Feb 25, 2016
Dementia is a progressive impairment of cognitive functions occurring in clear
consciousness.
The major defect in dementia is Memory loss (antrograde or retrograde).
Other cognitive functions (Attention, Comprehension, Abstract thinking, Judgment, Mood and affect, Personality, Social behavior)
Diagnosis According to DSM-IV-TR criteria:
A. Development of multiple cognitive impairments:
1. Memory (antrograde & retrograde).2. One (or more) of the following:• Aphasia• Apraxia • Agnosia• Disturbance in executive functioning (planning –
sequencing - organizing – abstracting).
B. Both A1 & A2 cause significant impairment in social and occupational functioning.
C. The deficits don’t occur in the course of delirium.
Epidemiology Prevalence:
5% in population over 65 years. Up to 40% in population over 85 years.
50 % - 60 % of all demented have Alzheimer's disease.
Causes of Dementia Neurodegenerative Diseases
Alzheimer’s diseaseParkinson’s diseaseDiffuse Lewy body diseaseHuntington’s disease Pick’s disease
Vascular Disease
Demyelinating DiseaseMultiple sclerosis
InfectionsHuman immunodeficiency virusTertiary syphilis
Trauma Tumors Primary Psychiatric
Pseudodementia
MetabolicVitamin deficiencies Chronic metabolic disturbances
Physiologic Normal pressure hydrocephalusEpilepsy
Drugs & ToxinsAlcoholMedicationsCOIrradiation
The major dementia syndromes
• Alzheimer disease• Vascular dementia• Dementia with Lewy bodies• Parkinson disease with dementia• Frontotemporal dementia (pick’s
dementia)• Reversible dementias
Reversible DEMENTIAD = DrugsE = Emotions (pseudodementia)& Endocrine DiseaseM= Metabolic DisturbancesE = Eye & Ear ImpairmentsN = Nutritional Disorders, Normal pressure
hydrocephalusT = Tumors, Toxicity, Trauma to HeadI = InfectionsA = Alcohol
Pathophysiology• Dementia is a symptom of a variety of specific
structural brain diseases as well as several system degenerations. Alzheimer's disease presently is the commonest cause in the developed world, causing a cortical & subcortical degeneration of ascending
cholinergic neurons and large pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex.
1. Alzheimer’s Disease Alois Alzheimer (1864 – 1915)
Progressive dementia when all known causes have been ruled out.
“ Diagnosed By exclusion “
2 types1. With early onset (before 65 years old)
2. With late onset ( after 65 years old)
Etiology• Genetic factor
• Decreased brain Ach Concentrations
• Decreased brain choline acetyltransferase enzyme
• Degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis.
Neuropathology Brain atrophy due to extensive neuronal loss
seen by Brain Imaging.
Two principal changes: (histopathologicly)1. senile or neuritic plaques (chemical deposits
consisting of degenerating nerve cells combined with a form of protein called ß-Amyloidß-Amyloid)
2. neurofibrillary tangles (malformations within nerve cells).
PET scan
Diagnosis Criteria mentioned before +D. Gradual onset and progressive course.E. Exclusion of systemic diseases causing
dementia.F. The disturbance is not better accounted for by
another Axis I disorder (e.g., major depression)
Definite diagnosis is postmortem (histopahologically)
2. Vascular Dementia Dementia due to cerebrovascular diseases
15 % - 30 % of all dementias.
Multiple cognitive impairments and behavioral changes + neurological signs & symptoms (gait
abnormaily – weakness of an extremity -Babinski's sign)
Risk factors (hypertension, heart diseases, Diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia)
Psychiatric co-morbidities Depression
Psychosis
Delirium
Anxiety
Work up Mini mental state examination
Full physical examination (neurological)
Full assessment for co-morbidities
Neuro-imaging (Brain CT, PET)
Lab investigations(Chemistry , CBC , LFTs ,KFTs , ESR , TSH , B12 and folate)
Treatment Treat medical problems
Provide orientation cues (clock , calendar)
Education and support for patient and family (day programs, support groups, home care)
Pharmacotherapy (doesn’t cure, but slow the disease process)
Pharmacotherapy1. Cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer’s
disease Rivastigmine (Exelon) 3 – 6 mg 2x/day Tacrine (Cognex) 30 – 40 mg 4x/day Donepezil (Aricept) 5 – 10 mg /day
• SE: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and bradycardia in some people
2. N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Blocker
Memantine (Namenda®) is a unique medicine that works differently than cholinesterase inhibitors.
It may protect the brain from further damage. It is usually used along with a cholinesterase
inhibitor. Dizziness is the most common side effect, and aggression and hallucinations may worsen in
some people.
Treatment of behavioral symptoms
1. Depression • antidepressant medicine SSRIs, are usually
preferred (fluoxetine (Prozac® )
• Behavioral therapy involves changing the environment (e.g., encouraging exercise,
socializing with others)
2. AnxietyAnxiolytics (not benzodiazepine) as it interferes with
the formation and consolidation of memories of new material and may induce complete anterograde amnesia
3. Sleep Disturbance Trazodone 25 to 150 mg PO qhs
4.Agitation Antipsychotics (haloperidol)
Course & Prognosis Course
1. Progressive 2. Remitting3. Stable
Prognosis1. Irreversible (85 %)2. Reversible (15 %)