prof. N. Ogbonnaya
External Examiner Head of Department
………………………………….
Prof. G.C. Offorma
Dean Faculty of Education
iv
CERTIFICATION
Ekpali David Egbung is a post-graduate student in the Department
of Educational Foundation (Educational Psychology) with registration
number PG/M.ED/07/42681. He has satisfactorily completed the
requirement for the course and research work for the award of Master in
Education (M.ED)
The work embodied in this thesis is original and has not been
submitted in part of in full for any other master degree or Diploma in this
University or any other University.
…………………………… ……………………………
Prof. T. Ama Nwachukwu Ekpali David Egbung
Supervisor student
PG/M.ED/07/42681
v
DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to God Almighty and my beloved Father Mr. John
Ekpali Egbung.
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thus the biblical assertion. ―Unless the Lord building house, in vain
do its builders toil. In vain is your earlier rising, and your going later to bed.
Sweating to make a living while he provides for his beloved while they
slumber‖. Blessed be the name of the lord God almighty for his wisdom,
self control and strength given to me in this research work.
Though the grace of God abounds, the following persons made
themselves instrument of that pgrace. Professor T. Ama Nwachukwu my
supervisor. Mr. John Ekpali Egbong my father Mrs Agnes INNE Ekpali my
beloved mother, Mrs Cecilia Iroshu Ekpali my honey wife. May the good
Lord reward them abundantly.
I would not have attained the academic height where I am now, not
to talks of contemplating the idea of this project if not for the wise counsels
I constantly receive from these facilitators in the shaping of my unique
history. These to a great extent, help me in my journey to success. The
first is my Bishop, most Rev. Dr. John Ebebe Aya, the Bishop of Ogoja
Diocese, Rev Fr. David Omego, My solicitor, Barrister Mathew Ojuwa, my
spiritual directors most Rev. Fr. George Adage, Rev. Fr. Linus Ajor, Rev.
Fr. (Dr) .T. Onoyima. Rev. Fr. Immanuel Ayaliwu, I thank Dr. Ignatius
Ezuem, Provost federal College of Education Asaba Delta State.. Mr.
Ahmed Sani Head of Department Curriculum Education Federal College
of Education Potiskum Yobe State. Honorable Amaba Peter Mpong my
beloved friend, Dr. Dun Ngwoke, Dr. E.C. Umeano Dr. Omeje and Dr. U.
Eze my most beloved lecturers in the Department of Educational
Psychology University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
I thank in a special way Mr and Mrs Adagah Denis Ashia, Mr and
Mrs Adie Cletus Enaji, their contributions turned this project from mere
vii
possibility to actuality. I owe them a lot in gratitude for all they have been to
me.
I must acknowledge my brothers Engr. Peter Oshie Ekpali, Barrister
Thomas Abua Ekpali, Mr Clement .A. Ekpali Mr. Ashia Peter Ekpali, Mr.
Gabriel Asu Ekpali, May God countenance never depart from you and your
family. I also appreciate my other, sibilings, Mr. Thomas Adung Olim,
Adah Obiri, Olian Frank, Akah Denis, Obu Abua. My friends, Yakubu, Izu,
This study dealt with the influence of marijuana smoking on students, social behaviour and academic achievement. To carryout the research effectively, two (2) research question and two(2) hypothesis were formulated. The population of the study consist of two hundred (200) senior students of cross River State.. The major instrument for collection of data was questionnaire. The data collected was analyzed using mean and standard deviation, pearson’ correlation. The major findings of the study are: (i) Marijuana smoking is greatly influence student’s beahviour and their been popular in class and groups which makes them loose their chances of a prudence person. (ii) The influence of marijuana smoking on students social behaviour is not significant, thus their isolation from group or classes is as a result of constant smoking of the hemp. (iii) The students that smoke marijuana were intrinsically influence by their follow students that smoke marijuana. The result of hypotheses one revealed that there is negative correlation between students smoking marijuana and their social behaviour. (v) The result of hypotheses two showed that the influence of marijuana smoking on student academic achievement is significant. Following these findings some recommendations and suggestions for further studies were finally made.
1
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Marijuana smoking in recent years has become considerably
pleasurable to the addict. Marijuana is a greenish-gray mixture of dried,
shredded leaves, stems, seeds, and flowers. Marijuana is
a common name for a drug made from the dried leaves and flowering tops
of the Indian hemp plant cannabis sativa. People smoke, chew, or eat
marijuana for its hallucinogenic and intoxicating effects. Different classes
of people use it, it could be wrapped and smoked, it could be soaked into
local gin and sold by local gin sellers, which abound in many part of our
society. It is known by a number of slang names, including pot, grass,
reefer, weed, and Mary Jane. (Iversen, 2008). Iversen also noted that
marijuana is a substance that has long been used as medicine and an
intoxicant.
Nowlis (1975) observed that marijuana is a substance which affects
the structure and function of the organism negatively inducing the
organism into states, such as confusion, acute panic reactions, anxiety
attacks, fear, a sense of helplessness, and loss of self-control. It was
reported in Tide magazine of July 6th (2008), that, marijuana is among the
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cheapest class of hard drugs that many secondary school students could
purchase and use. A rap of marijuana is sold for N20.00 while a pinch of
cocaine or heroin goes for N50.00 and above. The implication of this is that
large numbers of Nigerian youths have access to marijuana.
Marijuana smoking is similar to cigarette smoking. Akube (1997)
explained that marijuana is a produce that harm the body of a smoker.
This is a situation where the person inhales the burning fumes produced
by the hand-rolled cigarettes form or pipes. Some of the observable
characteristics of smokers that distinguish them from non smokers are
odour similar to the burnt leave, excessive laughter, unkempt hairs, red
eyes, black lips, excessive appetite, yellowish stains on fingertips etc.
Marijuana smoking is widely spread among adolescents, students and
young adults. The percentage of middle school students, who are reported
to have been using or smoking marijuana, increase throughout the early
1990, 1991 and 1992. (National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2003).
Marijuana smoking is a common phenomenon among students in senior
secondary school in the area of study. Anumonye(1980) observed that
secondary school students who smokes marijuana initiate themselves by
smoking at the age of 11 years, and that a friend‘s home is the most often
smoking place, and the observable behavior among this smokers are
relaxation and a feeling of well being, euphoria, enhanced sensation of
taste, touch, hearing and vision.
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Abimbola Fashola, wife of the Lagos State Governor was reported in
the Tide Tuesday July 6th (2008), urging the National Drug Law
Enforcement Agency to identify and educate grower and smokers of Indian
hemp on it harmful effect on the society. Tide (2008) reported that, the
commander of National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) Mr.
Eigege Adamu, in River State, in an address at ceremony of United Nation
day on Drug said that marijuana is an illicit drug,that causes 80% of violent
crime among secondary school students in our society. The extent of
Indian hemp abuse among secondary school students has prompted the
mass media to organize discussion by official of mass media on ills of
marijuana smoking.
Non-smokers in this study are therefore referred to as, students who
do not indulge in the smoking of marijuana whether in secret or in public
places, and are involved in positive academic activities that will impact
positively in their lives. Non-smokers are also individuals or students who
do not possess the observable characteristics of those who indulge in the
smoking acts. These are normal students that keep the rules and
regulations of the school and obey constituted authorities.
Social behaviour is the way people influence, perceive, and interact
with one another and how people behave in social situations. The study of
social influence includes the following; conformity, obedience to authority,
the formation of attitudes, and the principles of persuasion. Researchers
are interested in physical attraction, love and intimacy, aggression,
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altruism, and group processes. Many social psychologists are also
interested in cultural influences on interpersonal behavior. Schaller (2003)
observed that social behaviour is to defend ourselves and those we value.
Schaller agree that people get hostile when their reputations, their
resources families members of the same gang, classmate are threatened.
The motivation to defend ourselves can have obvious benefits promoting
survival and that of our family members, but it can also lead to our
escalating violence due to substance taking (marijuana).
Social behaviour is goal-oriented, people enter social situation with
short term immediate goal and this are linked to broader long term goals
and ultimately to more fundamental motives (Bugental 2000). Social
behaviour represents a continual interaction between features inside the
person and events in the situation. There are anti-social behaviour and
pro-social behaviour; anti-social behavior is a disorder in which individuals
tend to display no regard for the moral and ethical rules of society or the
rights of others. While pro-social behavior is an antidote in helping
behavioural modification.
Academic achievement is a situation where learning outcome is
appraised in terms of matching it with standardized testing and its
successful completion. It is all about what students can actually do when
they have finished a course of achievement study. The need for
achievement is a stable, learned characteristic in which satisfaction is
obtained by striving for excellence (Feldman, 2002). During the course of
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teaching and learning the teacher should employ instructional strategies
that will reinforce behaviours‘ that is geared towards success at the end of
the academic session.
There are factors that influence students academic achievements
such as innate abilities, character, traits, environmental, pedagogy, health
and nutritional, motivation and school management. Though, these factors
can be manipulated to achieve the desired objectives, as it can make or
maim the successful completion of the child‘s education.
Statement of the Problem
Marijuana smoking by students has been largely associated with
various factors and has been addressed from different dimensions by the
researcher. Such influence suffices due to changes in the environment and
school climate; it is also ranging from pleasure seeking, differing stress,
joblessness, parental background and peer pressure.
However, it has been observed that marijuana smoking has a very
strong influence on students‘ social behaviour and academic achievement.
Students‘ lifestyles remain an important determinant to their behaviour.
Marijuana smoking could influence social behaviour and academic
achievement of students in school, negative social behaviour like cultism;
truancy, drug/alcohol, gangsterism, and examination malpractice have
been on the increase recently. Furthermore,the environment, which one
finds himself, influences him/her. However, literature review show that no
study has been carried out on the influence of marijuana smoking, on
6
student‘s social behaviour and academic achievement among students in
secondary school in Ikom Educational zone.
The thrust of this work is therefore to find answers to the following
questions ―how does marijuana smoking influence students social
behaviour as compared to non smokers and their academic achievement
in secondary schools in Ikom educational zone of Cross River State?‖
Purpose of the Study
The main purpose of this study is to find out the influence of
marijuana smoking on students social behaviour and academic
achievement in Ikom Educational zone of Cross River State. Specifically,
the study will seek to find out:
1) The influence of marijuana smoking on students‘ social behaviour,
compared to non their smokers.
2) The influence of marijuana smoking on students‘ academic
achievement, compared to non their smokers.
Significance of the Study
It is hoped that the findings of this study will help to understand the
behavioural patterns of students who smoke marijuana in Ikom educational
zone.
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It is hoped that teachers will help to identify these students and know
how to do placement in the class and equally know where to position these
students in class environment.
The study will be useful for teachers who are directly involved with the
students and are aware of the influence of marijuana smoking on students
social behaviour and academic achievement in schools and in turn help
them out.
School administrators and policy makers who are directly involve in
formulating policies will create conducive learning environment for the
students and it will also help educational psychologist in the areas of
researching and developing theories and techniques in dealing with
maladjusted behaviours‘. Parents will benefit immensely as it will enable
them identify such delinquent behaviours and promptly call for intervention
from the appropriate authority. The students will also benefits as they will
realize the influence of marijuana smoking on their social behaviour and
academic achievemen.t
Scope of the Study
The study will be carried out in Ikom educational zone and will be
limited to eight( 8) public secondary schools. Day students presently in
their senior secondary school class will be used for this study. The content
scope of this study will be delimited to the influence of marijuana smoking
on students‘ social behaviour and academic achievement.
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Research Question
In order to meet the objectives of this study the following research
questions have been formulated.
1) To what extent does marijuana smoking influence students‘ social
behavior, compared to their non smokers?
2) To what extent does marijuana smoking influence students‘
academic achievement, compared to their non smokers?
Hypotheses
The following null hypothesis will be formulated and tested at, 0.05 level of
significance.
1. Marijuana smoking does not have any significant influence on
student social behavior, compared to their non smokers.
2. Marijuana smoking does not have a significant influenced on student
academic achievement, compared to their non smokers.
9
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter presents literature related to the present study. The
review is organized and presented thus:
A. Conceptual Framework
- Concept of marijuana
- Concept of marijuana smoking
- Concept of social behaviour
- Concept of academic achievement
B. Theoretical Framework
- Erik Erikson theory of psychosocial development
- B.F. Skinner, operant conditioning theory
- Albert Bandura‘s social learning theory
10
C. Review of Empirical studies
D. Summary of Literature Review
Concept of Marijuana
Marijuana is a dry shredded leaves with stems, seed, and flowers. It
is also known in our local parlance in Nigeria as ganja, weed, igbo, grass
and Indian hemp.
Tide (2008) Marijuana, common name for a drug made from the
dried leaves and flowering tops of the Indian hemp plant Cannabis sativa.
People smoke, chew, or eat marijuana for its hallucinogenic and
intoxicating effects. It is known by a number of slang names, including
―pot,‖ ―grass‖, ―widow‖, ―weed,‖ and ―Mary Jane.‖ Smokers called
marijuana, such as ganja, pot, weed, grass, herb, widow and hash.
Marijuana has name derived from trade mark called cannabis (Markin,
1987). It is also known as Bubble Gum, Northern lights, fruity Juice
(Haney, 1999).
The flowering tops of the Cannabis plant secrete a sticky resin that
contains the active ingredient of marijuana, known as delta-9-
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The plant has both male and female forms,
and the sticky flowers of the female plant are the most potent. Cannabis is
used to produce three drug products: marijuana (pot,weed grass, dope)
consist of dry leaf and flowers of the plant. Hashish (hash) is made from
11
the dried resin at the top of the plant. It is often brown or black and chunky
looking. Hash oil is made from hashish. A sticky oil, it can be brown, black,
red or clear. It is often place in small bottles or caps.
Known in India, Central Asia, and China as early as 3000 BC,
marijuana has long been used as both a medicine and an intoxicant. It
gained widespread use in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s,
becoming the second most popular drug after alcohol. In subsequent
decades its use continued to increase, particularly among American teens.
According to a survey prepared in 1998 by the United States Drug
Enforcement Agency, marijuana use among teenagers increased almost
300 percent from 1992 to 1998. Bungental (2000) opined that, between
1980–1997, that the amount of Tetrahydrocannabinol(THC) in marijuana
available in the united state rose dramatically.
Most countries consider marijuana an illegal substance, but
individual countries vary on how they prosecute the use and possession of
marijuana. Some countries only impose small fines, while others impose
harsher punishment, including imprisonment.
Concept of Marijuana Smoking
According to Johnson (2004), marijuana smoking through out history
is still the same till date. Marijuana smoking is widely spread among
adolescents and young adults. The percentage of middle school students
smoking marijuana increased throughout the early 1990s. Johnson (2004)
12
Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN), a system for monitoring the health
impact of drugs estimated that, in 2002, marijuana was a contributing
factor in over 119,000 emergency department (ED) visit in the United
States with about 15 percent of the patients between the age of 12 and 17,
and almost two-thirds male. He also said that the national institute of
Justices Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program, which collects
data on the number of adult arrestees testing positive for various drugs,
found that, on average, 41 percent adult male students arrestees and 27
percent adult female students arrestees tested positive for marijuana. On
the average, 57 percent of juvenile male and 32 percent of juvenile female
arrestees tested positive for marijuana.
According to Stitzer (1997), when some one smokes marijuana, the
substance in it called tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) rapidly passes from
lungs into the bloodstream, which carries the chemical to organs
throughout the body, including the brain. In the brain, THC connects to
specific sites called cannabinoid receptors on nerve cells and thereby
influences the activity of those cells. Many Cannabinoid receptors are
found in the parts of the brain that influence pleasure, memory, thought,
concentration, sensory and time perception, and coordinated movement.
Tashkin (1990); when marijuana is smoked by youth, its effects
begins immediately after the substance enters the brain and lasts from 1-3
hours. If marijuana is consumed in food or drink, the short-term effects
begins more slowly, usually in ½ to 1 hour, and lasts longer, for as long as
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4 hours. Smoking of marijuana is more severe and it deposits several
times into the blood stream than does eating or drinking the drug. Within a
few minutes after taking marijuana smoke, an adolescent‘s or user‘s heart
begins to beat more rapidly; the bronchial passages relax and become
enlarged, and blood vessels in the eyes expand, making the eyes look red.
He also opined that the heart bit of marijuana smoker is normally 70 to 80
beats per minute, but it reduces by 20 to 50 beats per minute, when
smoking of marijuana is done. This effect can be greater if other drugs are
taken with marijuana. Tashkin (1990) said that immediately THC enters
the brain, it causes the smokers to feel euphoric or ―high‖ by acting in the
cognition, areas of the brain that respond to stimuli such as food and drink.
THC activates the reward system in the same way that nearly all smokers
do, by stimulating brain cells to release the chemical dopamine. Young
students, who are involved in marijuana smoking, with this toxidity or
reaction, usually become withdrawn and isolated.
Brook (1999) opined that marijuana smokers usually experience
pleasant sensations, colours and sounds which seem more intense, and
time them appears to pass very slowly. He also agreed that, the smoker‘s
mouth feels dry and he or she may suddenly become very hungry and
thirsty. His or her hands may tremble and grow cold. Brook (1999)
mentioned that marijuana smokers experiences an extremely strong
feeling of happiness and excitement that usually lasts only a short time
(Euphoria), and then feel depressed; occasionally, marijuana smokers also
14
produce anxiety, fear, distrust and panic feelings. Heavy marijuana
smoking impairs a person‘s ability to form memories, shift attention from
one thing to another. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,
(2000) observed that moderate dose of marijuana alone was shown to
impair driving performance; however, the effects of even a low dose of
marijuana combined with alcohol were markedly greater than for either
drug alone (NHTSA 2000). According to NHTSA (2000) marijuana users
who have taken high doses of drug may experience severe or acute toxic
psychosis, which includes hallucinations, delusions, and depersonalization,
that is a loss of self recognition and the sense of personal identity.
National institute on Drug Abuse (2005) state that, marijuana use
has been shown to increase user‘s difficulty in trying to quit smoking
tobacco. That the relationships between marijuana use and continued
smoking was particularly strong in those who smoked marijuana daily at
the time of the initial interview. National Institute on Drug Abuse
conducted a study of 450 individuals and found that people who smoke
marijuana have more health problems and miss more days of work than
non smokers do. Many of the extra sick days used by the marijuana
smokers in the study were for respiratory illness. The institute also stated
that frequent marijuana use can cause burning and stinking of the mouth
and throat, often accompanied by a heavy cough. Also students who
smoke marijuana regularly may have the same respiratory problem like
15
that of tobacco smokers. Cancer of the respiratory tract and lungs may
also be promoted by marijuana smoking.
Ford (2002) mentioned that, 173 cancer patients and 176 healthy
individuals produced strong evidence that smoking marijuana increases
the likelihood of developing cancer of the head or neck, and that the more
marijuana smoked, the greater the increase. Ford (2002) observed that,
marijuana has the potential to promote cancer of the lungs and other parts
of the respiratory tract in the body. That marijuana smoke contains 50
percent to 70 percent of carcinogenic hydrocarbons which affect the body
of the smoker. It produces high levels of an enzyme that may accelerate
the changes that ultimately produce malignant cells. This fact suggested
that, smoking marijuana may increase the risk of cancer more than
smoking tobacco because of its terrible consequences in the body of the
smoker. It is also stated clearly by Anthony, (2002) that health effects
caused by marijuana may occur because tetrahydrocannabinol(THC)
impairs the immune systems ability to fight infectious diseases and cancer.
It also impairs short-term memory, attention, judgment, cognitive functions;
impairs coordination and balance, increase heart rate; Impairs memory
and learning skills. Long-term (cumulative, potential, permanent effects
and cronic abuse). Increases risk of chronic cough, bronchitis, and
emphysema. Increases risks of cancer of the head, neck and lungs.
Copies of the questionnaire were given to the researchers
supervisor and one expert in educational psychology, another expert in
guidance and counseling and the other one in measurement and
evaluation. The copies of the questionnaire were given to them along with
research question and purpose of the study to enable them to check the
appropriateness of the items in relation to the research question and
hypothesis. On the basis of their inputs corrections were made. (please
see the appendix for their validation reports).
Reliability of the Instrument
To determine the reliability of the instrument, instrument was
distributed to 30 identified SS students who are marijuana smokers in
Ogoja Education zone. The distributed questionnaire was collected under
strick and close supervision of the researcher, with the assistance of
research assistanct. The data collected from the respondents was
subjected to factor analysis. Based on the factor analysis, the reliability
indices for cluster one was found to be 0.73, cluster two was found to be
0.82 and cluster three was found to be 0.86 respectively. The factor
analysis was carried out, and it reduced the 80 items to a 40-item
questionnaire.
51
Method of Data Collection
The instrument was administered to the sample of senior secondary
school students on the spot by the researcher with the help of research
assistant, the questionnaire were distributed and collected .
Method of Data Analysis
Research questions was analyzed using mean and standard deviation to
answer questions one to three (1-3). The benchmark was 2.50 and above
was accepted, otherwise rejected. T-test statistics was used to test the two
null hypotheses at 0.05level of significance.
52
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
This chapter presents and analyses data collected through the
research instrument. The data are presented according to order of the
three research question and two hypotheses that guided the study.
Table 1 showing the population distribution of students by educational
zone of cross River state
CLUSTER A: MEAN RATING AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF
MARIJUANA SMOKING ON STUDENTS SOCIAL BEHAIVOUR
S/N Items X
Standard deviation SD
Remark
1 Smoking makes people bold to talk in public
3.01 1.30 Accepted
2 Smoking makes students reason fast
2.90 0.92 Accepted
3 Smoking gives us high social status 3.10 1.22 Accepted
4 Smoking makes students to forget their worriers
3.17 1.10 Accepted
5 Smoking of marijuana cure disease 2.22 1.02 Rejected
6 Smoking gives causes inferiority complex
2.26 .79 Accepted
7 Smoking of marijuana makes me feel warm and alert at all time.
3.17 .91 Accepted
8 Smoking of marijuana student feel important
3.20 1.23 Accepted
9 Smoking of marijuana give me extra strength in school.
3.32 1.06 Accepted
10 Smoking marijuana helps me to be courageous always
3.22 .94 Accepted
11 Marijuana smoking helps student to escape from dangers
2.34 .65 Rejected
12 Smoking of marijuana make me to be isolated from people.
3.35 .87 Accepted
13 Smoking makes smokers to be aggressive
2.10 1.28 Rejected
14 Smoking reduces my tension 2.04 1.01 Rejected
53
From the data in table 4 above, it reveal that items 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10 and 12 have mean values of 3.01, 2.90, 3.10, 3.17, 3.20, 3.22, 3.22
and 3.35. The cut-off or bench mark of the students respondent agreed on
these items as the influence of marijuana, on students social behaviour.
While items 5, 11, 13 and 14 have mean values of 2.22, 2.34, 2.10 and
2.04 which are below 2.50 shows that students respondents disagreed that
these items are not the influence of marijuana smoking of the students
social behaviour.
S/N Items X Standard deviation SD
Remark
15 I develop anxiety always 3.29 1.01 Accepted
16 I have confidence always with my friend
3.56 .76 Accepted
17 I always feel depressed 2.24 1.02 Rejected
18 I love to attend party than school activities
3.27 1.13 Accepted
19 Smoking helps me to talk to girls freely.
3.82 .61 Agree
20 I am cheerful to people when I smoke
2.13 .84 Rejected
21 I make a lot of noise in the classroom like to make noise
3.008 1.25 Accepted
22 Marijuana smoking help to be smart at all time
3.26 .85 Accepted
23 I insult my teachers in the school when they annoy
3.05 1.23 Accepted
24 Marijuana smoking develop my interest in joining social group
2.89 .91 Accepted
25 Smoking marijuana makes me quiet in class
3.04 1.22 Accepted
54
The data on table 5 above show that the mean values for items
15,16,18,19,21,22,23,24 and 25, which are marijuana on students social
behaviour is above 2.50 mean cut-off. This signifies that influence of
marijuana on students social behaviour is very high and as such marijuana
smoking may contributed to their misbehaviour in school and at home.
Similarly, items 17 and 20 have mean values of 2.24, 2.13, which
are below 2.50. Therefore the respondent disagreed that these item are
not responsible for influence of marijuana on students social behaivour.
CLUSTER B: MEAN RATING AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF MARIJUANA
SMOKING ON STUDENTS ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT
S/N Items X Standard deviation SD
Remark
26 Smoking of marijuana enable student to performed better in physics examination
3.24 1.07 Accepted
27 Smoking of marijuana make people not to be regular in class room.
3.20 1.00 Accepted
28 I read for long period of time during examination.
3.60 .72 Accepted
29 My class masters complain of smokes commitment in mathematics class
2.02 .91 Rejected
30 I performed poorly in my second them examination
2.10 1.24 Rejected
31 Smoker pass biology even if they miss classes
3.30 1.02 Accepted
32 Smoking improve performance in exam 2.62 .93 Accepted
33 Calculating mathematics formulas are simpler to those who smoke marijuana
3.72 .58 Accepted
34 Marijuana smoking enable student to understand chemistry formulas.
3.31 .88 Accepted
35 Smoking makes us to perform poorly in science subjects.
2.90 1.28 Accepted
36 Smoking of marijuana help in pass English language exam.
2.74 .97 Accepted
37 Smoking enable student to understand physics formulas
2.22 1.00 Rejected
38 Smokers receive awards in school 2.05 .71 Rejected
39 Smokers are good school prefect 3.19 1.03 Accepted
40 Smoking can make student come first position in class.
2.18 1.14 Rejected
55
The data presented in this table indicates that marijuana smoking is
directly influence student smokers on their academic achievement. Their
mean and standard deviation scores on items 26,27,28,31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
36 and 39 indicate the respondents agreed that marijuana influences
students smoker in school. Furthermore, items 29,30, 37, 38 and 40 have
the mean values of 202, 2.10, 2.22, 2.05 and 2.18 which are below 2.50 as
bench mark. Therefore, it means that marijuana does not influence
academic performance of students.
Pearson Correlation Coefficient for Two Hypothesis
Hypotheses 1: Marijuana smoking does not significantly influence
students social behaviour.
Correlation for marijuana smoking and students social behaviour
Smoking marijuana
Social behaviour
Smoking marijuana Pearson correlation sig.
(2- tailed) N
1 14
-637 .829 14
Social Behaviour Pearson correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N
-637 .829 14
15
This Table shows that correlation coefficient between smoking marijuana
and social behaviour of the students smokers is -0.64. This result indicates
that there is negative correlation between smoking marijuana and the
student social behaviour. Hence smoking of marijuana has negative
56
influence on students social behaviour therefore, the null hypotheses is
accepted. This means that marijuana smoking does not significantly
influence students social behaviour.
Correlations for Hypotheses Two
Hypotheses 2: The influence of marijuana smoking on student academic
achievement is not significant.
Correlation for marijuana smoking and students academic
achievement.
Correlations
Smoking marijuana
Social behaviour
Smoking marijuana Pearson correlation sig. (2- tailed)
N
1 14
-425 .193 14
Academic achievement Pearson correlation Sig.
(2-tailed) N
-425 .193 11
1 11
Table 8 above reveals that the significant values for marijuana smoking
and students academic achievement has a greater level of significance.
The correlation co-efficient is -043. This result indicates that there is
negative correlation between marijuana smoking and students academic
achievement. This means that the null hypotheses are rejected and that
the influence of marijuana smoking on students academic achievement is
significant.
57
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
In this chapter, the results are discussed and conclusions are drawn
from the analysis. Based on the findings, recommendations are made for
further studies. Educational implications of the study are given and
limitations of the studies stated.
Summary of Findings
(1) Marijuana smoking is greatly influence students social behaviour,
their popularity in groups and classes makes them loose prestige or
their responsibility in school like prefect ship and head boy
(2) The influence of marijuana smoking on students behaviour is not
significant, thus their isolation from group or classes is as a result of
constant smoking of Indian hemp.
(3) The students that smoke marijuana were intrinsically influence by
their follow students that smoke India hemp.
(4) The result of hypotheses one revealed that there is negative
correlation between students smoking marijuana and their social
behaviour.
(5) The result of hypotheses two showed that the influence of
marijuana smoking on students academic achievement it significant.
58
Discussion of the Findings
The researcher found out that influence of marijuana on students
social behaviour is demonstrated and exhibited due to changes in
environment and school climate. This behaviour occurs in diverse styles
and dimension which includes differing stress, joblessness, peer pressure
and parental background. The above finding agree with the view of
Graham‘s (1973) who noted that, marijuana smoking students ordinarily
enjoyed Cannabis which suffer him dizziness tremor, disoriented and
becoming stupous in an environment.
The findings also agree with Isabel, (1971) who observed that
interaction with marijuana smokers revealed a continuous increases in its
smoker by students, that result to frustration and difficulty in fulfilling ethics
of the society. The National Institute on drug Abuse (2005) opines that,
environmental life style has regulate him on smoking marijuana which
cause burning and stinging of the mouth, throat and often accompanied by
a heavy cough.
Influence of marijuana smoking on students social behaviour, the
researcher discovered that experimentation of emulating or adapting
behaviour may en-croach individual into full participation of a learned
behaviour. Base on this fact, most of these subjects in the area found their
feet in so many aspect of life. The researcher observed that, drug use,
truancy armed rubbery, delinquencies and examination malpractices are
59
among the social behaviour exhibited by students. Steinberg (1996) stated
that, externalizing social behaivour and internalizing social behaviour are
observable behaviour commonly developed and learned among young
students in secondary school which are negatively to the sustainability in
life style. Eze (2005) also observed that some depressed students can
also resort to marijuana smoking and become delinquents in behaviour.
Eze (2005) opines that many youngsters indulge in marijuana smoking as
way of fulfilling their sense of belonging to peer group.
The researcher also discovered that marijuana smoking does
influence students academic achievement. The finding were in agreement
with the views of Dewey (1999) that marijuana smoking is a risk factor for
academic problems such as lower grades, absenteeism and high dropout
rates. Marijuana smoking interferes with students ability to think, making
learning and concentration more difficult. Elliot (1978) said that evidence is
clear that poor school performance, truancy, leaving school at young age
are connected to marijuana smoking by students Elliot (1978) still
observed that early aggressive behaviour usually lead to difficulties in the
classroom.
Gottfredson (1987) suggested that schools should include
programmes designed which shall improve students social behaviour and
academic achievement. Dishion (1999) said that students who have poor
academic planning may find themselves with so much problems to read
60
few days to their examination. They take marijuana to keep them awake of
night or to forget the anxiety and fears of the examination.
Again, an interesting study was done by Crowely (1980), observed
the influence of marijuana smoking and academic achievement on
secondary school students. Results indicated that some of these students
are addicted to marijuana smoking, they cannot stay without smoking the
substances.
The analysis on hypothesis one revealed that marijuana smoking in
not significantly influence students social behaviour. The indication is that
there is negative correlation between smoking marijuana and the students
social behaivour. Since smoking of marijuana has negative influence on
students social behaviour, the null hypothesis is accepted.
Hypothesis two analysis showed that the influence of marijuana
smoking on students academic achievement is not significant. This
indicate that the respondent believe that, smoking of marijuana in school
affect their academic achievement.
Implication
The findings of this study have some implication for the government,
parents teachers, educational psychologist, as well as the students
themselves. The finding showed that there are behavoural pattern of life
which are exhibited by students due to environmental changes. The
citation of school or location of school in remote environment on the part of
government has contributed to many of these students involvement in
61
marijuana smoking. Some of their behaviour is disoriented, tremor,
dizziness and warming.
It is also observed from the finding that, poor perception,
disorientation and action of many parents towards their children and wards
at home were not properly groom s a result they find themselves is
smoking marijuana. Therefore, the idea of organizing seminars and
conference by the government, schools, churches and concerned
stakeholders will helps in changing the behaviour of students smoker and
parent action.
Another important implication of the finding is that, many student
who smoke marijuana experience academic problem by getting lower
grades in school, absenteeism and high dropout rates from school. Ability
to think or having good concentration in learning is finding to be a difficult
problem to these smokers. Teachers and counselors in schools should be
reinforced of this students differences and treat them with love and
caution.
Recommendation
Based on the finding of this study, the following recommendations
are made:
1. That the government, school administration and churches should
organize seminars and conference for the parents on how
environment has a vital role play in children up-bringing, they should
62
regularly spell out-those things that will enable them to be
responsible or hold their personality high and things that will not
sabotage their personality.
2. That the teachers and schools administrator, and all concerned
should remain aware of the individual differences of these students
and do well to work with them effectively and efficiently.
3. That the students should know that only hard work produces
success in life and try harder of their school work in order to achieve
success and become responsible citizens worthy of emulation by
others, not to interfere with marijuana smoking or bad gang that will
result to frustration and difficulty in fulfilling ethic of the society.
Limitation of the Study
Although the study has accomplished the purpose of which it set out
to do, the following limitation are permanent in the study.
(1) Unwillingness of the respondent to complete the questionnaire on the
fact that they shall be exposed to marijuana smoking and the location of
schools in some of the area is difficult to get in thereby delaying the
collection of the data for this study generally.
(2) Non-cooperation from the school authorities in releasing the data for
the students academic achievement.
63
Suggestion for Further Study
1. Marijuana smoking and it‘s consequence on society.
2. Strategies for improving academic achievement of students in school
3. Influence of environment on child upbringing.
Summary
This study was carried out to determine the influence of marijuana
smoking on students social behaviour and academic achievement. Two
research questions and two hypotheses were formulated to guide the
study.
Related literature including concept of marijuana, concept of
marijuana smoking, concept of social behaviour, concept of academic
achievement, relationship between social behaviour and marijuana
smoking, factors affecting social behaivour in society school, relationship
between marijuana smoking and academic achievement.
The population of the study consist of all senior secondary school
class *SSII) students in the study areas. The major instrument used for
collection of data was questionnaire.
The data collected were analyzed using means and standard
deviation, Pearson‘s correlation. The results of the study led to the
following conclusion
1. Student smokers are greatly influence by their behaviour and as
such loose their prestige.
64
2. Student that smoke marijuana can influence by their follow students
through interaction in their various gangs and clubs.
3. Teachers and parent close relationship with students should be
highly recommended for positive behavioural changes on students
social behaviour and academic achievement
65
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