Dental Waxes

WAXESDR. FEBEL HUDA, M.D.S,DICOI,FICOI,FAD,DLD.

ORAL MAXILLOFACIAL PROSTHODONTIST AND IMPLANTOLOGIST DIPLOMATE FROM THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF ORAL

IMPLANTOLOGY FELLOW FROM THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF ORAL

IMPLANTOLOGY DIPLOMATE IN LASER DENTISTRY (UNIVERSITY OF GENOVA -

ITALY) FELLOW IN AESTHETIC DENTISTRY (UNIVERSITY OF GREIFSWALD -

GERMANY)

HISTORY

3000 B.C

60 MILLION YEARS AGO INSECT WAX USED TO BE A DIET SOURCE

GREEK AND ROMAN

HISTORY• Matthaeus Gottfried Purmann in 1700 used

wax as models for prosthodontic purpose.• 1711 – Matthaeus Gottfried Purmann,first to

use bee wax as a impression material• The English term 'wax' is derived from the

Anglo-Saxon 'weax‘• 1935 - Fischer-Trop’s

CLASSIFICATIONS• ACCORDING TO THE ORGIN:

• NATURAL

• Minerals• Paraffin• Microcrystalline• Montan• Ceresin • Barnsdehl• Ozokerite•

• Plants • Carnuba• Ouricury• Candelilla• Japan wax• Cocoa butter• Insect• Beewax • Animal• Spermaceti

• SYNTHETIC WAXES

• Aerosol OT• Albacer• Acrawax • Durawax 1032• Castorwax• Flexo-wax C• Epolene N-10

• ACCORDING TO USE:

• Pattern waxes• Inlay casting• RPD casting• Base plate • Dipping wax• Margin wax• Sprue wax

• Processing waxes• Boxing wax• Modeling wax• Sticky wax• Occlusal rim wax• Spool wire wax • Impression waxes• Corrective• Bite registration

• ACCORDING TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS:

• Hydrocarbons• Paraffin wax• Microcrystalline• Ozokerite• Carnauba • Ouricury• Candelilla• Beewax

• Esters • Beewaxes• Montan wax • Carnauba• Ouricury • Candelilla

• Alcohols • Montan wax• Carnauba • Ouricury • Candelilla

• Acids• Montan wax• Carnauba• Ouricury• Candelilla• Japan wax• Cocoa butter• Bees wax

PROPERTIES:

• Melting range• Thermal expansion• Mechanical properties• Flow• Residual stress• Ductility• Wettability

MELTING RANGE WAXES MELTING POINT in ˚C

Paraffin wax 40-71Microcrystalline 60-91

Barnsdahl 70-74Ozokerite 65Ceresin No valueMontan 72-92

Carnauba 84-91Ouricury 79-84Candelilla 68-75Japan wax 51

Cocoa butter No valueBeeswax 63-70

THERMAL EXPANSION

WAXMINERAL

WAX(weak

secondary Valence force)

PLANT WAX

Presence of

ESTHER

THERMAL EXPANSION

Carnauba Montan

Carnauba

Montan

22˚C AND 52˚C

THERMAL EXPANSION

18 28 38 48

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Temperature

Proportional limit(P)

Compressive strength Modulus of

elasticity (E)

MODULUS OF ELASTICITYWAXES E

(↓)TEMPERATURE

(↑)Carnauba wax 1790 to 760

MPa 23˚ to 37˚ C

Paraffin wax 310 to 28 MPa 23˚ and 30˚ C.

Inlay wax (75% paraffin

and 25% carnauba wax)

760 to 48 MPa 23˚ and 40˚ C

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

PROPORTIONAL LIMIT (P)WAXES P

(↓)TEMPERATUR

E(↑)

carnauba wax 11 to 5.5 Mpa 23˚ to 37˚ C.

Inlay casting wax

4.8 to 0.2 MPa

23˚ to 40˚ C

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

x

83 to 0.5 MPa

23˚ to 40˚ C.INLAY WAX

HENCE INLAY WAX IS A BRITTLE MATERIAL

Flow

Time for which the force is

applied

Temp of waxFlow is greatly increased as melting point is approached

The force applied

FLOW

DIRECT INLAY WAX

NO FLOW AT ORAL

TEMP

↑FLOW ABOVE ORALTEMP

FLOW (Yellow Bee Wax)

HENCE USED IN IMPRESSION WAX

7% FLOW↑

40˚C

NO FLOW ↓ 38˚C

RESIDUAL STRESS

RESIDUAL STRESS

RESIDUAL STRESS CAN BE APPRECIATED ON THE EXPANTION CURVE

MAGNITU

DETIMETEM

PERATURE

EFFECT OF COMPRESSION ON RESIDUAL STRESS

COOLED UN

DER

COMPRESSION

ATOMS & MOLECULES ARE

FORCED TOGETHER

INCRESEDRESIDUAL STRESS,

INCREASING THE

EXPANSION

EFFECT OF TENSION ON RESIDUAL STRESS

COOLE

D UNDER

TENSION

ATOMS & MOLECULE

S MOVE AWAY IN OTHER

DIRECTION

ON HEATING,

RESUDIAL STRESS

RELEASED,

DECREASES EXPANSION

DUCTILITY

• It increases as the temperature of the wax is increased.

• Waxes with a lower melting temperatures have a greater ductility

WETTABILITY

• The wetting which occurs at the surface of the wax pattern during investing is generally poor.

NATURAL WAXES

MINERAL WAXES

PARAFIN WAXES

melting point – 52˚C weight ↓ at 157˚C till the contents vapours at

300˚C

26 – 30 carbonFRACTION

PARAFIN WAXES

OIL0.5%

PARAFFIN

↓ MELTING POING

75% CARNAUBA

↓ MELTING PIONT BY 1.5˚CFlow 28˚C – 31˚C

PARAFFIN WAXPARAFFINWAX

>0.5 103MN/m²11-15%5˚C – 8˚C

1gm - USED TO COLLECT SALIVA FOR SALIVA TEST

MICROCRYSTALLINE WAXES

SIMILLAR TO

PARAFIN WAX

MICROCRYSTALLINE WAXES

FROM HEAVIER OIL

FRACTION

MELTING POINT

MICROCRYSTALLINE WAXES

MICROCRYSTALLINE WAXES

OIL MICROCRYSTALLINE WAXES

OIL

HARDNESS AND

TACKINESSALTERED

VOLUMETRICCONTRACTION

TO PARAFIN WAXES

BAMSDAHL WAXES

1. BAMSDAHL WAXES IS A MICROCRYSTALLINE WAX

BAMSDAHL

MELTINGPOINTHARDNESSFLOWPARAFIN WAX

OZOKERITE WAXES

Ozokerite is similar to microcrystalline

wax

Earth wax

Central Europe Western United States

OIL OZOKERITE WAXES

IMPROVES PHYSICAL

PROPERTIES AT 54˚C

5% to15%

PARAFIN WAX

CERESINE WAXES

Natural-mineral petroleum refining Lignite refining

CERESINE WAXES

MELTINGPOINTPARAFIN WAX

MONTAN WAXES

Montan wax is also known as lignite wax or OP wax. Their composition and properties are similar to those of the

plant waxes. Found in Germany, and in the Ione Basin, California. It can be used for making car and shoe polishes, different

paints, and phonograph records, and also as lubricant for paper and plastics.

MONTAN WAXES

MELTINGPOINTHARDNESS

PARAFIN WAX

PLANT WAXES

CARNAUBA WAXES

Carnauba palm

Grows only in the northeastern Brazilian states

Also known as the queen of waxes

It is obtained from the leaf of the carnauba palm by gathering them, beating to loosen the wax, and then through refining and bleaching

Hard yellow-brown flakes

COMPOSITION

CARNAUBAWAX

STRIGHT CHAIN OF ESTERS

ALCOHOL ACID

HYDROCARBONS

HARDNESS

BRITTLENESS

MELTING RANGE

CARNAUBA WAXES

10%CARNAUBA

MELTINGPOINT

BY26˚C

TRANSITION TEMPFLOWPARAFIN WAX

246˚C - LOSS OF WEIGHT 485˚C – COMPLETE VAPOURS OF WAX

CARNAUBA WAXES

25%PARAFIN

WAX

MELTING TRANSITIONBY 5˚C – 6˚C

26%PARAFIN

WAX

NO EFFECTCARNAUBA WAX

OURICURY WAXES

• Has the same structures as carnauba wax

• Adding ouricury waxes produces a similar effect, but they are less effective than carnauba wax.

CANDELILLA WAXES

CANDELILLA WAXES

40% - 60% PARAFIN

HYDROCARBONLACTONES

WITH 29 – 33 CARBON

ALCOHOL ACID

ESTHER

LACTONES

CARNAUBA WAXES

CANDELILLA WAX

HARDNESSPARAFIN WAX

JAPAN WAX

• NOT A TRUE WAX - CHEIFLY FAT

JAPAN WAX

GLYCERIDES

PALMITIC STERICACID

HIGHER MOLECULAR WEIGHT ACID

JAPAN WAX

TOUGH

MALLEABLE

STICKY

JAPAN WAX

JAPAN WAX

EMULSIFYINGABILITYTACKINESSPARAFIN WAX

JAPAN WAXJAPAN WAX

COCOA BUTTER

• NOT A TRUE WAX - CHEIFLY FAT

COCOA BUTTER

GLYCERIDES&

STEARIC

PALMITIC

OLEIC

LAURIC

LOWER FATTY ACIDS

COCOA BUTTER

PREVENT DHYDRATION OF SOFT TISSUES

PROTECTS GIC FROM MOISTURE AND DEHYDRATION

INSECT WAXES

BEES WAX

SATURATED & UNSATURATED

HYDROCARBONS

HIGH MOLECULAR

WEIGHT ORGANIC

ACID

ESTERS

BEES WAX

• Beeswax is a natural wax created in the bee-hive of honey bees

• The wax of honeycomb is nearly all white, but becomes progressively brown or yellow by the introduction of pollen oils

BEES WAX

3mm

0.1 mm THICK

About 1200 are needed to make a single gram of wax.ITS BRITTLE AT ROOM TEMPERATUREBUT PLASTIC AT ORAL TEMPERATURE

BEES WAX

BEESWAX

20 – 500 ˚C34˚C AND 400˚C

ANIMAL WAXES

SPERMACETI WAXES

• SYNTHETIC WAXES

SYNTHETIC WAXES

SYNTHETIC WAXESPOLYETHYLENE WAXES (ml wt = 2000-4000,mp 100 – 105˚C)

POLYOXYETHYLENE GLYCOL WAXES (mp – 37 – 63˚C)

HALOGENATED HYDROCARBON WAXES

HYDROGENATED WAXES

WAX ESTERS FROM REACTION OF FATTY ALCOHOLS AND ACIDS

ACCORDING TO USE

PATTERN WAXES

INLAY WAXES

Inlay casting

DEEP BLUE, GREEN, PURPLE AND WHITE

INLAY CASTING WAXES

INLAY CASTING

WAX

PARAFFIN 60%

CARNAUBA 25%

CERESIN 10%

BEE WAX 5%

CANDELILLA &

MICROCRYSTALLINE

CLASSIFICATION

BY FLOW

HARD

REGULAR

SOFT

INLAY WAX (ADA-NO:4)

HARD

• LOW FLOW• WARM

WEATHER• LESS

SHRINKAGE

REGULAR

• MODERATE FLOW

• TYPE I• DIRECT

TECHINQUE

SOFT

• TYPE II• INDIRECT

TECHNIQUE• MORE

SHRINKAGE• WORKED AT

ROOM TEMPETATURE/COLD WEATHER

DESIRABLE PROPERTIESSHOULD SOFTEN UNIFORMLY

COLOUR SHOULD BE IN CONTRAST TO DIE MATERIAL

SHOULD NOT COME IN FLAKES WHILE WORKING

SHOULD NOT BE VERY STICKY OR SHOULD NOT CHIP WHILE CARVING

SHOULD MELTS COMPLETELY WITHOUT RESIDUE AT 500˚C

IF RESIDUE SHOULD NOT EXCED 0.10% IT ORIGINAL WEIGHT

SHOULD BE RIGID AND DIMENTIONALLY STABLE TILL ELIMINATED

FLOW

TEMP 30˚C 37˚CMIN40˚C

MAX40˚C

MIN45˚C

MAX45˚C

TYPE I 1.0% 20% 70% 90%

TYPE II1.0% 50% 70% 90%

THERMAL EXPANSION – 0.7% ABOVE 20˚C

VOLUMETRIC CONTRACTION – 0.35% ( COOLED FROM 37˚C- 25˚C )

AVERAGE COEFFICENT OF TERMAL EXPANSION – 350X10-6/˚C

THIS IS LESS IN INDIRECT WAX AS THERE IS NO TRANSITION FROM MOUTH TEMP TO ROOM TEMP

TYPE-I

LOW FLOW AT 37˚C

WORKING TEMPERATURE – 45˚C

SHOULD NOT BE HIGH TO AVOID PULPAL DAMAGE

TYPE-I

INSUFFICIENT FLOW

LACK OF DETAILS

EXCESS STRESS WITHIN

THE PATTERN

EXCESS FLOW BY

OVER HEATING MAKES

COMPRESSION OF

WAX DIFFICULT

LINEAR CONTRACT

ION MOUTH –

ROOM TEMP

TYPE I

MILDLY HEATED

PLACED IN PATIENTS MOUTH

FINGER PRESURE/BIT

E

COOLED GRADUALLY TO MOUTH

TEMP

SHOULD NOT USE COLD

WATER

TYPE II

TYPE II

HIGHER FLOW THAN THAT OF TYPE I

SHOULD USE DRY HEAT THAN WET HEAT

HAS LESS SHRINKAGE THAN TYPE I

TYPE II

DIE SHOULD BE

LUBRICATED

WAX IS MELTED AND

ADDED IN LAYERS

WAX IS CARVED

SILK / FINE CLOTH IS USED

FOR POLISHING

PATTERN IS REMOVED WITH

EXPLORER /THREAD

RPD CASTING WAXES

RPD CASTING WAXES

PARAFFIN 60%

CARNAUBA 25%

CERESIN 10%

BEE WAX 5%

CANDELILLA &

MICROCRYSTALLINE

RPD CASTING WAX (FEDERAL SPECIFICATION NO:140)FLOW 35˚C – 10%

FLOW 38˚C – 60%

BREAKING POINT - 23˚C ± 1˚C

WORKING PROPERTIESPLIABLE & ADAPTABLE AT 40˚C - 45˚C

COPY ACURATELY

NOT BRITTLE

VAPORIZE AT 500˚C

BASE PLATE WAX

COMPOSITION

80% ceresin or 70% paraffin

12% bees wax2.5% carnuaba

3% synthetic resins2.5%

microcrystalline wax

DIPPING WAX

MICROCRYSTALLINE

PROPER DETAIL AND SEALED MARGIN

HIGH ELASTICITY (MEMORY)

CLEAN BURNOUT MIN- SHRINKAGE

EXCELLENT SCRAPING ABLITY

WARPAGE: PATTENS DISTORT DUE TO STRESS RELEASE

MINIMIZING WARPAGE

•USE HIGHER TEMPERATURE AT TIME OF FORMING – LESS FORCE TO SHAPE – LESS RESIDUAL STRESSES

•SOFTEN THE WAX UNIFORMLY AT 50˚C FOR 15min

•USE WARMED CARVING INSTRUMENTS & DIE

• Provides extremely stable copings

• Material is firm to the touch but flexible like plastic

• High precision right to the margin line

• Easy to handle like normal dipping waxes

• Leaves no residue• Use only in dipping units

with UV protection covers

NEW

A LIGHT CURE DIPPING WAX

CERVICAL WAX

CERVICAL WAX

PARAFFINNATURAL

WAXES RESINS

GOOD FLOW , FITS PERFICTLY TO CERVICAL AREA

SEMI TRANSPARENT, NON- GUMMY, MEDIUM HARD & HIGH ADAPTABLITY

LOW SHRINKAGE AND LOW CONTRATION

MARGINAL WAX

SEAL MARGINS OF COPING ,CROWN & INLAY ONLAY

SPRUE WAX

MELTS COMPLETELY WITHOUT RESIDUE AT 78˚C

SCULPTURING WAX

PONTICS WAX

• Blocks of 4 Pontics• Anatomic form of the

pontics• Easy separating according

to esthetic demands• 100% wax, burns without

residue• Occlusal depth, for a

natural result• Color: Blue

PROCESSING WAXES

BOXING WAX

MELTS AT 80˚C

REGULAR – 16 mmTHIN – 14 mm

BEADING WAX

PERIPHERY WAX

• USED FOR BORDER MOLDING• FOR HYDROCOLLOID IMPRESSIONS• TACKY BUT NOT GREASY• ADHERES EASILY TO TRAYS

MODELING WAX

MODELING WAX

chewing on wax for 3 min.

( Gingival Inflammation Induced by Food and Short-chain Carboxylic Acids; J DENT RES 1998 77: 412)

The gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) then the inflammation is measured by the change in temperature

“BUT THIS IS WHAT WE DO WITH MODELING WAX”

STICKY WAX

“MODEL CEMENT” WAX GLUE

MELTS CLEAN AT 73˚C

STICKY WAX

Gum dammar (colouring matter)

Yellow bees waxRosin

Resin content

• STRONG

STRONGHARD

VERY ADHESIVE

FAST SETTING

FLOWS EASILY

OCCLUSAL RIM WAX

1.SOFT2. REGULAR3. HARD

WAX PALATE PATTERNS

• For gold, chrome, acrylic , partial or full palates

• Improves denture quality by obtaining natural living tissue finish , beautiful esthetics and greater comfort

• Less waxing and finishing (saves hand waxing)

• Convenient to use

IMPRESSION CORRECTIVE WAX

CORRECTIVE WAX

ParraffinCeresin

Bees wax

THERMOPLASTIC WAX

PENETRATION IS 100%

PENETRATION IS EXCELLENT AT 250kPa

DISTORTION SHOULD BE AVOIDED

FLUID WAX TECHNIQUE

BITE REGISTRATION WAX

Paraffin

Ceresin Bees waxTraces of

aluminium or copper particle

OTHER WAXES

RELIEF WAX

BLOCKOUT WAX

REFERENCES

• Anusavice, Philipps’: Science of dental materials, 11th edition, Elsevier• Craig RG, Powers JH: Restorative dental materials, 11th edition, Mosby• William J. O’ brien: Dental materials and their selection, 2nd edition.• Text book;Rheological Characterization of Dental Waxes; Dr. H. Weber, Dr.

J. Geis-Gerstorfer.• Thermogravimetric Analysis of Waxes; R.G. Craig, J.M. Powers and F.A.

Peyton; J DENT RES 1971 50: 450.• Dental Casting Technic: Theory and Practice : A Report To the Research

Commission of the American Dental Association; Geo C. Paffenbarger and W.T. Sweeney; J DENT RES 1931 11: 681.

REFERENCES• Differential Thermal Analysis of Commercial and Dental Waxes; R.G. Craig, J.M. Powers

and F.A. Peyton; J DENT RES 1967 46: 1090.• Effects of Changing Body Position on Dental Occlusion; Lewis F. Mc Lean, Henry S.

Brenman and M.G.F. Friedman; J DENT RES 1973 52: 1041.• Flow of Binary and Tertiary Mixtures of Waxes; R.G. Craig, J.D. Eick and F.A. Peyton; J

DENT RES 1966 45: 397.• Neutronographic Investigation of Wax Elimination from High-Temperature Investment

Molds; J.F. Walsh; J DENT RES 1977 56: 448.• Penetration of Commercial and Dental Waxes; J.M. Powers and R.G. Craig; J DENT RES

1974 53: 402.• Prosthesis of the Mouth and Face: A Symposium; V.H. Kazanjian, Arthur T. Rowe and

Harry A. Young; J DENT RES 1932 12: 651.• The Effect of Water Swaging on Stress and Strain in Dental-Wax Pattern; Gordon J.

Christensen; J DENT RES 1965 44: 930.• Thermogravimetric Analysis of Waxes; R.G. Craig, J.M. Powers and F.A. Peyton; J DENT

RES 1971 50: 450.

REFERENCES• Materials Science : Wetting Effects of Surface Treatments on Inlay Wax-

investment Combinations; J.T. Morrison, M.G. Duncanson, Jr and H.T. Shillingburg, Jr; J DENT RES 1981 60: 1858.

• Calorimetric Analysis of Commercial and Dental Waxes; J.M. Powers, R.G. Craig and F.A. Peyton; J DENT RES 1969 48: 1165.

• Characterization of Components of Dental Materials and Components of Tooth Structure by Differential Thermal Analysis; G.M. Brauer, D.J. Termini and C.L. Burns; J DENT RES 1970 49: 100.

• Dimensional Change in Wax Patterns During Setting of Gypsum Investments; George Mumford and Ralph W. Phillips; J DENT RES 1958 37: 351

• Pain Responses to Experimental Chewing in Myofascial Pain Patients; T.T.T. Dao, J.P. Lund and G.J. Lavigne; J DENT RES 1994 73: 1163.

REFERENCES• Properties of Natural Waxes Used in Dentistry; R.G. Craig, J.D. Eick and

F.A. Peyton; J DENT RES 1965 44: 1308.• Thermal Analysis of Dental Impression Waxes; John M. Powers and

Robert G. Craig; J DENT RES 1978 57: 37.• Strength Properties of Waxes at Various Temperatures and Their

Practical Application; R.G. Craig, J.D. Eick and F.A. Peyton; J DENT RES 1967 46: 300.

• Saliva, Salivary Micro-organisms, and Oral Health in the Home-dwelling Old Elderly-A Five-year Longitudinal Study; T.O. Narhi, N. Kurki and A. Ainamo; J DENT RES 1999 78: 1640

• Gingival Inflammation Induced by Food and Short-chain Carboxylic Acids; S. Kashket, J. Zhang and R. Niederman; J DENT RES 1998 77: 412

THANKYOU