DEMOGRAPHY Environmental Science. Basic Vocabulary Demography : -study of human populations -study of factors that affect population growth Migration:

DEMOGRAPHY

Environmental Science

Basic VocabularyDemography : - study of human populations- study of factors that affect population growth

Migration: Movement of individuals

- Emigration – individuals moved out of the area- Immigration – individuals moved into the area

Life expectancy - the average number of years a person is expected to live

Fertility Rate - number of babies born each year per 1,000 women

Birth Rate – same as fertility rate

Death Rate – number of deaths each year per 1,000 people

Developed vs. Developing Countries DEVELOPED COUNTRIES typically have:

• High average incomes • Slow population growth • Diverse industrial economies • Social support systems - i.e.

social security , LINK cards• Low death rate• Low infant mortality • High life expectancy (i.e. 60+)

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES typically have:

• Low incomes• Simply, farm-based economies • Rapid population growth (high

birthrate)• No social support systems• High death rate• High infant mortality• Low life expectancy (i.e. age

35)

School children in DEVELOPING nation

Classroom in a DEVELOPED nation

5 FACTORS THAT AFFECT A COUNTRY’S BIRTHRATE

1. SOCIAL /EDUCATIONAL STATUS OF WOMEN ** more education, less time for reproduction

2. GENERAL RELIGIOUS BELIEFS OF COUNTRY** For example Roman Catholics, Muslims do not believe in using contraceptives or

abortion

3. IMPORTANCE OF CHILD LABOR ** If children are needed for farming or other work, people will tend to have more children

4. AVAILABILITY OF BIRTH CONTROL** People will be able to use it if it is readily available.

5. SOCIAL SECURITY OR RETIREMENT PLANS ** If there is no social supports available for people as they age, they will have to depend

on their children for support = more children (higher birthrate)

What is happening to life expectancy worldwide?

Why is the world’s death rate presently declining?

• Improved medical care

• Increased infant mortality

• Adequate food supply (due to advances in agriculture)

• Access to clean water

• Improved sewage removal

• Access to vaccines

Infant Mortality Figures Among Developed and Developing Countries

Demographic Transition Model

What is the Demographic Transition Model?

• The demographic transition model explains the transformation of countries from having high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.

• In developed countries this transition began in the eighteenth century and continues today.

• Less developed countries began the transition later and are still in the midst of earlier stages of the model

Demographic Transition Explained

• STAGE 1: Pre-Industrial- Birth Rate and Death Rate HIGH - Population is stable

• STAGE 2: TransitionalDeath Rates decline as conditions improve- Better hygiene

- Improved nutrition - Improved education

- Population is increasing

Demographic Transition Model

Demographic Transition Continued…

STAGE 3: Industrial - Birth rate begins to decrease

- Population growth slows down - Population is much larger in this stage (due to high birth rate and decreasing death rate in Stage 2)

STAGE 4: Post-Industrial - Birth rate decreases below death rate - Population shows decline due to this happening