mum values of Mo (eq 29 ) assuming minimum and maximum values for both R max The range of may be taken as 0.7 to 0.9. Compu te the cor- l'esponding values for J.I. Mo and mark out the vertical band corresponding to these limits in figure 1. 5. For the m aximum and minimum limits assumed for both L and compute the corresponding limits for Lo (eq 28 ). Compute the corresponding values ·of QLo / t:.p and mark out th e horizontal band C01'- l'esponding to these limits in figure 1. Steps (4) and (5) result in a design rectangle on figure 1 within which a solution is possihle. 6. Further limit this design rectangle by excluding regions of figure 1 representing greater and lesser area A (really J.l.A ) than desired. 7. For gas flow, compute the maximum tolerable value of the coefficient of the Knudsen term band the corresponding minimum val ue of fib er diameter d. Exclude regions of figure 1 representing smaller values of d (really d! p,). One may then choose design parameters corresponding to any point in the design region that has not been excluded. 8. When the flowm eter is built and tested, adjust- ment of the resistivity can then be made by the principal techniqueiof changing the weight of glass wool used. Journal of Resear ch of the Nationa l Bureau of Standards Financial support for this investigation was pro- vided by the Office of Naval Research under a proj- ect on Basic Instrumentation of Scientific Research. Grateful acknowledgement is also du e W. A. Wild- hack, at suggestion and under whose sup er- vision the developme nt of the gla ss wool flowmeter was carried on . V. References [11 National Bureau of Standards Report to t he Bureau of Aeronautics, Navy Department, ' Vashington, D. C., e ntitled, Linear press ur e drop flowm eters for oxygen reg ulato r test st and s, reference 6.2/6211- 2885 (Sept . 25, 1947) . [2) P. C. Carman, Tran s. In st i tution Chern. Engrs. 15, 151 (1937); 16, 168 (1938). [3) P. C. Carman, J. Soc. Chern. Ind . 57, 225 (1938); 58, 1 (1939) . [4) E. Wiggin, W. Calnpb ell, O. Maass, Can. J. Research 17, 318 (1939). [5) J. Fowler and K. Hertel, J. App. Phys. 12,503 (1941). [6) R. Su llivan , J. App . Phy s. 12, 503 (1941 ); 13, 725 (1942). [71 O. Emersl eben, Phy sik. Z. 26, 601 (1925). [8) R. Tolman , Statistical mechan ics with application s to physics and chemi stry (Chemical Catalo gue Co., New York, N. Y., 1927). W ASHING' rON, April 6, 1950. Vo!' 45, No.5, November 1950 Research Paper 2151 Density, Refractive Index, Boiling Point, and Vapor Pressure of Eight Monoolefin (I-Alkene), Six Pentadiene, and Two Cyclomonoolefin Hydrocarbons 1 By Alphonse F. ForziatV David L. Camin / and Frederick D. Rossini 3 Dens ity ( at 20 °, 25 °, and 30° C), refractive ind ex (at seven wavelengths at 20°, 25 °, and 30° C), vapor press ur e, and boiling poin t (from 48 to 778 mm Hg) of 16 purifi ed samp les of hydro carbon s of the API -N BS series were m eas ur ed for 8 monool e fin (l-alken e), 6 pe ntad i ene, and 2 cyclomonoolefin hydrocarbon s. Th e data on refractiv e ind ex were adju sted by m ea ns of modified Cau ch y and Har t- mann eq uations, and values of the constants are given for eac h compound. The data on vapor pressure were adjusted by mea ns of the metho d of lea st s quares and the three-constant Antoine eq uation . Th e values of the constants are given for eac h compound . Va lues were calcu la ted for t he specfic dispersions, (np - nc)/d and (ng-nD) /d. r As a cooperative investigation of the Nat ional Bureau 'of Standards, th e U. S. Office of Rubber R eserv e, and the Am eri can Petroleum Institut e R ese ar ch Proj ect 6, measur em ents of density , re- fractiv e index, vapor pr ess ure , and boiling point were mad e on highly purified samples of eight monoolefin (I-alk ene), six pentadi en e, and two cyclomonoolefin hydrocarbons of th e API-N BS series. Th e compounds measured were mad e avail able 1 Thi s investigation was performed at the National Bureau of Standards as part of the work of the American Pet roleum Instit ute Research Project 6 on the " Analysis, purification, and propertjes of hydrocarbons." , Formerl y Research Associate on the American P etroleum In stitute Research Project 6. 3 Present address: Carnegie Insti tute of Technology, Pittsbur gh 13. Pa. 406 through the Ameri can Petroleum Inst itute R ese arch Proj ec t 44 on th e "Collection, calculation , and compil ation of data on th e prop ertie s of hydrocar- bons." The samples were purified by the Am erican Petroleum Institut e Research Proje ct 6 on the "Analysis, purification, and properti es of hydro- carbons ," from m aterial supplied by the following laboratories: 1-Pent en e, by the Phillips P etroleum Co., Bartles- vill e, Okla. 1-Hexen e, I-hept ene, 1-nonene, 1-undecen e, and 1,4-pentadi ene, by th e American P etroleum Institute R esearch Project 45, at th e Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
5
Embed
Density, refractive index, boiling point, and vapor pressure of eight … · 2012-02-27 · Research Project 6, measurements of density, re fractive index, vapor pressure, and boiling
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
mum values of M o (eq 29) assuming minimum and maximum values for both R max and~. The range of ,~ may be taken as 0.7 to 0.9. Compute the corl'esponding values for J.I. M o and mark out the vertical band corresponding to these limits in figure 1.
5. For the maximum and minimum limits assumed for both L and ~, compute the corresponding limits for Lo (eq 28 ). Compute the corresponding values ·of QLo/t:.p and mark out the horizontal band C01'
l'esponding to these limits in figure 1. Steps (4) and (5) result in a design rectangle on figure 1 within which a solution is possihle.
6. Further limit this design rectangle by excluding regions of figure 1 representing greater and lesser area A (really J.l.A ) than desired.
7. For gas flow, compute the maximum tolerable value of the coefficient of the Knudsen term band the corresponding minimum val ue of fiber diameter d. Exclude regions of figure 1 representing smaller values of d (really d! p,). One may then choose design parameters corresponding to any point in the design region that has not been excluded.
8. When the flowmeter is built and tested, adjustment of the resistivity can then be made by the principal techniqueiof changing the weight of glass wool used.
Journal of Research of the Nationa l Bureau of Standards
Financial support for this investigation was provided by the Office of Naval Research under a project on Basic Instrumentation of Scientific R esearch. Grateful acknowledgement is also due W . A. Wildhack, at ~vhose suggestion and under whose supervision the development of the glass wool flowmeter was carried on.
V. References
[11 National Bureau of Standards R eport to the Bureau of Aeronautics, Navy Department, 'Vashington, D. C., entitled, Linear pressure drop flowm eters for oxygen r egulator test stands, reference 6.2/6211- 2885 (Sept. 25, 1947) .
[2) P. C. Carman, Trans. Institution Chern. Engrs. 15, 151 (1937); 16, 168 (1938).
[3) P. C. Carman, J . Soc. Chern. Ind . 57, 225 (1938); 58, 1 (1939) .
[4) E. Wiggin, W. Calnpbell , O. Maass, Can. J . R esearch 17, 318 (1939).
[5) J. Fowler and K. H ertel , J . App. Phys . 12,503 (1941). [6) R . Sullivan, J . App. Phys. 12, 503 (1941); 13, 725 (1942). [71 O. Emersleben, Physik. Z. 26, 601 (1925). [8) R. Tolman , Statistical mechanics with applications to
physics and chemistry (Chemi cal Catalogue Co., New York, N. Y., 1927).
W ASHING'rON, April 6, 1950.
Vo!' 45, No.5, November 1950 Research Paper 2151
Density, Refractive Index, Boiling Point, and Vapor Pressure of Eight Monoolefin (I-Alkene), Six Pentadiene,
and Two Cyclomonoolefin Hydrocarbons 1
By Alphonse F. ForziatV David L. Camin/ and Frederick D. Rossini 3
Density (at 20°, 25°, and 30° C), refractive index (at seven wav elengths at 20°, 25°, and 30° C), vapor pressure, and boiling point (from 48 to 778 mm Hg) of 16 h~ghly purifi ed samp les of hydrocarbons of the API- N BS series were measured for 8 monoolefin (l-a lkene), 6 pentadiene, and 2 cyclomonoolefin hydrocarbons.
The data on r efractive index were adjusted by means of modified Cau chy and Hartmann equations, and values of t he constants are given for each compound.
The data on vapor pressure were adjusted by mea ns of the method of lea st squares and the three-constant Antoine equation. The values of th e constants are given for each compound.
Values were calcula ted for the specfic dispersions, (np - nc) /d and (ng-nD) /d.
r As a cooperative investigation of the National Bureau 'of Standards, the U. S. Office of Rubber R eserve, and the American Petroleum Institute R esearch Project 6, measurements of density, refractive index, vapor pressure, and boiling point were made on highly purified samples of eight monoolefin (I-alkene), six pentadiene, and two cyclomonoolefin hydrocarbons of the API- NBS series.
The compounds m easured were mad e available 1 This investigation was performed at the National Bureau of Standards as
part of the work of the American Pet roleum Institute Research Project 6 on the " Analysis, purification, and propertjes of hydrocarbons."
, Formerly Research Associate on the American Petroleum Institute Research Project 6.
3 Present address: Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh 13. Pa.
406
through the American Petroleum Institute R esearch Proj ect 44 on the "Collection, calculation, and compilation of data on the properties of hydrocarbons. " The samples were purified by the American Petroleum Institute Research Project 6 on the "Analysis , purification, and properties of hydrocarbons," from material supplied by the following laboratories:
1-Pentene, by the Phillips P etroleum Co., Bartlesville, Okla.
1-Hexene, I-heptene, 1-nonene, 1-undecene, and 1,4-pentadiene, by the American Petroleum Institute R esearch Project 45, at the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio .
I-Octene, I-decene, I-dodecene, 2-methyl-I ,3-butadiene, and cycloh exene, by the American Petroleum Institute R esearch Project 6 .
I ,2-Pentadiene and 2,3-pentadiene, by the Hydrocarbon Laboratory, Pennsylvania State Co llege,
tate College, Pa. I ,cis-3-Pentadien e and I ,trans-3-pentadiene, by
the Office of Rubber R eserve, Washington , D. C. Cyclopentene, by the Atlantic R efining Co.,
Philad elphia, Pa. , and the American Petroleum Institute R esearch Proj ect 45 at the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
The purification and determination of purity and freezing point of th ese compounds are described in references [1 to 5].4
It is b elieved that in each case the impurity was of such natme and present in such small amount that the properties m easured were not affected beyond the indicated limits of uncertainty.
• For air-saturated hydrocarbon in the liquid s tate at 1 atm . b Th is value at 22.5° C.
1.42 r----r--'T"'---.---'T"'---.---..,..--~
1.40 8 ~
o
o o
The measurements of density were made a t 20°, 25°, and 30° C with a density balance, the assembly, calibration, and operation of whi ch has been previously described [6] . The experimental results on density are given in table 1. Individual m easurem ents were reproducible within ± 0.00003 g/ml. The accuracy of the tabulated valu es, including the effect of impurities, is estimated to be ± 0.00005 to ± O.OOOIO glml for the 10 monoolefin s and ± 0.00008 to ± 0.00015 glml for the 6 pen tadienes. ~
o
The refractive index was measured by means of the ame apparatus and procedure previously described
Pl. The calculations and correlations were also made in the same manner as in [7]. Table 2 gives the values of the constan ts of th e modified Cauchy and Hartmann equations for each of the 16 compounds. The fifth and last columns of the table give the rootm ean-square value of the deviations of the observed from the calculated points. Table 3 gives the .adjusted values of refractive index at each of seven wavelengths (from 6,678 to 4,358 Angstrom units) at 20° , 25°, and 30° C. Figure 1 is a plot of the values ·of the constan ts n o> and C of the modified Hartmann equation, as a fun ction of the number of carbon atoms in the normal alkyl radical of the series of l-alkenes. Table 4 gives the values of th e specific dispersions 104 (np-nc) /cl and 104 (ng-nD) ld calculated from the values of refractive index in table 3 .and of density in table 1.
'Figures iu brackets indicate th e li te ratl1l'e references at the end of t his paper.
FIGURE 1. Yalties of the constants, n co and C, of the modified Hartmann equation, as a function of the number of carbon atoms in the normal alkyl radical for the series of 1-alkenes.
O= nco; . =0.
407
------------------- -------
.
Wave-len gth
TABLE 2. Falues of the constants of the modified Cauchy and Hartman equations
The measmem ents and calculations of vapo preSSUl"es and boiling points WE're made as previously d escribed [8, 9], except that the sampl es ',ver e introduced into the apparatus without contact Ivith air. Tablc 5 gives th e expcrimen tal data on the temperatures and pressures of the liquid-vapor equilibrium for the ]6 compounds. Table 6 gi ves th e values of Lhe three constants of Lhe Antoine equat ion, the normal boiling point at 760 mm Hg, the pressure coeffi cien t of Lhe boiling point at 760 mm H g, and the range of measurement, in pressure and in temperaLure. The last column of table 6 gives the rootmean-square value of the ratios of the deviations of the observed points from the Antoine equation to
the expected standard deviat ion [9]. Fig ure 2 j a p lot of th e values of the constants Band C of the Antoine equ ation, as a funct ion of the nnmber of carbon atoms in the normal alkyl radical of th e seri es of l -alkenes.
2000.----.----r----.---,----.---~--_. 230
• 1800 • 220
• 1600 210
m (.)
u. 0 u.. 0 • 0
w 0 w ::;) ::> ..J J
~ 0 ~ 1400 200
0 • 0
1200 • 190
0
1000 0 180 3 4 5 6 7 B 9 10
NUMBER OF CARBON ATOMS
INTHE NORMAL AL KYL RADICAL
FIr: lTR1, 2. l -allles of the constants, 11 and C, of the Antoine equation, as a func tion of the numiJer of cm'bon atoms in the normal allcyl Tadical f01' the seri es of l-allcenes .
O= B ; . =c.
'fA RLE 5_ Expen'menlal data on the tempe1"atures and lJreSS1l1'es of the liquid-vapor equilib1"ium
(' yclopcntenc ______________ C,R , _____ . 6.92066 1l2J. 818 C ~'"cloh(,x(,lle -------------- CoR lo ... __ 6.88617 1229.973
[1] A. R. Glasgow, Jr., E. T. Murphy, C. B. Willingham, and F . D. Rossini , J . Research KBS 37,141 (1946) RP1734 .
[2] A. J. Strei ff , E. T. Murphy, V. A. Sedlak, C. B. Willingham, and F. D. Rossini , J. Research NBS 37,331 (1046) RP1752.
[3] A. J . Streiff, E. T . Murph y, J. C. Cahi ll, H. F . F lanagan, V. A. Sedlak, C. B. \Villingham, and F. D . Rossini , J. Research NBS 38, 53 (1947) RP1760.
[4] A. J. Streiff , E. T. Murphy, J. C. Zimmerman, L. F. Soule, V. A. Sedlak, C. B. Willingham, and F. D. Ross ini , J. Research KBS 39, 321 (1947) RP1833 .
ill mm bO ilin g coefficient ure of pOini at dt/d Pat pre· 760 mm Eg 760mm Hg cision
0 Pressure Tem peraiure _._-
°0 ° G/mmEg mmEg °0 p 229.783 29.968 0.03801 402 to 780 12.8 io 30.7 0.63 225.849 63.485 .04149 124 to 780 15. 9 to 64 . 3 .96 219.179 93.643 . 04447 48 to 780 21. 6 to 94.5 . 62 212.764 121. 280 . 04711 48 to 780 44.8 to 122.2 .78 205.535 146.868 . 04944 48 to 780 66. 6 to 147. 9 . 97 197. 578 170.570 .05157 48 to 780 86.7 to 171.6 l. 61 189. 743 192.671 . 05348 48 to 780 105.8to 193. 7 . 5.~ 182.271 213.357 .05522 48 to 780 123.7 to 214.4 . 49
234.652 44. 856 . 03867 217 to 780 12.3 io 4.>.6 . 76 231. :127 44.068 . 03875 262 to 780 15.9 to 44.8 .Hi 232.338 42.032 . 03879 325 to 780 19. 1 to 42.8 .22 232.354 25.967 . 03720 501 to 780 14.7 io 26.7 . 12 223.040 48.265 . 03871 325 to 780 25.4 to 49.0 .49 234.668 34.067 . 03818 402 to 780 16.8 to 34.8 .20
233.446 44.242 .03928 217 io 780 11.3 to 45.0 .46 224. 104 82. 979 . 04381 48 to 780 12.2 to 83.9 .54
[5] A. J. Streiff , J. C. Zimmerman, L. F. Sou le, M . T . Butt, V. A. Sedlak, C. B. Willingham, and F. D. Rossini , J. Research NBS it, 323 (1948) RP1929.
[6] A. F. Forziati, B . J. NIair, and F. D. Rossini , J. Research NBS 35, 513 (1945) RP1685 .
[7] A. F. Forzi ati, J. Research NBS 44, 373 (1950) RP2085. [8] C. B . Willingham, W. J . Taylor, J. M. Pignocco, and F.
D. Rossini, J . Research KBS 35, 219 (1945) RP1670. [9] A. F. Forziati, W. R. Norris, and F . D. Rossini, J . Research