DEMETER-MYTHS of FERTILITY ► FEMALE GAIA (GE)=Mother Earth came from sexless CHAOS. From Gaia sprang the world: Sky, Mountains, Sea, and the Olympians and humans ► No single goddess of fertility (Artemis for wild life, Aphrodite for sexuality, Hera for family and marriage, Demeter goddess of grain and earth fertility)
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DEMETER-MYTHS of FERTILITY
►FEMALE GAIA (GE)=Mother Earth came from sexless CHAOS. From Gaia sprang the world: Sky, Mountains, Sea, and the Olympians and humans
►No single goddess of fertility (Artemis for wild life, Aphrodite for sexuality, Hera for family and marriage, Demeter goddess of grain and earth fertility)
HOMERIC HYMN TO DEMETER►Structure►Demeter-Persephone-abduction by
Hades►Return from the Underworld►Embedded Story of Demeter while
looking for her daughter►Metaneira, the queen, and Demophoon,
the son.
The Myth of Demeter and Persephone
► Abduction by Hades► Hecate and Helius► Demeter’s grief, anger and retaliation► Demeter comes to Eleusis and the
palace of Celeus.► The Maiden Well► Queen Metaneira► Iambe► Demeter breaks her fast.► Demeter Nurses Demphoön.
►Hades and Persephone and her eating of the pomegranate
► Demeter’s ecstatic reunion with Persephone► Demeter restores fertility and establishes the
Mysteries.
►The Interpretation of the Hymn► Death and rebirth of vegetation► Spiritual metaphor or allegory► Kore (“girl”)► Hades (Pluto or Dis among the Romans)
Interpretation of the Myth
►Allegorical Interpretation- seasons change►Family experience, the daughter’s marriage
(voluntarily takes the flower, symbol of marriage, separation from natal family)
►Symbolic interpretation►Loss from child, as so many children are lost
to war and disease. Lamentation rituals around this myth. Demeter is mater dolorosa.
►Myth of Demeter becomes the etiology for the presence of death. Thus the cult becomes an experience of afterlife.
Eleusinian Mysteries
►Eleusis, near Athens►Mystery < Mystes =the one who closes (the
eyes, mouth) Latin translation initiatus (thus, modern English to initiate)
►Origin of mysteries►Two families in Charge the EUMOLPIDS,
Eumolpos, the ancestor, mythical ruler of ELEUSIS received the mysteries from Demeter and the KERYKES (heralds), descendants of Eumolpus’ son KERYX (=herald)
►Eleusinian Mysteries► Special position of Athens► Initiates► Secrecy of rites► Mystery religions► Connection with Orpheus
Structure of Eleusinian Mysteries
►High Priest (Hierophant= he who reveals the hiera sacred things), always a Eumolpid
►From the family of the Kerykes, always the torchbearer and the herald.
►Priestess of Demeter, who, like the hierophant lived in the sanctuary
►Time of festival- FALL every year►The Hiera (=sacred things) removed from
TELESTERION and carried to Athens, Procession.
►All who could speak Greek (Except murderers) eligible for initiation including women and slaves)
►Rituals- Nine day interval► Fasting- Torches- Jests► Kykeon: drink of barley and water► Revelation of divinity► Stages of initiation► Lesser Mysteries: preliminary to initiation► Greater Mysteries: full initiation► Participation in the highest mysteries► Procession► Stages of Greater Mysteries► Dramatic enactment of myth► Revelation of sacred objects► Utterance of certain words► The Final revelation: the hiera
ELEUSIS
ARCHITECTURE OF TELESTERION
TELESTERION Temple of DemeterUnique in Architecture. Ordinary Greek
temple to be viewed from exterior, the interior was to hold the god’s statue
-THE TELESTERION was built to receive thousands of people under its roof
MAPS OF telesterion at Eleusis
TRIPTOLEMUS
►One of the princes of Eleusis to whom Demeter taught her sacred rites. More important after the 5th century.
►He was said to have traveled over the world teaching the art of growing grain. Popular in art, supporting Athenian claims for cultural supremacy.
What were the Eleusinian Mysteries?
►Group experience►Personal experience (afterlife)►Ritual purity, fasting►Magical rite ensuring the growth of
grain►Political significance
Demeter
Demeter and Persephone
Departure of Triptolemos Makron Painter, 490-480 BC. Attic red-figured skyphos. The eleusinian prince on the chariot. Persephone stands in front of with a torch and an oinochoe. Behind her nymph Eleusis, and behind Triptolemos, Demeter.
Detail of previous- departure of Triptolemos, red figure skyphos,Makron painter
Hades and Persephone
Museo Archaeologico Nazionale, Reggio Calabria, Italy. 480-450 BC
Demeter on the left (holding a staff in her left hand, authority emblem, more restrained)-Triptolemos-Kore
Relief 440 BC- Athens Archaeological Museum
Attic red-figured bell-krater. Hecate with torches leads Persephone accompanied by Hermes from the underworld while Demeter, holding a sceptre, waits. The moment of reunion. With Inscriptions to identify figures. C. 440 B.C. (41 cm)
Demeter mosaic
Demeter head of statue
Demeter classical relief
Plaster cast: Height: 51cm. Copy of a fragment of marble relief. 425-400 BC. probably from the Temple of Nemesis at Rhamnous.
was purchased for Munich in 1853 now in Munich, Glyptothek/
Demeter, Kore and Triptolemos, Museum of Arts, Providence Rhode Island
Demeter gives grain to Triptolemus, Harvard Museum, Polygnotos group
Demeter classical
Demeter, late Roman statue
Hellenistic Painting Abduction of Persephone by Hades (ca. 330), from Tomb I at Vergina (Pliny mentions such a painting, by
Nikomachos)
DemeterLater Art Representations
Pluto and Proserpina (French Manuscript, 15th century)
The Abduction of Persephone, by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)
Bernini 1621
Proserpina Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828-1882). Oil on canvas, 1874- Prerahaelites
The Return of Persephone by Frederic Leighton Victorian circa 1890-1
Abduction of Persephone- Benton- American painter, early 20th century Museum of Art, Kansas Missouri