Demography

DEMOGRAPHYDr. Violet (de Sa) PintoLecturerDept. of P.S.M.

At the end of the session the student shall havethe knowledge of [With regards todemography..]:DefinitionDemographic cycleWorld population trends, Growth rateDemographic trends in IndiaNational Family Welfare Programme

Scientific study of human population Changes in population sizeComposition of populationDistribution of population in space

Demographic cycle

Worlds Population Trends

The billions added at decreasing time intervals population striving in developing countriesSEAR- India, Indonesia, Bangladesh among 10 most populous in worldDecrease in birth rates and death rates

Birth ratesDecrease affected by:Changes in government attitudes towardsgrowth.Spread of educationIncreased availability of contraceptionExtension of services through F.P. programmeMarked change in marriage patternsWBR: 20 in 2007

Death ratesDecrease affected by:Better MCH servicesSuccessful EPI immunizationDDC and ART Control programmeControl of other infectious diseasesWDR: 9 in 2007

Growth rateCBR-CDR= Current Annual Growth RateGR like train

Factors affecting GR:Age distribution, marriage customs,cultural, social and economic factors.Peak around 19702.2% Africa, 1.5% Asia, 1.3% Latin America,0.2% in Europe.95% in developing countries1/3 population < 15yrs age group Estimated 10 billion by 2020Global total fertility rate 2.6%176 people/ minute

Demographic trends: India2.4% world land area & 17% of worlds population1921- big divide2000- 11th May, 1 billionState wise- UP, Maharashtra, Bihar

Age and sex compositionAge pyramidSex ratioDependency RatioDensity of populationFamily sizeUrbanizationLiteracy & EducationLife Expectancy

Age & sex composition 0-14 yrs male population 1% more than female, 60+ female population 0.6% more than male Proportion < 15 yrs decline, elderly > burden on health services. Age pyramid broad base tapering top

Sex Ratio No of females/1000 males -mortality -sex selective migration -sex ratio at birth 2004 -06 892 0-4 yrs 908 Kerala only state with 1,058 females per 1000 males

Dependency RatioTotal dependency ratio= 0-14 years +65 years and above 15 to 65 yearsSocietal dependency ratioYoung age D.R., Old age D.R.

Density of the populationNumber of persons living per square kilometer

Family sizeThe total number of children a woman has borne at a point in time.*Completed family size*Depends on:Duration of marriage, education of couple, the number of live births and living children, preference of male child, desired family size etc.*Two child family normlong term demographic goal of NRR=1

UrbanizationIncrease attributed to:Natural growth, migration from villages,attraction of better living conditions, availabilityof social services.Mega-cities- those with population of 10 million or more Mumbai, Kolkata, DelhiLiteracy and educationLife Expectancy

National family welfare programme1952 NFPP few clinics, distribution educational material, training and research1961-66(3rd FYP) from clinic approach-extension education approach- small family norm 1965-Lippes Loop1966 Dept of Family Planning1966-69 infrastructure strengthening, PHCs, subcenters, UFHCs, District & State bureau

1969-74(4th 5yr plan) prog. Made integral part of PHC & Subcentre 1970 AIH postpartum programme 1972 MTP act introduced1975- 80(5th 5yr plan)1976 first NPP 1976 forcible sterilization 1977 new population policy MOFPMOFW 1977 Rural Health Scheme, involvement of Health guides, trained dais, opinion leaders1982 National health policy approved in 1983 NRR=1 by 2000

1985- 86 Universal Immunisation programme, ORT1992 CSSM1997 RCH programme client oriented, demand driven, high quality integrated services.