Demographic Proﬁle: Enigmadocuments.atlantaregional.com/Profiles/City/Enigma_NN.pdf45 to 49 years 33 2.6% 50 to 54 years 53 4.1% 55 to 59 years 37 2.9% 60 to 64 years 27 2.1% 65

Demographic Profile:Enigma

[This Page Intentionally Left Blank]

Contents

• Decennial 2010 Profile

• Technical Notes, Decennial Profile

• ACS 2014-18 Profile

• Technical Notes, ACS Profile

[This Page Intentionally Left Blank]

ENIGMA Decennial 2010 Profile

Sex and Age

80−84

85 and over

70−74

75−79

65−69

60−64

10−14

45−49

30−34

55−59

40−44

25−29

15−19

35−39

Under 5

50−54

20−24

5−9

100 50 0 50 100

Males

Females

Enigma

85 and over

80−84

75−79

70−74

65−69

60−64

55−59

20−24

Under 5

10−14

30−34

25−29

5−9

50−54

15−19

40−44

35−39

45−49

400,000 200,000 0 200,000 400,000

Males

Females

Georgia

2

Decennial 2010 Profile ENIGMA

Race and Latino Origin

79%

6%

1%

13%1%

Non−Hispanic White

Non−Hispanic Black

Non−Hispanic Asian

Hispanic/Latino

Other

Enigma

56%30%

3%

9%2%

Non−Hispanic White

Non−Hispanic Black

Non−Hispanic Asian

Hispanic/Latino

Other

Georgia

3


Housing Tenure

22%

22%44%

12%

Owner−occupied with mortgage

Owner−occupied free and clear

Renter−occupied

Vacant

Enigma

43%

15%

30%

12%

Owner−occupied with mortgage

Owner−occupied free and clear

Renter−occupied

Vacant

Georgia

4


Households by Type

50%

25%

25%

Husband−wife family

Single−headed family

Non−family

Enigma

48%

21%

31%

Husband−wife family

Single−headed family

Non−family

Georgia

5


Children by Household Type

57%29%

12%2%

Own parent(s), husband−wife family

Own parent, single−parent family

Other relative

Non−relative or group quarters

Enigma

57%28%

12%2%

Own parent(s), husband−wife family

Own parent, single−parent family

Other relative

Non−relative or group quarters

Georgia

6


SEX AND AGE Number PercentTotal population 1,278 100.0%

Under 5 years 107 8.4%5 to 9 years 134 10.5%10 to 14 years 82 6.4%15 to 19 years 86 6.7%20 to 24 years 118 9.2%25 to 29 years 91 7.1%30 to 34 years 75 5.9%35 to 39 years 103 8.1%40 to 44 years 79 6.2%45 to 49 years 72 5.6%50 to 54 years 93 7.3%55 to 59 years 66 5.2%60 to 64 years 60 4.7%65 to 69 years 44 3.4%70 to 74 years 22 1.7%75 to 79 years 21 1.6%80 to 84 years 13 1.0%85 years and over 12 0.9%

Median age (years) 31.2 (X)

16 years and over 943 73.8%18 years and over 903 70.7%21 years and over 848 66.4%62 years and over 146 11.4%65 years and over 112 8.8%

Male population 650 50.9%Under 5 years 57 4.5%5 to 9 years 66 5.2%10 to 14 years 50 3.9%15 to 19 years 40 3.1%20 to 24 years 64 5.0%25 to 29 years 51 4.0%30 to 34 years 39 3.1%35 to 39 years 56 4.4%40 to 44 years 42 3.3%45 to 49 years 39 3.1%50 to 54 years 40 3.1%55 to 59 years 29 2.3%60 to 64 years 33 2.6%65 to 69 years 21 1.6%70 to 74 years 9 0.7%75 to 79 years 6 0.5%80 to 84 years 6 0.5%85 years and over 2 0.2%


16 years and over 469 36.7%18 years and over 450 35.2%21 years and over 426 33.3%

Continued on next page...

7


SEX AND AGE (Continued) Number Percent62 years and over 62 4.9%65 years and over 44 3.4%

Female population 628 49.1%Under 5 years 50 3.9%5 to 9 years 68 5.3%10 to 14 years 32 2.5%15 to 19 years 46 3.6%20 to 24 years 54 4.2%25 to 29 years 40 3.1%30 to 34 years 36 2.8%35 to 39 years 47 3.7%40 to 44 years 37 2.9%45 to 49 years 33 2.6%50 to 54 years 53 4.1%55 to 59 years 37 2.9%60 to 64 years 27 2.1%65 to 69 years 23 1.8%70 to 74 years 13 1.0%75 to 79 years 15 1.2%80 to 84 years 7 0.5%85 years and over 10 0.8%


16 years and over 474 37.1%18 years and over 453 35.4%21 years and over 422 33.0%62 years and over 84 6.6%65 years and over 68 5.3%

RACE Number PercentTotal population 1,278 100.0%

One Race 1,262 98.7%White 1,040 81.4%Black or African American 81 6.3%American Indian and Alaska Native 1 0.1%Asian 14 1.1%

Asian Indian 2 0.2%Chinese 0 0.0%Filipino 0 0.0%Japanese 0 0.0%Korean 0 0.0%Vietnamese 2 0.2%Other Asian 10 0.8%

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 0 0.0%Native Hawaiian 0 0.0%Guamanian or Chamorro 0 0.0%Samoan 0 0.0%Other Pacific Islander 0 0.0%

Some Other Race 126 9.9%Two or More Races 16 1.3%

White; American Indian and Alaska Native 4 0.3%White; Asian 4 0.3%White; Black or African American 6 0.5%White; Some Other Race 2 0.2%


8


RACE (Continued) Number PercentRace alone or in combination with one or more other races:White 1,056 82.6%Black or African American 87 6.8%American Indian and Alaska Native 5 0.4%Asian 18 1.4%Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 0 0.0%Some Other Race 128 10.0%

HISPANIC OR LATINO Number PercentTotal population 1,278 100.0%

Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 164 12.8%Mexican 132 10.3%Puerto Rican 4 0.3%Cuban 4 0.3%Other Hispanic or Latino 24 1.9%

Not Hispanic or Latino 1,114 87.2%

HISPANIC OR LATINO AND RACE Number PercentTotal population 1,278 100.0%

Hispanic or Latino 164 12.8%White alone 32 2.5%Black or African American alone 5 0.4%American Indian and Alaska Native alone 0 0.0%Asian alone 0 0.0%Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone 0 0.0%Some Other Race alone 124 9.7%Two or More Races 3 0.2%

Not Hispanic or Latino 1,114 87.2%White alone 1,008 78.9%Black or African American alone 76 5.9%American Indian and Alaska Native alone 1 0.1%Asian alone 14 1.1%Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone 0 0.0%Some Other Race alone 2 0.2%Two or More Races 13 1.0%

RELATIONSHIP Number PercentTotal population 1,278 100.0%

In households 1,278 100.0%Householder 451 35.3%Spouse 225 17.6%Child 426 33.3%

Own child under 18 years 324 25.4%Other relatives 114 8.9%

Under 18 years 45 3.5%65 years and over 13 1.0%

Nonrelatives 62 4.9%Under 18 years 6 0.5%65 years and over 0 0.0%

Unmarried partner 37 2.9%

In group quarters 0 0.0%Institutionalized population 0 0.0%

Male 0 0.0%Female 0 0.0%

Noninstitutionalized population 0 0.0%Continued on next page...

9


RELATIONSHIP (Continued) Number PercentMale 0 0.0%Female 0 0.0%

HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE Number PercentTotal households 451 100.0%

Family households (families) 336 74.5%With own children under 18 years 173 38.4%

Husband-wife family 225 49.9%With own children under 18 years 108 23.9%

Male householder, no wife present 41 9.1%With own children under 18 years 20 4.4%

Female householder, no husband present 70 15.5%With own children under 18 years 45 10.0%

Nonfamily households 115 25.5%Householder living alone 94 20.8%

Male 42 9.3%65 years and over 6 1.3%

Female 52 11.5%65 years and over 25 5.5%

Households with individuals under 18 years 200 44.3%Households with individuals 65 years and over 89 19.7%

Average household size 2.83 (X)Average family size 3.28 (X)

HOUSING OCCUPANCY Number PercentTotal housing units 512 100.0%

Occupied housing units 451 88.1%Vacant housing units 61 11.9%

For rent 23 4.5%Rented, not occupied 0 0.0%For sale only 7 1.4%Sold, not occupied 0 0.0%For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use 9 1.8%All other vacants 22 4.3%

Homeowner vacancy rate (percent) 3.0 (X)Rental vacancy rate (percent) 9.3 (X)

HOUSING TENURE Number PercentOccupied housing units 451 100.0%

Owner-occupied housing units 228 50.6%Population in owner-occupied housing units 583 (X)Average household size of owner-occupied units 2.56 (X)

Renter-occupied housing units 223 49.4%Population in renter-occupied housing units 695 (X)Average household size of renter-occupied units 3.12 (X)

Notes:∞ Data could not be computed (see Technical Notes).

Report prepared by Emory University’s Policy Analysis Laboratory andTerra Cognita Consulting, LLC in cooperation with Neighborhood Nexus.

10

Technical Notes, Decennial Profile

This report features demographic profiles based on the Census Bureaus 2010 Census of Populationand Housing. These profiles follow precisely the order, format, and content of the DP-1 profiles availablevia the Census Bureaus American Fact Finder online system.

Why is there so much less data in this report than in the 2000 De mographic Profiles?

The short answer is that the 2010 Census form asked only 10 questions, and that many items of interest(e.g. income, educational attainment, employment status, rents paid) no longer appear on the question-naire.

A longer answer involves a bit of history to understand recent changes in how the Census Bureaucollects data. First, it is worth noting that the decennial census is a constitutional requirement– Article I,Section 2 requires an enumeration of inhabitants once every 10 years to determine apportionment of theHouse of Representatives. But the only constitutional requirement is the count itself; the government haslong seen fit to gather other data about the nation as an add-on to this process. Indeed, from 1940 until2000, the Census Bureau actually conducted a census (counting of the entire population) simultaneouslywith a survey (measuring a sample of the population) simultaneously: most households received a ”shortform” with basic questions (e.g. age, sex, race), while a ”long form” with everything contained on the ”shortform” plus many other topics (e.g. educational attainment, occupation, income) was administered to asample of households (varied by year and other factors, but roughly 1 in 7 households).

Because the decennial census takes place only once every ten years, it provides a single ”snapshot”of the country. But policymakers wanted to have more timely data, so the Census Bureau moved to anew ”continuous measurement” model followed by the American Community Survey (ACS), which had itsnationwide launch in 2005. The ACS is a nationwide survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau ona continuous, rolling basis. It is intended to replace the ”long form” that has been a component of thedecennial census for the last several decades.

So will the most recent ACS fill in for the missing 2010 data?

Though the ACS is intended to replace the decennial long form, it is not a direct substitute. The twodiffer in many important ways, but we will focus on a few key points.

First, as mentioned above, the ”continuous measurement” model means that the ACS is not a snapshotfor any particular point in time. So while the decennial census measured where people lived on Census Day(historically April 1st of years ending in 0), the ACS looks at where people live on the day they are surveyed.For example, ACS income measures look at the 12-month period preceding the survey date, while thedecennial looked at the previous calendar year. Second, the ACS sample is much smaller than that of thedecennial census: roughly 2.5% each year. Even pooling the data over a 5-year period yields a combinedsample of only about 12.5%, considerably smaller than the roughly 16.7% sampled in the decennial census;the implications of this smaller sample on the margin of error for estimates is discussed below. Third, thepooling across years required to yield a decent-sized sample for smaller areas creates complications forinterpretation. Whereas the decennial census allowed one to say, ”on April 1, 2000, X% of the populationin region Y was unemployed,” we must now say ”over the course of the period 2005-2009, on average X%of the population in region Y was unemployed.”

When faced with a period of rapid change such as the onset of the ”Great Recession,” having a pooledestimate over a 5-year period is much less helpful than having a firm snapshot at a single point in time. Sowhile the ACS has been of great help to policymakers interested in the effects of the Great Recession on

large geographies such as states, counties, and major cities (areas for which 1-year or 3-year estimatesare available), it has created new challenges for people interested in small cities and neighborhoods withinlarger cities.

To learn more about the ACS, how to use it, and how it differs from the decennial census, please referto the Census Bureau’s publication A Compass for Understanding and Using American Community SurveyData: What General Data Users Need to Know.

How do you estimate medians, and why cannot they be estimated all of the time?

The median is that value that marks the 50% line in a population: 50% of the population is above themedian and 50% is below. With individual level data, one can simply sort the data and find the middlevalue (if the number of items is odd) or take the average of the two middlemost values (if the number ofitems is even). However, the Census Bureau reports grouped data, e.g. how many households fall into aparticular income range. Estimating medians from grouped data involves finding the range that contains themiddlemost value, then estimating the point within that range that the middlemost value would occupy. Themedian cannot be estimated if it falls within a range lacking a minimum or maximum value.

Why do you note that some figures are based on tract-level data ?

The Census Bureau reports most of the data used in this report at the census block level, a very granularlevel of geography. However, some data are reported only for census tracts, which are generally muchlarger. Because the geographic areas in this report are built from blocks, data reported only for tracts mustbe re-estimated to the block level. We do this by assigning tract-level data to blocks based on the proportionof the tract population residing within each block comprising that tract.

Why do you note that certain fields in this report may differ sl ightly from DP-1 totals?

A very small number of data fields were reported differently in the SF1 release (where block-level dataare made available) and in the DP-1 release (data released no lower than the tract. For example, thequestion of whether Chinese and Taiwanese are the same nationality was handled differently in the tworeleases. Though minor, these differences are flagged in our reports.

ENIGMA ACS 2014-18 Profile

Percent without a High School Diploma or GED

0

20

40

60

80

100P

erce

nt

Enigma Berrien County Southern Georgia Georgia

Percent with a Bachelor’s Degree or Higher

0

20

40

60

80

100

Per

cent


Note: Bars represent the margin of error around each estimated value.

2

ACS 2014-18 Profile ENIGMA

Percent Foreign-Born

0

20

40

60

80

100

Per

cent


Percent Speaking a Language other than English at Home

0

20

40

60

80

100

Per

cent



3


Percent Owner-Occupied

0

20

40

60

80

100P

erce

nt


Median Value of Owner-Occupied Housing Units

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

Dol

lars



4


Homeowner Vacancy Rate

0

20

40

60

80

100

Rat

e


Rental Vacancy Rate

0

20

40

60

80

100

Rat

e



5


Percent of Homeowners for whom Selected Monthly Owner Costs Exceed 30% of Income

0

20

40

60

80

100P

erce

nt


Percent of Housing Units Built Since 2000

0

20

40

60

80

100

Per

cent



6


Percent of Persons Living outside Home County 1 Year Earlier

0

20

40

60

80

100

Per

cent


Median Household Income

0

40,000

80,000

120,000

160,000

Dol

lars



7


Percent Civilian Unemployed

0

20

40

60

80

100P

erce

nt


Percent in Poverty

0

20

40

60

80

100

Per

cent



8


Selected Social Characteristics

HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorTotal households 354 ±81 354 (X)

Family households (families) 228 ±61 64.4% ±8.9With own children of the householder under 18 years 111 ±50 31.4% ±12.2

Married-couple family 138 ±55 39.0% ±12.7With own children of the householder under 18 years 54 ±37 15.3% ±9.9

Male householder, no wife present, family 15 ±19 4.2% ±5.3With own children of the householder under 18 years 11 ±19 3.1% ±5.3

Female householder, no husband present, family 75 ±29 21.2% ±6.6With own children of the householder under 18 years 46 ±28 13.0% ±7.3

Nonfamily households 126 ±47 35.6% ±10.5Householder living alone 112 ±46 31.6% ±10.865 years and over 52 ±30 14.7% ±7.8

Households with one or more people under 18 years 111 ±47 31.4% ±11.2Households with one or more people 65 years and over 111 ±53 31.4% ±13.1

Average household size 2.61 ±0.53 (X) (X)Average family size 3.32 ±1.22 (X) (X)

RELATIONSHIP Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorPopulation in households 925 ±284 925 (X)

Householder 354 ±77 38.3% ±14.4Spouse 141 ±57 15.2% ±4.0Child 338 ±166 36.5% ±14.0Other relatives 50 ±37 5.4% ±3.6Nonrelatives 42 ±31 4.5% ±3.1

Unmarried partner 36 ±29 3.9% ±2.9

MARITAL STATUS Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorMales 15 years and over 393 ±145 393 (X)

Never married 181 ±110 46.1% ±22.2Now married, except separated 154 ±58 39.2% ±3.5Separated 11 ±11 2.8% ±2.6Widowed 0 ±13 0.0% ±3.3Divorced 47 ±34 12.0% ±7.4

Females 15 years and over 335 ±105 335 (X)Never married 109 ±50 32.5% ±10.9Now married, except separated 142 ±59 42.4% ±11.5Separated 0 ±13 0.0% ±3.9Widowed 56 ±37 16.7% ±9.7Divorced 28 ±21 8.4% ±5.7

FERTILITY Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorNumber of women 15 to 50 years old who had a birthin the past 12 months

0 ±13 0 (X)

Unmarried women (widowed, divorced, and never married) 0 ±13 .% ±.Per 1,000 unmarried women 0 ±134 (X) (X)

Per 1,000 women 15 to 50 years old 0 ±71 (X) (X)Per 1,000 women 15 to 19 years old 0 ±836 (X) (X)Per 1,000 women 20 to 34 years old 0 ±175 (X) (X)Per 1,000 women 35 to 50 years old 0 ±334 (X) (X)

9


GRANDPARENTS Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorNumber of grandparents living with own grandchil-dren under 18 years

14 ±24 14 (X)

Grandparents responsible for grandchildren 0 ±13 0.0% ±92.9Years responsible for grandchildren

Less than 1 year 0 ±18 0.0% ±131.31 or 2 years 0 ±13 0.0% ±92.93 or 4 years 0 ±13 0.0% ±92.95 or more years 0 ±13 0.0% ±92.9

Number of grandparents responsible for own grand-children under 18 years

0 ±13 0 (X)

Who are female 0 ±13 .% ±.Who are married 0 ±13 .% ±.

SCHOOL ENROLLMENT Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorPopulation 3 years and over enrolled in school 216 ±107 216 (X)

Nursery school, preschool 7 ±11 3.2% ±4.8Kindergarten 47 ±37 21.8% ±13.3Elementary school (grades 1-8) 113 ±57 52.3% ±5.0High school (grades 9-12) 30 ±24 13.9% ±8.7College or graduate school 19 ±22 8.8% ±9.3

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorPopulation 25 years and over 597 ±165 597 (X)

Less than 9th grade 36 ±34 6.0% ±5.49th to 12th grade, no diploma 140 ±64 23.5% ±8.6High school graduate (includes equivalency) 282 ±78 47.2% ±1.2Some college, no degree 91 ±42 15.2% ±5.6Associate’s degree 24 ±19 4.0% ±3.1Bachelor’s degree 16 ±16 2.7% ±2.6Graduate or professional degree 8 ±32 1.3% ±5.4

Percent high school graduate or higher 70.5% ±25.5 (X) (X)Percent bachelor’s degree or higher 4.0% ±6.0 (X) (X)

VETERAN STATUS Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorCivilian population 18 years and over 683 ±205 683 (X)

Civilian veterans 69 ±35 10.1% ±4.1

DISABILITY STATUS OF THE CIVILIAN NON-INSTITUTIONALIZED POPULATION

Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of Error

Total Civilian Noninstitutionalized Population 925 ±284 925 (X)With a disability 161 ±66 17.4% ±4.7

Under 18 years 242 ±92 242 (X)With a disability 13 ±31 5.4% ±12.8

18 to 64 years 530 ±121 530 (X)With a disability 107 ±53 20.2% ±8.8

65 years and over 153 ±57 153 (X)With a disability 41 ±25 26.8% ±12.5

10


RESIDENCE 1 YEAR AGO Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorPopulation 1 year and over 925 ±284 925 (X)

Same house 794 ±275 85.8% ±13.8Different house in the U.S. 131 ±86 14.2% ±8.2

Same county 89 ±77 9.6% ±7.8Different county 42 ±38 4.5% ±3.8Same state 35 ±36 3.8% ±3.7Different state 7 ±11 0.8% ±1.2

Abroad 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4

PLACE OF BIRTH Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorTotal population 925 ±284 925 (X)

Native 878 ±276 94.9% ±6.4Born in United States 878 ±259 94.9% ±40.4State of residence 722 ±253 78.1% ±13.2Different state 156 ±55 16.9% ±2.9

Born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas, or born abroad toAmerican parent(s)

0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4

Foreign born 47 ±37 5.1% ±3.7

U.S. CITIZENSHIP STATUS Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorForeign-born population 47 ±37 47 (X)

Naturalized U.S. citizen 0 ±13 0.0% ±27.7Not a U.S. citizen 47 ±37 100.0% ±0.0

YEAR OF ENTRY Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorPopulation born outside the United States 47 ±37 47 (X)

Native 0 ±26 0 (X)Entered 2010 or later 0 ±13 .% ±.Entered before 2010 0 ±23 .% ±.

Foreign born 47 ±37 47 (X)Entered 2010 or later 6 ±11 12.8% ±21.1Entered before 2010 41 ±35 87.2% ±30.3

WORLD REGION OF BIRTH OF FOREIGN BORN Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorForeign-born population, excluding population bornat sea

47 ±37 47 (X)

Europe 0 ±13 0.0% ±27.7Asia 0 ±13 0.0% ±27.7Africa 0 ±13 0.0% ±27.7Oceania 0 ±13 0.0% ±27.7Latin America 47 ±37 100.0% ±0.0Northern America 0 ±13 0.0% ±27.7

LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorPopulation 5 years and over 887 ±277 887 (X)

English only 763 ±206 86.0% ±35.5Language other than English 124 ±80 14.0% ±7.9

Speak English less than ’very well’ 53 ±83 6.0% ±9.2Spanish 100 ±66 11.3% ±6.6Speak English less than ’very well’ 53 ±48 6.0% ±5.1

Other Indo-European languages 24 ±32 2.7% ±3.5Speak English less than ’very well’ 0 ±39 0.0% ±4.4

Asian and Pacific Islander languages 0 ±23 0.0% ±2.5Speak English less than ’very well’ 0 ±39 0.0% ±4.4

Other languages 0 ±23 0.0% ±2.5Speak English less than ’very well’ 0 ±39 0.0% ±4.4

11


ANCESTRY Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorTotal population 925 ±284 925 (X)

American 172 ±83 18.6% ±6.9Arab 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Czech 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Danish 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Dutch 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4English 11 ±11 1.2% ±1.1French (except Basque) 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4French Canadian 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4German 35 ±49 3.8% ±5.2Greek 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Hungarian 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Irish 96 ±100 10.4% ±10.3Italian 5 ±8 0.5% ±0.8Lithuanian 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Norwegian 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Polish 5 ±7 0.5% ±0.7Portuguese 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Russian 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Scotch-Irish 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Scottish 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Slovak 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Subsaharan African 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Swedish 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Swiss 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Ukranian 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Welsh 16 ±27 1.7% ±2.9West Indian (excluding Hispanic origin groups) 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4

COMPUTERS AND INTERNET USE Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorTotal Households 354 ±81 354 (X)

With a computer 227 ±55 64.1% ±5.1With a broadband Internet subscription 158 ±50 44.6% ±9.8

12


Selected Economic Characteristics

EMPLOYMENT STATUS Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorPopulation 16 years and over 719 ±229 719 (X)

In labor force 313 ±86 43.5% ±18.3Civilian labor force 313 ±86 43.5% ±18.3Employed 299 ±85 41.6% ±17.7Unemployed 14 ±65 1.9% ±9.1

Armed Forces 0 ±58 0.0% ±8.1Not in labor force 406 ±109 56.5% ±23.5

Civilian labor force 313 ±86 313 (X)Unemployment Rate 4.5% ±20.9 (X) (X)

Females 16 years and over 326 ±103 326 (X)In labor force 144 ±51 44.2% ±7.0

Civilian labor force 144 ±51 44.2% ±7.0Employed 130 ±49 39.9% ±8.1

own children of the householder under 6 years 89 ±52 89 (X)All parents in family in labor force 65 ±53 73.0% ±41.6

own children of the householder 6 to 17 years 153 ±82 153 (X)All parents in family in labor force 84 ±57 54.9% ±22.7

13


COMMUTING TO WORK Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorWorkers 16 years and over 297 ±84 297 (X)

Car, truck, or van – drove alone 216 ±66 72.7% ±8.4Car, truck, or van – carpooled 42 ±31 14.1% ±9.6Public transportation (excluding taxicab) 0 ±13 0.0% ±4.4Walked 3 ±6 1.0% ±2.0Other means 29 ±27 9.8% ±8.7Worked at home 7 ±10 2.4% ±3.3

Mean travel time to work (minutes) 25.3 ±4.4 (X) (X)

OCCUPATION Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorCivilian employed population 16 years and over 299 ±85 299 (X)

Management, business, science, and arts occupations 65 ±28 21.7% ±6.9Service occupations 31 ±24 10.4% ±7.5Sales and office occupations 52 ±27 17.4% ±7.5Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupa-tions

80 ±44 26.8% ±12.5

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 71 ±40 23.7% ±11.4

INDUSTRY Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorCivilian employed population 16 years and over 299 ±85 299 (X)

Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting, and mining 15 ±20 5.0% ±6.5Construction 62 ±45 20.7% ±13.8Manufacturing 56 ±33 18.7% ±9.5Wholesale trade 3 ±14 1.0% ±4.6Retail trade 49 ±28 16.4% ±8.2Transportation and warehousing, and utilities 25 ±29 8.4% ±9.4Information 0 ±18 0.0% ±6.1Finance and insurance, and real estate and rental and leasing 9 ±10 3.0% ±3.2Professional, scientific, and management, and administrativeand waste management services

5 ±15 1.7% ±3.2

Educational services, and health care and social assistance 50 ±28 16.7% ±3.2Arts, entertainment, and recreation, and accommodation andfood services

4 ±14 1.3% ±4.8

Other services, except public administration 10 ±13 3.3% ±4.1Public administration 11 ±20 3.7% ±6.6

CLASS OF WORKER Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorCivilian employed population 16 years and over 299 ±85 299 (X)

Private wage and salary workers 244 ±69 81.6% ±32.7Government workers 45 ±34 15.1% ±10.7Self-employed in own not incorporated business workers 9 ±17 3.0% ±5.6Unpaid family workers 1 ±14 0.3% ±4.5

14


INCOME AND BENEFITS (IN 2018 INFLATION-ADJUSTEDDOLLARS)


Total households 354 ±81 354 (X)Less than $10,000 67 ±41 18.9% ±10.7$10,000 to $14,999 46 ±33 13.0% ±8.8$15,000 to $24,999 31 ±19 8.8% ±5.0$25,000 to $34,999 63 ±34 17.8% ±8.7$35,000 to $49,999 75 ±41 21.2% ±8.7$50,000 to $74,999 52 ±28 14.7% ±8.7$75,000 to $99,999 15 ±15 4.2% ±4.1$100,000 to $149,999 5 ±6 1.4% ±1.6$150,000 to $199,999 0 ±13 0.0% ±3.7$200,000 or more 0 ±13 0.0% ±3.7Median household income (dollars) 28,897 ±4,178 (X) (X)Mean household income (dollars) 31,794 ±4,825 (X) (X)

With earnings 213 ±56 60.2% ±7.8Mean earnings (dollars) 38,254 ±6,803 (X) (X)

With Social Security 145 ±59 41.0% ±13.8Mean Social Security income (dollars) 13,540 ±620 (X) (X)

With retirement income 26 ±16 7.3% ±4.2Mean retirement income (dollars) 10,169 ±5,703 (X) (X)

With Supplemental Security Income 26 ±23 7.3% ±6.3Mean Supplemental Security Income (dollars) 8,473 ±4,773 (X) (X)

With cash public assistance income 13 ±16 3.7% ±4.4Mean cash public assistance income (dollars) 2,854 ±1,984 (X) (X)

With Food Stamp/SNAP benefits in the past 12 months 53 ±38 15.0% ±10.2

Families 228 ±61 228 (X)Less than $10,000 18 ±20 7.9% ±8.5$10,000 to $14,999 22 ±26 9.6% ±11.1$15,000 to $24,999 29 ±21 12.7% ±8.6$25,000 to $34,999 41 ±24 18.0% ±9.5$35,000 to $49,999 59 ±39 25.9% ±15.8$50,000 to $74,999 46 ±26 20.2% ±9.9$75,000 to $99,999 8 ±14 3.5% ±6.1$100,000 to $149,999 5 ±6 2.2% ±2.5$150,000 to $199,999 0 ±13 0.0% ±5.7$200,000 or more 0 ±13 0.0% ±5.7Median family income (dollars) 35,263 ±11,230 (X) (X)Mean family income (dollars) 37,271 ±8,082 (X) (X)

Per capita income (dollars) 12,569 ±5,155 (X) (X)

Nonfamily households 126 ±47 126 (X)Median nonfamily income (dollars) 13,452 ±6,380 (X) (X)Mean nonfamily income (dollars) 16,800 ±6,517 (X) (X)

Median earnings for workers (dollars) 28,006 ±2,628 (X) (X)Median earnings for male full-time, year-round workers (dol-lars)

30,455 ±4,282 (X) (X)

Median earnings for female full-time, year-round workers (dol-lars)

29,000 ±4,539 (X) (X)

15


HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorCivilian noninstitutionalized population 925 ±284 925 (X)With health insurance coverage 669 ±153 72.3% ±27.7With private health insurance 407 ±118 44.0% ±18.6With public coverage 457 ±138 49.4% ±21.3No health insurance coverage 256 ±122 27.7% ±10.1

Civilian noninstitutionalized population under 1 years 247 ±119 247 (X)No health insurance coverage 13 ±24 5.3% ±9.3

Civilian noninstitutionalized population 19 to 64 years 525 ±177 525 (X)In labor force: 306 ±86 306 (X)Employed: 297 ±83 297 (X)With health insurance coverage 189 ±64 63.6% ±12.2With private health insurance 179 ±62 60.3% ±12.3With public coverage 26 ±22 8.8% ±7.0No health insurance coverage 108 ±47 36.4% ±12.1

Unemployed: 9 ±11 9 (X)With health insurance coverage 6 ±10 66.7% ±75.5With private health insurance 0 ±13 0.0% ±144.4With public coverage 6 ±10 66.7% ±75.5No health insurance coverage 3 ±5 33.3% ±37.8

Not in labor force: 219 ±149 219 (X)With health insurance coverage 94 ±59 42.9% ±39.7With private health insurance 29 ±24 13.2% ±6.2With public coverage 81 ±61 37.0% ±11.9No health insurance coverage 125 ±100 57.1% ±24.0

PERCENTAGE OF FAMILIES AND PEOPLE WHOSE IN-COME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS IS BELOW THEPOVERTY LEVEL


All families 22.4% ±14.1 (X) (X)With related children of the householder under 18 years 38.7% ±26.2 (X) (X)With related children of the householder under 5 years

only37.5% ±198.8 (X) (X)

Married couple families 16.7% ±17.4 (X) (X)With related children of the householder under 18 years 35.2% ±39.0 (X) (X)With related children of the householder under 5 years

only0.0% ±260.0 (X) (X)

Families with female householder, no husband present 37.3% ±24.4 (X) (X)With related children of the householder under 18 years 52.2% ±33.9 (X) (X)With related children of the householder under 5 years

only100.0% ±493.3 (X) (X)

All people 34.2% ±19.2 (X) (X)Under 18 years 32.2% ±19.9 (X) (X)

related children of the householder under 18 years 32.2% ±21.4 (X) (X)related children of the householder under 5 years 31.6% ±62.3 (X) (X)related children of the householder 5 to 17 years 32.4% ±22.9 (X) (X)

18 years and over 34.8% ±11.0 (X) (X)18 to 64 years 37.5% ±13.1 (X) (X)65 years and over 25.5% ±17.5 (X) (X)

People in families 30.1% ±22.6 (X) (X)Unrelated individuals 15 years and over 52.4% ±23.7 (X) (X)

16


Selected Housing Characteristics

HOUSING OCCUPANCY Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorTotal housing units 433 ±83 433 (X)

Occupied housing units 354 ±81 81.8% ±10.2Vacant housing units 79 ±43 18.2% ±9.3

Homeowner vacancy rate 0.0 ±7.6 (X) (X)Rental vacancy rate 0.0 ±7.1 (X) (X)

UNITS IN STRUCTURE Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorTotal housing units 433 ±83 433 (X)

1-unit, detached 163 ±61 37.6% ±12.11-unit, attached 3 ±5 0.7% ±1.12 units 11 ±19 2.5% ±4.43 or 4 units 0 ±13 0.0% ±3.05 to 9 units 0 ±13 0.0% ±3.010 to 19 units 0 ±13 0.0% ±3.020 or more units 0 ±18 0.0% ±4.2Mobile home 256 ±66 59.1% ±10.2Boat, RV, van, etc. 0 ±13 0.0% ±3.0

YEAR STRUCTURE BUILT Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorTotal housing units 433 ±83 433 (X)

Built 2014 or later 0 ±13 0.0% ±3.0Built 2010 to 2013 17 ±17 3.9% ±3.9Built 2000 to 2009 54 ±35 12.5% ±7.7Built 1990 to 1999 163 ±60 37.6% ±7.7Built 1980 to 1989 32 ±25 7.4% ±5.6Built 1970 to 1979 41 ±33 9.5% ±7.4Built 1960 to 1969 8 ±10 1.8% ±2.3Built 1950 to 1959 38 ±35 8.8% ±7.9Built 1940 to 1949 41 ±28 9.5% ±6.2Built 1939 or earlier 39 ±33 9.0% ±7.4

ROOMS Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorTotal housing units 433 ±83 433 (X)

1 room 0 ±13 0.0% ±3.02 rooms 0 ±13 0.0% ±3.03 rooms 37 ±29 8.5% ±6.54 rooms 25 ±24 5.8% ±5.45 rooms 155 ±63 35.8% ±12.86 rooms 87 ±36 20.1% ±7.47 rooms 111 ±50 25.6% ±10.48 rooms 0 ±13 0.0% ±3.09 rooms or more 18 ±15 4.2% ±3.4Median rooms 5.5 ±0.4 (X) (X)

BEDROOMS Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorTotal housing units 433 ±83 433 (X)

No bedroom 0 ±13 0.0% ±3.01 bedroom 19 ±20 4.4% ±4.52 bedrooms 140 ±61 32.3% ±12.73 bedrooms 251 ±60 58.0% ±8.34 bedrooms 21 ±19 4.8% ±4.35 or more bedrooms 2 ±4 0.5% ±0.9

17


HOUSING TENURE Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorOccupied housing units 354 ±81 354 (X)

Owner-occupied 171 ±54 48.3% ±10.5Renter-occupied 183 ±62 51.7% ±12.9

Average household size of owner-occupied unit 2.13 ±0.47 (X) (X)Average household size of renter-occupied unit 3.07 ±0.93 (X) (X)

YEAR HOUSEHOLDER MOVED INTO UNIT Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorOccupied housing units 354 ±81 354 (X)

Moved in 2017 or later 12 ±22 3.4% ±6.2Moved in 2015 to 2016 80 ±50 22.6% ±13.0Moved in 2010 to 2014 91 ±46 25.7% ±11.7Moved in 2000 to 2009 89 ±39 25.1% ±9.3Moved in 1990 to 1999 39 ±22 11.0% ±5.8Moved in 1989 or earlier 43 ±27 12.1% ±7.0

VEHICLES AVAILABLE Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorOccupied housing units 354 ±81 354 (X)

No vehicles available 33 ±28 9.3% ±7.71 vehicle available 181 ±58 51.1% ±11.62 vehicles available 99 ±45 28.0% ±11.03 or more vehicles available 41 ±34 11.6% ±9.3

HOUSE HEATING FUEL Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorOccupied housing units 354 ±81 354 (X)

Utility gas 3 ±5 0.8% ±1.4Bottled, tank, or LP gas 11 ±9 3.1% ±2.4Electricity 331 ±81 93.5% ±8.1Fuel oil, kerosene, etc. 0 ±13 0.0% ±3.7Coal or coke 0 ±13 0.0% ±3.7Wood 0 ±13 0.0% ±3.7Solar energy 0 ±13 0.0% ±3.7Other fuel 0 ±13 0.0% ±3.7No fuel used 9 ±12 2.5% ±3.3

SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorOccupied housing units 354 ±81 354 (X)

Lacking complete plumbing facilities 0 ±13 0.0% ±3.7Lacking complete kitchen facilities 0 ±13 0.0% ±3.7No telephone service available 67 ±38 18.9% ±9.8

OCCUPANTS PER ROOM Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorOccupied housing units 354 ±81 354 (X)

1.00 or less 333 ±76 94.1% ±30.31.01 to 1.50 21 ±30 5.9% ±8.41.51 or more 0 ±26 0.0% ±7.3

VALUE Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorOwner-occupied units 171 ±54 171 (X)

Less than $50,000 78 ±42 45.6% ±19.9$50,000 to $99,999 45 ±26 26.3% ±13.0$100,000 to $149,999 16 ±21 9.4% ±11.7$150,000 to $199,999 16 ±17 9.4% ±9.5$200,000 to $299,999 7 ±15 4.1% ±8.5$300,000 to $499,999 9 ±19 5.3% ±11.0$500,000 to $999,999 0 ±18 0.0% ±10.8$1,000,000 or more 0 ±23 0.0% ±13.2Median (dollars) 60,300 ±22,741 (X) (X)

18


MORTGAGE STATUS Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorOwner-occupied units 171 ±54 171 (X)

Housing units with a mortgage 49 ±25 28.7% ±11.5Housing units without a mortgage 122 ±44 71.3% ±12.4

SELECTED MONTHLY OWNER COSTS (SMOC) Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorHousing units with a mortgage 49 ±25 49 (X)

Less than $500 20 ±26 40.8% ±48.8$500 to $999 17 ±18 34.7% ±32.8$1,000 to $1,499 8 ±19 16.3% ±38.1$1,500 to $1,999 4 ±6 8.2% ±11.5$2,000 to $2,499 0 ±13 0.0% ±26.5$2,500 to $2,999 0 ±13 0.0% ±26.5$3,000 or more 0 ±23 0.0% ±46.0Median (dollars) 707 ±367 (X) (X)

Housing units without a mortgage 122 ±44 122 (X)Less than $250 21 ±23 17.2% ±18.1$250 to $399 62 ±38 50.8% ±25.3$400 to $599 24 ±21 19.7% ±15.3$600 to $799 15 ±16 12.3% ±12.0$800 to $999 0 ±18 0.0% ±15.1$1,000 or more 0 ±32 0.0% ±26.1Median (dollars) 293 ±29 (X) (X)

SELECTED MONTHLY OWNER COSTS AS A PERCENT-AGE OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME (SMOCAPI)


Housing units with a mortgage (excluding units whereSMOCAPI cannot be computed)

49 ±32 49 (X)

Less than 20.0 percent 19 ±16 38.8% ±20.720.0 to 24.9 percent 0 ±13 0.0% ±26.525.0 to 29.9 percent 14 ±16 28.6% ±26.830.0 to 34.9 percent 0 ±13 0.0% ±26.535.0 percent or more 16 ±13 32.7% ±16.2

Not computed 0 ±13 (X) (X)

Housing unit without a mortgage (excluding unitswhere SMOCAPI cannot be computed)

114 ±45 114 (X)

Less than 10.0 percent 41 ±27 36.0% ±19.010.0 to 14.9 percent 38 ±24 33.3% ±16.515.0 to 19.9 percent 4 ±6 3.5% ±5.120.0 to 24.9 percent 4 ±6 3.5% ±5.125.0 to 29.9 percent 9 ±14 7.9% ±11.930.0 to 34.9 percent 3 ±5 2.6% ±4.335.0 percent or more 15 ±20 13.2% ±17.2


GROSS RENT Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorOccupied units paying rent 182 ±61 182 (X)

Less than $500 28 ±46 15.4% ±24.5$500 to $999 154 ±64 84.6% ±21.1$1,000 to $1,499 0 ±18 0.0% ±10.1$1,500 to $1,999 0 ±13 0.0% ±7.1$2,000 to $2,499 0 ±13 0.0% ±7.1$2,500 to $2,999 0 ±13 0.0% ±7.1$3,000 or more 0 ±18 0.0% ±10.1Median (dollars) 713 ±170 (X) (X)

No rent paid 1 ±4 (X) (X)

19


GROSS RENT AS A PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLD IN-COME (GRAPI)


Occupied units paying rent (excluding units whereGRAPI cannot be computed)

154 ±61 154 (X)

Less than 15.0 percent 10 ±10 6.5% ±6.215.0 to 19.9 percent 38 ±29 24.7% ±16.120.0 to 24.9 percent 27 ±31 17.5% ±18.925.0 to 29.9 percent 15 ±16 9.7% ±9.730.0 to 34.9 percent 0 ±13 0.0% ±8.435.0 percent or more 64 ±37 41.6% ±17.6


20


Selected Demographic Characteristics

SEX AND AGE Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorTotal Population 925 ±284 925 (X)

Male 518 ±165 56.0% ±4.8Female 407 ±148 44.0% ±8.6Sex ratio (males per 100 females) 127.3 ±61.5 (X) (X)

Under 5 years 38 ±26 4.1% ±2.55 to 9 years 92 ±65 9.9% ±6.310 to 14 years 67 ±39 7.2% ±3.615 to 19 years 72 ±45 7.8% ±4.320 to 24 years 59 ±49 6.4% ±4.925 to 34 years 183 ±69 19.8% ±4.435 to 44 years 117 ±52 12.6% ±4.145 to 54 years 64 ±41 6.9% ±3.955 to 59 years 36 ±19 3.9% ±1.660 to 64 years 44 ±26 4.8% ±2.465 to 74 years 95 ±48 10.3% ±4.175 to 84 years 52 ±27 5.6% ±2.485 years and over 6 ±15 0.6% ±1.6

Median age (years) 32.2 ±5.5 (X) (X)

Under 18 years 242 ±89 26.2% ±5.316 years and over 719 ±229 77.7% ±6.618 years and over 683 ±128 73.8% ±26.621 years and over 647 ±125 69.9% ±25.362 years and over 167 ±58 18.1% ±3.065 years and over 153 ±57 16.5% ±3.5

18 years and over 683 ±128 683 (X)Male 361 ±100 52.9% ±10.8Female 322 ±79 47.1% ±7.6Sex ratio (males per 100 females) 112.1 ±14.3 (X) (X)

65 years and over 153 ±57 153 (X)Male 64 ±38 41.8% ±19.0Female 89 ±43 58.2% ±17.7Sex ratio (males per 100 females) 71.9 ±24.3 (X) (X)

21


RACE Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorTotal population 925 ±284 925 (X)

One race 884 ±283 95.6% ±8.7Two or more races 41 ±57 4.4% ±6.0One race 884 ±283 95.6% ±8.7

White 749 ±253 81.0% ±11.4Black or African American 49 ±36 5.3% ±3.5American Indian and Alaska Native 7 ±14 0.8% ±1.5Cherokee tribal grouping 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Chippewa tribal grouping 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Navajo tribal grouping 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Sioux tribal grouping 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4

Asian 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Asian Indian 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Chinese 0 ±18 0.0% ±2.0Filipino 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Japanese 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Korean 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Vietnamese 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Other Asian 0 ±54 0.0% ±5.8

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Native Hawaiian 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Guamanian or Chamorro 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Samoan 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Other Pacific Islander 0 ±37 0.0% ±4.0

Some other race 79 ±82 8.5% ±8.5Two or more races 41 ±57 4.4% ±6.0

White and Black or African American 35 ±56 3.8% ±5.9White and American Indian and Alaska Native 3 ±6 0.3% ±0.6White and Asian 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Black or African American and American Indian andAlaska Native

0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4

Race alone or in combination with one or more other racesTotal population 925 ±284 925 (X)

White 790 ±252 85.4% ±7.4Black or African American 84 ±72 9.1% ±7.3American Indian and Alaska Native 10 ±15 1.1% ±1.6Asian 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Some other race 82 ±82 8.9% ±8.4

HISPANIC OR LATINO AND RACE Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorTotal population 925 ±284 925 (X)

Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 111 ±91 12.0% ±9.1Mexican 105 ±87 11.4% ±8.7Puerto Rican 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Cuban 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Other Hispanic or Latino 6 ±25 0.6% ±2.7

Not Hispanic or Latino 814 ±263 88.0% ±8.9White alone 727 ±251 78.6% ±12.4Black or African American alone 47 ±36 5.1% ±3.6American Indian and Alaska Native alone 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Asian alone 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Some other race alone 2 ±6 0.2% ±0.6Two or more races 38 ±57 4.1% ±6.0Two races including Some other race 0 ±13 0.0% ±1.4Two races excluding Some other race, and 38 ±57 4.1% ±6.0Three or more races

22


CITIZEN, VOTING AGE POPULATION Estimate Margin of Error Percent Margin of ErrorCitizen, 18 and over population 642 ±155 642 (X)

Male 336 ±114 52.3% ±12.4Female 306 ±105 47.7% ±11.6

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2014-18 American Community SurveyValues marked with a period denote estimates that could not be computed.Values marked ***** denote ’controlled’ estimates for which statistical tests for sampling variability are not appropriate.

Report prepared by Emory University’s Policy Analysis Laboratory andTerra Cognita Consulting, LLC in cooperation with Neighborhood Nexus.

23

Technical Notes, ACS Profile

This report features demographic profiles based on the Census Bureaus 2014-2018 American Commu-nity Survey 5-year estimates. These profiles follow precisely the order, format, and content of the ACS-based ”fact sheets” available via the Census Bureaus American Fact Finder online system.

What is the American Community Survey, and What is a 5-Year Es timate?

The American Community Survey is a nationwide survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau ona continuous, rolling basis. It is intended to replace the ”long form” that has been a component of thedecennial census for the last several decades.

From 1940 until 2000, the Census Bureau actually conducted a census (counting of the entire popu-lation) and a survey (measuring a sample of the population) simultaneously: most households received a”short form” with basic questions (e.g. age, sex, race), while a ”long form” with everything contained on the”short form” plus many other topics (e.g. educational attainment, occupation, income) was administered toa sample of households (varied by year and other factors, but roughly 1 in 7 households). As the nameimplies, the decennial census took place only once every ten years, providing a single ”snapshot” of thecountry. But policymakers wanted to have more timely data, so the Census Bureau moved to the new”continuous measurement” model of the ACS, which had its nationwide launch in 2005.

Though the ACS is a replacement for the long form component of the census, it is not a direct substitute.The two differ in many important ways, but we will focus on a few key points.

First, as mentioned above, the ”continuous measurement” model means that the ACS is not a snapshotfor any particular point in time. So while the decennial census measured where people lived on Census Day(historically April 1st of years ending in 0), the ACS looks at where people live on the day they are surveyed.For example, ACS income measures look at the 12-month period preceding the survey date, while thedecennial looked at the previous calendar year. Second, the ACS sample is much smaller than that of thedecennial census: roughly 2.5% each year. Even pooling the data over a 5-year period yields a combinedsample of only about 12.5%, considerably smaller than the roughly 16.7% sampled in the decennial census;the implications of this smaller sample on the margin of error for estimates is discussed below. Third, thepooling across years required to yield a decent-sized sample for smaller areas creates complications forinterpretation. Whereas the decennial census allowed one to say, ”on April 1, 2000, X% of the populationin region Y was unemployed,” we must now say ”over the course of the period 2005-2009, on average X%of the population in region Y was unemployed.” When faced with a period of rapid change such the onsetof the ”Great Recession,” having a pooled estimate over a 5-year period is much less helpful than having afirm snapshot at a single point in time. So while the ACS has been of great help to policymakers interestedin the effects of the Great Recession on large geographies such as states, counties, and major cities (areasfor which 1-year or 3-year estimates are available), it has created new challenges for people interested insmall cities and neighborhoods within larger cities.

To learn more about the ACS, how to use it, and how it differs from the decennial census, please referto the Census Bureau’s publication A Compass for Understanding and Using American Community SurveyData: What General Data Users Need to Know.

What is a Margin of Error, and Why is its Calculation so Import ant?

It is not feasible to administer the long form or the ACS to the entire population. Fortunately, this is notnecessary: just like a single spoonful can tell you if a pot of soup has enough salt, a reasonable estimateof a population may be derived from a quality sample. The quality of a sample depends on two factors: itsrepresentativeness and its size. In some sense, the representativeness is the more important of the two: abiased sample, however large, can never yield a good estimate. After adding salt to your soup but beforetasting, you stir the soup. Otherwise you’ll get a spoonful of extra-salty soup not representative of the potas a whole. Randomly sampling the population has the same effect as stirring the soup: you get a samplethat is representative of the population from which it was drawn. But the spoonful of soup doesn’t haveexactly the same proportion of salt as the rest of the pot: it contains the ”true” amount, plus or minus someamount due to chance. We call that chance variation from the true amount ”sampling error.” The larger thesample, the smaller that error is likely to be, though the marginal reduction in sampling error of increasingthe sample size by a unit declines as the number of units goes up.

Proper reporting of a sample-based estimate, therefore, requires three pieces of information: a ”pointestimate” (our best estimate of the actual value), plus a margin of error, given a particular confidence level(which allow assessment of the quality of the estimate): we are 90% confident that the pot of soup has 8,500milligrams of salt, plus or minus 500 milligrams. Holding a sample size constant, increasing the confidencelevel forces us to increase the margin of error (we would have to increase the size of the range to be 99%confident that our range contains the true value).

When applying this concept to the ACS, we should first note that the Census Bureau typically reportsa 90% confidence interval: we are 90% certain that the true number lies within the reported range. Whenlooking at counties or large cities, the samples are large and the confidence intervals small. But for smallercities and geographies such as census tracts, even the five-year pooled sample is quite small– yieldinga rather large confidence interval. When the confidence intervals for two areas overlap, we cannot tellwhether the difference we observed is real or an artifact caused by sampling error (or, to use the technicalterm, the differences are not ”statistically significant”).

Although you can simply add the raw population of two census tracts together, estimating the marginof error for the resultant area is somewhat more complicated. To estimate the margin of error for numbersand proportions, we follow the method recommended in Appendix 3 of the Census Bureau’s publicationA Compass for Understanding and Using American Community Survey Data: What General Data UsersNeed to Know. To estimate the margin of error for medians, we follow the method recommended on pages16-17 of 2005-2009 ACS 5-year PUMS Accuracy of the Data.

What tables from the ACS were used to compile these Demograph ic Profiles?

SOCIALIndicators Table(s)Households by Type B11001Average Household Size B09019, B11001Relationship B09019Marital Status B12001Fertility B13002Grandparents B10050School Enrollment B14001Educational Attainment B15002Veteran Status B21001Disability Status B18101Residence 1 Year Ago B07003Place of Birth B05002Year of Entry, Native B05005World Region of Birth of Foreign Born B05006Language Spoken at Home B16004Ancestry B04006Computers and Interned Use B28002, B28003

ECONOMICIndicators Table(s)Employment Status B23001Employment for parents of Own Children B23008Commuting to Work B08101Mean Travel Time to Work B08013, B08101Occupation C24010Industry C24030Class of Worker B24080Household Income B19001Median Household Income B19013Mean Household Income B19025, B19001Households with Earnings B19051Mean Earnings B19061, B19051Households with Social Security B19055Mean Social Security B19065, B19055Households with Retirement Income B19059Mean Retirement Income B19069, B19059Households with SSI Income B19056Mean SSI Income B19066, B19056


ECONOMICIndicators Table(s)Households with Public Assistance Income B19057Mean Public Assistance Income B19067, B19057Households with Food Stamp/SNAP Income B22001Family Income B19101Median Family Income B19113Mean Family Income B19127, B19101Per Capita Income B19313, B01001Median Non-Family Income B19202Mean Non-Family Income B19214, B19201Median Earnings for Workers B20017Health Insurance Coverage B18135, B27011Poverty: Families B17010Poverty: People B17001Poverty: Related Children B17006Poverty: Related People in Families B17021Poverty: Unrelated individuals 15 years and over B17007

HOUSINGIndicators Table(s)Housing Occupancy B25002Homeowner vacancy rate B25003, B25004Rental vacancy rate B25003, B25004Units in Structure B25024Year Structure Built B25034Rooms B25017Median Number of rooms B25018Bedrooms B25041Housing Tenure B25009Average Household size of occupied units B25008, B25003Year Householder Moved into Unit B25038Vehicles Available B25044House Heating Fuel B25040Selected Characteristics: Lacking Plumbing B25048Selected Characteristics: Lacking CompleteKitchen

B25052

Selected Characteristics: Lacking Telephone B25043Occupants per Room B25014Value of Housing Unit B25075Median housing unit value B25077Mortgage Status B25081


HOUSINGIndicators Table(s)Selected Monthly Owner Costs B25087Median Selected Monthly Owner Costs B25088Selected Monthly Owner Costs as a Percentageof Household Income

B25091

Gross Rent B25063Median Gross Rent B25064Gross Rent as a Percentage of Household In-come

B25070

DEMOGRAPHICIndicators Table(s)Sex and Age B01001Median Age B01002Race C02003Tribal Groupings B02005Asian Groupings B02006Hawaiian and Pacific Islander Groupings B02007Race Alone or In Combination with One or MoreOther Races

B02008, B02009, B02010, B02011, B02012, B02013

Hispanic or Latino and Race B03001, B03002

Demographic Proﬁle: Enigmadocuments.atlantaregional.com/Profiles/City/Enigma_NN.pdf45 to 49 years 33 2.6% 50 to 54 years 53 4.1% 55 to 59 years 37 2.9% 60 to 64 years 27 2.1% 65

Documents