1 Lyudmyla Zahvoyska Department of Ecological Economics, Ukrainian National Forestry University Dresden, 28-29 October, 2015
1
Lyudmyla Zahvoyska
Department of Ecological Economics,
Ukrainian National Forestry University
Dresden, 28-29 October, 2015
Forest ecosystem services:
first steps to identification, perceptions
and valuation with a focus on Ukraine
Introduction
1. What are ecosystem services
2. Human perception of forest ecosystem
services
3. Integration of forest ecosystem values
into decision-making
ConclusionDresden, 28-29 October, 2015 2
History of ecosystem services (ES)(Gómez-Baggethun et al., 2009)
late 1970s - the origins of the concept, the utilitarian
framing of beneficial ecosystem functions as services
to increase public interest in biodiversity conservation (Westman,1977; Ehrlich and Ehrlich,1981;de Groot, 1987)
1990s - the mainstreaming of ES (Costanza and
Daly, 1992; Perrings et al., 1992; Daily, 1997) and
interest to valuation methods (Costanza et al., 1997);
2005 – a landmark MEA report put ES in the the
policy agenda: ES as benefits for people
2009 > TEEB reports: ES as a contribution to human
welfare.
Dresden, 28-29 October, 2015 3
Exponential growth of papers using the term “ecosystem
services” or “ecological services” (Fisher et al., 2009)
Dresden, 28-29 October, 2015 4
• ISI Web of Science search
through 2007
• Without “Environmental
services”
Conceptualisation of ES in
Ukraine
What are services?
Plurality of concepts
Thesis, papers, books
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Identification of selected from 17 ecosystem
services (after Costanza et al., 1997)
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Dresden, 28-29 October, 2015 7
Services provided by FES(Daly and Farley, 2004)
Gas regulation,
Climate regulation
Water regulation
Disturbance
regulation,
Water supply,
Waste absorption,
Erosion control,
Soil formation
Nutrient cycling
Pollination
Biological control
Habitat
Genetic resources
Recreation
Cultural values
Conceptualization of ES
Dresden, 28-29 October, 2015 8
Ecosystem services
Definition and Classification
Conceptual map of
approaches to the
characterization of
ecosystem goods and
services (Haines-Young
and Potschin, 2009)
2. Human perception of
forest ecosystem services
Case studies from Ukraine
Approaches to elicitation
of stakeholders’ perceptions
Identification of services and
stakeholders’ attitude to them;
Ranking of existing list of services.
Pros and cons of the approaches.
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Dresden, 28-29 October, 2015
Conceptual Content Cognitive Mapping
and non-parametric statistics
Kearney and Kaplan, 1997
A. Kearney, G. Bradley, R. Kaplan and
S.Kaplan, 1999
S. Kant and S. Lee; 2004
Zahvoyska and Bas, 2009.
Richnau G. et al., 2013
Zahvoyska L., Bas T., 2013
Dresden, 28-29 October, 2015 12
Conceptual Content Cognitive Mapping
(3CM)
+ nonparametric statistics
A respondent verbalizes preferences regarding:
Own values and preferences;
Own stakeholder group
Own view on other stakeholders’ interests related to
multifunctional role of forest ecosystems services.
Application of non-parametric statistical methods.
Procedure of
the data
collection and
processing
using 3CM
open-ended
task:
3CM
exercise
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Dresden, 28-29 October, 2015
Stakeholders
Local population,
Forest Industry,
Environmental NGOs,
City population.
These stakeholders were identified using criteria:
responsibility,
impact,
relationship,
dependence,
relevance (Hotulyeva et al., 2006).
14
Dresden, 28-29 October, 2015 15
Forest values
universe (Zahvoyska and Bas, 2013)
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Cognitive map of preferences regarding FES,
p=0.95 (Zahvoyska and Bas, 2013)
Differences in the frequency of themes mention:
Local population vs. City population
Dresden, 28-29 October, 2015 17
Львів у ХХ ст.
Lviv in 20th century
Львів у ХIХ ст.
Lviv in 19th century
Львів у ХVII ст.
Lviv in 17th century
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Краще ніж у бібліотеціBetter than in library
Стежка, дерева, роверPath, trees, bicycle
ТишаSilence
КонцентраціяConcentration
Краса життяBeauty of life Dresden, 28-29 October, 2015 19
Кам’яні ідолиThe stony idols
Каплиця – місце жертвоприношень ІІХ-Х ст.
Kapyshche – sacrificial place 9th – 10th century
Придорожні хрести
Road crosses
HISTORICAL
ENVIRONMENT
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Військова могила УСС/УГА 1918р.
Military grave USS/UHA, 1918
Дерев’яна церква, ХVІІ ст.
Wooden church, 17th century
Церква Вознесіння, поч. ХХVoznesinnya (Ascension) church, beg. of 17th century
Museum of Folk
Architecture and
Custom
(Museum under the Sky)
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Геологічна пам’ятка г. Лева
Geological site Leva (Lion) mountain
Ставок у старому кар’єрі
Lake in old quarrier
Такі близькі і приязні, завжди поруч
So close and friendly, always close to as
Ботанічна пам’ятка г. Хомець
Botanical site Khomec mountain Звична картина
Common picture
History of the Earth,
Botanical and
geological sites
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Stakeholders’ preferences
regarding urban park (Preliminary map)
Values
Stake-
holders
Recrea
-tional
Environ-
mental
services
Aethe
-tical
Historical
and
cultural
Educational
values
Eco-
nomic
Local
government
1 2 2 1 3 -
Business
establishmen
ts
1 3 2 - - 3
NGO 1 2 2 4 2 -
Educational
establishmen
ts
1 1 2 3 - -
Local
population
1 1 2 2 - -
Mass media 3 1 1 2 4 -
Dresden, 28-29 October, 2015 23
Public evaluation of inanimate natural
components of landscapes (Nijnik et al., 2009)
analysis of public preferences through the
construction of aggregated indexes (Rozhko, 2000):
recreational,
aesthetical,
scientific,
cultural-historical
ecological value of inanimate nature objects.
24Dresden, 28-29 October, 2015
Relation between WTP
and aggregated indexes(Nijnik et al., 2009)
Coefficient t-Ratio
Significance
level
Constant −10.72 −1.07 0.36
The aggregated
index
0.98 2.95 0.06
25
Skolivski Beskydy National Park, Carpathian Mountains,
Ukraine
Dresden, 28-29 October, 2015
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Stakeholders’ perceptions
of treeline ecosystem services
treeline ecosystem services (TES) as a
contribution of ecosystems, located in a
treeline zone, to human well being.
CICES V 4.3 classification (http://cices.eu/).
27Dresden, 28-29 October, 2015
Provisioning ecosystem services of treeline
ecosystems: Ukrainian Carpathians case study
(Zahvoyska et al., 2014)
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Regulation & Maintenance Ecosystem Services
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Cultural Ecosystem Services:TES in Ukrainian Carpathians (Zahvoyska et al., 2014)
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Stakeholders with highest benefits
or/and strongest threatens to TES
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COMPARISON OF FOREST ECOSYSTEM QUALITY (Zahvoyska and Pelyukh, 2015):
mixed vs. pure stands (CICES V 4.3, 2014; Sign test, p = 99%)
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SensFor Workshop at the James
Hutton Institute in Aberdeen, UK,
9-10 October, 2015 33
-2
0
1
1
2
-3
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Planting forests to produce timber shouldbe a policy priority
The shortage of investment is the mainchallenge in treeline areas
I support the tree planting in treelineareas carried out for multiple purposes
Letting wildlife take care of itself shouldbe the main principle of advanced…
The rights of people to enjoy the beautyof treeline areas are more important…
Planting trees to create jobs is moreimportant than protecting wildlife &…
Conservationists
-3
1
2
0
1
-2
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Planting forests to produce timber shouldbe a policy priority
The shortage of investment is the mainchallenge in treeline areas
I support the tree planting in treelineareas carried out for multiple purposes
Letting wildlife take care of itself shouldbe the main principle of advanced…
The rights of people to enjoy the beautyof treeline areas are more important…
Planting trees to create jobs is moreimportant than protecting wildlife &…
Green Protectionists
3
4
-3
2
-2
3
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Planting forests to produce timber shouldbe a policy priority
The shortage of investment is the mainchallenge in treeline areas
I support the tree planting in treelineareas carried out for multiple purposes
Letting wildlife take care of itself shouldbe the main principle of advanced…
The rights of people to enjoy the beautyof treeline areas are more important…
Planting trees to create jobs is moreimportant than protecting wildlife &…
2
2
-1
-1
-4
2
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Planting forests to produce timber shouldbe a policy priority
The shortage of investment is the mainchallenge in treeline areas
I support the tree planting in treelineareas carried out for multiple purposes
Letting wildlife take care of itself shouldbe the main principle of advanced…
The rights of people to enjoy the beautyof treeline areas are more important…
Planting trees to create jobs is moreimportant than protecting wildlife &…
Productivists Non-Green
Technocrats
4
-2
-2
-3
3
0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Planting forests to produce timber should be apolicy priority
The shortage of investment is the mainchallenge in treeline areas
I support the tree planting in treeline areascarried out for multiple purposes
Letting wildlife take care of itself should be themain principle of advanced forest management
in treeline areas
The rights of people to enjoy the beauty oftreeline areas are more important than making
profits from the land
Planting trees to create jobs is more importantthan protecting wildlife & nature
Challengers
Q- method, Discources (Kopiy et al., unpub.)
3. Integration of forest
ecosystem values into
decision-making
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Nature
Pre-analytical View of Ecological Economics(Farley et al., 2005)
Ecological Economic Paradigm
35
Society
Economy
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CONCEPTUAL MODEL of social-ecological-economic systems co-
evolution
(Farley et al., 2005; Zahvoyska, 2010)
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Service cascades (CICES v 4, 2013)
Biophysical
structure or
process
Functions
(e.g. slow
passage of
water, or
biomass) Benefit
(e.g.
contribution
to aspects of
well-being
such as health
and safety)
Value
(e.g. WTP for
woodland
protection or for
more woodland or
harvestable
products)
Service
(e.g. flood
protection or
harvestable
products)
Forest ecosystems:Biophysical structure:Forest landscapes
Forest ecosystem functions:
Emergent pheno –mena: processes
Forest ecosystems:Services , contribution to human well-being
Components
of human well-beings
e.g. safe aesthetic environ-
ment
Forest values:
FeelingInformationKnowledgeQuantitiesValuesPricesStake-
holders’ perception
of FES:- positions- conflicts
Political processes :localglobalregional
Institutes
and
institutions
- Formal
- Informal
- Indirect
impact
Compro-
mised
solutions:
- Legal- Political
- Econo
mic;
Antopogenic pressure on
forest ecosystems: state and dynamics
Cascade model of forest decision-making:
forest ecosystem services (FES) perspective(Haines-Young, Potschin, 2012; Zahvoyska, 2014)
38Dresden, 28-29 October, 2015
Value of ecosystem services
Priceless
Costanza et al., 1997
Reliability of estimations?
Monetarisation? WTP?
Choice experiments?
Green infrastructure ?
Dresden, 28-29 October, 2015 39
Conclusion
Interdisciplinarity brings ambiguity into
definitions and classification schemes
Application defines relevant system
Integration of values of ecosystem
services is crucial .
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Dresden, 28-29 October, 2015
Міждисциплінарна магістерська
програма “Економіка довкілля і
природних ресурсів” (три проекти
програми Tempus Tacis у 1996-2001рр.)
•1996 – 1997 – pre-project NARECO
•1997 – 2000 – joint project ENARECO (Environment and NAtural Resource
ECOnomics)
•2000 – 2001 – compact project Dissemination ENARECO
Essmann, H., N.Lust, D.Pettenella and Yu. Tunytsya (Eds.),
2000. ENARECO – new master-study course on environmental economics in
Ukraine. Ideas, objectives, contents.
41
Dresden, 28-29 October, 2015
Економіка довкілля і природних ресурсів:
Навчальні програми магістерського курсу підготовки
економістів-екологів.
За ред. Л.І. Максимів, Л.Д. Загвойської, М.Е. Матвєєва
(2002)Екологічна економіка
Економіка довкілля
природних ресурсів
Економічний аналіз
інвестиційних проектів
42
Dresden, 28-29 October, 2015 43
Lyudmyla Zahvoyska
Institute of Ecological Economics,
Ukrainian National Forestry University