DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY HANDBOOK-2015 - …

The University of Zambia | Internal Directory & Programmes Offered

UNZA DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY HANDBOOK-2015

The change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat added to the system minus the work done by the system

U = q - W Change in Heat added Work done Internal to the by the Energy system system

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Contents

Preface. .................................................................................................................................................................... 6

Department of Chemistry Directory ........................................................................................................................ 7

Members of Staff ................................................................................................................................................. 7

School of Natural Sciences ................................................................................................................................... 9

Departments Offices - School of Natural Sciences .............................................................................................. 9

University Offices ................................................................................................................................................. 9

Electronic Mail: ................................................................................................................................................ 9

Mission Statement ................................................................................................................................................. 10

Introduction To The Department ........................................................................................................................... 10

Biochemistry .......................................................................................................................................................... 10

Inorganic Chemistry ............................................................................................................................................... 11

Organic Chemistry .................................................................................................................................................. 11

Analytical Chemistry .............................................................................................................................................. 12

Industrial Chemistry Program (ICP)........................................................................................................................ 12

Physical Chemistry ................................................................................................................................................. 12

Medicinal Chemistry .............................................................................................................................................. 13

Postgraduate Programmes .................................................................................................................................... 13

Research Activities ................................................................................................................................................. 14

Community Services ............................................................................................................................................... 14

Subject Grading Scheme ........................................................................................................................................ 15

Degree Classification (under review) ..................................................................................................................... 15

Course Nomenclature : Term System .................................................................................................................... 16

Bachelor Of Science Degree - Chemistry Degree Options ................................................................................. 17

First Year Curriculum ......................................................................................................................................... 17

Post-First Year Curriculum ................................................................................................................................. 17

Chemistry Degree Options And Structures .................................................................................................... 18

OPTION A: CHEMISTRY SINGLE SUBJECT MAJOR .................................................................................... 18

OPTION B: CHEMISTRY (major)-BIOLOGY (minor) .................................................................................. 19

OPTION C: CHEMISTRY (major) – MATHEMATICS (minor) ...................................................................... 21

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OPTION D: CHEMISTRY (major) – PHYSICS (minor) .................................................................................. 22

OPTION E: CHEMISTRY - GEOLOGY (Double major) ................................................................................ 23

OPTION F: CHEMICAL & BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (Double major)............................................................. 24

Service Courses: ..................................................................................................................................................... 25

Postgraduate Degree Programmes .................................................................................................................... 26

Master Of Science Degree In Chemistry ............................................................................................................ 26

Course Coding System ....................................................................................................................................... 26

List Of Postgraduate Chemistry Courses ................................................................................................................ 26

Degree Options, Eligibility And Degree Structures ........................................................................................... 26

OPTION A: MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CHEMISTRY BY TAUGHT COURSES AND RESEARCH ........................ 27

OPTION B: MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CHEMISTRY BY RESEARCH ............................................................... 28

OPTION C: TWO AND A HALF YEAR MSc DEGREE PROGRAMME BY TAUGHT COURSES & RESEARCH ... 29

OPTION C: TWO AND A HALF YEAR MSc DEGREE PROGRAMME BY TAUGHT COURSES & RESEARCH ... 30

CHE1000: Introductory Chemistry .................................................................................................................. 31

CHE2001: Agricultural and Veterinary Chemistry .......................................................................................... 35

CHE2015: General Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry .................................................................................. 37

CHE2112: Introductory Biochemistry ............................................................................................................. 40

CHE2219: Chemical Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 42

CHE2415: Basic Inorganic Chemistry .............................................................................................................. 44

CHE2511: Basic Organic Chemistry ................................................................................................................. 46

CHE2522: Functional Group and Arene Chemistry......................................................................................... 48

CHE2615: Basic Physical Chemistry ................................................................................................................ 50

CHE3111: Cellular Biochemistry ..................................................................................................................... 52

CHE3122: Energy Transduction Systems ........................................................................................................ 54

CHE3211: Spectroscopic Methods of Analysis ............................................................................................... 56

CHE3222: Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis ................................................................................. 58

CHE3411: Chemistry of main group elements and transition metal complexes ............................................ 60

CHE3422: Organometallics and Reaction Mechanisms .................................................................................. 62

CHE3511: Organic Spectroscopy and Aromatic Chemistry ............................................................................ 64

CHE3522: Polyfunctional Compounds, Molecular Rearrangements and Organic Synthesis ......................... 66

CHE3611: Chemical Kinetics and Nuclear Chemistry...................................................................................... 68

CHE3622: Colloids and Electrochemistry ........................................................................................................ 70

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CHE4111: Information Storage and Biochemical Genetics ............................................................................ 72

CHE4102: Biochemical Processes and Research Techniques ......................................................................... 74

CHE4221: Analysis of Inorganic Compounds .................................................................................................. 76

CHE4222: Food, Drugs, Pesticides and Detergent Analysis ............................................................................ 78

CHE4411: Inorganic Spectrochemical Techniques and Structure Elucidation ............................................... 80

CHE4422: Metal Chemistry and their Application to Organometallics and Catalysis .................................... 82

CHE4435: Bio-inorganic Chemistry ................................................................................................................. 84

CHE4511: Synthetic Reactions, Neighboring Groups and Chemotherapeutic Agents ................................... 86

CHE4522: Physical Organic and Natural Products Chemistry ......................................................................... 88

CHE4535: Selected Topics in Organic Chemistry ............................................................................................ 90

CHE4611: Quantum Mechanics and Molecular Spectroscopy ....................................................................... 92

CHE4622: Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics .................................................................................. 94

CHE4715: Essentials of Medicinal Chemistry ................................................................................................. 96

CHE4811: Inorganic Industrial Chemistry I ..................................................................................................... 98

CHE4822: Inorganic Industrial Chemistry II .................................................................................................. 100

CHE4911: Organic Industrial Chemistry I ...................................................................................................... 102

CHE4922: Organic Industrial Chemistry II ..................................................................................................... 104

Postgraduate Degree Programmes ...................................................................................................................... 106

Master Of Science Degree In Chemistry .............................................................................................................. 106

Course Coding System ..................................................................................................................................... 106

List Of Postgraduate Chemistry Courses .......................................................................................................... 106

Degree Options, Eligibility And Degree Structures ......................................................................................... 106

OPTION A: MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CHEMISTRY BY TAUGHT COURSES AND RESEARCH .......................... 107

OPTION B: MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CHEMISTRY BY RESEARCH ................................................................. 108

OPTION C: TWO AND A HALF YEAR MSc DEGREE PROGRAMME BY TAUGHT COURSES & RESEARCH ..... 109

CHE5011: General Chemical Techniques ...................................................................................................... 111

CHE5111: Macro- and Micro-Molecular Biochemistry ................................................................................. 112

CHE5122: Physiological Chemistry ............................................................................................................... 113

CHE5211: Spectral Analytical Methods ........................................................................................................ 114

CHE5222: Electrochemical and Chromatographic Methods ........................................................................ 116

CHE5411: Applied Inorganic Techniques ...................................................................................................... 118

CHE5422: Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry .................................................................................................. 119

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CHE5435: Further Bio-inorganic Chemistry .................................................................................................. 120

CHE5511: Theoretical Organic Chemistry ..................................................................................................... 121

CHE5522: Plant Natural Products Chemistry ................................................................................................ 123

CHE5535: Physical Organic Chemistry .......................................................................................................... 124

CHE5611: Thermo-electrodynamics of Solution .......................................................................................... 126

CHE5622: Molecular Structures and Reactivity ............................................................................................ 128

CHE5635: Introduction to Statistical Thermodynamics ................................................................................ 129

CHE5722: Medicinal Chemistry II (Cardiovascular Drugs and Cytotoxic Agents) ......................................... 131

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Preface.

The subject of Chemistry is the perfect choice for students with lively inquiring minds. It affects all aspects of

life and chemists are therefore involved in tackling major problems of scientific and social concern. It plays an

important part in many fields of technology, so that graduate chemists must be familiar with a variety of facts,

figures, theories, experimental and instrumental techniques. Its concepts and problem solving opportunities, and

its laboratory activates train hand and mind. These and its relation to other sciences from physics to medicine,

and its role throughout technology means that graduate chemists have an especially wide choice of career.

Teaching in the Department is aimed at the development in students the ability to undertake independent study

and to bring critical judgment to bear on their own work, as well as that others. The use of the University

Library and other resource centres is therefore central to the students’ academic activities. Teaching is mostly

through lectures, laboratory work and tutorials, all of which are inter-related. Tutors can also help, both in

tutorials and at other times, with any problems arising from lectures and from your own reading.

Laboratory sessions are an integral part of study in the Department. They are designed to ensure that the student,

as well as gaining theoretical knowledge, develops practical skills and becomes familiar with the experimental

methods and equipment used in the development of the subject.

The Department’s system of assessment is based on a mixture of continuous assessment (practical, tests,

assignments, etc.) and examinations. Its aims are three-fold: (i) to be as just and precise as possible in

ascertaining whether a student has the ability to pursue a rigorous course of study and to reach the level of

attainment expected of a graduate; (ii) to reduce student wastage by giving adequate early warning of failure and

to minimize strain caused by a single run of crucial highly concentrated examinations and (iii) to attempt to

discover the intellectual ability of a student as distinct from the ability to do well in examinations. Continuous

assessment on work done in the course of a semester is normally based on tests, laboratory work and

assignments.

At the University of Zambia, the teaching year is divided into two semesters (a system introduced during the

1995/96 academic year) of about fifteen weeks each with two intervening vacation periods. There is a short mid-

semester reach about half way through each of the semesters. The courses provided are based on this

arrangement of the teaching year. A semester-unit is a course of teaching and study in one subject which lasts

for one semester, and although the amount of teaching in different semester-units may vary in different subjects,

each semester-unit is calculated to occupy roughly the same proportion of a student’s working time.

Many intending students ask why the University uses this system instead of the more traditional division of the

academic year into three terms of ten weeks each. The short answer is that the University considers that there are

many advantages in having its degree structure based on a combination of semester-units, rather than on a

smaller number of year-long courses. The smaller unit of study gives students a greater flexibility in choosing

and in modifying their degree programmes, and encourages students to same disciplines which are new to them.

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Department of Chemistry Directory

Members of Staff

Office of the Head: Room 319 in Department of Chemistry

Telephone 295436, 291777/8 ext: 2490 E-mail: [email protected]

Head of Department and Lecturer: Room Extension

Nyirenda J., Ph.D. (Kyushu), MSc (Hamdard), BSc. 319 2589

Professors

Siamwiza M, AB (Cum Laude, Bowdoin College), MSc, PhD (MIT) 225 2523

Associate Professor

Banda, S. F. Banda (Iowa State Univ.), Ph. D.(Purdue) 223 2521

Senior Lecturers

Munyati O.M., Ph.D. (UMIST), MSc (Manchester), BSc. 324 2594

Prakash S, MSc, Ph.D. (Lucknow University), M.Sc., BSc 221 2519

Mbewe B. S. K., Ph.D. (UCT), MSc. (Sussex) BSc. Ed. 224 2522

Sikanyika H,B.Sc(Ed)., Ph.D., EurChem CChem MRSC 226 2588

Lecturers

Nomai M., MSc, Ph.D (Alabama), BSc 220 2518

Xavier M. G, BSc, MSc (Mahatma Gandhi), MPhil (Kerala) 227 2522

Mundia A. Y, BSc Ed, MSc (Bristol) 321 2592

Prakash N, MSc B.Sc. (Allahabad University) 325 2493

Nyirenda J., Ph.D. (Kyushu), M Sc ( Hamdard), BSc 226 2558

Tembo B., MSc, Ph.D (UNZA) BSc Ed. 323 2593

Chama M., B.Sc, MSc (Manchester) 011

Funjika E., B. Sc, MSc (Leads) 011

Special Research Fellow

Cheuka P., BSc, MSc (on study leave )

Staff Development Fellows

Mwanza, C., BSc 322

Sinyangwe, P. D., BSc, BPharm 322

Kalulu M., BSc ED 322

Ngulube, R., BSc 322

Mwale, S., BSc 322

mailto:[email protected]

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Room Extension

Chief Technician Syabbamba C., BSc 120 2599

Senior Technicians

Syabbamba C., BSc. 215 2486

Chomba I. 315 2487

Musonda O., BSc, Adv Tech Cert, Tech Dip 039 2579

315 2587

Technicians

Lungu A. 215 2486

Lengwe C. 215 2579

Assistant Technician

Simfukwe R. 2585

Chankoboka D. 2501

Laboratory Assistants

Nsemukila F. 215 2486

Kakompe E. 215 2676

Mweendo E. 215 2576

Manyika A. 215 2579

Sara Luwisha 215 2501

Secretarial Staff

Secretary 319 2590

Other Staff

Mrs E.C. Kayanga. - Messenger 319 2590

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School of Natural Sciences

Office of the Dean 2569

Secretary to the Dean 2570

Assistant Dean (UG & PG) 2545

Secretary to the Assistant Dean 2546

Assistant Registrar 2571

School Accountant 2538

Senior Administrative Officer 2571

Departments Offices - School of Natural Sciences

Name Extension

Head, Department of Biological Sciences 2689

Secretary, Department of Biological Sciences 2673

Head, Department of Computer Studies 2603

Secretary, Department of Computer Studies 2606

Head, Department of Geography 2567

Secretary, Department of Geography 2566

Head, Department of Mathematics and Statistics 2548

Secretary, Department of Mathematics and Statistics 2550

Head, Department of Physics 2515

Secretary, Department of Physics 2514

University Offices

Electronic Mail:

All members of the academic staff are contactable by electronic mail. Addresses at the University of

Zambia are of the following general format. [email protected]. For official communication to

the Head of Department of Chemistry use: [email protected]. Department of Chemistry (DOC)

Website For additional information on other activities in the Department of Chemistry such as

consultancy, analytical services and research interests visit the DOC website URL:

http//www.unza.zm/natsci/chemf.htm.



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Mission Statement The Department of Chemistry at the University of Zambia aims to train personnel for scientific, academic

institutions and the chemical industries in the nation with special emphasis on the primary needs of Zambia.

Through the various programmes the department strives to maintain a meaningful relationship with the local

Chemical Industry to monitor the relevance of the theory to practice of this costly expanding field of Chemistry.

Finally, the department provides support services to other schools in the university by providing the all-important

backup chemistry knowledge, and to the community and industry by providing analytical services for their

products.

The Department of Chemistry endeavors to: Train and make available quality personnel for scientific and

academic institutions, and chemical industries in the nation. Address the primary needs of the nation through

research and consultancy. Promote collaboration with local industries in order to enhance the quality of chemical

products. Look after and safe guard the interests of the community on matters of a chemical nature

Introduction To The Department

The role of chemistry in understanding the nature, various aspects of human welfare, agriculture, industrial and

economic development of a nation and world at large cannot be over emphasized.

Chemistry is concerned not only with the chemical composition and properties of mater but also with

transformation of one matter into another. The recognition and understanding of the relationship between

chemical structure and properties of the molecules such as physical, chemical, biological, medicinal, optical etc.

and the tremendous advances made in chemical transformations, chemical technology and instrumentation have

revolutionized the role of chemistry in the service of mankind and economic development. Tens of thousands of

chemicals not found in nature have been synthesized eventually from some naturally occurring readily available

materials for various human needs, material comforts and welfare such as synthetic fibers, building materials,

drugs pesticides etc.

An in-depth knowledge of various chemicals principles, chemical techniques and modern instrumentation is

essential not only for academic pursuits in the study of nature, life processes and reach but also for improved

human welfare and economic development of the nation through optimum utilization of natural resources,

processing of natural products for value addition, production of synthetic chemicals for various consumer,

medicinal, agricultural purposes etc. The Department of Chemistry offers the following subjects and

programmes:

Biochemistry

Biochemistry is a branch of Science that is concerned with eh study of chemistry in biological systems. Put

differently, biochemistry is the chemistry in living cells (animals, plant and virus). Biochemistry explains or

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attempts to explain life processes. Biochemistry explains biological phenomena such movement (locomotion),

vision, and disease or disorder in chemical terms. Since biochemistry offers a scientific explanation for the

development of disease or disorder it occupies an integral part of a program of study in medicine. All medics

(both veterinary and human) need biochemistry in order to execute their jobs effectively. Without biochemistry

development of cures and vaccines is impossible.

Biochemistry also plays an important role in agriculture. It requires a good biochemist to develop suitable plant

and animal varieties for, a given region of the world. Generally such development of varieties involves the

manipulation of the genetic material and genetics is deeply rooted in biochemistry. Therefore, biochemistry is an

absolute necessity for human development be it in health, agriculture or in economics or generation of wealth.

Inorganic Chemistry

Inorganic Chemistry is one of the major branch of chemistry offered to students at all undergraduate levels

wishing to proceed to Science bases programs in Engineering, Mining, Medicine, Veterinary Medicine,

Medicine, Education and agricultural Sciences, etc.

A number of basic and advanced topics are covered at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The main topics

include are, chemical principles, studies of main group elements, transition metals, of block elements,

coordination chemistry, organ metallic chemistry, physical - Inorganic techniques to interpret the molecular,

properties of inorganic compounds, catalysts and role of metals in biological system etc.

At MSc, level, the teaching of inorganic chemistry aims at imparting more in depth knowledge of various

principles, techniques and instrumentation not covered at undergraduate level. Emphasis is on applied

techniques tailored in line with the needs of the nation and the current issues in Chemistry.

Current research activities are focused in the field of coordination chemistry, Bio-inorganic chemistry

environmental problems directly affecting the community.

Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry may be defined as the chemistry of carbon compounds. The importance of Organic molecule

sin understanding the basic constitution of life, biological & life processes and in fulfilling the basic human

needs such as food, beverages, clothing, shelter, soaps, medicines, fertilizers, insecticides and numerous

consumer items cannot be overemphasized. Some organic compounds occur in nature and are obtained from

natural resources. However, the vast majority of organic compounds have to be prepared from readily available

materials by carefully planned chemical transformations.

The study of organic chemistry involves the understanding of bonding in organic molecules; the relationship

between chemical structure and physical, chemical, and other (such as medicinal) properties of the molecules;

total and partial synthesis of molecules with a number of specific characteristics, explanation of reaction

mechanisms including the unexpected transformations, structure elucidation and rational design of molecules

expected to possess specified set of properties.

The undergraduate organic chemistry programme has been designed to provide a sound understanding of these

aspects. The programme also aims to develop the thinking process and problem solving ability.

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Analytical Chemistry

Analytical chemistry is concerned with the study of both qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques of

matter. It includes discussions of how to design and analytical method (which depends on what information is

needed), how to obtain on laboratory sample that is representative of the whole, how to prepare it for analysis

what measurement tools are available, automated analyses, and the statistical significance of the analysis. In

short it is directed towards proper quality control, environmental monitoring etc.

Analytical chemistry begins with a simple central purpose to provide the student with a basic understanding of

the theory and principles of qualitative and quantitative analysis which are necessary to the student that intends

to major in mining, agriculture teaching and medicine.

The course in covers the use of computers in modern analytical instruments for the practicing analytical

chemistry. These are the instruments used in industrial quality control and environmental, monitoring

techniques. At fourth year level a great deal of emphasis is on applied analytical chemistry.

Industrial Chemistry Program (ICP)

Industrial chemistry is concerned with the practical applications of Chemistry.

Many courses in chemistry deal with the fundamentals of the sciences but do not adequately address the

application aspects. The ICP looks at the various chemical processes obtaining in Zambian industries such as

plastics and rubbers, pharmaceuticals, sugar industries petroleum industries soaps and detergents and many

others. The programme is designed to provide graduate personnel with a thorough understanding of the

manufacturing processes in the Zambian chemical industries leading to improved products able to compete on

the global market.

Physical Chemistry

Physical chemistry is concerned with the quantitative interpretation of the macroscopic world (physical

processes) in terms of atomic-molecular world. It is concerned with chemical phenomenon such as energy

transfer, rates and mechanisms so chemical processes, absorption/adsorption processes, macromolecule

behaviour in solution and many others. These are all processes occurring in chemical processing and products of

the chemical industries. Thus, an understanding of the underlying principles of physical chemistry by graduate

personnel has a direct effect on how effectively the industries are run (e.g. optimization of processes) and on the

quality of products.

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Medicinal Chemistry

All drugs contain either a single chemical or a mixture of chemicals and no chemical is completely from toxic

chemicals (drugs) for the treatment of human, animal and plant diseases. The drugs may be prepared in the

laboratory i.e. synthetic or derived from natural resources such as medicinal plants, herbs etc.

The medicinal chemistry courses offered by the department at undergraduate and postgraduate level provide a

sound understanding of:

The relationship between structure of the drug and its medicinal properties.

Principles involved in the development of new drugs with greater potency and levels of undesirable side effects.

These courses also teach preparation of drugs in laboratory, isolation of drugs from herbal materials traditionally

used as medicine in Zambia and scientific evaluation of the therapeutic potential of synthetic drugs and herbal

medicines and/or dugs derived from medicinal plants in the treatment of human, animal and plant diseases.

The courses provide much needed trained personnel not only for pharmaceutical, be ternary and agrochemical

industries but also for scientific utilization of herbal materials as alternative medicine for treatment human

ailments and it integration into the modern medicine.

Reflux assemblies, heating mantles mechanical stirrers and rotary evaporators are some of the equipment used

for preparation of drugs and also for isolation of medicinal compounds from plant materials. Purification is

achieved by thin layer and column chromatography whereas UV and IR spectrometers are used for identification

of drugs. The medicinal effect of compounds are evaluated by in-vitro and in-vivo bioassays, including the use

of transducers and isolated organ baths.

Postgraduate Programmes

MSc programme offered by the chemistry department aims at imparting more in-depth knowledge of various

chemical principles, techniques and instrumentation than that is available at undergraduate level. It also

introduces a number of sub-areas in chemistry not offered in the undergraduate chemistry programme. The long

term objective of the department is to introduce specialized graduate chemistry programmes culminating in

specialized post-graduate degrees and diplomas in chemistry such as Physical Chemistry, Organic Chemistry,

Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Environmental Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, etc. many more new

courses will have to be introduced to achieve this long term objective and the Department is working in this

direction.

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Research Activities The department is actively involved in various research projects at undergraduate and postgraduate levels.

Research includes but not limited to the following:

a) Determination of pesticides and estimation of heavy metals such as Mercury in soils and water samples

b) Phytochemistry of various plant species for antimicrobial activity

c) Nanoparticle synthesis for various applications such as biosensors etc.

d) Assessing impact of bioaccumulation of various heavy metals on endocrine systems of fish

e) Estimation of antibiotics in various sample types

Community Services The department offers various services to the community such as

a) Water analysis

b) Quality assurance of various drugs (ARV’s, anti malarials, anti helminthes, anti tuberculosis, antibiotics)

c) Laboratory routine work on oil samples, feed, bottled water, borehole water etc

d) Collaborative work with Zambia Environment Agency (ZEMA)

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Subject Grading Scheme The following grades shall be used in assessing the performance of a candidate in a course:

Table 1 Grading System

Course Grade

Description

Undergraduate courses

Marks Range

Postgraduate courses

Marks Range

A+

Distinction

90 – 100

86 - 100

A

Distinction

80 - 89

76 - 85

B+

Meritorious

70 - 79

70 - 75

B

Very Satisfactory

60 - 69

65 - 69

C+

Clear Pass

50 - 59

55- 64

C

Bare Pass

40 - 49

50 - 54

D+

Bare Fail

35 - 39

0-49

is FAIL (F)

D

Clear Fail

Below 35

Others applicable comments:

S Satisfactory D+ Bare Fail

U Unsatisfactory P Pass in a Supplementary Examination (UG only)

NE No Examination written F Fail in a Supplementary Examination (UG only)

LT Left without permission WD Penalty Withdrawal

WP Withdrawn with Permission IN Incomplete

Degree Classification (under review)

The BSc degree shall be classified based on the grades obtained in courses normally taken in the third and fourth

years of the degree programme.

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Course Nomenclature : Term System

Course Coding System

The Senate approved seven (7) character alpha-numero course code, CHEabcd, shall identify the under-

graduate and postgraduate chemistry courses as follows:

Acronym CHE: represents course offered by the Department of Chemistry

Four (4) character numeral code: defined as follows:

1st digit, a: represents the level of the course and the year of study:

1 First year course

2 Second year course

3 Third year course

4 Fourth year course

5 Fifth year course (1st year postgraduate course)

6 Sixth year course ( postgraduate project course, 2nd

year of PG study)

9 A course that can be taken in either third or fourth year

2nd

digit, b: represents a specific chemistry field:

0 General chemistry, special topics (a course not tied to any specific area

of chemistry)

1 Biochemistry

2 Analytical Chemistry

4 Inorganic Chemistry

5 Organic Chemistry

6 Physical Chemistry

7 Medicinal Chemistry

8 Industrial Inorganic Chemistry

9 Industrial Organic Chemistry

3rd

digit, c: a counter, identifies a unique course in a specific area, defined by the 2nd

digit, b,

per level per year

4th

digit, d: represents the Term/time when the course is offered/duration of the course:

0 Course runs throughout the academic year (full course)

1 Course offered in the 1st half of the academic year (half course)

2 Course offered in the 2nd

half of the academic year (half course)

4 Project course (half course/full course)

5 Course offered either in 1st or 2

nd half of the academic year (half course)

9 Course offered in both halves of the academic year (half course)

Example: CHE3611: Chemical Kinetics and Nuclear Chemistry

A third year physical chemistry course aimed at concepts, principles and application of chemical kinetics and

nuclear chemistry, offered in the first half of the academic year.

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Bachelor Of Science Degree - Chemistry Degree Options

The Department of Chemistry has reviewed its courses to suit the Term-system in accordance with the

University requirement. The Bachelors degree programme in Chemistry may be offered as a single subject major

or as a general major degree with minor in another field/subject. The department offers six degree structure

options:

OPTION A Chemistry Single subject major

OPTION B Chemistry-Biology (Chemistry Major-Biology Minor)

OPTION C Chemistry-Mathematics (Chemistry Major-Mathematics Minor)

OPTION D Chemistry -Physics (Chemistry Major-Physics Minor)

OPTION E Chemistry- Geology (Double –Subject Major)

OPTION F Chemical and Biological Sciences

The normal duration of Bachelor of Science degree in Chemistry is four (4) years at full-time study or six (6)

years at part-time study.

First Year Curriculum

For all Chemistry degree options, the first year curriculum is common, comprising four core courses listed

below:

First Year:

First Half Second Half

BIO1401 Cells and Biomolecules BIO1412 Molecular Biology and Genetics

CHE1000 Introductory Chemistry CHE1000 Introductory Chemistry

MAT1100 Foundation Mathematics MAT1100 Foundation Mathematics

PHY1010 Introductory Physics PHY1010 Introductory Physics

Post-First Year Curriculum

The courses for the second, third and fourth years of study and degree structures for the above six chemistry

degree options are outlined on the pages that follow.

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Chemistry Degree Options And Structures

OPTION A: CHEMISTRY SINGLE SUBJECT MAJOR

DEGREE STRUCTURE

Second Year:


CHE2219 Chemical Analysis CHE2112 Introductory Biochemistry

CHE2415 Basic Inorganic Chemistry CHE2522 Functional Group and Arene Chemistry

CHE2511 Basic Organic Chemistry CHE2615 Basic Physical Chemistry

MAT2100 Analytic Geometry and Calculus MAT2100 Analytic Geometry and Calculus

Third Year:


Core Courses Core Courses

Choose any four (4) courses from Choose any four (4) courses from

CHE3111 Cellular Biochemistry CHE3122 Energy Transduction Systems

CHE3211 Spectroscopic Methods of Analysis CHE3222 Instrumental Methods of Chemical

Analysis

CHE3411 Chemistry of Main Group Elements and CHE3422 Organometallics and Reaction Mechanisms

Transition Metal Complexes

CHE3511 Organic Spectroscopy and Aromatic CHE3522 Poly-functional Compounds, Molecular

Chemistry Rearrangements and Organic Synthesis

CHE3611 Chemical Kinetics and Nuclear Chemistry CHE3622 Colloids and Electrochemistry

Fourth Year:


Core Course Core Course

Choose one (1) of the five (5) CHE3x11 courses NOT Choose one (1) of the five (5) CHE 3x22 courses NOT

taken at Third Year taken at Third Year

Electives Electives Choose three (3) courses from: Choose three (3) courses from

CHE4111 Information Storage and Biochemical CHE4102 Biochemical Processes and Research

Genetics Techniques

CHE4211 Analysis of Inorganic Compounds CHE4222 Analysis of Food, Drugs and

Agrochemicals

CHE4411 Inorganic Spectrochemical Techniques CHE4422 Metal Chemistry and their Application to

and Structure Elucidation Organometallics and Catalysis

CHE4435 Bioinorganic Chemistry CHE4535 Selected Topics in Organic Chemistry

CHE4511 Synthetic Reactions, Neighboring CHE4522 Physical Organic Chemistry and Natural

Groups and Chemotherapeutic Agents Products Chemistry

CHE4611 Quantum Mechanics and Molecular CHE4622 Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics

Spectroscopy

CHE4715 Essentials of Medicinal chemistry CHE4715 Essentials of Medicinal chemistry

CHE4811 Inorganic Industrial Chemistry I CHE4822 Inorganic Industrial Chemistry II

CHE4911 Organic Industrial Chemistry I CHE4922 Organic Industrial Chemistry II

CHE4004 Chemistry Research Project CHE4004 Chemistry Research Project

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OPTION B: CHEMISTRY (major)-BIOLOGY (minor)

DEGREE STRUCTURE

Second Year:






Electives Electives

Choose one (1) course from Choose one (1) course from

BIO2701 Basic Physiology BIO2302 Basic Microbiology

BIO2801 Diversity of Plants BIO2812 Diversity of Animals

Third Year:






Electives Electives

(i) Choose one (1) course from (i) Choose one (1) course from


Analysis

CHE3411 Chemistry of Main Group Elements CHE3422 Organometallics and Reaction Mechanisms

and Transition Metal Complexes

(ii) Choose one (1) course from (ii) Choose one (1) course from

BIO3201 Introduction to Entomology BIO3312 Bacteriology and Virology

BIO3421 Molecular Biology BIO3412 Genetics

BIO3501 Mycology BIO3612 Biochemistry and Physiology of Parasites

BIO3721 Plant Physiology BIO3712 Animal Physiology

20

OPTION B: CHEMISTRY (major) – BIOLOGY (minor) – continued from previous page

DEGREE STRUCTURE

Fourth Year:




Genetics Techniques

Electives Electives

(i) Choose two (2) chemistry courses from: (i) Choose two (2) chemistry courses from:


Agrochemicals



CHE4435 Bioinorganic Chemistry CHE4435 Bioinorganic Chemistry



CHE4535 Selected Topics in Organic Chemistry CHE4535 Selected Topics in Organic Chemistry

CHE4715 Essentials of Medicinal Chemistry CHE4715 Essentials of Medicinal Chemistry

(ii) Choose one (1) biological science course from: (ii) Choose one (1) biological science course from:

BIO4341 Industrial Microbiology BIO4352 Food Microbiology

BIO4441 Molecular Cell Biology BIO4452 Techniques in Recombinant DNA

Technology

21

OPTION C: CHEMISTRY (major) – MATHEMATICS (minor)

DEGREE STRUCTURE

Second Year:






Third Year:




Analysis


MAT2200 Linear Algebra MAT2200 Linear Algebra

Electives Electives

Choose one (1) course from Choose one (1) course from





Fourth Year:




Agrochemicals


Spectroscopy

Electives Electives

(i) Choose one (1) chemistry course from (i) Choose one (1) chemistry course from



CHE4511 Synthetic Reactions, Neighboring Groups CHE4522 Physical Organic Chemistry and Natural

and Chemotherapeutic Agents Products Chemistry



(ii) Choose one (1) mathematics course from (ii) Choose one (1) mathematics course from

MAT3100 Advanced Calculus MAT3100 Advanced Calculus

MAT3200 Abstract Algebra MAT3200 Abstract Algebra

MAT3800 Numerical Analysis MAT3800 Numerical Analysis

22

OPTION D: CHEMISTRY (major) – PHYSICS (minor)

DEGREE STRUCTURE

Second Year:


CHE2015 Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry CHE2615 Basic Physical Chemistry

CHE2511 Basic Organic Chemistry CHE2522 Functional Group and Arene Chemistry


PHY2611 Electricity and Magnetism PHY2112 Atomic and Modern Physics

Third year:


Core Courses Core Courses CHE3411 Chemistry of Main Group Elements and CHE3422 Organometallics and Reaction Mechanisms

Transition Metal Complexes


PHY2510 Classical Mechanics and Special Relativity PHY2510 Classical Mechanics and Special Relativity

Electives Electives

Choose one (1) chemistry course from Choose one (1) chemistry course from


Analysis



Fourth Year


Core Course Core Course


Spectroscopy

Electives Electives

(i) Choose two (2) chemistry courses from (i) Choose two(2) chemistry courses from


Agrochemicals







(ii) Choose one (1) physics course from: (ii) Choose one (1) physics course from:

PHY3411 Introduction to Electronics PHY3032 Computational Physics

PHY3621 Electromagnetic Theory PHY3422 Digital Electronics I

23

OPTION E: CHEMISTRY - GEOLOGY (Double major)

DEGREE STRUCTURE

Second Year:


CHE2219 Chemical Analysis PHY2712 Optics

CHE2415 Basic Inorganic Chemistry CHE2615 Basic Physical Chemistry

GGY2001 Introduction to Geology GGY2012 Earth Resources and Environment


Third Year:





GGY3020 Mineralogy and Petrology GGY3020 Mineralogy and Petrology

GGY3030 Stratigraphy and Sedimentology GGY3030 Stratigraphy and Sedimentology

Fourth Year:


Electives Electives (i) Choose two (2) chemistry courses from: (i) Choose two (2) chemistry courses from:

CHE3211 Spectroscopic and Chromatographic CHE3222 Instrumental Methods of Chemical

Analytical Methods Analysis




Electives Electives

(ii) Choose two (2) geology courses from: (ii) Choose two (2) geology courses from:

GGY4071 Igneous Petrology GGY4112 Metamorphic Petrology

GGY4081 Structural Geology and Plate Tectonics GGY4122 Isotope and High Temperature

Geochemistry

GGY4091 Low Temperature and Applied GGY4132 Mining Geology

Geochemistry

24

OPTION F: CHEMICAL & BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (Double major)

DEGREE STRUCTURE

Second Year



CHE2511 Basic Organic Chemistry CHE2522 Functional Group and Arene Chemistry

BIO2701 Basic Physiology BIO2302 Basic Microbiology

BIO2801 Diversity of Plants BIO2812 Diversity of Animals

Third Year:






Electives Electives Choose two (2) biological science courses from: Choose two (2) biological science courses from:

BIO3031 Invertebrates BIO3312 Bacteriology and Virology

BIO3201 Introduction to Entomology BIO3412 Genetics

BIO3421 Molecular Biology BIO3612 Biochemistry and Physiology of Parasites

BIO3501 Mycology BIO3712 Animal Physiology

BIO3721 Plant Physiology

Fourth Year:




Analysis


Genetics Techniques

Electives Electives

(i) Choose one (1) chemistry course from: (i) Choose one (1) chemistry course from:

CHE4435 Bioinorganic Chemistry CHE4715 Essentials of Medicinal Chemistry

CHE4511 Synthetic Reactions, Neighboring Groups CHE4522 Physical Organic Chemistry and Natural

and Chemotherapeutic Agents Products Chemistry

CHE4535 Selected Topics in Organic Chemistry

Electives Electives

(ii) Choose one (1) biological science course from: (ii) Choose one (1) biological science course from:

BIO4321 Environmental Microbiology BIO4352 Food Microbiology

BIO4341 Industrial Microbiology BIO4452 Techniques in Recombinant DNA

Technology

BIO4441 Molecular Cell Biology

25

Service Courses:

The Department of Chemistry offers service courses to other Departments and Schools within the university,

including two courses exclusively offered to students in the Schools of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary

Medicine/ Medicine.

Table 2 Courses Designed to Cater Specific Needs of Other Schools

No. Course Code School/Programme

1.

CHE2001 Agricultural and Veterinary Chemistry

Agricultural Sciences and

Veterinary Medicine

2. CHE2015: Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry Medicine/Human Biology

In addition, the undergraduate chemistry courses are taken by students from School of Education for their BSc

ED degree programme. Department offers a number of chemistry courses to students from other Schools also.

26

Postgraduate Degree Programmes

The Department offers Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degree programmes in Chemistry.

Master Of Science Degree In Chemistry

The Department offers three options for Master of Science degree in Chemistry to cater for the varying student

needs:

OPTION A Two Year MSc programme by taught courses and research

OPTION B Two year MSc programme by research only

(Requires prior consultation with the department, subject to availability of the needed facilities).

OPTION C Two and a half year MSc programme by taught courses and research


A Seven (7) character alpha-numero course code, CHEabcd, identifies the undergraduate and postgraduate

chemistry courses, described on page of this handbook.

List Of Postgraduate Chemistry Courses

CHE5011 General Chemical Techniques

CHE5111 Macro- and Micro-Molecular Biochemistry

CHE5122 Physiological Chemistry

CHE5211 Spectral Analytical Methods

CHE5222 Electrochemical and Chromatographic Methods

CHE5411 Applied Inorganic Techniques

CHE5422 Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry

CHE5435 Further Bio-inorganic Chemistry

CHE5511 Theoretical Organic Chemistry

CHE5522 Plant Natural Products Chemistry

CHE5535 Physical Organic Chemistry

CHE5611 Thermo-electrodynamics of Solution

CHE5622 Molecular Structure and Reactivity

CHE5635 Introduction to Statistical Thermodynamics

CHE5711 Medicinal Chemistry I - Anti-infective and CNS Active Agents

CHE5722 Medicinal Chemistry II - Cardio-vascular Drugs and Cytotoxic Agents

Degree Options, Eligibility And Degree Structures

The three options, Option A, Option B and Option C, for the Master of Science degree in Chemistry and the degree

structures are outlined on the pages that follow.

27

OPTION A: MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CHEMISTRY BY TAUGHT COURSES AND RESEARCH

ELIGIBILITY

The applicant must possess:

1. A B.Sc. or B.Sc. Ed. degree with credit with Chemistry as one of the major subjects of the University of

Zambia or its equivalent from a recognised University; and

2. An average grade of B or better in senior level chemistry courses

3. Work experience in relevant field of chemistry, if any, would be an added advantage.

DEGREE STRUCTURE

First Year: Course work


Core course

CHE 5011 General Chemical Techniques

Electives Electives

Choose two (2) courses from the following electives Choose three (3) courses from the following electives

CHE5111 Macro- and Micro-Molecular Biochemistry CHE5122 Physiological Chemistry

CHE5211 Spectral Analytical Methods CHE5222 Electrochemical and Chromatographic

Methods

CHE5411 Applied Inorganic Techniques CHE5422 Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry

CHE5415 Further Bio-inorganic Chemistry CHE5415 Further Bio-inorganic Chemistry

CHE5515 Physical Organic Chemistry CHE5515 Physical Organic Chemistry

CHE5611 Thermo-electrodynamics of Solution CHE5522 Plant Natural Products Chemistry

CHE5511 Theoretical Organic Chemistry CHE5522 Plant Natural Products Chemistry


CHE5611 Thermo-electrodynamics of Solution CHE5622 Molecular Structure and Reactivity

CHE5635 Introduction to Statistical Thermo- CHE5635 Introduction to Statistical Thermo-

dynamics dynamics

CHE5711 Medicinal Chemistry I (Anti-infective CHE5722 Medicinal Chemistry II

& CNS active agents) (Cardio-vascular Drugs and Cytotoxic-

Agents)

Submission of research project proposal

Second Year: Research work


CHE6004 Research Project CHE6004 Research Project

(i) Seminar on proposed research project (i) Completion of research work on approved project

(ii) Submission and approval of research project (ii) Writing and submission of four (4) soft-bound

copies of dissertation for examination.

(iii) Research work on the approved project under The dissertation should conform to the Directorate

supervision of designated supervisor(s) of Research and Graduate Studies, DRGS, guidelines

and regulations.

28

OPTION B: MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CHEMISTRY BY RESEARCH

ELIGIBILITY


1. a B.Sc. degree with merit with Chemistry as a major subject of the University of Zambia or its equivalent from a

recognised University; and

2. an average grade of B+ or better in senior level chemistry courses

3. Work experience in a relevant field of chemistry, if any, would be an added advantage.

DEGREE STRUCTURE

First Year: Research work



(i) Seminar on proposed research project (i) Audit course or courses, where necessary, and

as recommended by the supervisor

(ii) Submission of research project proposal (ii) Presentation of a seminar on the actual work done

for approval

(iii) Research work on the approved project under

supervision of designated supervisor(s)

(iv) Audit course or courses, where necessary, and





(i) Continuation of research work (i) Completion of research work

(ii) Auditing additional course(s), if necessary (ii) Presentation of a seminar on the work done

(iii) Submission of four (4) soft-bound copies of thesis

for examination.

The dissertation must conform to the Directorate

of Research and Graduate Studies, DRGS,

guidelines and regulations.

29

OPTION C: TWO AND A HALF YEAR MSc DEGREE PROGRAMME BY TAUGHT COURSES &

RESEARCH

Eligibility


1. a B.Sc. or B.Sc. Ed. degree with credit with Chemistry as one of the major subjects of the University of


2. an average grade of B or better in senior level chemistry courses.


DEGREE STRUCTURE



Core Course


Electives: Electives

(a) Choose one (1) course from the following: (a) Choose two (2) courses from the following:



Methods









dynamics dynamics

CHE5711 Medicinal Chemistry I - Anti-infective CHE5722 Medicinal Chemistry II- Cardiovascular

and CNS Active Agents Drugs and Cytotoxic Agents

(b) Choose two (2) courses from the following: (b) Choose two (2) courses from the following:

(not taken in the first degree at 4th

year level) (not taken in the first degree at 4th

year level)


Genetics Techniques

CHE4211 Analysis of Inorganic Compounds CH 4222 Analysis of Food, Drugs and Agrochemicals

CHE4411 Inorganic Spectrochemical Techniques CH 4422 Metal Chemistry and their Application to


CHE4435 Bio-inorganic Chemistry CH 4435 Bio-inorganic Chemistry

CHE4511 Synthetic Reactions, Nerighbouring CH 4522 Physical Organic Chemistry and Natural

Groups and Chemotherapeutic Agents Products chemistry

CHE4535 Selected Topics in Organic Chemistry CH 4535 Selected Topics in Organic Chemistry

CHE4611 Quantum Mechanics and Molecular CH 4622 Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics

Spectroscopy

CHE4715 Essentials of Medicinal Chemistry CH 4715 Essentials of Medicinal Chemistry

30


RESEARCH

DEGREE STRUCTURE (continued from the previous page)

Second Year:

First Half Course work Second Half Research work

CHE6004 Research Project

Research

(a) Electives: Choose two (2) courses, not taken in year 1, from: Work on the approved project

under supervision of designated

supervisor(s)




CHE5222 Electrochemical and Chromatographic

Methods










CHE5711 Medicinal Chemistry I - Anti-infective

and Cytotoxic-Agents

CHE5722 Medicinal Chemistry II- Cardiovascular Drugs

and Cytotoxic-Agents

(b) Submission of Research Project Proposal for Approval

Third Year: Research work

First Half

CHE 6000 Research Project

(i) Completion of research work

(ii) Presentation of a seminar on the work done

(iii) Submission of four (4) soft-bound copies of the dissertation for examination

31

CHE1000: Introductory Chemistry

Rationale:

This is first year general chemistry course which sets a strong foundation for further studies in various fields.

This course covers basic inorganic, physical and organic chemistry. This course aims to impart basic experimental

and study skills.

Objectives:

On completion of this course student should be able to:

(i) perform mathematical manipulations with proper attention to units and significant figures

(ii) calculate amounts of chemicals involved in reactions based on balanced chemical equations and the mole

concept.

(iii) identify and predict the outcome of the various types of chemical reactions including acid-base and

precipitation reactions.

(iv) recognize oxidation-reduction reactions using the concept of oxidation numbers and

balance oxidation-reduction reactions

(v) describe the atomic structure and write electronic configurations

(vi) explain and predict the type of bonding and relate to physical properties

(vii) visualize molecules with proper molecular and electronic geometries as predicted by VSEPR theory.

(viii) apply the kinetic theory to ideal and real gases.

(ix) define electrode potential, calculate cell potentials

(x) calculate rate and order of reaction from experimental data

(xi) explain the factors that affect the rates of chemical reactions

(xii) perform equilibrium calculations involving one component phase, homogeneous, acid-base and solubility

equilibria.

(xiii) perform various calculations on solution chemistry

(xiv) recognize and describe the types of bonds present in organic compounds

(xv) deduce hybridizations of atoms, especially carbon, in organic compounds

(xvi) draw structures of compounds of a given molecular formula

(xvii) name organic compounds

(xviii) relate physical properties of a given series of compounds

(xix) recognize reaction intermediates

Course Content

Stoichiometry:

(a) Measurement: Units of measurement, Uncertainty in measurement - Accuracy and

Precision, Dimensional analysis

Relative masses of atoms and molecules, determination of relative atomic masses from percentage

composition, Empirical and molecular formula, combustion analysis

The mole, Avogadro’s number, Quantitative information from balanced reaction, limiting reactant,

theoretical yield, percentage yield.

(b) Solution Stoichiometry:

Types of reaction:Precipitation reaction – metathesis, Acid-base reaction - acids, bases, neutralisation

reactions, acid-base reaction with gas formation

Oxidation - reduction reaction- oxidation, reduction, oxidation numbers, Balancing redox reaction by

oxidation number method and by ion electron method in acid and basic medium;

Concentrations of solutions: molarity, dilution,

Titration: simple titration, back titration and redox titration,

32

Gases: Postulates of kinetic theory, Use kinetic theory to explain gas laws; the ideal gas behaviour and deviations from it

(behaviour of real gases - the van der Waal’s equation); Use of ideal gas equation in determining the molar mass

Atomic structure and the periodic Table

(a) Atomic structure: The nucleus of the atom: neutron, proton, isotopes, proton and nucleon

number, mass number; Bohr’s model of atom, Rhydberg’s equation, Idea of de Broglie matter waves;

Heisenberg uncertainty principle, atomic orbitals, quantum numbers, Aufbau and Pauli’s exclusion

principles. Hund's multiplicity rule; electronic configuration of elements; effective nuclear charge and

shielding; shapes of s and p orbitals and their characteristics.

(b) Periodic Trends: Atomic and ionic radii, ionization energy, electron affinity and

electronegativity – definition, trends in periodic table and applications in predicting and explaining the

chemical behaviour.

Chemical Bonding Ionic bond, covalent bond and coordinate bonds, Lewis structure, formal charge, directional characteristics of

covalent bond Hybridization (sp, sp2, sp

3) and shapes of simple molecules and ions by valence shell electron pair

repulsion (VSEPR) theory, Resonance structures,

Molecular orbitals: bond order; bond length, bond polarities, intermediate nature of bonds, dipole moment.

Electrochemistry

Redox process: electron transfer and change in oxidation state; Standard electrode potentials, the redox series, cell

potentials under standard and non standard conditions, the Nernst equation, concentration cells; Batteries and fuel

cells

Corrosion; Electrolysis, factors affecting amount of substance liberated during electrolysis, The Faraday constant;

Thermochemistry

First and second law of Thermodynamics; Heats of reaction, Calorimetry, Enthalpy,

Hess’s Law, Bond Energy, Lattice Energy

Chemical Kinetics

Rate of reaction, average rate, instantaneous rate, initial rate,

Factors affecting rate – concentration, particle size, temperature, catalyst;

Rate laws, rate constant and its units;

Integrated rate law equations for zero order, first order and second order reaction; Half-life, linear relations of

integrated rate equations,

Temperature dependence of rate constants and Arrhenius equation;

Activated complex theory (ACT) and Collision theory;

Chemical equilibrium

Homogenous equilibrium: Gas-phase equilibrium; equilibrium constants; Kc and KP relationships; relationship

between equilibrium constant and Gibbs energy; Factors affecting chemical equilibrium; Le Chatelier Principle.

Solubility and solubility products, common ion effect.

Acid-base equilibrium

Definition of acids and bases; strong and weak acids and bases; Equilibrium constants; pH and pOH of acids and

bases; Hydrolysis of salts of weak acids and bases; Buffers; Indicators; Titration curves.

Phase equilibrium

One-component phase equilibrium- phases diagram of water and carbon dioxide; Claussius-Clapeyron equation.

33

Intermolecular forces:

van der Waal's forces, dipole-dipole interaction, hydrogen bonding; bonding and physical properties – vapour

pressure, boiling point, melting point, solubility.

Solutions and their properties

Types of solutions: saturated, unsaturated, and supersaturated solutions; non-electrolytes and electrolytes;

solubility of nonvolatile solutes, solution of volatile solute and solvents, solubility of gases in liquids - Henry’s

law; the v’ant Hoff equation; vapour pressure of a solution with a volatile solvent and non-volatile solute (Raoults

Law); vapour pressure of a solution of a volatile solute and volatile solvent; colligative properties: vapour-

pressure lowering, boiling-point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure.

Organic Chemistry

Organic chemistry, and why study organic chemistry?

Hybridization of carbon and bonding in organic compounds

Elemental composition and classification of organic compounds

Hydrocarbons: Molecular and structural formulae; Expanded (Lewis), condensed and line-bond (skeletal)

presentations, nomenclature (IUPAC and trivial), classification of carbons and hydrogens, structural isomerism,

physical properties of alkanes (acyclic and cyclic), alkenes (acyclic and cyclic) and alkynes

Aromatic hydrocarbons: Resonance, nomenclature (IUPAC and trivial), classification of carbons and physical

properties

Functional groups in organic chemistry: Structure, nomenclature and priority (suffixes and prefixes) of

haloalkanes, aminoalkanes, nitroalkanes, alcohols, ethers, ketones, aldehydes, nitriles carboxylic acids, esters, and

amides

The importance of Index of hydrogen deficiency (IHD) or

Degree of Unsaturation (DU); its calculation and interpretation

Reactions: Definition of a reaction, Substitution and addition, radicals, carbocations, electrophiles and

nucleophiles and the curly arrows and half arrows for movement of electrons

Reactions of alkanes: Combustion of hydrocarbons and Halogenation of alkanes.

Mode of delivery: Lectures: 3 hours per week

Tutorials: 1 hour per week

Laboratory: 3-hour session per week

Assessment:

Continuous Assessment (CA): 50 %

Assignments 2%

Quizzes 3%

Tests 20%

Laboratory 15%

Laboratory Test 10%

Final Theory Examination: 50%

Total: 100%

34

Recommended text book:

1. Chemistry by Steven S. Zumdahl and Susan S Zumdahl, Eighth Edition, 2010, Brooks / Cole, Cengage

Learning, (ISBN-10: 0495829927)

Supplementary readings:

1. Chemistry – The Central Science, Brown, LeMay, Bursten and Murphy, 12th Edition 2011 (Pearson

International Edition), Pearson Education Inc. (ISBN: 10: 0321696727)

2. Chemistry & Chemical reactivity by Kotz, Triechel and Townsend, Seventh edition, 2011, Brooks/ Cole,

Cengage Learning , (ISBN-10: 1111574987)

3. Chemistry - The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, Silberberg, Sixth Edition, 2011, McGraw Hill

(ISBN 10: 0073402656)

35

CHE2001: Agricultural and Veterinary Chemistry

Pre-requisites: CHE1000, MAT1100

Rationale:

This course aims to provide an elementary understanding of simple chemical analytical sampling procedures

bonding and stereoisomerisms in organic compounds. It is specially tailored to for students pursuing agricultural

and veterinary sciences and gives an insight to practical ways of handling samples.

Course objectives:

On completion of the course, students should be able to:

(i) describe sampling procedures, treatment and analysis of samples.

(ii) explain and evaluate experimental data

(iii) explain the basic properties of water as a solvent and aqueous equilibria

(iv) recognise basic acid-base and redox reactions and do simple quantitative analysis

(v) define and describe the basic energy relationships which are used in biochemistry

(vi) draw and name organic compounds

(vii) explain the basic reactions of the main organic functional groups

Course content:

Analytical Chemistry

Sampling and statistical treatment of experimental data.

Water and its properties. Equilibria in aqueous solutions, acid-base equilibria

Complexes and their structure. Simple quantitative analysis.

Review of chemical bonding and types of reactions including redox reactions; Rates of reactions

Physical Chemistry

Thermodynamics and colligative properties.

Reactions energy, entropy, activation energy, free energy change, exergonic and endergonic reactions;

Energy in biochemical systems

Organic chemistry Simple organic halogen, oxygen, sulphur nitrogen and carbonyl compounds. Carboxylic acids and their

derivatives. Aliphatic esters and dicarboxylic acids. Simple fatty acid structure.

Enantiomerism and cis-trans isomerism; hydrogen bonds in organic compounds; monosaccharide structure.

Alpha and beta unsaturated aliphatic carboxylic acids; amines and nitrogen compounds; amino acid structure.

Cyclic compounds, stereochemistry; benzene and aromatics

Mechanistic and stereochemistry aspects of selected reactions e..g electrophonic and nucleophilic substitution

Reactions of monosaccharides, fatty acids, amino acids.

36

Mode of Delivery

Lectures 3 hours per week

Tutorials 1 hour per week

Laboratory 3-hour session per week

Assessment

Continuous Assessment 40%

Assignments/Quizes 5%

Laboratory 15%

Tests 20%

Final Theory Examination 60%

Total 100%

Recommended Textbook

1. Christian Gary D (2004), Analytical Chemistry, 6th Ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York,

USA.

Supplementary Readings

1. Flaschka, H. A., Barnard, A. J Jr, Sturrock and Harper P.E. ,(1969), Quantitative Analytical Chemistry:

Volume I; Introduction to Principles, Row Publishers, Inc., New York.

2. Fessenden R. J. and Fessenden J. S., (1985), Organic Chemistry; John Wiley and sons, New York.

37

CHE2015: General Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry

Pre-requisites: CHE1000/MAT1100

Rationale:

The course is intended to introduce basic inorganic chemistry concepts of structure, nature of bonding main group

chemistry and transition metal chemistry. Further, a treatment on sampling, statistical handling of analytical data,

acid-base chemistry and redox reactions will be covered.

Course Objectives:

On the completion of the course, students should be able to:

(i) sketch the shapes of various atomic orbitals

(ii) interpret the position of elements in the Periodic Table

(iii) prepare complexes of some main group elements and transition metals

(iv) choose a representative sample for chemical analysis as well as dissolving it for subsequent analysis

(v) identify and quantify the errors associated with analytical data

(vi) identify and employ the role of acids and bases in chemical analysis and life in general

(vii) identify and employ the role of redox reactions as applied in titrimetric analysis

Course content:

The Electronic Structure of Atoms

Photoelectric effect. Simple form of Schrödinger Equation. The results of Schrödinger

Equations. Atomic orbitals (shapes) and quantum numbers.

Periodic Trends of Atoms

Ionization potentials, electron affinities, atomic and ionic sizes, effective nuclear charges and electronegativities

of elements.

The Nature of Chemical Bonding

The valence bond theory, hybridization and molecular shapes. Simple molecular orbital theory, overlap integral

for simple diatomic molecules.

The Periodic Table

Brief introduction to main group chemistry. Chemistry of groups I to III elements and their

compounds. Brief introduction to transition metal chemistry. Bonding in transition metals,

crystal field theory. Introduction to magnetic properties and colour of transition metal complexes.

Expression of Concentration and Content

Percent weight-by-weight, volume-by-volume and weight-by-volume. Parts per thousand, pairs per million, parts

per billion, milligram percent and milligram per decilitre. Density, specific gravity, formality, molality, normality

and equivalent weights.

Multiple Ion Equilibria

Complex ions and compounds; nature, naming and bonding type. Complexes formation/dissociation equilibria in

aqueous media. Complex stability and instability constants. Chelates, metal-EDTA complexes. Titrations

involving EDTA.

38

Sampling of Different Sample Types

Sampling of gas, liquid and solid samples. Storage of samples, sample dissolution. Elements of statistics of

sampling.

Statistical Treatment of Analytical Data

Types of errors (random and non-random). Measures of accuracy and precision.

Tests of significance (Q, F and t-tests). Linear least squares method, linear regression analysis

correlation coefficient and detection limits.

Acid-base Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions

Acid-base theories (Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis). Strengths of acids and bases.

Hydrolysis. Buffer solutions and buffer capacity. Acid-base titrations and indictors. Polyprotic acid-base

equilibria and following the pH during acid-base titrations. Applications of titrimetry. Use of primary standards.

Brief Introduction to Redox Reactions

Oxidation and reduction, the half cell concept, voltaic cells and the Nernst equation. Redox

titrations and redox titration curves. Applications of redox titrimetry.

Mode of Delivery


Tutorials 1 hour week

Laboratory 3-hour session/week

Assessment



Laboratory 15%

Tests 20%


Total 100%

39

Recommended Textbooks

1. Christian Gary D., (2004). Analytical Chemistry, 6th Ed, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.

2. Miller James, Miller C Jane, (2010) Statistics and Chemometrics for Analytical Chemistry 6th, Trans-

Atlantic Publications, Incorporated, UK. ISBN-13:978-0-273-73042-2

3. Lee J.D., (2008), Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 5th edition. Chapman 7 Hall, New York, USA. ISBN:

8126515546, 9788126515547

4. William L. J.,(2008), Modern Inorganic Chemistry 2nd Ed. McGraw-Hill. Inc. NewYork, USA. ISBN-

9780070647718

5. Hughey J. E.,(2008), Inorganic Chemistry, Harper and Row publishers, New York. ISBN- 8177581309,

978-8177581300

6. Mackay K. and MackayR.,(2004), Introduction to Modern Inorganic Chemisty,:, 6th edition: Prentice

Hall, New Jersey, ISBN- 9780748764204


1. Skoog, D., West, D. M., Holler, F. J., Stanley, R. C., (2004) Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry; 8th

Ed

2. Mullins E., (2003), Statistics for the Quality Control Chemistry Laboratory, Royal Society of Chemistry.,

UK ISB: 978-0-854-04671-3

3. Satya Prakash and Madan, (2004), Advanced Inorganic Chemistry vol.1; S Chand & Company Ltd.

ISBN: 81-219-0263-0

4. Cotton F. A., Wilkinson G., (2003) Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 6th Ed, John Wiley and sons, New

York ISBN: 978-0-471-19957-1

5. Sharpe Alan G., (2012, Inorganic Chemistry 4th Ed., Longman Singapore Publisher ISBN-10:

0273742752 | ISBN-13: 978-0273742753

http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=ntt_athr_dp_sr_1?_encoding=UTF8&field-author=James%20Miller&ie=UTF8&search-alias=books&sort=relevancerank

http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=ntt_athr_dp_sr_2?_encoding=UTF8&field-author=Jane%20C%20Miller&ie=UTF8&search-alias=books&sort=relevancerank

http://www.kalahari.com/page_templates/searchresults.aspx?shop=home&navigationid=1&searchText=Mullins+Eamonn+&t=1#qs=MHxFbnRpdHlfRW5nbGlzaHxNdWxsaW5zIEVhbW9ubiB8fDB8MHwxfDI1fHx8Rm9ybWF0X0VuZ19GYWNldHxEZWxpdmVyeURheXN8U29sZEJ5fFByaWNlfHx8

40

CHE2112: Introductory Biochemistry

Pre-requisite(s): CHE1000, BIO1401

Rationale

This course seeks to introduce students to elementary concepts in biochemistry. It is intended for all students that

are enrolled in physical and life sciences. These students must take this course in order to fully appreciate the

chemistry behind biological processes. In this course, an overview of structure and chemistry of important

biomolecules is given.

Objectives

By the end of this course students must be able to:

(i) Carry out calculations involving pH and pKa values of buffer systems

(ii) Explain the role of buffers in biological systems

(iii) Differentiate one biomolecule from another

(iv) Carry out qualitative and quantitative tests on biomolecules

(v) Describe how biological cells harness and use free energy

(vi) Do calculations involving free energy changes

(vii) Define and describe enzyme catalysis

(viii) Derive and apply the Michaelis-Menten equation

(ix) Carry out various manipulations of the Michaelis-Menten equation and establish type of enzymes and/or

inhibition or regulation

(x) Explain the basis of use nucleotide analogues in treatment and management of various diseases and

disorders

(xi) Distinguish nucleotides from nucleosides

Course Content

Biophysical chemistry Properties of water as a solvent for biochemical reactions, hydrogen bonding. Weak acids and bases, pH and pKa

determinations, buffers and their role in biological systems. Physiologically important buffer systems.

Biomolecules

Proteins

Overview of proteins, structure and properties of amino acids, titration curves, amino acids as electrolytes.

Peptides, structure of proteins, structure, physical and chemical properties of proteins. Protein separation and

purification techniques. Qualitative and quantities analysis of proteins.

Carbohydrates

Simple monosaccharides and disaccharides; structure and chemical properties. Oligo - and polysaccharides;

structure and function. Sugar derivatives. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of carbohydrates.

Lipids

Chemical properties of fatty acids, triglycerides, waxes, derived lipids, Carotenoids. Functions of lipids:

Quantitative and qualitative analysis of lipids.

Nucleic acids

Structure and properties of purine and pyrimidine bases, nucleosides, nucleotides Nucleic acids. An overview of

Cancer, use of nucleoside analogues as therapeutics. HIV biochemistry; genetic makeup, key proteins, current

therapeutics.

41

Principles of Bioenergetics

Chemical thermodynamics. Standard free energy change of reactions. Reaction coupling mechanism. Oxidation-

reduction reactions. Energy-rich compounds.

Enzyme classification and catalysis

Role of as biological catalysts, nomenclature and classification, activated complex. Enzyme kinetics, effect of

enzyme and substrate concentrations, derivation and application of Michaelis-Menten equation, effect of

temperature and pH. Enzyme specificity, activation, and inhibition of enzyme reactions and their kinetics. Role

of coenzymes. Multi-enzyme complexes, regulatory enzymes and activity. Quantitative measurement of enzyme

activity. Role of enzymes in metabolism.

Nutritional Biochemistry

Digestion, absorption and distribution and use of nutrients. Vitamins and minerals. Balanced diet formulations.

Fortification of foods.

Mode of Delivery:

Lectures: 3 hours per week


Laboratory practical: 3 - hour session per week

Assessment:


Assignments/quizzes 5 %

Laboratory 15 %

Tests 20 %

Final Theory Examination 60 %

Total 100 %

Recommended Textbook:

1. Jain, JL, Jain, S and Jain, N. 2005.Fundamentals of Biochemistry 6th ed. S. Chand.

ISBN: 81-219-2453-7

Supplementary Readings:

1. Voet, D., Voet, G.V. and Pratt, C.W. 2008. Fundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at molecular level 3rd

ed.

Wiley publishers ISBN: 978-0-470-120930-2

42

CHE2219: Chemical Analysis


Rationale:

The course is intended to provide students with the fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry in such basic

areas as volumetric and gravimetric methods. The course also introduces students to the principal

equilibria (both homogeneous and heterogeneous) that are used to establish essential relationships as used

in analytical chemistry. Students are also introduced to the elements of analytical chemistry.

Course Objectives:

On completion of the course, a student should be able to:

(i) define the term analytical chemistry

(ii) name specific areas where analytical chemistry is routinely used

(iii) prepare different analytical solutions

(iv) choose a representative sample for chemical analysis as well as dissolving it for subsequent analysis.

(v) Determine the pH of acids, bases and buffer systems

(vi) Determine equilibrium concentrations of fractions of polyprotic acid media at given pH values

(vii) carry out basic analytical calculations and chemical analyses

Course Content

Introduction to Analytical Chemistry

Fields of application of Analytical Chemistry; Types of analyses: Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis,

Classification of Analyses; Key Elements of Analytical Chemistry.

Expression of Concentration and Content in analyses

Percent weight-by-weight, Percent volume-by-volume, Percent weight by volume, Parts per

Thousand and per Million. Density and Specific Gravity; Formality and its relation to Molarity and Molality.

Equivalent weights and Normality.

Sampling of Different Sample Types

Gas, liquid, solid and bulk samples. Sample preparation including- dissolution, separation etc.; Statistics of

sampling.

Statistical Treatment of Analytical Data

Some measures of accuracy and precision, types of errors (random and non-random). Significance tests (Q,F and

t-tests). Linear regression. Correlation coefficients; Detection limits.

Acid-base Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions

Theories on Acidity - Arrhenius, Bronsted and Lowry. Salts of Weak Acids and Bases. Hydrolysis. Buffer

Solutions and Buffer Capacity. Buffers for Biological and Clinical measurements. Applications of acid-

base titrations. Titrations of amino acids. Kjeldahl analysis - protein determination. Polyprotic acid-base

Equilibria. Titrations involving EDTA. Volumetric analysis.

43

Precipitation Equilibria

Solubility and solubility product. Selective precipitation, common-ion and diverse ion effects. Precipitation

Equilibria in water. Applications of precipitation reactions in titrimetry. Indicators used in precipitation titrations.

Gravimetric analysis.

Multiple Ion Equilibria

Complex ions and compounds; nature, naming and bonding type. Complexes formation/dissociation equilibria in

aqueous media. Complex stability and instability constants. Chelates, metal-EDTA complexes. Titrations

involving EDTA.

Redox Reactions

Oxidation and reduction. Oxidation states and balancing redox equations. The half-cell concept. Voltaic cells.

Electrochemical cells and electrode potentials. The Nernst equation and its applications in aqueous media. Redox

titrations and redox titration curves. Applications of redox titrimetry.

Mode of Delivery



Laboratory: 3 - hour session per week

Assessment



Laboratory 15%

Tests 20%


Total 100%

Recommended Text Books

1. Christian G. D., (2004), Analytical Chemistry, 6th Ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York,

USA. ISBN: 978-81-265-1113-6

2. Harris C. Daniel, (2010), Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 8th Ed., Trans-Atlantic Publications,

Incorporated ISBN-13: 978-1429218153

3. Miller James, Miller C Jane, (2010) Statistics and Chemometrics for Analytical Chemistry 6th, Trans-

Atlantic Publications, Incorporated, UK. ISBN-13: 978-0-273-73042-2


1. Skoog D A, West D M, Crouch S R., (2004), Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry 8th Ed

Thomson Books/Cole, Toronto, CA. ISBN 13: 978-0-534-41797-0

2. Mullins E., (2003), Statistics for the Quality Control Chemistry Laboratory, Royal Society of

Chemistry., UK. ISBN: 978-0-854-04671-3

http://www.amazon.com/Daniel-C.-Harris/e/B001IGQFIQ/ref=ntt_athr_dp_pel_1

http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=ntt_athr_dp_sr_1?_encoding=UTF8&field-author=James%20Miller&ie=UTF8&search-alias=books&sort=relevancerank

http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=ntt_athr_dp_sr_2?_encoding=UTF8&field-author=Jane%20C%20Miller&ie=UTF8&search-alias=books&sort=relevancerank

http://www.kalahari.com/page_templates/searchresults.aspx?shop=home&navigationid=1&searchText=Mullins+Eamonn+&t=1#qs=MHxFbnRpdHlfRW5nbGlzaHxNdWxsaW5zIEVhbW9ubiB8fDB8MHwxfDI1fHx8Rm9ybWF0X0VuZ19GYWNldHxEZWxpdmVyeURheXN8U29sZEJ5fFByaWNlfHx8

44

CHE2415: Basic Inorganic Chemistry


Rationale:

This course aims to introduce basic inorganic chemistry with emphasis on the structure of the atom, nature of

bonding, main group chemistry and an introduction to transitional metal chemistry.

Course Objectives:


i) sketch the shapes of various atomic orbitals.

ii) interpret the position of elements in the periodic table.

iii) describe physical, chemical and magnetic properties and nature of bonding in transition metal

compounds.

iv) prepare complexes of some main group elements and transition metals.

Course Content:

The Electronic structure of atoms

Black body radiation, Photoelectric effect, Planck’s theory, Bohr’s theory. Wave mechanics, Schrodinger

equation, radial and angular wave functions. Multielectron atoms, shapes of atomic orbitals.

Periodic trends in periodic properties

Ionisation potential, electron affinities, sizes, effective nuclear charges and elctronegativities of elements.

The nature of chemical bonding

The valence bond theory, hybridization and molecular shapes. Simple molecular orbital theory, overlap integral

for simple diatomic molecules. Metallic bonding.

The nature of ionic substances

Lattice energy, Born-Haber cycle and other thermodynamic cycles. Hydration and ligation energies, ion

mobilities. Basic crystal structures, unit cell and crystal defects.

Main group chemistry

Hydrogen, classification of hydrides, their general methods of preparation. Chemistry of Groups I to III ,

elements and their compounds.

Introduction to transition metal chemistry

Bonding in transition metals, crystal field theory. Introduction to magnetic properties and colour of transition

metal complexes.

45

Mode of delivery



Laboratory: 3- hour session per week

Assessment


Assignments/Quizes: 5%

Laboratory: 15%

Tests: 20%


Total 100%

Recommended Textbooks:

1. Concise Inorganic Chemistry, J.D. Lee, 5th edition. Chapman 7 Hall, New York, USA. 2008.

ISBN: 8126515546, 9788126515547

2. Modern Inorganic Chemistry 2nd Ed. William L. Jolly, McGraw-Hill. Inc. New

York, USA (2008). ISBN- 9780070647718

3. Inorganic Chemistry; J. E. Hughey, Harper and Row publishers, New York. 2008 ISBN-

8177581309, 978-8177581300

4. Introduction to Modern Inorganic Chemistry: K. Mackay and R. Mackay, 6th edition: Prentice

Hall, New Jersey, 2004. ISBN- 9780748764204


1. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry vol.1; Satya Prakash and Madan, S Chand & Company LTD,

2004. ISBN 81-219-0263-0

2. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry; F. A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson, 6th edition, John Wiley and sons,

New York, 2003. ISBN: 978-0-471-19957-1

3. Inorganic Chemistry, Alan G. Sharpe, 4th Ed. Longman Singapore Publisher (2012). ISBN-10:

0273742752 | ISBN-13: 978-0273742753

46

CHE2511: Basic Organic Chemistry

Pre-requisites: CHE1000

Rationale:

This course aims to provide a sound foundation in organic chemistry that would cover conformational structures,

stereoisomeric relatioinships, properties and reactions of aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols and ethers and detailed

reaction mechanisms, including stereochemistry of substitution and elimination reactions.

Course Objectives:


(i) identify and state isometric relationships between organic compounds using R/S nomenclature

and draw conformational structures for simple organic compounds.

(ii) distinguish different types of organic reactions and state the factors affecting the reaction rates.

(iii) describe preparative methods for and reactions of alkyl halides, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols and

ethers.

(iv) predict the products, including pertinent stereochemistry of organic reactions and provide detailed

reaction mechanisms.

(v) describe efficient synthetic transformation for simple aliphatic compounds.

Course Content:

Stereoisomerism

Concept, definitions, general conditions and tests for chirality,, biological importance. Methods of representing

stereochemical structures, Projection formulae. Stereoisomeric relationships in alicyclic and cyclic compounds:

enantiomers, diastereomers, meso structures.Optical activity, Measurenment of [α]D, Racemates and meso

compounds

Conformational analysis

Concept and definitions of terminology, Conformational isomers (conformers) and conformational analysis:

Alicyclic compounds (butane): Sawhorse and Newman projection formulae; Cyclic compounds (3-6 membered

monocyclic alkanes): boat and chair conformers, angle strain, torsional strain.

Alkenes Physical properties, relative stabilities. Reactions, detailed mechanisms and applications: Addition reactions:

symmetrical reagents- hydrogen, halogens, stereochemistry, where relevant,; unsymmetrical reagents:

Markovnikov’s rule, regioselectivity, stereochemistry, carbocation rearrangements, halohydrin formation,

hydrogen halides, peroxide effect; Hydration- sulfuric acid and water, hydroboration-oxidation, oximercuration-

demercuration. Hydroxylation- formation of 1,2-diols and other addition products; Dimerisation, polymerization

in brief. Oxidations: peroxyacid and permanganate oxidations, ozonolysis. Applications of alkenes, lab. tests

Alkynes

General properties, relative stabilities, acidity of terminal alkynes, Reactions and mechanisms: Electrophilic

additions, Oxidations: permanganate oxidation, ozonolysis; Reduction: to cis- and trans- alkenes and to alkanes.

Lab. tests and applications in organic synthesis.

47

Alkyl Halides

Physical properties, Reactions, including mechanisms:

Nucleophilic aliphatic substitution(SN) reactions: Definitions of terminology. SN1 and SN2 reactions: Reaction

mechanisms, including stereochemistry, liberal examples., Role of solvent, factors affecting reaction rates, SN1 vs

SN2, . Carbocationic rearrangements & racemization, SN1 vs SN2

Elimination reactions: Definitions of terminology, types and strengths of bases. Dehydrohalogenation (Saytzeff

rule) and other elimination reactions, Reaction mechanisms (E1 and E2), including stereochemistry, role of solvent,

Factors affecting rates of elimination reactions (E1 and E2), E1 vs. E2-. Elimination vs substitution.

Reactions with strong electropositive metals: Grignard reagents- structure, generation. Applications.

Alcohols

Structure, classification; Physical properties, acidity, sources. Reactions, including mechanisms: reaction with

PX3, POCl3 and SOCl2, dehydration of alcohols, esterification, formation of sulfonate esters, mesylates, tosylates.

Oxidation: PCC and Jones reagents, Manganate oxidations, limitations, Periodic acid oxidation of vicinal diols.

Protection and de-protection of alcohol group: THP, TMS ethers, laboratory tests, applications

Ethers

Review of structure and nomenclature, classification, Physical properties, Reactions and mechanisms: Cleavage

of: open chain ethers by HI and epoxides by acids, bases and Grignard reagents, Applications.

Preparation of aliphatic organic compounds & Organic transformations

Methods of preparation of alkenes, alkynes, alkyl halides, alcohols and ethers. Introduction to synthetic

transfornations, multistep conversions and synthesis

Mode of Delivery

Lectures: 3 hours per week.

Tutorials: 1 hour per week.

Laboratory: 3- hour session per week.

Assessment



Laboratory 15%

Tests 20%


Total 100%


Organic Chemistry, T.W. Graham Solomons, 9th Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2008.


Organic Chemistry, R.T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd, 6th or 7

th Edition, Allyn and Bacon, Inc., London, 2005

48

CHE2522: Functional Group and Arene Chemistry


Rationale:

The course aims to provide an understanding of the synthesis, properties and reactions, including mechanisms, of

aliphatic carbonyl compounds, carboxylic acids, acid derivatives and amines, the concepts of conjugation, and

aromaticity, reactions of some conjugated unsaturated systems such as -1,4- and Machel additions, electrophilic

aromatic substitutions and chemistry of benzenes and substituted benzenes.

Course Objectives:


(i) describe and explain properties and reactions of aliphatic aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, acid

derivatives and amines, including mechanisms.

(ii) predict the products, including pertinent stereochemistry, where applicable, of the reactions of aliphatic

organic compounds and provide detailed reaction mechanisms.

(iii) provide synthetic scheme for simple organic compounds and organic transformations.

(iv) differentiate conjugated unsaturated systems from isolated multiple bonds

(v) predict the products and explain reactions of conjugated dienes and unsaturated carbonyl

compounds.

(vi) recognise aromaticity, predict products, provide mechanisms for reactions of benzenes substituted

benzenes

Course Content:

Aldehydes and Ketones

Structure, nomenclature, physical properties, Reactions:

Nucleophilic additions-concepts, mechanisms: yanohydrin formation, organolithium, Grignard reagents, Wittig

reaction; acid catalysed addition of water, alcohols- hemi-acetals/ketals, acetals/ketals, application-protection of

carbonyl group, deprotection

Condensation reactions: Ammonia, 10 and 2

0 amines, hydrazines, Brady’s reagent, semicarbazides,

thiosemicarbazides-reduction of thiosemicarbazones,

-hydrogens, reactions: halogenation, haloform reaction, alkylation, acylation

Aldol additions and condensations, mechanism, scope and limitations, Useful crossed aldol reactions, such as

Claisen-Schmidt reaction, Aldol like reactions, Cannizzaro and crossed Cannizzaro reactions

Oxidations: reactivity of aldehydes and ketones, Lab tests for distinguishing aldehydes from ketones.

Reduction: catalytic hydrogenation, metal hydrides, Clemmensen and Wolff-Kishner reductions

Preparation of aldehydes & ketones: from alcohols and acid halides

Carboxylic acids: Review of structure and nomenclature, physical properties, acidity: substituent effects. Preparation,

Reactions: with alcohols, PX3, SOX2, ammonia, - halogenation (HVZ reaction), diazomethane

Carboxylic acid derivatives

A brief survey of acid derivatives, review of structure and nomenclature of esters, acyl halides, amides and acid

anhydrides, physical properties

49

Esters Preparation, reactions- hydrolysis, nucleophilic acyl substitutions, Claisen condensation

Acyl Halides: Preparation, Reactions: hydrolysis, nucleophilic acyl substitutions, reduction

Amides: Preparation, Reactions: hydrolysis, Hofmann and Curtius rearrangements

Anhydrides: Preparation, Reactions: hydrolysis, nucleophilic acyl substitutions

Amines

Brief review of structure and nomenclature, Physical properties, basicity,

Preparation: from halides- limitations, reductive amination, reduction of nitro compounds and nitriles, Gabriel

synthesis, Hofmann, Curtius and Losen rearrangements,

Reactions: Salt formation, oxidation, N- alkylation- limitations, Hofmann elimination and degradations,

conversion to amides, sulfonamides - (Hinsberg test), reaction with nitrous acid, Mannich reaction.

Conjugated unsaturated systems

Conjugation- concept, molecular orbitals- HOMO and LUMO for 1,3-butadiene. Conjugated Dienes: resonance

stabilization, 1, 4- and 1,2-additions. Allylic substitutions.

Unsaturated carbonyl compounds: structure, nomenclature, addition reactions- electrophilic, nucleophilic and

Michael additions, Robinson annulation.

Aromatic hydrocarbons

Aromaticity, orbital picture, structure, general conditions for aromaticity and its prediction in simple molecules -

Huckels and Mobious rules. A survey of benzenoid aromatic systems, nomenclature,

Benzenes: Electrophilic aromatic substitution in benzene - sulfonation, nitration, halogenations, and . Friedel-

Crafts alkylation & acylation; Orientation and reactivity of substituted benzenes - theory.

Reduction: catalytic hydrogenation and Birch reductions

Alkyl benzenes: synthesis, substitution reactions, side chain oxidation ;

Alkenyl benzenes: preparation, electrophilic addition, epoxidation

Mode of Delivery



Laboratory: 3- hour lab session per week.

Assessment



Laboratory: 15%

Tests: 20%


Total 100%


1.Organic Chemistry, T.W. Graham Solomons, 9th Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2008.


1. A Guide to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Peter Sykes, Longman, London, 1997

2. Organic Chemistry, R.T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd, 7th Edition, Pearson Publishers, 2005

50

CHE2615: Basic Physical Chemistry

Pre-requisites: CHE1000, M1100

Rationale

The course is intended to broaden students’ understanding of the basic concepts of physical chemistry by

developing fundamental mathematical concepts. Thus, the course is designed to impact simple computation skills

and to an understanding of general phenomena as described by the kinetic theory, electrochemistry, and treatment

of involving energy changes essential for beginners.

Course Objectives

On completion of the course, students should be able to;

(i) compute simple relation involving kinetic theory of gases, free energy and entropy.

(ii) relate electrochemistry to everyday situations

(iii) relate chemistry to other scien-based disciplineds and thus realize the importance of Chemistry in

everyday life.

(iv) use knowledge on chemical equilibria, buffers, reaction rates to everyday circumstances.

Course Content:

Kinetic theory of gases

Brief review of gas laws (Boyle’s Charle’s Gay-Lussacs, Dalton’s Graham’s laws), Postulates of Kinetic theory.

Mathematical treatment of Kinetic theory, Deduction of all the gas laws from .mnu3

1PV 2

Molecular velocity of gases (root-mean-square velocity). Distribution of molecular velocity.

Thermodynamics - introduction and scope of thermodynamics

System, surrounding and universe. State and non-state functions. Thermodynamic variables. Definition of

internal energy, work and heat. Statement of the first law and its mathematical formulation. Application of first

law to an ideal gas, isothermal and adiabatic conditions. Heat capacities of gases. Hess’ law and Kirchoff

equation. Bond energies. Introduction to the second law. Qualitative prediction of direction of reaction based on

encropy.

Simple treatment of Go = H

o - T S

o, G

o = -nFE

o and G

o = -RTlnK.

Chemical and Ionic Equilibria

Reversible reactions. Law of Mass action. Equilibrium constant, Kc and Kp and the relationship,

Kp = Kc(RT)n. Factors affecting equilibria (qualitative and quantitative treatment). Heterogeneous equilibria.

Ionic equailibria - definition of acids and bases acid conjugate and base pair. Acidity - alkalinity-pH.pKa. Self-

ionization of water, Kw .pH of weak acids and bases. Hydrolysis constant, Kh. Buffer solutions-Henderson-

Hasselbatch equation. Solubility products.

51

Chemical Kinetics

Introduction to Rate and rate law. Molecularity and order of reaction. Concentration and rate equations. The

integrated rate laws - zero, first and second order reactions. Radioactive decay and carbon dating. Pseudo-order

reactions. Factors affecting the rate of reactions.

Electrochemistry

Ohm’s law, electrolysis-mechanism of electrolysis. Faraday’s laws and calculations. Galvanic cell, Daniel cell

and standard cell. Cell convention. Difference between chemical and electrolytic cells. Reduction potential and

electrochemical series. Nernst equation. Dry cell and lead accumulator cell. Strong and weak electrolytes.

Theories of electrolytic conductance and conductance ratio. Kohlrausch’s law of independent migration of ions.

Variation of molar conductance with concentration.

Mode of delivery



Laboratory: 3- hour-session per week.

Assessment:

Continuous assessment(CA) 40%

Theory Test : 20%

Assignments: 5%

Laboratory practical: 15%

Final Theory Examinations 60%

Total 100%


P.W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry, W. Freeman and Company, New York, 1986.


1. G. barrow, Physical Chemistry, 6th edition, McGraw-Hill, 1988.

2. G.W. Castellan, Physical Chemistry, Addison-Wesley Inc., 1983.

3. P. Harwood, General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications, Prentice-Hall Int. Inc., 1987.

52

CHE3111: Cellular Biochemistry

Pre-requisite(s): CHE2112

Rationale

Understanding chemistry of biological processes is a key to appreciating how biological cells work. Cellular

biochemistry gives an overview of the chemistry of proteins, their structure and function. Thermodynamics and

mechanism of enzyme action is presented. This is then followed by a consideration of metabolic pathways.

Objectives


(i) Explain protein structure and relate it to activity

(i) Describe various techniques employed in determining the sequence of a protein

(ii) Design a simple experiment that may be used to determine the structure of a protein

(iii) Explain the importance of effect on structure and function by citing the example of prions

(iv) Describe the role of molecular chaperones in protein folding

(v) Design experiments to obtain kinetic parameters for enzymes

(vi) Explain importance of metabolic pathways

(vii) Point out the links connecting metabolic pathways

Course Content:

Protein structure determination

Exploring how structure underlies protein function. Specific protein cleavage. Sequencing of peptides - Edman

degradation. Techniques used in protein structure elucidation, proteomics and protein structure analysis.

Protein folding

Folding of proteins in biological systems; Importance of correct folding, Heat shock protein, Molecular

chaperones. Protein homologies.

Examples of proteins

Myoglobin and Haemoglobin as examples of proteins. Interaction proteins-proteins interactions small ligands

Advanced enzyme catalysis

Activated complex theory and thermodynamics. Thermodynamic basis of catalysis. Chemical catalysis

mechanisms. Examples of cofactor catalysis, allosterism, multi-site interactions. Regulation of enzyme action.

Concerted and sequential models. Mechanisms of bisubstrate reactions. Mechanism of action of serine protease

with special emphasis on chymotrypsin.

Carbohydrate metabolism

Catabolism of mono-, di- and polysaccharides. Carbon cycle, anabolism of glycogen, starch and other

polysaccharides. Anabolism of glucose

Lipid Metabolism

Structure and function of lipids. Catabolism of lipids, oxidation of fatty acids, anabolism of lipids and

biosynthesis of triglecerides, sterols. Metabolism of phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycelipids. Regulation and

endocrine influence on lipid metabolism. Disorders of lipid metabolism.

53

Metabolism of nitrogen

Incorporation of nitrogen in biological compounds, Catabolism and anabolism of amino acids, essential and non-

essential amino acids, Catabolism and anabolism of purines, pyrimidines nucleotides and porphyrins: heme and

chlorophyll.

Mode of Delivery:



Laboratory practical: 3- hour session per week

Assessment:


Assignments/quizzes 5 %

Laboratory 15 %

Tests 20 %

Written Final Examination: 60 %

Total 100 %


Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L and Stryer L. 2012. Biochemistry 7th ed. WH Freeman & Company, New York ISBN-

10: 0-7167-3051-0


1. Campbell M.K and Farrell S.O. 2009. Biochemistry 6th ed. Thomson Brooks/Cole, Belmont, CA (USA)

ISBN-13: 978-0-495-39041-1 ISBN-10: 0-495-39041-0

2. Voet D and Voet JG. 2011. Biochemistry 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey.

ISBN 9780470570951

3. Kuchel, P.W. (Coordinating Editor) 2009. Schaum’s Outlines Biochemistry 3rd

ed. Mc Graw Hill, New

York ISBN: 978-0-07-1472272

4. David Whitford. 2005. Proteins; Structure and Function. John Wiley & Sons

ISBN 0-471-49893-9 HB ISBN 0-471-49894-7 PB

5. Kessel and Ben-Tal. Introduction to Proteins; Structure, Function and Motion.2011. CRC Press,Taylor &

Francis Group ISBN 978-1-4398-1071-2 (Hardback)

6. Bernhard Rupp, 2009.Biomolecular Crystallography; Garland Science, Taylor & Francis Group

ISBN 978-0-8153-4081-2

54

CHE3122: Energy Transduction Systems


Rationale

Cells require energy to carry out biological processes. This course is designed to equip students with key

knowledge on how cells trap energy from the sun and convert it into the chemical energy of the glucose molecule.

It then gives a detailed description of how the energy trapped in NADH and FADH2 produced from the

catabolism of fuel molecules is converted to the energy in ATP. Since energy transduction processes involve

biological membrane systems, a comprehensive discussion of membrane structure and function as well as

associated biochemical processes like neurotransmission, muscle contraction and membrane transport systems are

also covered in this course.

Objectives:

By the end of this course students should be able to:

(i) Describe the light reactions of photosynthesis and distinguish them from the Calvin Benson reactions

(ii) Identify the various enzyme complexes of the electron transport chain and explain how they work

(iii) Describe the chemiosmotic theory and explain how flow of electrons in light reactions of photosynthesis

and electron transport chain leads to synthesis of ATP

(iv) Design experiments to demonstrate the link between flow of electrons and synthesis of ATP

(v) Explain the chemical composition and architecture of biological membranes

(vi) Outline and distinguish the various the membrane transports systems

(vii) Outline the major elements in muscle contraction and neurotransmission

(viii) Explain the role of membranes in muscle contraction and neurotransmission

(ix) Design an experiment to demonstrate the role of ions in muscle contraction and neurotransmission

Course Content:

Architecture and Function of Biological Membranes

Composition and function of biological membranes. Membrane transport systems and its disorders and diseases –

such as cystic fibrosis.Excitable membrane systems,Ion channels and electrical properties of membranes,

Neurotransmission, nerve tissues, nerve impulses, metabolism, chemical transmitters.

Structure and function of mitochondria

Structure of mitochondrion, Electron transport chain. Structure and function of proton pumps. Bacterial electron

transfer systems. Chemiosmotic theory. Release of energy during electron transfer. Synthesis of ATP in

mitochondria. Energy conversion processes. Oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial metabolic shuttles.

ATP:ADP ratio in cells, Respiratory rates.

Structure and function of chloroplasts

Structure of chloroplast. Chloroplast as a member of plastid family of organelles, Photosynthetic pigments.

Capture of energy from sunlight, reaction centre, Light reactions, the Calvin cycle, Photosystems, Z-scheme,

bacterial photosystems. Synthesis of ATP in photosynthetic processes, non-cyclic photophosphorylation

Muscle Contraction

Energy supply. Contractile systems, Muscle fibre proteins, mechanism of muscle contraction – role calcium,

muscle contraction models.

55

Mitochondria and chloroplasts genetic systems

Diversity of genetic systems and why own genetic systems

Mode of Delivery:



Laboratory practical: 3 hour session per week

Assessment:


Assignments/quizzes: 5 %

Laboratory: 15 %

Tests: 20 %

Written Final Examination 60 %

Total 100 %


Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L and Stryer L. 2012. Biochemistry 7th ed. WH Freeman & Company, New York

ISBN13: 978-1-4292-7635-1 ISBN10: 1-4292-7635-5

Supplementary textbooks:


ISBN 9780470570951


ISBN-13: 978-0-495-39041-1 ISBN-10: 0-495-39041-0



York ISBN: 978-0-07-1472272

56

CHE3211: Spectroscopic Methods of Analysis

Pre-requisites: CHE2219, CHE2522

Rationale:

The course is meant to equip students with spectroscopic and chromatographic methods of analysis. The

theoretical knowledge of these methods is intended to enhance students’ understand separation chromatographic

methods, as well as principles of electrochemical analytical methods.

Course Objectives:

On completion of the course, the students should be able to:

(i) draw; and, describe component parts of various analytical instruments

(ii) describe basic modes of operation of specific analytical instruments

(iii) apply basic principles of electrochemical and separation methods to analytical situations

(iv) interpret spectral data in analyses

(v) carry out important separation, identification and quantitative determination of practical samples.

Course content

Introduction to Spectroscopic Methods

Electromagnetic Radiation and its Interactions with Matter

Electromagnetic radiation as waves. Quantum mechanical properties of electromagnetic radiation.

Instruments for Optical Spectroscopy

Radiation sources, wavelength selectors, filters, monohcromators (prisms and optical gratings). Sample

containers, radiation detectors, signal processors and read-outs. Instrumental designs. An introduction to

absorption spectroscopy

Ultraviolet and Visible Absorption Spectroscopy

Theory of fluorescence and phosphorescence. Instruments for measuring fluorescence and

phosphorescence. Application of photoluminescence.

Molecular Fluorescence and Chemiluminescence.

Theory of of fluorescence and phosphorescence. Instruments for measuring fluorescence and phosphorescence.

Applications of photoluminescence.

Infrared and Raman Absorption Spectroscopy

Theory of infrared absorption. Infrared instrument components. Sample handling techniques.

Qualitative applications of infrared absorption. Quantitative application Fourier Transformation (FT) in infrared

absorption spectroscopy. Theory of Raman spectroscopy instrumentation. Applications of Raman spectroscopy,

Fourier Transformation (FT) Raman spectroscopy.

Flame Emission and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy.

Theory of atomic spectroscopy. Flame atomization. Atomic absorption spectroscopy. Flame

emission spectroscopy. Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy.

Emission Spectroscopy based on Plasma Atomisation.

Spectra from higher sources. Emission spectroscopy based on arc and spark sources. Emission spectroscopy based

on plasma sources. Atomic fluorescence methods based on plasma atomization.

57

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Theory of nuclear magnetic resonance. Environmental effects on NMR spectra. Experimental

methods of NMR spectroscopy. Applications of proton NMR, application of NMR to isotopes other than the

proton. Fourier Transformation in NMR. Electron Spin Resonance spectroscopy.

Mass Spectrometry (MS)

The mass spectrometer, mass spectra. Identification of pure compounds by mass spectrometry. Quantitative

applications of mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Correlation of mass spectra with molecular structure. Fourier

Transform mass spectrometry.

Miscellaneous Optical Methods.

Refractometry. Polarimetry. Nephelometry and Turbidimetry.

Mode of Delivery



Laboratory 3- hour session per week

Assessment



Laboratory 15%

Tests 20%


Total 100%


Skoog D. A.,West D.M.,Holler J. A., Crouch S.R., (2004), Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry 8th Ed. Cole-

Thomson, Belmont, USA.ISBN-13: 978-0-534-41797-0


Donald L.P., Gary M. L.,George S. K.,(1979), Introduction to Spectroscopy. Saunders College Publishing. ISBN

0-7216-7119-5

58

CHE3222: Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis


Rationale:

The purpose of this course is to introduce principles of instrumental methods of analysis used to analyse various

chemical materials. The course is also intended to prepare students for advanced and specialised study.

Course Objectives:


(i) describe the basic principles underlying various instrumental methods of analysis

(ii) prepare and analyse different samples

(iii) draw and describe component parts of various analytical instruments

(iv) describe the mode of operation of specific analytical instruments

(v) determine appropriate analytical instrument for various sample types

Course Content

Introduction to Electrochemical Methods

Potentiometry

Reference electrodes, metallic indicator electrodes, membrane indicator electrodes. Instruments for measuring cell

potentials. Direct potentiometric measurements, potentiometirc titrations.

Voltametry and polarography

Theoretical basis, instrumentation. Variations of the conventional polarographic method. Pulse and difference

pulse polarography. Amperometric titrations, stripping analysis.

Coulometry and electrogravimetry

Current-voltage relationships during an electrolysis. An introduction to coulometric methods of analysis.

Potentiostatic coulometry, coulometric titrations, electrogavimetry.

Conductometry

Electrical conductance in solutions of electrolytes. The measurement of conductance.

Conductometric titrations. Applications of direct conductance measurements.

X-ray spectroscopy

Principles, instrument components. X-ray fluorescence methods, X-ray absorption methods. X-ray diffraction

methods, the electron microprobe.

Radiochemical methods

Radioactive isotope. Instrumentation. Neutron activation methods, isotopic dilution methods,

radiometric methods.

Thermal methods

Thermo-gravimetric methods. Differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Enthalpimetric

methods.

59

Fractionation processes: solvent extraction

Phase processes. General principles and terminology of solvent extraction. Experimental

techniques. Important experimental variables, extraction systems and examples.

An introduction to chromatographic separation

A general description of chromatography. The rate theory of chromatography. Summary of

important relationships for chromatography. Qualitative and quantitative analysis by

chromatography.

Gas chromatography

Principles of gas-liquid chromatography. Instruments for gas-liquid chromatography. Gas-solid chromatography.

Applications.

High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)

Column efficiency in liquid chromatography. Chromatographic mobile phases, instruments for liquid

chromatography. Partition chromatography, adsorption chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography. Size-

exclusion chromatography.

Planar chromatography

Principles of thin-layer chromatography(TLC). Applications of thin-layer chromatography. Paper

chromatography. Electrophoresis and electro-chromatography.

Mode of Delivery




Assessment


Assignments/Quizzes: 5%

Laboratory: 15%

Tests: 20%


Total 100%


1. Skoog A Douglas, Holler James F., Crouch Stanley R., (2006) Principles of Instrumental Analysis 6thEd. ,

Trans-Atlantic Publications, Incorporated, USA. ISBN-13: 978-0495012016

2. Skoog D.A.,West D. M.,Holler J.A.,Crouch S. R.,(2004),Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry 8th Ed.

Cole-Thomson, Belmont, USA. ISBN-13: 978-0-534-41797-0


Mitra, S.,(2003) Sample Preparation Techniques in Analytical Chemistry, Volume 162, Wiley-IEEE

http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=ntt_athr_dp_sr_1?_encoding=UTF8&field-author=Douglas%20A.%20Skoog&ie=UTF8&search-alias=books&sort=relevancerank

http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=ntt_athr_dp_sr_2?_encoding=UTF8&field-author=F.%20James%20Holler&ie=UTF8&search-alias=books&sort=relevancerank

http://www.amazon.com/Stanley-R.-Crouch/e/B001JSBYSY/ref=ntt_athr_dp_pel_3

http://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&tbo=p&q=+inauthor:%22Somenath+Mitra%22

60

CHE3411: Chemistry of main group elements and transition metal complexes

Pre-requisites: CHE2415/CHE2015

Rationale:

The course aims to complete the main group chemistry, give an insight into the nature of bonding and introduce

physical inorganic techniques. A complete treatment of transition metal chemistry is covered.

Course Objectives:


(i) Compare and contrast the chemistry of elements and their corresponding compounds for various groups.

(ii) provide synthetic routes and conditions essential for the general preparation of inorganic compounds.

(iii) apply bonding theories concepts to explain and predict some physical and chemical properties of elements.

(iv) apply qualitatively physical inorganic techniques to interpret molecular structural properties of compounds.

Course content:

Chemistry of group; IV to VII elements and their compounds, noble gases. Some examples of industrial

production of some useful main group elements and their compounds.

Transitional metal chemistry with emphasis on first row transition metal. Simple and complex compounds of

transition metals. Detailed treatment of bonding theories: Valence bond theory (VBT), Crystal field theory

(CFT), Molecular orbital theory (MOT) and Ligand field theory (LFT). Jahn-Teller distortion. Applications of

CFT effects on thermodynamic properties of transition metals.

Nomenclature, classification of ligands, isomerism of transition metal complexes. Introduction to physical

inorganic techniques: Infrared and Raman spectra. Electronic spectra, ultra-violent spectra, conductivity

measurement, NMR for simple inorganic compounds.

Mode of delivery




Assessment:

Continuous assessment (CA): 40%

Assignments/Quizzes 5%

Laboratory: 15%

Tests: 20

Total: 40%


Total 100%

61



New York, 2003. ISBN: 978-0-471-19957-1


0273742752 | ISBN-13: 978-0273742753

3. Inorganic Chemistry; J. E. Hughey, Harper and Row publishers, New York, 2008 ISBN-

8177581309, 978-8177581300

4. Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 5th edition. J.D. Lee, Chapman 7 Hall, New York, USA. 2008.

ISBN: 8126515546, 9788126515547

5. Modern Inorganic Chemistry 2nd Ed. William L. Jolly, McGraw-Hill. Inc. New

York, USA , (2008). ISBN- 9780070647718



2004. ISBN 81-219-0263-0

2. Introduction to Modern Inorganic Chemistry: K. Mackay and R. Mackay, 6th edition: Prentice

Hall, New Jersey, 2004. ISBN- 9780748764204


2006. ISBN 812191787-5

62

CHE3422: Organometallics and Reaction Mechanisms


Rationale:

The course is intended to cover the chemistry of f block elements and to give an understanding and use of

inorganic reaction mechanism, organometallic, nuclear chemistry, and reactions of non-aqueous solvents.

Course Objectives:


i) distinguish and give application of s p, d and f block elements.

ii) give plausible reaction mechanisms of chemical reactions.

iii) propose a suitable solvent for a given reaction.

iv) balance nuclear reaction equations and articulate some of the applications of nuclear active species.

Course content:

The chemistry of Lanthanides and actinides

General and physical properties, chemistry of elements in trivalent states. Separation of lanthanide ions. General

chemical behaviour of actinides with special reference to thorium, protactinium, uranium and their compounds.

Nuclear and radiochemistry

Historical background and properties of radioactive substances. Nuclear binding energy, nuclear forces, relative

stability of nucleus. Naturally occurring radioactive series. Half-life and its determination. Nuclear reactions:

nuclear fission and nuclear fusion reactions. Detection and measurement of radioactivity: Electronscope, Cloud

chamber, Geiger Muller counter methods. Applications of nuclear and radiochemistry.

Inorganic reaction mechanisms

Dissociative and associative mechanisms. Electron transfer reactions. Application of reaction mechanisms.

Introduction to organometallic chemistry

Nature of bonding between a metal and a hydrocarbon. Eighteen and sixteen electrons rule and its exceptions.

Synthesis and reactions of typical organometallic compounds such as ferrocene and its derivatives.

Non-aqueous solvents

Theories, reactions and synthetic reactions involved with reference to liquid ammonia, liquid sulphur dioxide, and

liquid sulphuric acid.

63

Mode of delivery



Labs: 3- hour session per week

Assessment:



Tests: 20%

Labs: 15%

Total: 40%

Written Final Examination 60%

Total 100%


1. Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 5th edition. J.D. Lee, Chapman 7 Hall, New York, USA. 2008.

ISBN: 8126515546, 9788126515547

2. Modern Inorganic Chemistry 2nd Ed. William L. Jolly, McGraw-Hill. Inc. NewYork, USA ,

(2008). ISBN- 9780070647718


0273742752 | ISBN-13: 978-0273742753


1. Adv. Inorganic Chemistry; F. A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson’s, John Wiley and Sons, New York,

2003. ISBN: 978-0-471-19957-1

2. Principles of organometallic chemistry; G. E. Coates et al, Chapman and Hall, London, 2003.

ISBN 0412153505

3. Inorganic Chemistry; J. E. Hughey, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 2008 ISBN-

8177581309, 978-8177581300

64

CHE3511: Organic Spectroscopy and Aromatic Chemistry


Rationale:

The course provides information on how to identify organic compounds using spectroscopic techniques UV, IR,

MS and NMR. It also aims to provide an understanding of the general principles governing orientation, reactivity,

reactions, reaction mechanisms and synthesis of benzenoid aromatic and heterocyclic compounds.

Course Objectives:


(i) Interpret the UV, MS, IR and one dimensional 1H NMR and

13C NMR spectra of organic compounds and

identify them.

(ii) Explain the reactivity and orientations of benzenoid, non-benzenoid and heterocyclic aromatic compounds in

electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution reactions.

(iii) Predict the products and explain reaction mechanisms for aromatic compounds.

(iv) Describe synthetic methods for nonbenzenoid, benzenoid and heterocyclic aromatic compounds.

Course Content:

Spectroscopy

Introduction, principles and applications in organic chemistry:

Ultra Violet (UV): The origin of UV bands (theory), Laws of absorption, chromophores, factors affecting

position and intensity of absorption bands, selection rules, empirical rules for computation of max and values of

organic compounds, correlation tables. Applications

Infra Red (IR): Theory, modes of vibration and bending, characteristic IR bands for functional groups, factors

affecting positions and intensities, correlation charts, tables. Deducing functional groups from IR s[ectra/data.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): Theory and NMR instrument, Chemical shift- definition, units of

measurements. 1H NMR: Proton NMR: Factors affecting chemical shift position, chemical and magnetic equivalence of protons.

Proton counting, spin-spin couplings, coupling constants, correlation tables. Exchangeable protons, simple

decoupling methods. Interpretation of spectra: structure elucidation of organic compounds

Carbon -13 NMR: 13

C NMR: Theory, Chemical shifts; Coupled spectra; Off resonance decoupling,

Interpretation of 13

C NMR spectra, Structure elucidation of organic compounds

Mass Spectroscopy (MS): Theory and the instrument; Fragmentation patterns of compounds: alkanes, alkenes,

carbonyl and benzenoid aromatic compounds. Interpretation of mass spectrum, Applications- Determination of

relative molecular masses and molecular formulae

Structure elucidation of organic compounds by spectroscopic methods

Chemistry of Aromatic Compounds

Non-benzenoid aromatic compounds and Ions: azulene, ferrocene and ions: Structure and aromaticity;

preparation of azulene, electrophilic aromatic substitution- orientation and reactivity.

Fused Benzenoid Rings: Synthesis, electrophilic aromatic substitutions – orientation and reactivity

65

Aromatic Amines: Reactions: diazotization, diazo coupling, protection of amines.

Aryl Halides: Structure, physical properties, reactivity, synthesis. Ullmann reaction, Nucleophilic aromat

substitution – reactivity, orientation; Aryne, SN2Ar , SN1Ar mechanisms, Factors affecting reaction rates

Phenols and Quinones: Structures, nomenclature, physical properties, acidity, Preparative methods, Reactions of

phenols: ether and ester formation, ring substitution, coupling with diazonium salts, Riemer-Tiemann, Gatterman

- Koch and Vilsmier, Kolbe reaction. Quinones: nomenclature and redox equilibria.

Heterocyclic compounds: A survey and nomenclature of heterocyclic systems,

Five membered aromatic rings with 1 heteroatom: Furan, Pyrrole, Thiophene: Sources, synthetic routes, physical

properties, electrophilic substitutions, ring opening of furans. Important spectral characteristics

Pyridine : Structure, basicity, preparation. Reduction, electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution reactions, Acidity

of methyl pyridines-applications in organic synthesis. Important spectral characteristics

Fused aromatic heterocyclic ring systems: Indoles, Quinolines, Isoquinolines:

Structure, synthesis:principles, approaches, Fischer indole, Skraup, Bischler-Napieralski, Pictet-Spengler.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution, reduction, Acidity of methyl quinolines- application .

Mode of Delivery




Assessment



Laboratory: 15%

Tests: 20%


Total 100%


1. Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, Robert M. Silverstein, Francis X. Webster, David

Kiemle, 7th Ed., 2005, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2005. ISBN978-0-471-3962-7

2. Organic Chemistry; R. T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd, 6th Ed., Pearson Education, 2005.

3. Heterocyclic Chemistry, Thomas. L. Gilchrist, 3rd

Ed., Longman Scientific & Technical, England, 1997.


1. Introduction to Spectroscopy; D. L. Pavia, G.M. Lampman and G. S. Kritz, Jr and J.A. Vyavyan,

4th Ed., Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia, 2009.

2. Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry, Dudley H Williams and Ian Fleming, 6th Ed., 2007,

ISBN 10:07711812X

http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/Section/id-302479.html?query=Robert+M.+Silverstein

http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/Section/id-302479.html?query=Francis+X.+Webster

http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/Section/id-302479.html?query=David+Kiemle


http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=ntt_athr_dp_sr_1?_encoding=UTF8&field-author=Thomas.%20L.%20Gilchrist&search-alias=books&sort=relevancerank

http://www.amazon.co.uk/s/ref=ntt_athr_dp_sr_1?_encoding=UTF8&field-author=Dudley%20H%20Williams&search-alias=books-uk&sort=relevancerank

http://www.amazon.co.uk/s/ref=ntt_athr_dp_sr_2?_encoding=UTF8&field-author=Ian%20Fleming&search-alias=books-uk&sort=relevancerank

66

CHE3522: Polyfunctional Compounds, Molecular Rearrangements and Organic Synthesis


Rationale:

The course will provide information on chemistry of polyfunctional compounds- hydroxy, dicarboxylic acids,

diketones, keto esters, monosaccharides and amino acids; principles and mechanisms of molecular

rearrangements, general principles and strategies for planning an efficient synthesis for target molecules from

readily available starting materials with emphasis on the disconnection approach. The course will also introduce

some aspects of polymer chemistry.

Course Objectives:


(i) explain reactions of polyfunctional compounds and monosaccharides, protection and deprotection

(ii) explain and apply molecular rearrangements

(iii) apply carbanions, enamines , organoborates to organic synthesis and explain reaction mechanisms.

(iv) provide efficient/shortest synthetic plan for target molecules by the disconnection approach.

(v) types of polymerisation reactions.

Course content:

Polyfunctional Compounds A survey and nomenclature of polyfunctional compounds:

Hydroxy acids -lactonisation

Dicarbonyl Compounds: 1,2- and 1,3-diketones: alkaline cleavage;

Dicarboxylic acids: decarboxylation of 1,3- dicarboxylic acids

Carbohydrates: classification, Monosaccharides: protective groups, interconversions

Amino acids: classifications and nomenclature, preparative methods for simple peptides.

Molecular rearrangements Introduction, Terminology, classifications, principles, mechanisms and applications: Wagner- Meerwein, pinacol-

pinacolone, Demjanov reaction, Beckmann, Wolff, Fries, Claisen, dienone-phenol, dienol-benzene, benzilic acid ,

benzidine – Favorskii, Stevens, Baeyer-Villiger, hydro-peroxide rearrangements.

Organic synthesis

A survey of various approaches,

Reactions in organic synthesis:

An overview of application of carbanions and carbanion equivalents in organic synthesis, Knoevenagel

condensation, Robinson annulations,.Acetoacetic and malonic ester synthesis

The disconnection Approach:

Concept, principles and terminology, Principles, guidelines and strategies for helpful disconnections:

Monofunctionalised compounds: One and two bond C-C/C-X disconnections;

Difunctionalised compounds: 1-2, 1,3-, 1-4, 1-5, and 1,6- difunctionalised compounds

Polyfunctionalised compounds, Control in organic synthesis- protection

Principles, guidelines and strategies for aromatic and heterocyclic TM.

Planning synthesis of organic compounds by disconnection approach: Target molecules and synthesis of

heterocyclic compounds with 2-heteroatoms – imidazoles, thiazoles, oxazoles, pyrimidines

67

Polymers

Introduction, polymerizations, Co- and graft-polymers, general characteristics

Mode of Delivery:

Lectures: 3 hour per week.


Laboratory: 3-hour lab session per week.

Assessment:


Assignments/Quizz: 5 %

Tests: 20 %

Labs: 15 %


Total 100%


1. Organic Chemistry; R. T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd, 7th Ed., Pearson publishing, 2005

2. Organic Synthesis: The Disconnection Approach, Stuart Warren and Paul Wyatt, 2nd

Ed., Wiley

Interscience, New York, 2011. ISBN 10: 0470712368

3. Organic Chemistry, Marc Loudon, 5th Ed., Oxford University Press, 2009. ISBN 10:0987519431


1. March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanism and Structure, Michael B. Smith

2. and Jerry March, 6th Ed, John Wiley & Sons, 2007

http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=ntt_athr_dp_sr_1?_encoding=UTF8&field-author=Stuart%20Warren&search-alias=books&sort=relevancerank

http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=ntt_athr_dp_sr_2?_encoding=UTF8&field-author=Paul%20Wyatt&search-alias=books&sort=relevancerank

http://www.google.co.zm/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Michael+B.+Smith%22

http://www.google.co.zm/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Jerry+March%22

68

CHE3611: Chemical Kinetics and Nuclear Chemistry

Pre-requisite: CHE2615, MAT2100

Rationale:

The course is designed to study how fast reactions can occur. This is useful in gaining insight into the mechanism

of reactions i.e. the step-by-step molecular pathway of transforming reactants to products. The principles

involved in nuclear chemistry are discussed in terms of reactions rates. Application of rates of reaction in

enzymatic actions, catalysis, industrial processes and nuclear technology is the main focus of this course.

Course Objectives:

On completion of the course students should be able to:

(i) discuss the factors that control rates of change and their consequence on rates of decay, rusting, enzyme

actions etc.

(ii) formulate mechanisms that are consistent with given rate law;

(iii) describe effect of ionizing radiation on matter;

(iv) explain use of radioactive nuclides as diagnostic tools in medicine, for dating historical artifacts, and other

uses.

Course Content:

Kinetics

Review of rate law, integrated rate equations for zero, first second and third order, Half-life, order and

concentration pseudo order. Determination of order. Experimental methods for studying slow and fast reactions.

Theories of reaction rates: bimolecular and unimolecular reactions, activated complex. Complex reactions; rate

law for elementary reactions, parallel, opposing, consecutive and chain reactions.

Acid-base catalysis and general acid-base catalysis. Heterogeneous catalysis. Kinetics of heterogeneous reaction.

Effect of temperature on heterogeneous reaction. Primary salt effect.

Nuclear Chemistry

Definition of nuclear and radiochemistry. Fundamentals of radiochemistry. Nomenclature. Mass-energy

relationship. The proton-neutron hypothesis. Radionucleides and stability. Types of radioactive decay (alpha,

beta, positron, gamma emissions) electron capture and internal conversion.

Kinetics of radioactive decay-specific activity. Unit of radioactivity. Fusion and fission. Interaction of X-ray

with matters (photoelectric, Compton effects, pair productions). Carbon dating.

69

Mode of Delivery

Lectures 3 hours per week.

Tutorials 1 hour per week.

Laboratory 3- hour session per week.

Assessment



Laboratory 15%

Tests 20%


Total 100%


1. P. W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry, W. Freeman and Company, New York, 1986.

2. Peter Atkins, Julio de Paula; Physical Chemistry: Volume 1: Thermodynamics and Kinetics; W. H.

Freeman; Ninth Edition, 2009.

3. Carl W. Garland, Joseph W. Nibler, David P. Shoemaker; Experiments in Physical Chemistry; McGraw-

Hill Higher Education, Eighth Edition, 2008.

Supplementary Reading:

1. G. Barrow, Physical Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, 1988.

2. G.W. Castellan, Physical Chemistry, Addison-Wesley Inc., 1983.

4. P. Harwood, General Chemistry; Principles and Modern Applications, Prentice-Hall Int. Inc., 1997.

5. Keith J. Laidler, John H. Meiser, Bryan C. Sanctuary; Physical Chemistry; Houghton Miflin Company,

Boston, Fourth Edition, 2003.

6. Thomas Engel, Philip Reid; Physical Chemistry, Prentice hall, 2010 ISBN 10-0-32164305-4.

70

CHE3622: Colloids and Electrochemistry


Rationale:

The course is designed to give students an insight into how chemical reactions can be used to produce electricity

and vice-versa. These processes coupled with a knowledge of surface and colloidal chemistry have very wide

industrial applications ranging from arteries and fuel cells as sources of electric power to metal refining,

electroplating, corrosion control on one hand and on grease, soap, dye and paint productions on the other. The

course probes deeply into the theory and mechanism of the behaviour of electrolytic and colloidal solutions and it

aims to expose students to industry applications.

Course Objectives:


(i) explain the role of colloidal solutions in cream, dye and paint industries and surfactants as used in

soap and adhesive productions;

(ii) describe the concept of election transfer at the electrode surface;

(iii) relate electron transfer to the production of energy through electrode potential changes;

(iv) discuss the importance of electroplating, the use of reference electrodes and cells and the

implication of an unwanted Voltaic cells manifested in corrosion.

(v) use the electro-analytical method of evaluating materials in trace quantity.

Course Content:

Colloids

Definitions. Types of colloids -lyophobic, lipophilic colloids. Difference between true solution, precipitates and

colloids. Preparation and purification of colloids- dialysis methods of determining the molecular weight of

colloids- sedimentation, light scattering etc. Gel filtration. Micelles. Properties of colloids- Optical,

electrophoresis & electosmosis. Concept of double layer, Emulsion, Donan equilibrium.

Change of state

Component, degrees of freedom, Gibbs phase rule. Phase diagrams for one component (water, sulphur) and two

component systems. Eutectic mixtures. Multi-component systems.

Surface Chemistry

Interfaces (types and importance). Surface tension. Capillarity vapour pressure of small droplets - Kelvin

equation. Gibbs adsorption equation. Wetting of solids: contact angels and their determination, influencing

factors and importance in ore flotation. Spreading: spreading of one liquid on the surface of another. Insoluble

monolayer films and their applications in water conservation. Detergency. Adsorption- factors affecting

adsorption. Sorption, chemisorption and adsorption isotherms (Freundlich, Langmuir and Braunauer). BET and

Tempkin equation.

Electochemistry

Definition and scope. Iodics. Conductance in solution and fused state- conductivity and weak and strong

electrolytes. Degree of dissociation. Ions in solution under electric field. Conductance in high electric field -

Wien effect. Measurement of conductance. Kohlrausch’s law of independent migration of ions- Proton jump

mechanism. Interionic theory of conductance. Transport number and measurement. Mobility of ions in elective

fields. Diffusion Activity and activity coefficient. Ionic strength. Semi-quantitative treatment of Debye-Huckel

theory. Application of Debye-Huckel equations.

71

Electrodics: Standard hydrogen electrode, calomel, silver/silver chloride, glass electrodes. Irreversible electrodes

and cells, polarisation and decomposition voltage. Over potential and over voltage. Concentration Polarisation.

Limiting current. Thickness of difficusion layer. Activation over-potential. Kinetics of polarized electrode -

Butler-Volmer equation. Deduction from Butler-Volmer equation- Tafel equation. Process of kinetic discharge of

hydrogen and oxygen at the surface of electrode. Introduction to polarography.

Mode of Delivery



Laboratory: 3- hour-session per week.

Assessment



Laboratory 15%

Tests 20%


Total 100%


1. P. W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry, W. Freeman and Company, New York, 1986.

2. Peter Atkins, Julio de Paula; Physical Chemistry: Volume 1: Thermodynamics and Kinetics; W. H.

Freeman; Nineth Edition, 2009.




1. Chemistry of Surfaces, A. w. Adamson, Interscience Publishers.

2. An Introduction to Surface Chemistry, R. Aveyard and D. A. Hayden, Cambridge University Press.

3. The Principles of Electrochemistry, D.A. McInnes.

4. Physical Chemistry, G. Barrow, 6th edition, McGraw-Hill, 1998.

5. Keith J. Laidler, John H. Meiser, Bryan C. Sanctuary; Physical Chemistry; Houghton Miflin Company,

Boston, Fourth Edition, 2003.

6. Bawendi G, Alberty R. A, Silbey R. J; Physical Chemistry; John Wiley & Sons, inc. New York, Fourth

Edition, 2004.

7. Paul C. Hiemenz, Raj Rajagopalan; Principles of Colloid and Surface Chemistry; Marcel Dekker, inc.

New York, Third Edition, Revised and Expanded, 1997.

72

CHE4111: Information Storage and Biochemical Genetics


Rationale:

The study of storage and flow of biological information is key to understanding the workings of a living cell. In

this course, a detailed consideration of structure and function of RNA and DNA as well as replication,

transcription , protein synthesis and their regulation will be covered. This will be followed by biochemical

genetics which is an area of science that has had a profound influence on life in the last few decades. Medical and

agricultural advances have benefited tremendously from this area of biochemistry. Therefore, all students in

biological or life sciences must take this course in order to fully understand and appreciate biotechnology.

Objectives:


(i) Explain the replication of DNA and transcription of DNA

(ii) Describe protein synthesis

(iii) Describe regulation of DNA replication, RNA and protein synthesis

(iv) Describe the structure of chromosomes and the packing of DNA in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

(v) Design and experiment on using restriction enzymes

(vi) Design and experiment on cDNA library preparation

(vii) Discuss the use and values of various PCR techniques in biotechnology

Course Content:

Nucleic acid synthesis and Protein synthesis

Evidence for deoxyribonucleic acid as genetic material. Structure of the chromosome. Structure,

synthesis and replication of DNA. Components of the protein synthesis system, ribosomes, RNA,

mRNA. Transcription and the genetic code. Mutation, mechanism of protein synthesis.

Regulation of nucleic acid and protein synthesis. Inhibitors of nucleic acids and protein synthesis

Chromosome

Properties and function of particles of cell nuclei, Chromosome structure, DNA packaging in cells in eukaryotes

and prokaryotes, role of histones and histone-like proteins. Recombination and complementation.

DNA technology and its applications

Recombinant DNA technology, Restriction enzymes. Plasmids and recombinant DNA. Sequencing of DNA,

amplification of DNA – PCR. Manipulating DNA – site - directed mutagenesis and gene silencing . Generation of

cDNA libraries. Various cDNA expression PCR in forensic science. Current ethical issues on Genetic

modification

73

Mode of Delivery:



Laboratory practical: 3- hour session per week

Assessment:



Laboratory: 15 %

Tests: 20 %

Written Final Examination: 60 %

Total 100 %


1. Devlin, T.M. (ed) 2010. Textbook of Biochemistry with clinical correlations 7th ed. Wiley-Liss, New

York ISBN 978-0-470-28173-4

Supplementary textbooks:

1. Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L and Stryer L. 2012. Biochemistry 7th ed. WH Freeman & Company, New

York ISBN-10: 0-7167-3051-0


ISBN-13: 978-0-495-39041-1 ISBN-10: 0-495-39041-0


ISBN 9780470570951



York ISBN: 978-0-07-1472272

5. J.D. Watson, M.Gilman, J.Wikowski and M.Zoller. 1992. Recombinant DNA , 2nd

ed. W.H. Freeman &

Company, New York ISBN 0-7167-1994-0 ISBN 0-7167-2282-8 (pbk)

6. J.D. Watson, T. A. Baker, Stephen P. Bell, A. Gann, M.Levine and R.Losick et al, 2004. Molecular

Biology of the Gene 5th ed. Pearson Inc. Benjamin Cummings San Francisco ISBN 0-321-22368-3

74

CHE4102: Biochemical Processes and Research Techniques


Rationale:

Modern biochemistry is a multidisciplinary field which covers many areas such as agriculture, biotechnology,

immunochemistry, drug design and discovery, medicine xenobiotics and metabolism. This course seeks to have

an in-depth look at some advanced topics in biochemistry such as cell regulation processes which require precise

control in order for the cell to continue functioning as a unit. The students will also learn various qualitative and

quantitative techniques used for the analyses of biological samples. This course will seek to develop students’

ability to apply what they learn to relevant topics including their ability to communicate this material to peers and

the general public, and their ability to make informed decisions based on good science.

Objectives:

By the end of this course a student must be able to:

(i) Describe the various mechanisms by which metabolism is controlled in the cell

(ii) Explain the various types of hormones

(iii) Distinguish between a primary and a second messenger

(iv) Explain mechanisms of hormone action

(v) Explain drug metabolism and role of Cytochrome P450

(vi) Describe various components of the immune system and their functions

(vii) Explain the underlying principles of common biochemical methods

(viii) Explain key features of instruments used in biochemical analysis

(ix) Propose a technique (s) that may be used in analysis of a given biological sample

(x) Design a protocol for analyzing a given biological sample and explain its limitation.

Course Content:

Control of metabolism

Connections between metabolic pathways. Biochemical control mechanisms; Enzyme concentration -

transcription, degradation; Enzyme activity substrate, allosteric, effector protein modification. Cascade control

(of glutamine synthase), attenuation control mechanism (of amino acid biosynthesis).

Energy Metabolism

Control of energy metabolism, energy change. Molecular aspects of selected metabolic diseases. Emerging

technologies.

Hormone Activity

Hormones and Second Messengers; Amino acid derived, peptide, polypeptide and steroid hormones. Biological

actions, chemical structure, biosynthesis, catabolism.Cell signaling: receptors, second messengers, signal

transduction pathways and associated diseases. Regulation of hormone levels, control of hormone biosynthesis,

mechanism of hormone action. Apoptosis.Cancer.

Immunochemistry

Antigen-antibody reaction. Immunoglobulins, antibody production. Role of complement.

Immunisation, interferon. Current topics (e.g. HIV and AIDS). Structure-based drug design of anti retroviral

drugs.

75

Xenobiotic biotransformation

Transport, absorption, distribution and excretion of drugs and other foreign compounds.

Biotransformation reactions and mechanisms of transforming drugs by microsomal, nonmicrosomal

enzymes and intestinal flora.. Consequences and factors affecting metabolism of drugs

Biochemical research techniques

Overview of structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Cell culture techniques, Cell fractionation

techniques.Purification and concentration of biological cell fractionations. Centrifugation; Chromatography;

Tandem GC-MS and LC-MS methods. Electrophoresis; Spectroscopy radioisotope techniques; Characterization

of biological molecules – molecularweight determination.

Mode of Delivery:



Laboratory practical: 3 - hour session per week

Assessment:



Laboratory: 15 %

Tests: 20 %

Written Final Examination 60 %

Total 100 %

Recommended textbooks:

1. Alberts, B. et al 2002. Molecular Biology of the Cell 5th ed. Garland Science, New York

ISBN – 10: 0815341113 ISBN – 13978-081534116

2. Wilson, K and Walker, K (Ed) 2007. Principles and techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

6th ed. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-69180-X

Supplementary Textbooks:

1. Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L and Stryer L. 2012. Biochemistry 7th ed. WH Freeman & Company, New

York ISBN-10: 0-7167-3051-0


ISBN-13: 978-0-495-39041-1 ISBN-10: 0-495-39041-0



York ISBN: 978-0-07-1472272


ISBN 9780470570951

76

CHE4221: Analysis of Inorganic Compounds


Rationale:

The course aims to introduce the student to practical chemical analysis of inorganic materials, including soils,

rocks, limestone, glass, porcelain, cement, glasses, ores, iron and steel, fertilizers pollutants and water.

Course Objectives:


(i) determine an appropriate method of chemical analysis

(ii) correctly analyze inorganic samples

(iii) show skills in interpreting analytical data

Course content

Analysis of soils

Sampling, field description of soils, physical analysis of soils. Carbonate carbon, organic carbon,

total nitrogen, ammonia and nitrates. Total determination of other soil constituents. Determination of soil reaction

(pH). Exchangeable cations and cation exchange capacity.

Gypsum and water solubility in alkali soils. Chemical analysis as a measure of soil fertility.

Analysis of ores

Analysis of ores for their contents of copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, cadmium, silver, gold and uranium etc.

Analysis of iron, steel and alloys

Sampling. Standard methods for chemical analysis of ferro-alloys. Determination of non-ferrous

alloys.

Analysis of silicates, rocks and glasses

Analysis of soda-lime, lead and borate glasses. The analysis of silicate rocks. Analysis of

different types of cement. Analysis of porcelain.

Analysis of fertilizers

Sampling and sample preparation. Determination of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, water, acid

or base forming quality of fertilizers. Analysis of superphosphate.

Water analysis

Sampling of water. Order of analysis in laboratory. Physical examination of water; determination

of metals. Determination of inorganic non-metallic constituents (Cl,Cl2, F-, CN

-, I2,NH4

+ , NO3

- , NO2

- , O2

- , O2,

SO42-

etc.) .

Pollution analysis

Sampling of polluted water. Analysis of polluted water. Air sample collection. Analysis of environmental

pollutants (SO3, SO2, NO2 and NOx, etc.).

77

Mode of Delivery



Laboratory 3- hour per week

Assessment



Laboratory: 15%

Tests: 20%


Total 100%


1. Skoog D.A.,West D.M.,Holler J.A.,(2004), Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry 8th Ed; Crouch Stanley

R. Books/Cole-Thomson, Belmont, USA. ISBN-13: 978-0-534-41797-0


1. Mitra, S., (2003) Sample Preparation Techniques in Analytical Chemistry, Volume 162, Wiley-IEEE

2. Pawliszyn, J.,(2002), Sampling and Sample Preparation for Field and Laboratory, Elsevier Science.

ISBN 0-444-5011-3


78

CHE4222: Food, Drugs, Pesticides and Detergent Analysis


Rationale:

The course is designed to give an overview of analytical methods used in various types of foods, drugs and

chemicals used in the production of crops, food processing; and, in the preservation of food products. The course

further opens new horizons to students in the analyses of various other materials, including controlled drugs,

forensic samples, as well as industrial and household chemical products such as soaps and detergents.

Course Objectives:

On completion of the course the students should be able to:

(i) describe methods of analysis for foods

(ii) carry out functional group analysis of foods and agrochemicals

(iii) determine the content of various drugs in different sample media

(iv) describe methods of analysis for pesticides

(v) state the elements of analysis of soaps and fats

Course content

Organic analysis

Qualitative analysis of some elements (C, H, N, O, halogens, P, S); Quantitative elemental analysis of C, H, O, S;

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic groups C-H C-X (halogens), C=C. C≡C, -OH, -COH, =CO, -

COOH, -NH2 -NH2, -NH, -N=H-, NO2 -NO, -NH.OH, -S-S, -SH, R-SO-, R-SO2- and R-RSO2CI.

Food analysis

Food handling and sampling techniques; Proximate analysis; Determination of water in food production;

Determination of traces of minerals in food; Determination of food additives and contaminants; Analysis of herbs

and spices, fermentation products, beverages and chocolate; Analysis of fresh foods and dairy products; Analysis

of oil and fats.

Analysis of drugs

Classification of drugs; Thin-layer screening; Gas chromatographic screening;

Spectrophotometric determination of pure drugs; Determination of barbiturates amphetamines, alkaloids

(morphine, heroine, cocaine), hallucinogens (marijuana, canabinoids, LSD etc.) mandrax.

Analysis of pesticides

Sampling and analysis of phosphorus based pesticides and chlorine based pesticides (insecticides, herbicides and

fungicides). Analysis of dithiocarbamates pesticides etc. Degradation products of pesticides.

Analysis of soaps and detergents

Sampling, general scheme of analysis. Determination of active ingredients and other alcohol soluble material.

Tests for soap and synthetic detergents.

79

Mode of Delivery



Laboratory 3- hour session per week

Assessment



Laboratory 15%

Tests 20%


Total 100%


1. Skoog D.A.,West D.M.,Holler J.A.,Crouch S. R.,(2004), Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry 8thEd.

Cole-Thomson, Belmont, USA. ISBN-13: 978-0-534-41797-0

2. Michael D. Cole, 2002, The Analysis of Controlled Substances, Anglia Polytechnic Univ., Cambridge,

UK. ISBN: 978-0-471-49253-5

3. Mitra, S., (2003) Sample Preparation Techniques in Analytical Chemistry, Volume 162, Wiley-IEEE


1. Janusz, P., (2002), Sampling and Sample Preparation for Field and Laboratory, Elsevier Science

ISBN: 0-444-5011-3

http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/Section/id-302479.html?query=Michael+D.+Cole


80

CHE4411: Inorganic Spectrochemical Techniques and Structure Elucidation


Rationale:

The course intends to introduce the students to relationships between the symmetry of a molecule or chemical

species with its internal chemical bonding and the vibrational spectra. It aims at explaining the atomic spectra and

magnetic properties of elements and to give a much more advanced treatment of physical inorganic techniques.

Course Objectives:


(i) sketch the shapes of chemical species and assign point groups to them.

(ii) relate the symmetry of a molecule to its infrared and raman spectra using group theory concepts.

(iii) apply physical inorganic techniques to interpret physical and chemical properties of molecular species.

Course content:

Chemical application of group theory

Shapes of molecules, shapes and symmetry, symmetry elements and symmetry operations, representations,

character table. Applications of group theory to hybridization, infrared and raman spectroscopy, symmetry

adapted linear combination of atomic orbitals (SALCS), Molecular orbital energy level diagrams.

Atomic and electronic spectroscopy

Alkali and alkaline earth metals. Russel-Saunders terms. Ligand field theory - weak and strong ligand fields with

particular reference to octahedral and tetrahedral complexes.

Magnetochemistry

Antiferromagnetism, diamagnetism, ferromagnetism, paramagnetism. Magnetic susceptibility, effect of

temperature and pressure on magnetic susceptibility.

Further applications of physical inorganic techniques

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Electron spin resonance (ESR), mass spectroscopy, Mossbaur spectroscopy.

Mode of delivery



Labs: 3- hour session per week

Assessment:



Tests: 20%

Labs: 15%

Written Final Examination: 60%

Total: 100%

81


1. Molecular symmetry and group theory; Edition: 2 Alan Vincent, John Wiley and sons, New

York, 2001 | ISBN-10: 0471489395 | ISBN-13: 978-0471489399

2. Chemical applications of group theory; F.A. Cotton, 3rd, John wiley and sons, New York, 2010

ISBN 0471510947


New York, 2003. ISBN: 978-0-471-19957-1


1. Physical methods in Chemistry; R.S. Drago, Saunders college Publishing, San Francisco, 1992.

ISBN: 0030751764, 9780030751769.

2. NMR, NQR, EPR and Mossbauer spectroscopy in Inorganic Chemistry, R. V Parish, Ellis-

Horwood Ltd, England. (1991) ISBN-10: 0136255183 , ISBN-13: 978-0136255185

82

CHE4422: Metal Chemistry and their Application to Organometallics and Catalysis


Rationale:

The course is intended to give an advanced coverage of organometallic complexes and cover special aspects of

inorganic chemistry including catalysis, metals in biological systems and solid state chemistry.

Course Objectives:


(i) describe some of the key inorganic catalytic processes.

(ii) explain qualitatively some of the biological reactions involving trace and bulk elements.

(iii) show formation and application of semi-and super-conductors of inorganic and organic species

Course content:

Organometallic chemistry

Further treatment of organometallic complexes. Metallocenes. Introduction to metal clusters, metalmetal bond,

highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) concepts and their

applications to synthetic inorganic chemistry. Cluster chemistry.

Basic solid state chemistry

Band theory, solid conductivity of main group and transition metal compounds. Extrinsic conductors.

Super conductivity and ceramics. Application to organic polymers, pn junctions etc.

Introduction to metals in biological systems

Brief reference to the systems containing iron: Heme and non-heme systems. Cobalt containing enzymes of

vitamin B12.

Inorganic catalysis

Uses of transition metal complexes as catalysts. Use and role of catalysis in modern world. The reaction of

carbon monoxide and hydrogen, hydroformylation reaction, hydrogenation, carbonylation hydrosilation reactions

of unsaturated compounds and uses of such reactions. Zieglar-Natta catalysists. Introduction to zeolite and use of

zeolites in catalysis, purification and ion exchange resins.

83

Mode of delivery




Assessment:

Continuous assessment (CA): 40% Assignments/Quizzes: 5%

Tests: 20%

Laboratory: 15%

Written Final Examination : 60%

Total 100%


1. Principles of organometallic chemistry; G. E. Coates eta al, Chapman and Hall, London, 2003. ISBN

0412153505

2. Physical methods in Chemistry; R.S. Drago, Saunders college Publishing, San Francisco, 1992. ISBN:

0030751764, 9780030751769.

3. Bio-inorganic Chemistry; R. W. Hay, Ellis-Horwood, New York, 2006. ISBN 0-85312-200-8


1. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry; F. A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson, 6th edition, John Wiley and sons, New

York, 2003. ISBN: 978-0-471-19957-1

2. A guide to modern Inorganic Chemistry; S M Owen& A. T Brooker, 1st edition, longman group, London,

1996, ISBN 10-0582064392, ISBN 13-9780582064393

3. Basic solid state Chemistry, 2nd

editon, Anthony R West, John Wiley & sons, 1999, ISBN

9780471987567.

84

CHE4435: Bio-inorganic Chemistry

Pre-requisites: CHE3122 Co-requisites: CHE4411, CHE4422

Rationale:

The course aims to introduce to the students the vital roles played by metal ions in biological systems, to give a

concise account of the techniques used in characterizing the metal centres, and will finally highlight some of the

applications of inorganic compounds in chemotherapy and environmental pollution.

Course Objectives:

On completion of the course is completed, students should be able to:

(i) identify links between ligands and metal centres in model compounds and relate their biological functions.

(ii) describe the role inorganic species in therapy and cite active sites.

(iii) distinguish the roles played by metal ions in living systems.

(iv) state side effects arising from use of inorganic drugs.

(v) describe the role and importance of the nitrogen cycle.

Course content:

Introduction

Metal ions in biological systems. Position of metal ions in the periodic table. Role of bulky metal ions in plants

and animals. Binding groups for metals in biology. Trace metals and their importance.

Transition metal elements in biological systems

Detailed discussion of roles of the following metals: Iron, manganese, copper, cobalt, vanadium, molybdenum,

aluminium and zinc.

Structural and physical methods of characterizing biological metal centres

ESR, NMR, Mossbaur, Cyclic Voltametry, Electronic absorption spectra.

Dioxygen in biological systems

The chemistry of dioxygen and its binding modes. Multi-metal centres and concerted electron transfer. Transport

and storage of dioxygen: Heame and non-heame complexes. Blue copper proteins. Reference to model

complexes.

Nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen fixation. The binding and reactivity of dinitrogen in metal complexes. Nitrogenase, iron-molybdenum

cofactor. The reactivity and mechanisms of nitrogenase. Reduction of nitrate. Reference to model complexes.

Chemotherapeutic applications of inorganic compounds

Therapeutic uses of coordination complexes: anti-cancer, anti-arthritic drugs. Treatment of deficiencies.

Therapeutic uses of ligands which form coordination complexes: chelate therapy in heavy metal poisoning; iron

overload; Wilson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease etc: anti-viral chemotherapy; effect of metal on drug absorption.

Some chemical aspects of environmental pollution

In agriculture: use of fertilizers, herbicides and insecticides. Gaseous air pollution; lead poisoning; water

poisoning. Remedies.

85

Mode of delivery




Assessment:



Tests: 20%

Labs: 15%

Written Final Examination : 60%

Total 100%


1. Bio-inorganic Chemistry; R. W. Hay, Ellis-Horwood, New York, 2006. ISBN 0-85312-200-8

2. Metals in biological systems; M. T. Kendrick et al, ellis-Horwood, New York, 2007. ISBN 0 13 577727 5


1. The Biological Chemistry of Elements; J.J.R Frausto da Silva and R J P Williams, oxford, University

press, oxford, U.K. ISBN 0-19-855598-9, 2010

2. The Inorganic Chemistry of biological processes; M.N. Hughes, John Wiley and sons, London, 2010

Second edition, ISBN 0-471-27815-7

86

CHE4511: Synthetic Reactions, Neighboring Groups and Chemotherapeutic Agents


Rationale:

The course aims to provide an understanding of the use of specialized reagents and reactive intermediates in

organic synthesis. It also seeks to introduce the concepts of chemotherapy, including synthesis, and mode of

action of selected antimicrobial drugs, and neighbouring group effects in organic reactions.

Course Objectives:

On completion of the course, the student should be able to:

(i) provide a short, efficient synthetic route to target molecules using specialized reagents

(ii) define and explain the neighbouring group participation and its effects on nucleophilic substitution,

solvolysis and other reactions.

(iii) explain the structure and synthesis of some anti-bacterial, anti-malarial drugs.

(iv) account for the mode of antibacterial action of sulfonamides and beta lactam antibiotics

New synthetic reactions

Applications of the following in organic synthesis:

Boron, silicon, phosphorus and sulphur reagents/compounds

Carbenes, nitrenes, arynes and organo-metallics

Selective oxidation and reduction

.

Neighbouring group effects and non-classical carbocations

Introduction, definitions, terminology

Neighboring group effects in nucleophilic substitution reactions: ’unusually’ fast reaction rates and unexpected

stereochemistry illustrated with liberal examples, what is involved?

Mechanistic explanation: anchimeric assistance and structural features of the substrate, bridged carbocation

intermediates, neighboring group mechanism, evidence for the mechanism in brief,

NGP in solvolysis and other reactions: mechanistic explanation for the observed reaction rates and

stereochemistry, nonclassical carbocations; examples of neighboring groups:

Groups with non-bonded electrons on hetero atoms, N, O and S as neighboring group; C=C bond: norbornenyl

system, cyclopropyl and aromatic rings, and C-C single bond: norbornyl system, reaction rates, endo-exo

selectivity; cyclopropyl-methyl system.

Chemotherapeutic agents

Introduction, definitions, terminology, a brief survey of bioactive molecules such as peptides, medicinal uses.

Antibacterial drugs: structure, synthesis of sulfonamides, penicillins, chloramphenicol, thiadiazoles, other selected

antibacterial agents, and mode of antibacterial action of sulfonamides and beta-lactam antibiotics. Introduction to

microbial resistance to antibiotics.

87

Antimalarial drugs: structure, synthesis of 4- and 8-aminoquinolines, quinolones and other selected antimalarial

agents.

Mode of Delivery:



Labs: 3- hour lab session per week

Assessment:

Continuous Assessment(CA): 40 % ;

Assignments/Quizzes: 5 %;

Tests: 20 % ;

Labs: 15 %

Written Final Examination : 60 %.

Total 100 %


1. Organic Chemistry; R. T. Morrison and R. N. Boyd, 6th Ed., Allyn and Bacon, Inc., London, 2005

2. Advanced Organic Chemistry Part B: Reactions and Synthesis, Francis A. Carey, Richard J. Sundberg, 5th

Ed., Springer Science, 2007, ISBN 978-0-387-68354-6

3. The Antimicrobial Drugs , Eric M. Scholar and William B. Pratt (Editors), 3rd

Ed., Springer, 2000

ISBN-10: 019512529, ISBN-13: 978-0195125290


1. March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanism and Structure, Michael B. Smith and Jerry

March, 6th Ed, John Wiley & Sons, 2007

2. Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A: Structure and Mechanisms, Francis A. Carey, Richard J.

Sundberg, 5th Ed., Springer, 2007, ISBN 978-0-387-44899-2

3. Organic Synthesis: The Roles of Boron and Silicon; S.E. Thomas, Oxford University. Press, New York,

1992 ISBN 10: 0198556624

4. Burger’s Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery: Nervous system agents, Volume 5 : Chemotherapeutic

Agents, Alfred Burger and Donald J. Abraham (Editors) 6th Ed., Wiley-Interscience, 2003, ISBN

0471370312

5. Antimicrobial Agents: Antibacterials and Antifungals , C. Andre and M.D. Bryskier (Editors), ASM

Press, Washington, 2005 ISBN-10: 1555812376, ISBN-13: 978-1555812379

http://www.amazon.com/Eric-M.-Scholar/e/B0034Q27VW/ref=ntt_athr_dp_pel_1

http://www.amazon.com/William-B.-Pratt/e/B001HQ5LLY/ref=ntt_athr_dp_pel_2

http://www.google.co.zm/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Michael+B.+Smith%22



http://www.google.co.zm/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Donald+J.+Abraham%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=7

http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=ntt_athr_dp_sr_1?_encoding=UTF8&field-author=Andre&search-alias=books&sort=relevancerank

http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=ntt_athr_dp_sr_2?_encoding=UTF8&field-author=M.D.%20Bryskier&search-alias=books&sort=relevancerank

88

CHE4522: Physical Organic and Natural Products Chemistry


Rationale:

The course aims to provide an introduction to the chemistry of natural products such as alkaloids, carbohydrates,

steroids, Biogenetic origins, structures, isolation, synthesis and reactions of selected natural products will be

studied. The course also seeks to provide an introduction to physical organic chemistry.

Course Objectives:

On completion of the, course the student should be able to:

(i) describe the structures, isolation and detection of alkaloids and glycosides.

(ii) explain the synthesis and reactions of alkaloids.

(iii) provide a mechanistic explanation for the molecular rearrangements reactions in natural products.

(iv) outline synthetic and bio-synthetic pathways for some alkaloids.

(v) describe structural effects on reactivity on nucleophilic substitution, hydrolysis and other reactions.

(vi) explain the transition state theory and its importance in organic chemistry; and the isotope effects.

Course content:

Natural products chemistry

A survey of natural products, secondary metabolites by their biosynthetic pathways

Structures, isolation, bio-synthesis and molecular rearrangements in natural products such as alkaloids, synthesis

of some plant secondary metabolites.

Carbohydrates: classification, reactions, synthesis of glycosides and sugar derivatives

Problem solving with examples from selected classes.

Introductory physical organic chemistry

Kinetics: integration of rate equations, transition state theory and primary isotope effects characterisation of

transition states.

Structural effects on reactivity: linear free energy relationships - Bronsted, Hammett and Yukawa-Tsuno

equations

Nucleophilicity-Swain-Scott and Edward equations; Solvent parameters, Winstein-Grunwald equation.

Acid base equilibria: acid-base catalysis, equilibrium and secondary isotope effects.

89

Mode of Delivery:



Laboratory: 3- hour lab session per week

Assessment:

Continuous Assessment(CA): 40 % ;

Components of CA: Assignments/Quizzes: 5 %;

Tests : 20 %

Laboratory : 15 %

Total 40 %

Final Theory Examination : 60 %.

Total 100%


1. Physical Organic Chemistry; Neil S. Isaacs, 3rd

Ed., Longman, ELBS Edition, London, 1995.

2. Natural Products: the Secondary Metabolites, J.R. Hanson, RSC,.2003, ISBN 0854044906

3. Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis, Jeffrey B. Harborne, 3rd

Ed.,

Chapman and Hall, 2002. ISBN 10: 0412572605 / 0-412-57260-5


1. Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A: Structure and Mechanisms, Francis A. Carey, Richard J.

Sundberg, 5th Ed., Springer, 2007, ISBN 978-0-387-44899-2

2. Modern Physical Organic Chemistry, Eric V. Anslyn and Dennis A. Dougherty, University Science

Books, Herndon, VA, 2006, ISBN 978-1389-31-3

3. Alkaloid Chemistry: Manfred Hesse, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2002

4. Organic Chemistry, Volume 2, I. L. Finar, 5th Ed., Longman. London, 1991.

http://www.abebooks.com/author/Jeffrey+B.+Harborne/2026658/?cm_sp=det-_-plp-_-author

90

CHE4535: Selected Topics in Organic Chemistry


Rationale:

The course aims to introduce the role of molecular orbital symmetry in organic reactions and

provide an explanation for the mechanisms and stereo-chemistry of concerted organic reactions

in terms of frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs). The course also aims to offer adequate coverage of the

applications of spectroscopic methods in organic chemistry, aspects of stereochemistry and organic

photochemistry.

Course Objectives:

(i) explain significance of spectroscopic methods for structure elucidation of organic compounds and identify

organic molecules using IR, UV, MS, 1H,

13C-NMR spectroscopy.

(ii) Explain and apply stereochemical principles to organic reactions and structure elucidation.

(iii) explain organic photochemical transformations, mechanisms and apply them to organic synthesis .

(iv) illustrate the use of frontier orbitals in explaining mechanisms and stereochemistry of

concerted organic reactions.

Course content:

1. Application of spectroscopic methods in organic chemistry

Identification of organic compounds using, IR, UV, MS, 1H,

13C-NMR spectroscopy

2. Stereochemistry

Stereoisomerisms and centre of chirality, topicity and stereoisomerism - homotopic, enantiotopic

and diasterotopic ligands and faces. Diastereotopic ligands and NMR spectroscopy.

Recemisation and methods of reduction-optical purity and enantiomeric excess. Determination

of configuration, dynamic aspects of stereochemistry-conformation and reactivity.

3. Organic photochemistry

Excited electronic states, sensitization and quenching, techniques of photochemistry,

photochemical reactions of carbon-carbon, carbon-oxygen double bonds and aromic compounds.

4. Symmetry controlled reactions

Molecular orbital theory, cyclo-additions, electrocyclic reactions, pericyclic reactions and

sigmatropic rearrangements treated by Frontier Molecular Orbital (FMO) approach.

91

Mode of Delivery




Assessment:

Continuous Assessment (CA): 40 % Assignments/Quiz: 5 %

Tests: 20 %

Labs: 15 %

Final Theory Examination : 60 %

Total: 100%


1. Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, Robert M. Silverstein, Francis X. Webster, David

Kiemle, 7th Ed., 2005, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2005. ISBN978-0-471-3962-7

2. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds ;Principles and Applications, D. Nasipuri, 2nd

Ed., John Wiley

and Sons, New York, 1994 ISBN 9788122405705

3. Introduction to Organic Photochemistry; A. Coyle, John Wiley and Sons, England, 1991. ISBN-10:

0471909750

4. Molecular Orbitals and Organic Chemical Reactions, Ian Fleming, Student Edition, John Wiley and

Sons, New York, 2009 ISBN 10: 0470746599


1. Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry, Dudley H. Williams and Ian Fleming, 6th Ed., 2007,

ISBN 10:07711812X

2. Stereochemistry: Conformation and Mechanism, P. S. Kalsi, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2009.

ISBN 10: 1848290403

http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/Section/id-302479.html?query=Robert+M.+Silverstein

http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/Section/id-302479.html?query=Francis+X.+Webster



http://booklens.com/d-nasipuri/

http://www.amazon.com/Ian-Fleming/e/B001HCVZ9K/ref=ntt_athr_dp_pel_1

http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=ntt_athr_dp_sr_1?_encoding=UTF8&field-author=P.%20S.%20Kalsi&search-alias=books&sort=relevancerank

92

CHE4611: Quantum Mechanics and Molecular Spectroscopy

Pre-requisite: CHE3622

Rationale:

The course aims at providing a quantitative theoretical analysis of how molecules and atoms are held together in a

molecular structure. Some mathematical complexities are involved at finding models for such chemical bonding

and the goal of the course is to provide relatively simple mathematical approaches to the task. Theoretical models

of quantum chemistry are employed in molecular spectroscopy to rationalize the experimentally determined

properties. Besides, the understanding of molecular structures will provide a valuable and powerful tool to

quantitatively give explanations to many concepts in Chemistry and Biochemistry.

Course Objectives:


(i) explain how quantum theories provide models that yield deeper insight into the nature of chemical bonding;

(ii) describe the internal structure and physicochemical properties of individidual molecules from the detailed role

electrons and atoms play in their geometry and electronic arrangement for the easy interpretation of

spectroscopic data;

(iii) rationalize, on the basis of molecular structure, many concepts in chemistry and some other disciplines.

Course Content:

Symmetry Introduction of symmetry elements, operations and elements. The symmetry classification of molecules.

Consequences of Symmetry. Groups, representation and characters multiplication table. The representation of

transformations. Matrices.

Quantum theory

Introduction. Classical mechanics and failure. Quantization and Compton Scattering. The Schrodinger wave

equation and its solution. Interpretation of the wave function. The particle in a box. Tunnel effect. Postulates of

quantum mechanics. Operators. Eigen values. Harmonic Oscillator. Rigid rotors. The hydrogen atom. Angular

moment - Spin and Pauli’s exclusion principle, singlet and triplet states. Approximation methods. Variation and

perturbation theories, self-consistent field approximation, LCAO-MO theory, 2H and H2 molecules.

Molecular Spectroscopy

Rotational Spectra: diatomic molecule, rigid rotor. Pure rotational spectra. Selection rule. Spherical top

molecules. Symmetric and asymmetric top molecules. Internuclear distance calculation.

Valence angles.

Vibrational-Rotational spectra: diatomic molecules, harmonic and unharmonic oscillators. Selection rule. IR

spectra. Raman spectra-normal modes of vibration. Rotational structure of the vib-rot

bands.

Electronic specra: diatomic molecules. Vibrational structure of electronic bands. Rotational structure of

electronic bands. Energy of dissociation.

NMR and ESR: Theories and applications.

93

Mode of Delivery



Laboratory 3- hour session per week.

Assessment:

Continuous assessment(CA) 40%

Theory Test 20%

Assignments 5%

Laboratory practical 15%


Total 100%


1. Physical Chemistry, P. W Atkins, W. Freeman and Company, New York, 1986.

2. Quantum Mechanics in Chemistry, Melvin W Hanna. Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co.

London, 1981.

3. Peter Atkins, Julio de Paula; Physical Chemistry: Volume 2: Quantum Chemistry, Spectroscopy and

Statistical Thermodynamics; W. H. Freeman; Nineth Edition, 2009.

Supplementary Textbooks

1. Erich Steiner; The Chemistry Maths Book; Oxford University Press; Second Edition, 2008.

2. Donald A. McQuarrie, John D. Simon; Physical Chemistry: A Molecular Approach; University Science

Books; First Edition, 1997.

94

CHE4622: Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics


Rationale:

Statistical mechanics (thermodynamics) and thermodynamics are closely interrelated concepts. The former

concept sums up the microscopic picture of quantum chemistry and links it up with the macroscopic

thermodynamic theory in terms of the exploration of energy relationship. The course is thus designed to

understand the partition of energy among the translational, rotational, vibrational and electronic motions and how

such energy distribution can be employed to predict the transfer of energy to and from chemicals, a process that

plays a critical part in chemical processes in industry and in living matter.

Course Objectives:


(i) apply the knowledge of statistics gained in mathematics to thermodynamic problems;

(ii) use the correlation of atomic and molecular behaviour to their bulk or macroscopic properties;

(iii) predict the direction of a chemical change;

(iv) use the knowledge of thermodynamics to provide explanations to many chemical concepts;

(v) deduce the heat effects accompanying chemical reactions and the interconversion of chemical energy to

mechanical, electrical or heat energy.

Course Contents:

Statistical Mechanics

Introduction. Statistical interpretation of entropy of mixing. Sterling formula. Maximum distribution.

Ensemble, partition function. Harmonic oscillator. Heat capacity. Helmholtz free energy. Distinguishable and

undistinguishable molecules. Sackur Tetrode equation. Partition function for translational, rotational, vibrational

and electronic partition functions.

Basic Thermodynamics

First Law: Statement of the law. Expansion work. Relationship between E, H and q. Partial derivations

relating Cp to Cr. Some thermodynamic mathematical problems. Temperature dependance of

enthalpy. Application of the first law of thermodynamic to ideal gases. Isothermal and adiabatic

changes. Behaviour of real gases - van der Waals equation, Virial and Berthelot equations Joule-

Thompson effect.

Second Law Introduction. Need to study the second law Clausius definition. Mathematical statement of the

law - the Carnot cycle. The Carnot theorem. Thermodynamic temperature scale. Entropy of a

system. Reversible entropy changes (isothermal, adiabatic isobaric, isochoric). Irreversible

entropy changes. The Carnot refrigerator. Entropy and probability - a statistical view.

Free Energy

Need for free energy. Derivation of Helmholtz and Gibbs free energies. Total differential of A

and G. Pressure and temperature coefficient of A and G. G and equilibrium constant.

Relationship between G and H. Equilibrium constant and temperature. Free energy and

maximum work. Application of free energy to electrical work. Clapeyron equation, Clausius -

Clapeyron equation. Gibbs Helmholtz equations.

95

Third Law

Statement. Mathematical formulation of the law. Evaluation of absolute entropy. Debye equation

Application of Thermodynamic Concepts

Mixtures and Solutions - entropy and free energy of mixing. Open system and chemical potential. Chemical

potential of a component of ideal gas mixture and solution. The fugacity function. Fugacity and pressure.

Calculation of fugacity of a real gas (based on -function, on compressibility, Z-factor, on van der Waals

equation). Partial molar quantities, PMQ and evaluation. Ideal binary mixture of volatile liquids - Raoult’s law.

Solubility of gases in liquids - Henry’s law. Equilibrium between a pure solid and ideal liquid. Variation of

solubility with pressure and temperature. The colligative properties - elevation of boiling point, depression of

freezing point and osmotic pressure. Van’t Hoff factor, I as related to

Mode of Delivery



Laboratory 3- hour lab session per week.

Assessment:

Continuous Assessment(CA. 40%

Theory Test 20%

Assignments 5%

Laboratory practical 15%


Total 100%


1. Physical Chemistry, P W Atkins, W. Freeman and Company, New York.

2. Peter Atkins, Julio de Paula; Physical Chemistry: Volume 2: Quantum Chemistry, Spectroscopy and

Statistical Thermodynamics; W. H. Freeman; Nineth Edition, 2009




1. Physical Chemistry, G Barrow, 6

th edition, McGraw-Hill, 1988.

2. Physical Chemistry, G. W Castellan, Addison-Wesley Inc., 1983.

3. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications, P Harwood, Prentice-Hall Int., 1997.

4. Erich Steiner, The Chemistry Maths Book; Oxford University Press; Second Edition, 2008.

5. Donald A. McQuarrie, John D. Simon; Physical Chemistry: A Molecular Approach; University Science

Books; First Edition, 1997.

96

CHE4715: Essentials of Medicinal Chemistry


Rationale:

The course aims to provide an introduction to the general principles of medicinal chemistry. It will also introduce

the basis of rational design and development of drugs and their synthesis.

Course Objectives:

On completion of the course the student should be able to:

(i) describe the factors affecting absorption, distribution and elimination of drugs;

(ii) state some drug biotransformation reactions and explain simple drug-drug interactions.

(iii) define pharmacophores, bio-isosters and describe qualitative structure - activity relationships.

(iv) state the sources of drugs. Isolate, detect and purify some of the drugs from medicinal plants.

(v) state desirable characteristics of a drug molecule, design simple analogues of biologically active

compounds and provide a shortest efficient synthesis.

(vi) explain the synthesis of organic medicinal compounds and describe the mode of action of some anti-

infective agents.

Course content

Introduction

Description and scope of medicinal chemistry. Nomenclature, structures and classification

of organic medicinal compounds.

Biological responses to drugs

Brief introduction to adsorption, distribution, elimination and metabolism of drugs- factors

affecting . Interaction of drug molecules with bio-polymers, receptors, drug-drug and food-drug

interactions.

Drug bio-transformation reactions in brief and factors affecting such reactions.

Chemical structure and biological activity

Relationship between chemical structure and biological activity, the concepts of pharmaophore

and bio-isosterism, stereochemistry and biological activity, qualitative structure-activity relationships.

Ethno-medicinal chemistry

Sources of traditional drugs-secondary metabolites, isolation, detection, and purification of drug substances

(plant drug analysis).

Organic medicinal compounds

Classifications, structures, synthesis and properties of enzyme inhibitors, anti-viral, central nervous system (CNS)

active agents , and miscellaneous biologically active compounds.

Mode of action of selected agents.

Introduction to drug and analogue design

Desirable characteristics of a drug molecule, introduction to general principles/guidelines for analogue design

Illustrated with example(s).

Mode of Delivery:

97



Laboratory: 3- hour lab. session per week

Assessment:


Assignments/Quizzes: 5 %

Tests: 20 %

Laboratory : 15 %

Final Theory Examination: 60 %.

Total 100 %


1. An Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry, Patrick, Graham L., 4th Ed. Oxford University Press, New

York, 2009. ISBN: 9780199234479

2. Phytochemical Methods; J. B. Harborne, 2nd Ed., Chapman and Hall, New York, 2002, ISBN 10:

0412572605 / 0-412-57260-5

3. The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis Volume 7, Daniel Lednicer, Wiley-Interscience,, 2007.

ISBN-10: 0470107502 , ISBN-13: 978-0470107508


1. The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action; R. B. Silverman, 2nd Ed., Academic Press,

London, 2004, ISBN: 9780126437324

2. Plant Drug Analysis: A Thin Layer Chromatography Atlas, Hildebert Wagner, 2nd Ed., Springer, 1996

3. Burger’s Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Volume 6: Nervous system agents, Alfred Burger

and Donald J. Abraham (Editors), 6th Ed., Wiley-Interscience, 2003, ISBN 0471370320,

9780471370321

http://www.abebooks.com/servlet/SearchResults?an=Patrick%2C+Graham+L.&cm_sp=det-_-bdp-_-author

http://www.abebooks.com/products/isbn/9780199275007?cm_sp=bdp-_-9780199275007-_-isbn13

http://www.google.co.zm/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Hildebert+Wagner%22

http://www.google.co.zm/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Donald+J.+Abraham%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=7

98

CHE4811: Inorganic Industrial Chemistry I


Rationale:

This is a basic theoretical course of industrial chemistry intended to introduce students to the

broad based industrial chemistry involving inorganic materials. The course begin by examining the fundamental

principle of chemical engineering that are important in any industrial process. The course covers various

industrial processes and technologies employed in the production of bulk chemicals such as gases, alkali and

chlor-alkali compounds. Processing of ceramics and glass is also covered.

Course Objectives:


(i) describe and explain the basic principles of chemical engineering

(ii) Demonstrate understanding of the concepts involved in the crushing and grinding technological processes.

(iii) Demonstrate understanding and explain the flow of fluids and transfer of heat in industrial processes.

(iv) Describe, apply and explain using appropriate flow sheets the production of industrial gases

(v) Describe, apply and explain using appropriate flow sheets cement, glasses and ceramic processing

technologies.

(vi) Describe, apply and explain using appropriate flow sheets the production of alkali compounds: sodium

chloride, sodium sulphate and other sodium base salts.

Course contents:

Theoretical introduction to concepts of chemical engineering

Crushing and grinding; flow of fluids; transportation of fluids; flow of heat; distillation, and evaporation, and

absorption.

Production of industrial gases

Hydrogen, oxygen, acetylene, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide.

Ceramic industries

Basic raw materials. Chemical conversions, basic ceramic chemistry. Whitewares, structural-clay products.

Refractories, specialized ceramic products, industrial ceramic insulators. Vitreous enamel, bathroom and floor

tiles. Lining material, fire roof lining, fire resistant lining. Silicate catalyst, silicate fibres, ceramic super

conductors. Lime, gypsum, magnesium compounds, cement, and Portland cement (Technology of production,

raw materials, composition, types, and uses)

Glass industries

Raw materials, manufacture of different types of glass including special type.

Production of alkali compounds

Sodium chloride, sodium sulphate, sodium sulphite, sodium thiosulphate, sodium nitrite, sodium peroxide,

sodium amide, sodium cyanide and sodium ferrocyanide.

Chlor-alkali compounds

Manufacture of soda-ash. Sodium bicarbonate, manufacture of chlorine and caustic soda. Bleaching powders,

calcium hypochlorite, and sodium chlorite.

99

Mode of Delivery



Laboratory practical 3- hours per week

Assessment


Theory Tests 20 %

Assignments 5 %

Laboratory practicals 15 %


Total 100%

Recommended Readings

1. Shreve’s Chemical processes; George T. Austin, 5th Ed., McGraw-Hill, 1998.


1. Basic Chemical Engineering and Practical Applications; A. M. Ketrov et al, 1988.

2. Introduction to Chemical Engineering; Walter L. Badger and Julius T. Banchero, McGraw-Hill,

1988.

3. Chemical Engineering; Coulson & Richardson, Volume 2, Pergamon Press, 4th Ed., 1991.

100

CHE4822: Inorganic Industrial Chemistry II


Rationale:

This course focuses on industrial processes associated with bulk chemicals related to nitrogen, sulfur and

potassium. Chemical compounds associated with elements provide raw materials for related products such

fertilizers. Important industrial acids such hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acids covered in the course.

Course Objectives

(i) Describe, apply and explain using appropriate flow sheets the industrial processing of bulk inorganic

chemicals nitrogen, sulphur, potassium and hydrochloric acid

(ii) Describe and explain the production of fertilizers based on nitrogen and sulphur industries

(iii) Demonstrate understanding of basic principles in the mining, of sulphur and production of sulphuric acid

(iv) Describe, apply and explain using appropriate flow sheets the production of hydrochloric acid and its

derivatives

Course content

Nitrogen industries

Synthetic ammonia, ammonia nitrate, ammonium sulphate, ammonium phosphate, urea,

and nitric acid. Sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate.

Sulfur industries

Mining and manufacture of sulphur, sulphuric acid, and sulphur pollution.

Phosphorous industries

Phosphate rock, Superphosphate, and phosphoric acid.

Potassium industries

Potassium, potassium chloride, potassium sulphate, potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, potassium nitrate,

potassium bromate, potassium iodate, potassium permanganate, and potassium dichromate.

Hydrochloric acid and miscellaneous inorganic chemicals.

Hydrochloric acid and its derivatives.

Mode of Delivery



Laboratory practical 3 -hours per week

Assessment


Theory Tests 20 %

Assignments 5 %



Total 100%

101

Recommended Textbook

1. Shreve’s Chemical Processes; George T. Austin, 5th Ed., McGraw-Hill, 1988.

Supplementary readings

1. Basic Chemical Engineering and Practical Applications; A. M. Ketrov et al, 1988.

2. Chemical Engineering; Coulson & Richardson, Volume 2 and 3, Pergamon Press, 1991.

102

CHE4911: Organic Industrial Chemistry I


Rationale:

This course introduces students to the fundamental principles of transforming organic based materials into useful

products. The study and application of industrial chemistry provides an insight into the processes that lead to the

production of useable products that improve the quality of life for humanity. The goal of the course is to create a

link between classical chemistry and chemistry, as it is applied in industry. It is therefore important to understand

the nature and structure of the chemical industry, the unit operations and unit processes that enable economical

transformation of the raw materials. Selected industries are discussed starting with petroleum as a source of fuel

as well as petrochemicals and synthetic polymers. Chemicals essential for food security such as pesticides and

herbicides are discussed in the Unit agricultural chemicals whilst the transformation of cellulosic materials such

as pesticides and herbicides. The manufacture and science of cleaning using soaps and detergents are also

discussed.

Course Objectives:

On completion of the course a student should be able to:

(i) Demonstrate understanding of the fundamental principles of size reduction, movement of materials and

energy transfer processes of transformation of chemical products

(ii) Describe and explain the theoretical basis for the refining of crude petroleum into useable products

(iii) Demonstrate and understand the principles involved in the transformation of cellulosic raw materials into

consumer products.

(iv) Describe the production of basic heavy organic industrial chemicals.

(v) Demonstrate understanding of the potential environmental consequences of various chemical processes and

products covered in the various Units

Course contents

Theoretical introduction to concepts of chemical engineering

Chemical processes, unit operations, flow diagrams, batch and continuous processes, size reduction: crushing and

grinding; flow of fluids; transportation of fluids; flow of heat; distillation, evaporation, absorption.

Distillation theory, petroleum as a raw material for chemical industries

Crude oil composition, pre-refining processes, atmospheric distillation tower, fractionating columns, vacuum

distillation unit, cracking: thermal, fluid catalytic, hydro-catalytic, alkylation, isomerization, polymerization,

reforming

103

Pulp and paper technology Wood composition, mechanical and chemical pulping, Kraft process, sulfite processing, improved pulping:

oxygen and extended delignification, chemical recovery process, manufacture of paper: beater, pulping refining

process, additives used in paper manufacturing, paper making machine and processes

Heavy organic technology

Production of basic industrial organic compounds such as: benzene, toluene, aniline, xylene, acetone.

Manufacture of methyl and ethyl alcohol respectively. Manufacture and processing of acetylene, formaldehyde,

acetaldehyde, 1,2-butadience etc.

Production of agricultural chemicals

Pesticides, types of insecticides, plant derive insecticides: nicotine, pyrethrins, rotenone, synthetic insecticides:

polychlorinated, organophosphate, carbamate, dinitrophenols and herbicides

Industry of soap, washing powder and detergent

Raw materials. Manufacturing processes soaps and detergent, role of surfactants: detergency, wetting, foaming,

emulsifying, solubilizing, dispersion, types of surfactants, detergent additives: builders, preservatives, solvents

Mode of Delivery




Assessment


Theory Tests 20 %

Assignments 5 %

Laboratory practical’s 15 %


Total 100%


1. Handbook of Applied Chemistry; V, Hopp and R. Henrning, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1983.

2. Riegelis Handbook of Industrial Chemistry; I. Kent (Ed.) Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1983.

3. Shreve’s chemical process industries, George T. Austin, 5th Ed, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984.


1. Kirk-Othmer Concise Encylop. Of Chem. Technology; M. Grayson and D. Eckroth (Ed.), John Wiley and

Sons, 1985

2. Chemistry of Coal Utilisation; M. A. Eliot, John Wiley and Sons, 1981.

3. Cellulose: Structure, Modification and Hydrolysis; K. A. Young and R. M. Rowell, John Wiley and Sons,

1986.

4. Pesticides, Preparation and Mode of Action; R. Crumlyn, John Wiley and Sons, 1978.

5. Insect ides; D. H. Htson and T. R. Roberts, John Wiley and Sons, 1985.

104

CHE4922: Organic Industrial Chemistry II


Rationale:

Science and technology aspects of six selected industries are covered in this course. The course introduces

students to basic theoretical foundations and processes in the polymer and plastics, pharmaceutical, dye, leather

and explosives industrial. The course brings together for the student theory-practice through laboratory practicals

that mirror the chemistry used to produce finished products in industry.

Course Objectives:


(i) Apply theoretical and practical understanding of polymers, plastics and rubber technology

(ii) Describe the industrial production pharmaceutical chemicals.

(iii) Demonstrate theoretical understanding of colours and practical use as dyes.

(iv) Describe the production of sugar.

(v) Apply the theory on hides to production of leather.

(vi) Demonstrate understanding of chemistry and production of explosives

Course contents:

Polymers, plastics and synthetic fibres

Definitions and terminology, polymer skeletal structure, homopolymer and copolymers, types of polymers:

thermoplastic, thermoset, elastomers, polymer transitions, polymer molar masses and molar mass distribution,

types of polymerization systems: bulk, solution, precipitation, emulsion, manufacturing of plastics: pre-shaping

steps, single screw extruder, dies, secondary shaping processes: cast and blown films, fibre spinning, cast film

extrusions, blown film extrusion

.

Pharmaceutical chemicals

Production of pharmaceutically important compounds such as barbiturates, sulfonamides, analgestic sedative,

hypnotic and anaesthetic. Production of antibiotics

Production of different types of synthetic colours and dyes

Colour and dyes structures, chromophores and auxochromes, dyes classification and production, the dyeing

process: general principles, factors affecting dyeing, dyeing processes: fiber, yarn, fabric, garment

Sugar industry Sugar manufacturing processes: extraction, evaporation, crystallization, refining: clarification, carbonatation,

phosphatation, flocculation mechanisms, discoloration using carbonaceous adsorbents.

Leather industry

Pre-tanning operations, tanning: vegetable, mineral, synthetic, post–tanning, finishing operations

Chemistry and industry of explosives

Classification, deflagrating and detonating, initiatory and secondary, production: lead azide, lead styphnate,

nitroglycerine, nitrocellulose, trinitrotoluene (TNT)

105

Mode of Delivery




Assessment


Theory Tests 20 %

Assignments 5 %



Total 100%


1. Survey of Industrial Chemistry; P. J. Cheiner, 3rd

Ed., John Wiley and Sons, 1986.

2. Polymer Handbook; J. Bandrup and E. Immergul, 3rd

Ed., John Wiley and Sons, 1989.

3. Handbook of Plastics, Elastomers and Composites; C. Harper, 2nd

Ed., McGraw-Hill, 1992.


1. Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering; J. Mark, John Wiley and Sons, 1989.

2. Encyclopedia of Textiles, Fibres and Non-Woven Fabrics, John Wiley and Sons, 1986.

3. Principles of Colour Technology; F. W. Billmayer and M. Saltzman, John Wiley and Sons, 1986.

4. A guide to Chemical Basis of Drug Design; A. Burger, John Wiley and Sons, 1983.

5. Introduction to Chemical Engineering; Salil K. Ghosal, Siddhartha Datta, Tata McGraw-Hill, ©1997.

http://www.google.co.zm/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Salil+K.+Ghosal%22

http://www.google.co.zm/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Siddhartha+Datta%22

106

Postgraduate Degree Programmes The Department offers Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degree programmes in Chemistry.

Master Of Science Degree In Chemistry

The Department offers three options for Master of Science degree in Chemistry to cater for the varying student

needs:

OPTION A Two Year MSc programme by taught courses and research

OPTION B Two year MSc programme by research only

(requires prior consultation with the department, subject to availability of the needed facilities).

OPTION C Two and a half year MSc programme by taught courses and research


A Seven (7) character alpha-numero course code, CHEabcd, identifies the undergraduate and postgraduate

chemistry courses, described on page of this handbook.

List Of Postgraduate Chemistry Courses


CHE 5111 Macro- and Micro-Molecular Biochemistry

CHE 5122 Physiological Chemistry

CHE 5211 Spectral Analytical Methods

CHE 5222 Electrochemical and Chromatographic Methods

CHE 5411 Applied Inorganic Techniques

CHE 5422 Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry

CHE 5435 Further Bio-inorganic Chemistry

CHE 5511 Theoretical Organic Chemistry

CHE 5522 Plant Natural Products Chemistry

CHE 5535 Physical Organic Chemistry

CHE 5611 Thermo-electrodynamics of Solution

CHE 5622 Molecular Structure and Reactivity

CHE 5635 Introduction to Statistical Thermodynamics

CHE 5711 Medicinal Chemistry I - Anti-infective and CNS Active Agents

CHE 5722 Medicinal Chemistry II - Cardio-vascular Drugs and Cytotoxic Agents

Degree Options, Eligibility And Degree Structures

The three options, Option A, Option B and Option C, for the Master of Science degree in Chemistry and the

degree structures are outlined on the pages that follow.

107

OPTION A: MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CHEMISTRY BY TAUGHT COURSES AND RESEARCH

Eligibility


4. A B.Sc. or B.Sc. Ed. degree with credit with Chemistry as one of the major subjects of the University of


5. An average grade of B or better in senior level chemistry courses

6. Work experience in relevant field of chemistry, if any, would be an added advantage.

Degree Structure First Year: Course work


Core course


Electives Electives

Choose two (2) courses from the following electives Choose three (3) courses from the following electives



Methods









dynamics dynamics

CHE5711 Medicinal Chemistry I (Anti-infective CHE5722 Medicinal Chemistry II

& CNS active agents) (Cardio-vascular Drugs and Cytotoxic-

Agents)

Submission of research project proposal




(i) Seminar on proposed research project (i) Completion of research work on approved project

(ii) Submission and approval of research project (ii) Writing and submission of four (4) soft-bound

copies of dissertation for examination.

(iii) Research work on the approved project under The dissertation should conform to the Directorate

supervision of designated supervisor(s) of Research and Graduate Studies, DRGS, guidelines

and regulations.

108

OPTION B: MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CHEMISTRY BY RESEARCH

ELIGIBILITY


4. a B.Sc. degree with merit with Chemistry as a major subject of the University of Zambia or its equivalent from a

recognised University; and

5. an average grade of B+ or better in senior level chemistry courses


DEGREE STRUCTURE

First Year: Research work



(i) Seminar on proposed research project (i) Audit course or courses, where necessary, and


(ii) Submission of research project proposal (ii) Presentation of a seminar on the actual work done

for approval

(iii) Research work on the approved project under


(iv) Audit course or courses, where necessary, and





(i) Continuation of research work (i) Completion of research work

(ii) Auditing additional course(s), if necessary (ii) Presentation of a seminar on the work done

(iii) Submission of four (4) soft-bound copies of thesis

for examination.

The dissertation must conform to the Directorate

of Research and Graduate Studies, DRGS,

guidelines and regulations.

109


RESEARCH

ELIGIBILITY


4. a B.Sc. or B.Sc. Ed. degree with credit with Chemistry as one of the major subjects of the University of Zambia or

its equivalent from a recognised University; and

5. an average grade of B or better in senior level chemistry courses.


DEGREE STRUCTURE



Core Course


Electives: Electives

(a) Choose one (1) course from the following: (a) Choose two (2) courses from the following:



Methods









dynamics dynamics

CHE5711 Medicinal Chemistry I - Anti-infective CHE5722 Medicinal Chemistry II- Cardiovascular

and CNS Active Agents Drugs and Cytotoxic Agents

(b) Choose two (2) courses from the following: (b) Choose two (2) courses from the following:

(not taken in the first degree at 4th

year level) (not taken in the first degree at 4th

year level)


Genetics Techniques

CHE4211 Analysis of Inorganic Compounds CHE4222 Analysis of Food, Drugs and Agrochemicals



CHE4435 Bio-inorganic Chemistry CHE4435 Bio-inorganic Chemistry

CHE4511 Synthetic Reactions, Nerighbouring CHE4522 Physical Organic Chemistry and Natural

Groups and Chemotherapeutic Agents Products chemistry

CHE4535 Selected Topics in Organic Chemistry CHE4535 Selected Topics in Organic Chemistry


Spectroscopy

CHE4715 Essentials of Medicinal Chemistry CHE4715 Essentials of Medicinal Chemistry

110

OPTION C TWO AND A HALF YEAR MSc DEGREE PROGRAMME BY TAUGHT COURSES &

RESEARCH

DEGREE STRUCTURE (continued from previous page)

Second Year:

First Half Course work Second Half Research work


Research

(a) Electives: Choose two (2) courses, not taken in year 1, from: Work on the approved project under





CHE5222 Electrochemical and Chromatographic Methods










CHE5711 Medicinal Chemistry I - Anti-infective and Cytotoxic-Agents

CHE5722 Medicinal Chemistry II- Cardiovascular Drugs and Cytotoxic-Agents

(b) Submission of Research Project Proposal for Approval

Third Year: Research work

First Half


(i) Completion of research work

(ii) Presentation of a seminar on the work done

(iv) Submission of four (4) soft-bound copies of the dissertation for examination

111

CHE5011: General Chemical Techniques

Pre-requisites: First degree with Chemistry as a major subject

Rationale:

To broaden the scope of students knowledge in general techniques essential for research work in chemistry.

Course Objectives:


(i) purify micro-scale organic compounds.

(ii) apply and interpret spectroscopic techniques and data.

(iii) describe and apply light scattering and viscosity measurements.

(iv) use gas-chromatography as a separation technique.

Course Content:

Isolation and purification of micro-scale organic compounds.

Spectroscopic techniques: IR, Raman, UV, NMR (H, C, P and F), and MS.

X-ray methods wavelength dispersive devices, X-ray fluorescence, induced X-ray emission, X-ray diffraction.

Light scattering and viscosity measurements.

Gas and liquid chromatography.

Photochemical processes: flash photolysis, Laser, radiolysis of gases and liquids.

Mode of Delivery:



Laboratory 3 labs per semester

Seminars 1 per semester

Assessment:


Tests 20 %

Assignments 5 %

Seminar 10 %

Laboratory 15%


Total 100 %

Recommended Textbooks: (being updated)

Supplementary Readings: (being updated)

112

CHE5111: Macro- and Micro-Molecular Biochemistry


Rationale:

The course aims at introducing the students to the molecular basis of biochemistry.

Course Objectives

On the completion of the course, the student be able to:

(i) Interpret data from work with electron microscope, iso-electric focusing, light scattering and others.

(ii) describe molecular basis of genetics, nucleic acids-DNA, RNA, Retrovirus, lipids and membranes.

Course Content:

Chemistry of purines and pyrimidines.

Metabolism of RNA and DNA.

Protein Bio-synthesis.

Lipid metabolism and membrane architecture.

Finger printing and genetic engineering.

Mode of Delivery:





Assessment:


Tests 20 %

Assignments 5 %

Seminar 10 %

Laboratory 15%


Total 100 %



Journals: Biochemistry; Science; J. Molecular Biology

113

CHE5122: Physiological Chemistry


Rationale:

The course aims at utilizing the information from molecular biochemistry in the study of applied

biochemistry, nutrition and toxicology.

Course Objectives:

On Completion of the course the students should be able to:

(i) outline procedures of food analysis for the purpose of determining their nutritional values.

(ii) describe toxicology-toxins and their migrations in foods and suggest methods for prevention of food spoilage.

(iii) explain the mechanism of drug action.

Course Content:

Nutritional Biochemistry; Food Biochemistry; Nutrients of food and its analysis; food processing techniques, food

spoilage and food toxins.

Biochemistry of Drugs, molecular mechanism of drug action; time course of drug action, drug toxicity and its

evaluation, drug tolerance, allergy chemical carcinogenesis and teratogenesis.

Mode of Delivery:





Assessment:


Tests 20 %

Assignments 5 %

Seminar 10 %

Laboratory 15%


Total 100 %



114

CHE5211: Spectral Analytical Methods


Rationale:

The theoretical knowledge of optical principles can help students to better understand the use of optical methods

in chemical analysis. The course will assist students in handling of research using optical methods.

Course Objectives:


(i) apply optical methods for chemical analysis.

(ii) interpret data from optical analysis.

(iii) use modern optical apparatus.

(iv) identify structure of compounds from UV VIS, IR, NMR and MS.

Course Content:

Quantum Chemistry of absorption spectroscopy.

Optical fiber, fiber optic sensors, fiber optic fluorescence sensors.

Chemiluminiscence and electro-chemiluminiscence.

Gas-phase chemilumniscence analysis, liquid-phase chemiluminiscence assays.

Electro-luminescence. Fluorescence and phosphorescence. Analysis of nonlumination compound.

Mass spectrometry-chemical analysis, isotopic abundance; fragmentation patterns. FT mass spectrometry.

Optical rotation, circular dichroism (CD) and optical rotation dichroism (ORD).

X-ray methods. Wavelength dispersive devices. X-ray fluorescence.

Induced X-ray emission. X-ray diffraction and applications.

Radiochemical methods. Emissions and reactions, Sample handling and safety sources.

Statistical considerations. Neutron activation analysis. Isotopic dilution titration.

Electron spectroscopy, ESCA analysis. Auger electron spectroscopy.

The scanning electron microscope and microprobe.

Mode of Delivery:





Assessment:


115

Tests 20 %

Assignments 5 %

Seminar 10 %

Laboratory 15%


Total 100 %



116

CHE5222: Electrochemical and Chromatographic Methods


Rationale:

Theoretical knowledge of electrochemical and chromatographic methods helps students appreciate better

electrochemical and separation processes.

Course Objectives


(i) apply electrochemical analytical and chromatographic methods to chemical analysis.

(ii) recognise and differentiate various electrochemical methods so as to correctly select the most suitable method

for a given measurement.

Course Content Measurement, signals and data. Signal to noise ratio. Software techniques. Signal-to-noise enhancement. Evaluation of results.

Potentiometry-Electrochemical cells. Ion selective electrodes. Quantitative analysis and interferences.

Voltametric techniques: Voltametry. Phase-sensitive AC coulometry. Hydrodynamic methods. Voltametric methods and applications.

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) instrumentation. Columns and detectors. HPLC interfaces. Ion exchange, ion-pair chromatography. Exclusion and affinity chromatography.

Thermal analysis. Differential calorimetry. Thermogravimetry. Thermometric titrimetry and related approaches. Direct injection enthalpimetry.

Process instruments and automated analysis. Methods based on properties. Oxygen analysers. Chemical sensors. Automatic analysers. Laboratory robots. Flow injection analysis (F.I.A).

117

Mode of Delivery:





Assessment:


Tests 20 %

Assignments 5 %

Seminar 10 %

Laboratory 15%


Total 100 %



118

CHE5411: Applied Inorganic Techniques


Rationale: The course aims to provide thorough knowledge of the applications of major techniques which

are used in the study of inorganic and organometallic compounds.

Course Objectives:


(i) determine the magnetic properties, structure of transition metal and other inorganic compounds using

inorganic techniques.

(ii) synthesise and handle air sensitive substances and their reactions.

(iii) describe the nature of principle ligands, their reactions and uses.

(iv) describe general principles of lasers and their uses in applied chemistry.

Course Content:

Magnetism and magnetic properties of transition metal compounds.

Advanced treatment of inorganic techniques in relation to inorganic compounds (e.g. ESR, Mossbaur).

Synthetic methods and handling of air sensitive compounds and reactions.

Pnictide (ns2np

3) ligands and their reactions with metals. Use of such compounds in extraction, pollution and

medicinal chemistry.

Lasers and their application in chemistry.

Mode of Delivery:





Assessment:


Tests 20 %

Assignments 5 %

Seminar 10 %

Laboratory 15%


Total 100 %



Journals: Journal of Inorganic Chemistry; Journal fo the RSC (Dalton Trans).

119

CHE5422: Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry

Pre-requisite CHE 5411

Rationale:

The course is intended to cover advanced theoretical knowledge of specialized topics of inorganic chemistry.

Course Content


(i) determine and distinguish structures of neutral and ionic boron hydrides using topological approach.

(ii) outline the synthesis, reactions and applications of boron hydrides, carboranes and metallocarboranes.

(iii) describe the chemistry of clusters and cages with special reference to organometallic compounds.

(iv) discuss the reaction mechanisms for various inorganic reactions.

Course Contents:

1. The topological approach to boron hydride structures:- closo, -nido and arachno boranes, synthesis and

reactivity of neutral boron hydrides, carboranes and metallocarboranes.

2. Cluste rand Cages: Treatment of boron hydrides and transition organometallic compounds.

3. Reactions of simple coordinated ligands such as carbonyls, nitrosyla and dinitrogen etc.

Occurrences of such compounds in the environment.

4. Inorganic reaction mechanisms.

Mode of Delivery:





Assessment:


Tests 20 %

Assignments 5 %

Seminar 10 %

Laboratory 15%


Total 100 %



Journals: Journal of Inorganic Chemistry; Journal of the RSC(Dalton Trans.), JACS.

120

CHE5435: Further Bio-inorganic Chemistry


Rationale:

The course is intended to cover some biological aspects of the functions of non-metals and metals in relation to

toxicity, radio nuclide and bio-mineralization.

Course Objectives:


(i) describe the processes of bio-mineralization and formation of inorganic mineral strucutures in living systems.

(ii) study and identify the effects of quintessentially toxic metals.

Course Content:

Bio-mineralization: Introduction, types of biominerals, functions of biominerals, formation of inorganic mineral

structures (e.g. nucleation, Lussac’s law, growth of inorganic crystals), examples.

Biological functions of the non-metallic elements: Overview, B, Si, As and PH3, Br, F, I, Se.

The bioinorganic chemistry of the quintessentially toxic metals: Overview, Pb, Cd, Th, Hg, Al, Be, Chromate

(IV).

Biochemical behaviour of inorganic radionuclides, radiation risks and benefits.

Mode of Delivery:





Assessment:


Tests 20 %

Assignments 5 %

Seminar 10 %

Laboratory 15%


Total 100 %



Journals: Journal of Bio-inorganic Chemistry

121

CHE5511: Theoretical Organic Chemistry


Rationale:

The course is designed to build upon and consolidate on the three topics students should have been introduced to

undergraduate level; namely organic photochemistry, stereochemistry and physical organic chemistry. With this

build up and consolidation students should have a broader, more solid overview of the above state topics, they can

be able to elucidate the structure of complex organic compounds and explain convincingly the mechanism of new

organic reactions. It will further assist the students in better handling of research and/or teaching assignments.

Course Objectives:


(i) elucidate the structures of simple and moderately complex organic compounds from spectroscopic and other

analytical data.

(ii) distinguish between radiate and radiationless transitions.

(iii) explain the mechanisms and stereochemistry of photochemical organic reactions and predict the

stereochemistry of the product(s) in terms of orbital intraactions from correlation diagrams.

(iv) identify various stereo-isomeric relationships, explain the effect of conformation on reactivity and

stereoselective organic reactions.

(v) explain the general methods employed for the study of organic reaction mechanisms and interpret the physical

data.

Course Content:

Structure elucidation of organic compounds by spectroscopic methods.

Organic Photochemistry:

Radioactive and radiation less transitions, orbital interactions, correlation diagrams, mechanistic organic

photochemistry.

Advanced Stereochemistry

Symmetry and chirality, pro-stero-isomerism, conformation and reactivity stereo-selective reactions.

Physical Organic Chemistry Linear free energy relationships, thermochemistry, kinetics, interpretation of rate constants, isotope effects.

122

Mode of Delivery:





Assessment:


Tests 20 %

Assignments 5 %

Seminar 10 %

Laboratory 15%


Total 100 %



Journals: Journal of American Chemical Society, Journal of Organic Chemistry, Chemical Reviews.

123

CHE5522: Plant Natural Products Chemistry

Pre-requisite: CHE4522/CHE4511

Rationale:

This course is designed to equip the students with the principles and techniques of isolation, structure studies,

synthesis and bio-synthesis of selected plant natural products. The course also intends to prepare the students to

undertake research in biologically active organic molecules of plant origin.

Course Objectives:


(i) classify the naturally occurring organic compounds, by chemical structures and laboratory tests.

(ii) outline general isolation and purification plan or a variety of natural products from plant kingdom.

(iii) explain the reactions and synthesis of some of the natural products of biological importance.

(iv) outline general methods of structure studies and elucidate the structures of some of the simple naturally

occurring biologically active compounds.

(v) explain the biogenetic pathways of some alkaloids, and terpenoids.

(vi) explain the synthesis and chemistry of some water soluble and water insoluble vitamins.

Course Content:

1. Classification, isolation, chemistry, general methods of structure studies, synthesis and applications

illustrated with examples from some of the following:

Alkaloids including selected biogenesis, (b) Carotenoids, (c) Plant phenolics including flavone

glycosides, (d) Steronds-bile acids, steroid hormones, steroidal glycosides and steroidal alkaloids.

Selected biogenesis, (e) Terpenoids including selected biogenesis.

2. Vitamins

Classification, chemistry, synthesis and applications of some water soluble and some fat soluble vitamins.

Mode of Delivery:





Assessment:


Tests 20 %

Assignments 5 %

Seminar 10 %

Laboratory 15%


Total 100 %



Journals: J. of Natural Products, Planta Medica, Current Contents (Life Section), Phytochemistry.

124

CHE5535: Physical Organic Chemistry


Rationale;

This course seeks to introduce to the students an in depth coverage of the listed topics.

Course Objectives:


(i) describe the relationship between structure and physical properties of molecules as applied in

spectroscopy.

(ii) explain the structural effects on reactivity

(iii) explain the role of HOMO and LUMO molecular orbitals in certain classes of reactions.

(iv) state and describe organic photochemical processes

(v) describe some of the 2-D NMR techniques.

Course Content:

Structural Effects on Reactivity:

Additivity schemes for atomic bond and group properties, The Hammett equation.

Transition states and intermediates, structure and reactivity: Quantum mechanics, acid-base equilibria and

catalysis, equilibrium, and isotope effects. Orbital symmetry in organic chemistry.

2-D NMR Techniques: HH, CH, multiplicities; HH, CH, NH coupling constants, HH, CHCOSY,

CH INADEQUATE, NOE, HHNOESY

More organic photochemistry: Nature of light, kinetic feasibility, absolute efficiencies and kinetic parameters

theory of CIDNP, energy transitions, multiphoton processes, photonucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions;

isomerization and re-arrangements.

Mode of Delivery:





Assessment:


Tests 20 %

Assignments 5 %

Seminar 10 %

Laboratory 15%


Total 100 %

125



Journals: Journal of Organic Chemistry, Journal of Chemical Society, Chemical Reviews

126

CHE5611: Thermo-electrodynamics of Solution


Rationale:

To broaden the scope of students knowledge in the complex behaviour of ions and molecules in solution.

Course Objectives:


(i) determine activity and coefficient of solution

(ii) explain why solutions deviate form ideal behaviour.

(iii) measure surface tention by different methods and relate this to atomic parachors for solving Interfacial

problems.

(iv) predict the behaviour of ions at the electrode surface and the use of electro-analytical techniques.

(v) evaluate thermodynamic data of phase transitions.

(vi) describe the properties of polymers and their applications.

Course Content:

Methods of determining activity and activity coefficient of solution.

Ionic distribution functions, potential and Debye-Huckel theory.

Partial molar quantities and Gibbs-Duhem equation.

Calorimetry-bomb calorimeter differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) or differential thermal

Analyser (DTA). Bond energy and Bond dissociation energy.

Interfacial behaviour surface tensions measurement, contact angles, spreading, insoluble monolayers, atomic

parachor and phase diagrams.

Electrode Kinetics and Voltametry-Bulter and Tafel equations, Chronopotentiometry, linear sweep and cyclic

voltametry, polarography.

Behaviour of macromolecules in solution - Polymers.

127

Mode of Delivery:





Assessment:


Tests 20 %

Assignments 5 %

Seminar 10 %

Laboratory 15%


Total 100 %



128

CHE5622: Molecular Structures and Reactivity

Pre-requisite CHE4622

Rationale:

The course intends to use the structure of molecules to broaden the scope of students knowledge in solution

kinetics, photochemistry and spectroscopy.

Course Objectives:


(i) apply spectroscopic methods to solve the structure of molecules.

(ii) explain the concept of free radicals and the response of molecules to photochemical stimuli.

(iii) measure and interpret kinetic parameters in solution.

(iv) formulate mechanisms for the reaction of complexes in solution.

Course Contents:

1. Crystallography - type of crystal, unit cells space lattices, Bravais lattices, Miller indices, Bragg’s

equation, semi conductors and lattice defects.

2. Catalysis: Quantitative treatment of homogeneous, heterogeneous and enzyme catalysis.

3. Spectroscopy-Molecular structure, excitation, single and triplet states, multiplicity, spectral terms,

variation principle and perturbation theory. Quantitative treatment of magnetic resonance and electron

spin spectroscopy. Theory of chemical shift and measurement, coupling constant and Pascal triangle.

4. Photochemistry-Type of molecules for absorption, fluorescence, phosphorescence, chemiluminescence

Kinetics of photochemical reactions, flash photolysis, laser and radiolysis.

5. Redox reactions - structure of complex electorn transfer reactions in solution, Outer-inner sphere

mechanisms, Base hydrolysis of complexes, Acid dependency of rates of substitution by SN1 and SN2

mechanisms, Kinetic salt effect.

Mode of Delivery:





Assessment:


Tests 20 %

Assignments 5 %

Seminar 10 %

Laboratory 15%


Total 100 %



129

CHE5635: Introduction to Statistical Thermodynamics

130

CHE5711: Medicinal Chemistry I (Anti-infective and CNS-Active Agents) Pre-requisite: CHE4511/ CHE4715

Rationale:

Development of more potent and less toxic anti-infective drugs and drugs regulating the central nervous system

(CNS) is an active areas of current study and research. The course is designed to impact in-depth understanding

of the synthesis, structure-activity relationships (SAR), metabolism and modes of action of CNS active and anti-

infective agents. The course also intends to introduce the general principles of rational design of new CNS active

and anti-infective agents. The course will assist the students in better handling of research and/or industrial and

teaching assignments.

Course Objectives


(i) propose a plausible synthetic plan for a desired anti-fungal/anti-viral/anti-protozoal and CNS active

compounds and explain the reactions involved.

(ii) explain the most probable mode of pharmacological action of some of the anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-

protozoal and CNS active compounds.

(iii) interpret the structure-activity relationships.

(iv) design the organic molecules which could be expected to possess anti-fungal/anti-viral/anti protozoal/CNS

active properties.

(v) synthesize some biologically active compounds and evaluate their in-vitro biological activity.

Course Content:

1. Synthesis, Structure-Activity Relationships (SAR), metabolism and modes of action of: enzyme

inhibitors, anti-viral agents, anti-fungal agents, anti-protozoal agents, central nervous system (CNS)

active agents, analgesics and anaesthetics.

2. Essential principles of rational drug design.

Mode of Delivery:





Assessment:


Tests 20 %

Assignments 5 %

Seminar 10 %

Laboratory 15%


Total 100 %



Journals: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Journal of American Chemical Society, Lancet, Chemical

Reviews.

131

CHE5722: Medicinal Chemistry II (Cardiovascular Drugs and Cytotoxic Agents)

Pre-requisite: CHE4511/ CHE4715

Rationale:

Development of safe and more potent drugs for the treatment of cancer, hypertension and other heart diseases and

the search for safe and bio-degradable pesticides are active areas of current research. The course intends to impart

sound understanding of the synthesis, structure-activity relationships (SAP), metabolism and modes of action of

anti-cancer/anti-hypertensive drugs and insecticides/pesticides. The course will assist the students in better

handling of research and/or industrial assignments.

Course Objectives:


(i) propose plausible synthesis of target anti-cancer/anti-hypertensive agents, insecticides and pesticides and

explain the reactions involved in the synthesis.

(ii) explain the most plausible mode of action of anti-cancer/anti-hypertensive agents.

(iii) propose the metabolism of some anti--hypertensive drugs.

(iv) design novel organic molecules expected to demonstrate anti-cancer/anti-hypertensive/pesticidal activities.

(v) synthesize some anti-cancer/anti-hypertensive/pesticidal compounds and evaluate their in-vitro biological

activity.

Course Content

Synthesis structure-activity relationships (SAR), metabolism, modes of action and rational design of: anti-cancer

agents, anti-hypertensive agents, cardiotheapeutic agents, and pesticides.

Mode of Delivery:





Assessment:


Tests 20 %

Assignments 5 %

Seminar 10 %

Laboratory 15%


Total 100 %



Journals: J. of Medicinal Chemistry, J. of American Chemical Society, J. of Chemical Society, Chemical

Reviews

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY HANDBOOK-2015 - …

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