Demand analysis report

7/26/2019 Demand analysis report

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Demand Analysis Report- Federal Democratic

Republic of Ethiopia

Programme Management Unit (FTF-TT!"ational nstitute of Agricultural E#tension Management$

(An autonomous organi%ation of Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers 'elfare$ o)t* of ndia!

+yderabad , .. ./.$ ndia

000*manage*go)*in

Contents

1
http://www.manage.gov.in/http://www.manage.gov.in/


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Page no*

1. Chapter 1: An overview of country. 03

2. Chapter 2: An overview of agriculture and horticultural

sector, policies, programmes, priorities

05

3. Chapter 3: An overview of animal husandry and fisheries 0!". Chapter ": #resent status and challenges in agricultural

e$tension, mar%eting, insurance, agriculture mechani&ation,

food processing, infrastructure and any other relevant issues.

10

5. Chapter 5: 'tatus of agricultural e$tension and research

system.

1(

). Chapter ): #ulic and private institutions and their relevance

in agricultural development.

22

*. Chapter *: #resent capacity uilding programmes and

potential areas.

2"

!. Chapter !: +raining priorities of the country in Agriculture

and allied sectors

2!

eferences

Chapter-1 Country Profile

Ethiopia is Africa's oldest independent country and its the second largest in terms of

population. Apart from a five-year occupation by Mussolini's Italy, it has never been colonised. It

has a unique cultural heritage, being the home of the Ethiopian rthodo! "hurch - one of the

oldest "hristian churches - and a monarchy that ended only in the coup of #$%&. It serves as a

symbol of African independence throughout the colonial period, and as a founder member of the

(nited )ations and the African base for many international organisations. Ethiopia has suffered

periodic droughts and famines that lead to a long civil conflict in the *+ th"entury and a border

2


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ar ith Eritrea. he country is self important to have the African (nion at Addis Ababa, the

capital city of Ethiopia.

Ethiopia has a total land area of #.#

million sq.m ith a population of /0.1 million.

he country is divided into nine regions vi2.,

Amhara, igray, romia, Afar, 3enishangul-

4umu2, 4ambela, 5outhern )ations, )ationalities,

and 6eoples 75))689, 5omali, :arari and to

city-regions 7Addis Ababa and ;ire ;aa9. he

regions divided into 2ones 7this level has been

abolished in most regions9, s economy and the ell-being of its more

than /+ million citi2ens depend on the productivity

of its natural resources, principally land and ater

that are used for production of crops and animals

that provide more than &+? of Ethiopia>s 4;6.

4overnance of these resources is shared beteen

the federal government and nine ethnic based

regional governments. he decentrali2ed

approach to government further e!tends public

sector oversight and involvement to district

7oreda9 and local 7ebele9 levels. 5ince *+++,

road netors and electricity generation capacity

have e!panded significantly. 4overnment spending

as a ?age of 4;6 is one of the highest in Africa.

6overty remains very high, cell phone and

telecommunications use is limited, and mobility is

stifled due to insecure land tenure 7;orosh and

8ashid *+#9.

3

Map of Ethiopia ith 8egions

Ethiopia can be divided into highlands

7$?9 and lolands 70#?9 using #1++-m

elevation as a crude threshold.


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he elevation of Ethiopia is beteen -#$+ and &&*+ meters above sea level. :alf the land

area is belo ##1+ meter and in beteen 0/+ and #%&+ meters. Ethiopia has e!treme geographic

differences in rainfall patterns. he annual average temperature in Ethiopia is beteen 1.0 and #

@". he median annual average temperature is *.* @" and half the land area has an annual

average temperature beteen #$./ and *0.* @". Ethiopia contains a number of large laes. he

8ift alley contains at least / maBor laes running from the southest to the northeast of the

country. Cae ana in Amhara region is the largest lae in Ethiopia, and is the source of the 3lue

)ile river. Most laes have no surface ater outlets, ith the e!ceptions being Caes Diay, ana,

Cangano, Abbayaa, and "hamo 7Aulache et al., *++%9.

Cife e!pectancy in Ethiopia increased significantly from & in #$%+ to 0& in *+#

7()I"E, *+#&9. Cieise, over the same timeframe under-five mortality decreased from *& to

0.&? 7()I"E, *+#&9, though the *+## Ethiopia ;emographic and :ealth 5urvey 7E;:59

estimated the rate to be /./? 7"5A F I" International, *+#*9. n average, rural households

e!perience a much higher proportion of stunting, asting, and undereight than urban

households. 8egional variation in child anthropometry estimates is drasticG stunting varies from

over 1+? in Amhara, igray, and Afar to **? in Addis AbbaH asting from **? in 5omali to less

than 1? in Addis AbbaH and undereight from &+? in Afar to only 0? in Addis Abba 7"5A F

I" International, *+#*9.

ver a quarter of the population in Ethiopia have inadequate diets 7*0?9H half of

households consume over %1? of calories from starchy staples 7


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he bacbone of Ethiopian economy is driven by its agricultural resources. 6redominantly

a small holder farming systems prevails hoever, commercial farming have started in the country

in the recent past. he agriculture sector plays a central role in the life and livelihood of most

Ethiopians, here about #* million smallholder farming households account for an estimated $1

? of agricultural production and /1? of all employment. f the total number of farming

households, *1? are omen-headed. Moreover, &+? of the farming households operate on less

than +.1 ha, 0&? on less than # ha, and /%? on less than * ha 74ebreselassie, *++% in A, *+##9.

As under rainfed agriculture, an average family of si! persons requires around *.1 to *./ ha to

meet annual household food requirements. hus, it can be seen from the si2e of farms that the vast

maBority of Ethiopias small-holder farmers are dependent, at least for a certain period of the year,

on purchased food 7A, *+##9

Ethiopia is often perceived as a country of droughts, idespread poverty, and economic

stagnation. Indeed the country e!perienced severe famines in both the #$%+s and the #$/+s, hich

resulted in a depletion of household assets and savings and caused e!cess mortality, estimated at

*1+,+++ in #$%*%& and 1$+,+++ in #$/&/1 7Africa


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are smallholders occupying less than a hectare

of land per household.

5mallholder production is dominated by five maBor cereal crops accounting for almost three

quarters of the total cultivated area and about 0/? of total production. Each of the maBor cereals eff,

Mai2e,


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b. "ash crop based mi!ed farming systems

2! Pastoral and Agro-pastoral production system

hese are areas hich are dry, arid and semiarid and accommodate about + ? of the livestoc

population

Policy and Programmes

It is understood from different literature that the agricultural sector has been the priority of

Ethiopia since the early #$$+s, hen the Agricultural ;evelopment-led Industriali2ation 7A;CI9

and related policy frameors ere adopted. 5ubsequently, the 4oEs development policies and

strategies included in the 5ustainable ;evelopment and 6overty 8eduction 6rogram 75;6869

provided the basis for the 6lan for Accelerated and 5ustainable ;evelopment to End 6overty

76A5;E6 *++1 *+#+9, hich also adopted the goals and targets laid out in the Millennium

;evelopment 4oals. 3ased on the lessons learned and the countrys ne long-term vision* the

4oEs 4roth and ransformation 6lan 7*+#+J*+## *+#&J*+#19 has been adopted to provide the

overarching frameor guiding development endeavours. he 46s vision for the economic

sector is >to build an economy hich has a modern and productive agricultural sector ith

enhanced technology and an industrial sector that plays a leading role in the economyH to sustain

economic development and secure social BusticeH and, increase per capita income of citi2ens so

that the country reaches the level of middle-income by *+*+K.

Chapter-&

An overview of 'orticulture, Animal 'usandry and Fisheries

he plant and animal resources of Ethiopia are the main source of livelihood for human

population. he horticulture, livestoc and fisheries also play a maBor role in contributing to the

food security to the nation. In the recent years, in Ethiopia the horticulture is vieed as a sun

rising sector due to e!ports of its products lie floers. he other sector that is also considered

important is the livestoc as it provides opportunity for both local consumption and e!ports of live

animals and other products. isheries mainly inland also support communities to supply ith its

rich cheap animal protein during the large fasting season. his chapter provides a highlight on

these resources.

&!1 'orticulture

As indicated above horticulture is one of the ey development sectors in Ethiopia as

production conditions in Ethiopia favour the cultivation of a ide variety of horticultural

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products. 4iven the diverse range of altitudes in combination ith irrigation potential in different

parts of the country it is possible to produce virtually all tropical, sub-tropical and temperate

horticultural crops.

he total area of horticulture in Ethiopia is almost about #*,11* ha of land from hich

floriculture, /+? foreign revenue earner of the sector, is practiced on only #,&&* ha of land. his

is only ##? of the developed horticulture land in the country. he country produces different

vegetables, temperate fruits, tropical fruits and roots and tubers. In addition to that ithin the span

of less than a decade, Ethiopia emerged as a global player in the cut floers business. ;uring the

past decade the floriculture sector in Ethiopia has developed considerably and Ethiopia is no the

second largest e!porter of cut floers in Africa after =enya. In terms of employment, technology

transfer and generation of e!port revenue, the floriculture sector has significantly contributed to

Ethiopias economic development. or formerly unemployed Ethiopians ho have Bobs because

of the countrys burgeoning rose industry, they consider a rose is a rose and also a means for a

etter life 7E:;A and E:6EA, *+##9*

he e!port value of cut floers and cuttings from Ethiopia has shon a steady rise up to

more than (5; *++ million in *++$ 7E:;A and E:6EA, *+##9.


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and ##? of national 4;6 7Ethiopia, )3E *++09. Accounting for a quarter of national and &+? of

agricultural 4;6, livestoc play a crucial role in national development. At more than 1+ million,

Ethiopias livestoc population is the largest in Africa and eighth largest globally. Mi!ed crop-

livestoc farmers comprise more than /+? of the rural population and supply most of the

countrys food. And since *+#+, the production of commercial livestoc products meat and mil,

sins and hides, and poultry has increased by more than 1+? 75tapelton, *+#09. he livestoc

sector is an integral part of the farming systems in the country. It is the source of many social and

economic values such as food, draught poer, fuel, cash income, security and investment in both

the highlands and the lolandsJpastoral farming systems 7;8E, *++#9.he recent livestoc

population of Ethiopia estimates that the country has about 1*.# million heads of cattle, *&.*

million sheep, **.0 million goats and &&.$ million poultry 7MA, *+#H 3erihu et al., *+#&9

&!& Fisheries sector of (thiopia

Artisanal freshater fishery is one of the most important economic activities in Ethiopia,

7A, *+#*9. he inland ater body of Ethiopia is estimated to encompass about %,&++ m * of

lae area and a total river length of about %,+++ m. As many other countries challenged in the

orld, population rise urbani2ation, agricultural development, industriali2ation and other ater

resource development activities have resulted in a decrease in the species diversity of freshater

fish species 7;ereBe, *+#&9. ishing contributed less than # ? of the gross domestic product in

#$/%. A study reported that #1,/$ tonnes ere caught in *++#, only +? of an estimated

potential of 1#,&/# tonnes 7


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place by the government as part of a five year plan 7*++1-*++09 for accelerated and sustained

development to end poverty include the folloingG

6articipatory ;emonstration and raining E!tension 5ystem 76A;EE59. he system as

introduced by the government in #$$1 to provide a small amount of inputs through

pacages provided directly to farm households. 5ome 1 to &+ ? of farm households are

reached and served through the system ith a lo number of visits by public ;As

armer raining "enters 7"s9. 8oughly /,1++ "s have been built at the %eele level.

+hese centers are staffed with evelopment Agents 4As and are responsile for

providing e$tension activities in rural areas

Agricultural echnical and ocational Education. In *+++, the government invested

in agricultural and technical vocational education and training 7AE9 centers to train

;As charged ith carrying out agricultural e!tension activities ith farm households. 3y

the close of *++/, the program had trained over 0,+++ ;As at the diploma level.

Institutional "oordination. he rapid e!pansion of the e!tension system has brought ith it

an administrative model to support an e!tensive set of responsibilities, adapting to *

agro-ecological 2ones and to support a ;A corps of over 0+,+++.

he country-ide enabling environment in hich e!tension operates is critical to

e!tension efforts. arious aspects of the enabling environment may include seed, fertili2ers

and other inputs, ater management, credit systems, as ell as farmer producer groups. ther

critical elements such as maret enablers 7transport, marets, value chains9, and economy-

ide enablers 7government policy, infrastructure, strong institutions9 could benefit e!tension if

properly aligned. ;espite Ethiopia natural endoment in resources 7e.g. ater9 and the many

government efforts to improve social elfare of it people, many constraints to e!tension and

agricultural production in general are assessed, leading to the conclusion that the enablingenvironment requires strengthening, particularly in the areas of seed, maret access, and

credit, if e!tension is to achieve its full potential impact. he government of Ethiopia has

taen steps to ensure that the countrys overall agriculture system, policies, and business

environment are oring in line ith e!tension approaches for greatest impact. o specific

programs that are designed to strengthen the countrys enabling environment are the


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3an Agricultural 4roth 6rogram and the ood 5ecurity 6rogram. hese programs are

seeing to analy2e constraints ithin the country-ide enabling environment systems such as

seeds, soil health, ater management, credits, and maret access, and ill loo to strengthen

these systems ith targeted investments.

here are opportunities for bringing )4 and private-sector e!pertise into the

implementation of e!tension services, and encouraging noledge sharing and

collaboration beteen all groups that are already active in the field. Cinages in other

sectors need to be e!plored, and collaboration beteen e!tension and public health for

e!ample could reap synergies and ultimately serve the Ethiopian public more effectively.

Challenges in (thiopian Agricultural (%tension

(naling (nvironment

Agricultural E!tension 5ystem alays have generic issues lie lo investments, ea

research-e!tension linage, lac of qualified manpoer in developing and underdeveloped orld

e!tension system and Ethiopia is not an e!ception. ;avis et., al., 7*+#+9 opined that the

countryide enabling environment in hich e!tension operates is critical to the success of

e!tension efforts in fulfilling the government mandate of increased food security and the desire forincreases in farmer income. In consultations ith staeholders and e!tension e!perts, the enabling

environment as named as one of the greatest challenges facing the e!tension system.

+nput availaility Seed, Fertilier and Credit.

Around #* to #1 ? of farmers use improved heat and mai2eH less than #? of farmers use

improved seed for teff, barley, and sorghum 75pielman, =elemeor, and Alemu *++$9. It is also

mentioned in several literature that the accessibility to improved seed is a maBor constraint.

Although private companies 7such as 6ioneer9 e!ist, they play a very small role in producing and

distributing seed in Ethiopia. oday, obtaining fertili2er is both difficult and cost-prohibitive for

most smallholder farmers, yet productivity gains depend on this access.

;avis et al., 7*+#+9 indicates that smallholder access to fertili2er ill be critical if Ethiopia

is to see continuing increases in productivityH staple crop yields are most severely limited by soil

&& degradation. ther soil-ameliorating options are also being promoted by the government and

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others to improve the soil and reduce dependence on artificial fertili2ers. A study conducted by

EEAJEE68I 7*++09 notes that up to a third of farmers covered by 6A;EE5 have disadopted the

seed-fertili2er technology pacages over time, liely due to the high cost of inputs, insufficient

credit and credit rationing, a lac of varieties ith traits appropriate to farmers needs, and other

factors.

"urrently, potential irrigable land in Ethiopia is clearly underdeveloped. Cess than 0 ? of

Ethiopias irrigable land is under irrigation, hile figures for neighboring 5udan are #& ?, and for

Madagascar * ?. armers access to credit 7and financial services more broadly9, hoever,

remains inadequateG of the estimated si! million potential microfinance clients in Ethiopia, Bust

over one million are currently being served. here is also very significant regional variability in

the availability of finance institutes, and some regions 7for e!ample, Afar, 5omali9 have hardly

any access at all. Additionally, cultural constraints in certain regions also prevent farmers from

using microcredit. Cand tenure in Ethiopia is directed entirely by the government, ith

smallholder farmers LleasingK land from the government. his policy, hile alloing for

government control of land resources, limits the ability and motivation of farmers to invest in their

farms and limits their ability to gain credit, using land as collateral. If todays farmers had

onership rights, they could rent, sell, or mortgage their land. he Ethiopia Cand enure and

Administration 6rogram 7ECA69 has recently started a process of land registration and

certification, hich is hoped ill improve tenure security and investment. he 4E should

continue to push for these types of positive changes to land tenure policies.

)!2 Agricultural *ar$eting in (thiopia

"urrently, Ethiopian agricultural marets are characteri2ed by very limited maret support

services, coupled ith e!tended maret chains beteen producers and consumers, adding costs.

n the other hand, the e!pansion of global and local marets necessitates the fulfilment of

stringent quality requirements and supply sustainability by developing maret services. hese

include such areas asG standardi2ation and grading, pacaging, processing and food quality, safety,

and traceability, as ell as other services such as financial, business development and maret

information. (nfortunately, most of these maret services are very limited or almost non-e!istent

in Ethiopia, hich impedes the competitiveness of most agricultural value chains and therefore

their effective integration into regional and global marets 7


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Moreover, in addition to lo input utili2ation, agricultural production is highly susceptible

to adverse eather conditions that affect the quantity of surplus supplied to the maret. 5ome

studies indicate that even in good harvest year, the average maretable surplus is not more than

*/? of the total production 7MoA8;, *++19.

(ntil recently government policies, strategies and investment programs ere mainly

focused on increasing agricultural production ith a little attention to improving the performance

of agricultural mareting. )oadays, the fundamental development obBective of the country has

been based on building a free-maret economic system that enables the country to develop

rapidly, e!tricate from dependence on food aid and enable the poor people to be the main

beneficiaries from economic groth. In line ith this the government has developed long term

policy and strategic frameor to improve the quality of farm produce and traded commodities,

reduce mareting costs and increase competition in the mareting sector. Among those policies

the policy that encourages the improvement of the role of the maret in agricultural development

is the one hich advocates for the importance of development of maret-based agricultural system

and improvement of agricultural mareting systems through maret driven production systemH

improving standardi2ation of agricultural products, the supply of maret information system,

e!panding and strengthening cooperatives, and strengthening private sector participation to enable

proper functioning of the agricultural mareting system.

(stalishment of (thiopian Commodity (%change (C/.


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goods delivery system to settle transactions, hile serving all fairly and efficiently. E" creates

trust and transparency through aggressive maret data dissemination to all maret actors, through

clearly defined rules of trading, arehousing, payments and delivery and business conduct, and

through an internal dispute settlement mechanism. E" provides maret integrity at three

important levelsG the integrity of the product itself, the integrity of the transaction, and the

integrity of the maret actors. he Ethiopia "ommodity E!change 7E"9 commenced trading

operations in April *++/. E" has invited membership of the agricultural and trade industry.

he Ethiopian "ommodity E!change as started to benefit and moderni2e the ay

Ethiopia as trading its most valuable assets, its commodities. Ethiopia needed a change from

the traditional means of trading to better support the needs of all those involved in the trading and

production.

3efore E" as established agricultural marets in Ethiopia had been characteri2ed by

high costs and high riss of transacting, forcing much of Ethiopia into global isolation.


15/33


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*++$9. he proBect had utili2ed an inde! derived from #+ years of rainfall data from #0 eather

stations across Ethiopia. According to the analysis made on the data, there is /+? correlation

beteen rainfall levels and the number of food aid beneficiaries in each year, suggesting that

rainfall is a reliable obBective indicator of drought triggered vulnerability and social assistance

needs 7;evereu! and 4uenter, *++%9. he 6ublic inancial Enterprises Agency of Ethiopia

76EA9, Ethiopian Insurance "orporation 7EI"9, Agricultural ransformation Agency 7AA9,

=ifiya inancial echnology 7=9, )ational Metrology Agency 7)MA9 and I" (niversity of

ente 7the )etherlands9 launched a ne crop insurance that covers #1 million smallholder

farmers in five years 7:asabe, *+#09. );Is crop insurance is applied based on the inputs the

smallholder farmers spent to produce their crops. he farmers are e!pected to pay a ris premium

of around #+? of the total cost of the inputs such as fertili2er, basic seeds, herbicides and

pesticides they use to producing crops. And if that crop fails due to eather, the farmer ill get

hisJher total investment 7#++?9 on inputs from the EI". 5tudies sho that currently an Ethiopian

smallholder farmer spends *,1++ to ,+++ birr on average on inputs to gro crops in one season

7:asabe, *+#09.

)! Agricultural *echanisation in (thiopia

hough Ethiopia has a long history of agricultural practices, the development of

agricultural mechani2ation is still minimal. arm poer is mainly dependent on o!en draft and

human muscle operating using traditional farm implements. !en pulled maresha is the dominant

farm implement in cereal based systems hereas handhoe is the main farm implement used in

agroforestry systems. he level of tractor based agricultural machinery use is relatively better in

heat dominated cropping systems here harvesting and threshing are done using combiners. In

the country, there as no clear agricultural mechani2ation strategy till the recent draft developed

by the Ethiopian Agricultural ransformation Agency 7AA9 and Ministry of Agriculture 7MoA9.

Agricultural *echaniation 3esearch 4irectorate of (+A3

Agricultural mechani2ation research ;irectorate of EIA8 has been involved in developing

and introducing mechani2ation technologies that are more efficient and compatible ith the socio

economic condition of Ethiopian farmers. he research has developed different improved

mechani2ation technologies ith a significant role in improving labour and land productivity,

timeliness, reduction of post harvest losses in various levels and producing quality for mareting

and industry. :oever e!cept for fe of them, the ider use of the technology is minimal oing

16


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to the fact that the efforts made and attention given by the e!tension systems and various

staeholders lie )4s ere not to the level of bringing satisfactory and tangible results. o help

fill the gap, the directorate has been conducting a country ide mechani2ation study, here

documents ere revieed, field studies conducted and different organi2ations consulted. he

directorate also conducted a national mechani2ation orshop to share e!periences and

information on status, challenges and opportunities for mechani2ation research and development

to create a common understanding among all staeholders on mechani2ation technology sourcing,

multiplication and delivery and to establish a forum and develop an action planJa roadmap for

setting up an efficient Agricultural Mechani2ation scheme for Ethiopia.

7httpGJJ.eiar.gov.etJmechani2ation9

I68I 7*+#09 indicates that only $? of farmers in the eed the uture regions of Ethiopia

used mechani2ation at some point during the agricultural year *+#&J#1. he study also indicated

that mechani2ed ploughing as most idespread 71?9, hile mechani2ed threshing and

harvesting as reported by and * ? of households, respectively.


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he milling of cereals is mainly restricted to the milling of teff, heat, and corn. Cocal

production of cereals in *+#* comprised #/ million tons, of hich .1 million tons ere of teff,

million tons of heat, and 0 million tons of corn. In addition to local production, #.1 million tons

7ith a value of (5; &%# million9 ere imported in *+#*. he food-processing sector is by far the

largest manufacturing industry in Ethiopia, covering $? of the gross value of production 7469

in *++$J*+#+ of large and medium si2e manufacturing industryH the 46 of the food industry

equals #0,**+ Million E3 7$++ Million (5;9. hese 10+ enterprises in the food industry, of

hich 1+ are private, provide 0+,+++ BobsH 4rain millers and baeries account for %+ out of

these 10+ industries. he average 46 per industry equals #,0 Million (5;Jyear. E!cluding

drins the top products in food processing are flour 7heat9 7#& tons in *+#+9, sugar 7*/ tons9

and biscuits 7#$ tons9. It also to be noted that none of the food products ith a significant

contribution to the production volume shos a stable trend, implying a very unstable maret.

he total production volume of food products 7e!cluding drins9 in *+#+ as ##&& tons,

hereas in *++0 it as %*/ tons. he food processing sector in Ethiopia can be characteri2ed by

lac of maret demands and lo competitiveness in the maret, since companies are relatively

small in si2e and number and annual e!penditure on processed food per capita in Addis does not

e!ceed *++ 3irr. he country has a lot of potential from the supply side but is badly organised

ith respect to connectivity, reliable supply 7stable in quality and quantity9, technology level and

noledge. :oever there are various industries tacling this issue by setting up their on supply

chain

Chapter-

Status of Agricultural (%tension and 3esearch system

!1 Agricultural (%tension System in (thiopia

E!tension in Ethiopia has been subBect to radical policy shifts in the past 1+ years, from

feudalism to Mar!ism to a free maret system 7=assa *++19. "urrently, e!tension is provided

primarily by the public sector, operating in a decentrali2ed manner through hich e!tension is

implemented at the woreda 7district9 level. Cimited e!tension is conducted by )4s, usually

oring through the woreda-level 3ureaus of Agriculture and 8ural ;evelopment 73A8;s9.


19/33

oriented rather than maret-oriented approaches. In e!tension programs, little attention is paid to

gender, culture, youth, :IJAI;5 prevalence, agro ecosystem variance, or local demands

7Ashorth *++1H EEAJEE68I *++09. Although gender training and mainstreaming tae place in

some 3A8;s, omen-focused e!tension is limited, and gender considerations are missing at all

levels 73uchy and 3asa2ne *++19. Ethiopia has had government agricultural e!tension services

since the #$1+s, hen a model similar to the (nited 5tates Cand 4rant approach as used, in

hich universities reached out to communities ith research-based noledge and through adult

education. he Imperial Ethiopian "ollege of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts 7IE"AMA9

provided e!tension services in addition to research and teaching. In #$0, the Ministry of

Agriculture as established, and the mandate of e!tension provision as transferred to this

institution. he Ministry of Agriculture established e!tension departments at the headquarters and

provincial levels 7Abate *++%9.

;uring this time, several national development plans ere devised, the last of hich

supported small-scale farmers through comprehensive pacage programs 7"omprehensive

Integrated 6acage 6roBects, or "I66s9, the most prominent of hich ere the "hilalo and


20/33

as loer than *++#+* levels, it as still significantly higher than the levels recorded in the

#$$+s, hich averaged /1 million birr or / million 666 dollars 7all in *++1 constant prices9.

EIA8, hich accounts for about half of Ethiopias agricultural 8F; spending, conducts research

through a coordinated but de- centrali2ed system encompassing a headquarters and #1 research

centers located across the country. EIA8s mandate is broadly deined to include crops, livestoc,

fisheries, forestry, and other natural resources. he institutes spending as relatively lo in the

#$$+s but more than doubled beteen *+++ and *++# from %* to #0# million birr, or * to %#

million 666 dollars 7all in constant *++1 prices9. hereafter e!penditures began to decline,

reaching %0 million birr or & million 666 dollars in *++/. EIA8, non as the Ethiopian

Agricultural 8esearch rgani2ation 7EA89 until *++1, as formed in #$$% through a merger of

the Institute of Agricultural 8esearch 7IA89 ith several other research centers. 8esearch capacity

at these predecessor agencies steadily rose from the #$%+s, but from the mid-#$$+s Ethiopia

decentrali2ed its agricultural research system, and a number of centers ere transferred to regional

authorities resulting in a short- term decline in e!penditures and staing levels. In *++#, Ethiopia

employed 1+# E agricultural researchers, increasing to 0&0 Es in *++& before contracting to

11+ by *++/. In *++$, an additional * staf departed. EIA8 had accounted for more than /+ ? of

Ethiopias agricultural research staff capacity before #$$%, but by *++/ its share had fallen to &*

?.

he agricultural research intensity ratio, or total public spending on agricultural 8F; as a

?age of agricultural 4;6, is a common indicator of comparative agricultural 8F; spending

across countries. Ethiopias ratio rose sharply after *+++, reaching N+.01 in *++*.


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3y comparison, 5outh Africa and 3ra2ils 35c researchers comprise only #1? and #? of their

national research systems, respectively 7I68I, *+#&9.

Chapter-5

Pulic and Private institutions and their relevance in Agricultural development

5!1 Pulic Sector

MaBor government ministries, agencies, research and education institutions play an

important role in todays e!tension system in Ethiopia. hese institutions provide e!tension

services through various departments and institutes listed beloG

Pulic (%tension +nstitutions

Ministry of Agriculture and 8ural ;evelopment 7MA8;9

Agricultural Mareting and Inputs 5ector

)atural 8esources 5ector

Agricultural ;evelopment 5ector

Agricultural E!tension ;epartment

raining and ocational Education ;epartment

Ministry of rade and Industry

Ministry of "apacity 3uilding

Ministry of Education

Ministry of :ealth

Ministry of ransport and "ommunication

Ministry of inance and Economic ;evelopment

ood 5ecurity "oordination 3ureau 75"39

Ethiopian Agricultural ransformation Agency 7AA9

Pulic 3esearch and (ducation +nstitutions

Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural 8esearch 7EIA89

8egional Agricultural 8esearch Institute 78A8I9

Ethiopian ;evelopment 8esearch Institute 7E;8I9 Ethiopian Economic 6olicy 8esearch Institute 7EE68I9

Agricultural echnical and ocational Education raining 7AE95asaaa Africa und

for E!tension 75AE9

:aramaya (niversity

:aasa (niversity

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3ahir ;ar (niversity

he semi autonomous EIA8 coordinates the decentrali2ed agricultural research activities at

federal and regional research centers, and through higher education institutions.

8egional CevelG 3ureau of Agriculture and 8ural ;evelopment 73A8;9


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armer cooperatives in Ethiopia do not provide e!tension services directly to their

membersH rather, they are a maBor source of both agricultural inputs and farm credits. hey also

provide grain mareting services and supply consumer good to members at prices that compete

ith local traders 7;avis et al., *++$9. 5ome cooperatives are involved in seed multiplication and

distribution, training of members in para-veterinary services and distribution of veterinary

medicines. Although the vie among cooperative leaders is that these supposedly farmer-driven

organi2ations are not free to set their on agendas since it is the government that sets the

parameters ithin hich cooperative programs operate 7Mogues et al. *++$9, these cooperatives

have played a significant role in improving members elfare.

Chapter-9

Present Capacity 8uilding Programmes and Potential Areas

As described earlier there are different types of e!tension service providers in Ethiopia for

agricultural development and capacity building is one of the ey activities and also earmared

ith targets. he government oned armers raining "entre at the =ebele level is the prominent

capacity building service provider folloed by )4s, national and international proBects.

Alemayehu 7*+#+9 in his narration indicates that the armer raining "entres 7"9 are

the cornerstone of Ethiopias strategy to support small-scale farming as a business. he centres

ere set up in *++* in each rural ebele, the loest unit of administration in the country 7each

ebele has about 1,+++ people9. Each " is staffed by three e!tension agents. here are nearly

/,1++ such centres throughout the country though perhaps understandably for such a ne and

massive initiative, only about *,1++ are fully functional. he government plans to establish about

#1,+++ centres. he centres are governed by a management committee of beteen % and #+

e!tension agents and farmers. he committee is chaired by the ebele head, ho is also a farmer.

At its monthly meetings, this committee plans, manages and evaluates the training and

demonstration programme. It also organi2es farmers to help in setting up and maintaining the

demonstration fields.

he centres provide a ide range servicesG farmer training and e!tension services on

improved farming techniques 7through training courses, e!hibits, demonstration farms, field days

and farmer-to-farmer e!tension9H maret-oriented information and advisory servicesH meeting and

communication facilitiesH and seed and seedlings of ne crops, vegetables, fruit and forage

varieties. he Ministry of Agriculture has developed some *+ training modules for use in the

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centres. he centres are part of a system of agricultural services in each =ebele. he primary

service cooperative supplies inputs. A public animal-health clinic offers veterinary services.

6rivate providers do artificial insemination, treat livestoc, spray crops, and rent out ater pumps.

Innovative farmers organi2e their on field days. he training centres are also lined to research

centres in each Done in Ethiopia. Many of these services complement hat the training centres do.

8elations ith them tend to be informal, though the training centres management committees are

increasingly coordinating their or. he use of farmer-to-farmer services is increasing, also ith

coordination by the committee. As the " is an important. he challenges faced by armers

raining "entres of Ethiopia.

8udget constraints: arious efforts, funded by the government, donors and )4s, aim to

improve both the training centres programmes and their ability to generate their on income.

heir ability to do so depends heavily on the abilities of the management committee and the

e!tension agents.

4elivery of services: Illiteracy among farmers, and limited funding and staff sills constrain the

centres ability to deliver training and other services. he centres try to complement their training

courses ith practice-oriented activities such as demonstration sites, field days and e!hibitions.

Staff turnover: he rapid turnover of e!tension agents hampers the development of strong

relations beteen the centres and the community. Many development agents are rapidly

transferred or promoted, hile others leave the service to or ith )4s or private companies.

Administrative interference:


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ell as maret-oriented training. he village loudspeaer could be used to broadcast maret

information.

he general training topics handled y the Farmers raining Centres are as follows:

i9 nursery operators for fruits and coffee and ii9 seed producers for cereals, beansJpulses and

vegetables iii9 paravets, iv9 private crop spraying and v9 irrigation pump maintenance. In

mareting and processing, the proBect facilitates training for small scale dairy processing and

mareting and small scale processing and retail mareting of agricultural produce.

Agricultural echnical ;ocational (ducation and raining A;(. for 4evelopment

Agents

"AA;6 7*+#9 in a study indicates that the present *1 AE colleges in Ethiopia

provide a -year regular training programme in the areas of animal science, plant science, natural

resources, animal health and cooperatives. 5o far about %*.+++ ;As have been trained to provide

e!tension services to farmers at ebele level by oring in the armer raining "entres. he ;As

are trained in five maBor areasG animal science, plant science, animal health, natural resource

management and cooperative promotion. armers training 7mainly through AE graduates or

;As and "s9, improved access to agricultural inputs and products. ;evelopment and e!pansion

of marets are ey support programmes that help these initiatives. In the current academic year,

*+.&& trainees are attending their training provided by#.#* trainers.

Other training initiatives

Agricultural raining for


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the value chain actors as identified as a ey factor for a participatory smallholder maret

oriented agricultural development. he proBect therefore focused on strengthening innovation

capacity of farmers, pastoralists, community-based and private sector organi2ations, and

agriculture and natural resource management public organi2ations, through technical and

entrepreneurial sills development and, facilitating linages beteen relevant actors

(thio-7erman Agricultural raining Center AC.

he Ethio-4erman Agricultural raining "enter 7A"9 is located in =ulumsa, about #%+

m south-east of Addis Ababa. he centre ors together ith seven private-sector enterprises.

he training provided by A" taes a holistic approach, hile encompassing a broad range of

topics. hese include rotation cropping, plant protection, irrigation and the sustainable use of

resources. he centre also teaches subBects such as business practices, administration, mareting

and value chains. Activities concentrate on the mechanised cultivation of cereals and potatoes, as

ell as soil fertility and agricultural production systems for smallholder farmers.

7httpsGJJ.gi2.deJenJorldideJ#/$+/.html9

Sasa$ava 7loal 2===


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In the last to decades, the agriculture and rural development policy of Ethiopia has been

aiming at enabling efficient use of modern agricultural technologies and practices among

smallholder farmers for increased production and productivity 7efera et al., *+#09. he strategies

to improve the livelihood have been manifold through research and e!tension linages process

involving government, non government, cooperatives, farmer organisations and private players.

:oever, still the target set as per the vision of the government has not been achieved. hough

8F; institutions have technological pacages the orrying factor ill be the non adoption of

these practices by the farmers. In critical sense it can be vieed as the access to such improved

technologies are far reach for the subsistence farmers in Ethiopia. In these lines efera et al.,

7*+#09 argues that numerous factors could affect the decision to adopt a technology or pacages of

technologies. ne of the questions as hy the model farmers remain islands of best performers

in the sea of poorly performing farmers. Quite often capacity building initiatives are looed upon

the present adoption rates of improved farming techniques and to sitch on for mareting

e!tension and then delivering entrepreneurial sills. 3efore suggesting the demands for capacity

building it is ise to understand the adoption rates as in the bo! beloG

he study by efera et al., *+#0 concludes that there is only partial adoption of the

technology pacages in the study woredas.


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It is ell understood that crop productivity per unit area of land in Ethiopia remains very

lo due to various constraints including the limited use of appropriate productivity boosting

technologies and appropriate crop production husbandry practices. "rop pests and diseases do also

contribute to the lo level of productivity and huge post-harvest losses of up to +? 7eb

resources of A9. or the maBority of the smallholder producers, the economic benefit derived

from the cropping enterprise is unsatisfactory because of the limited level of value addition to the

produce and the inadequate integration ith maret. raining priorities at the field level are on the

folloingG

a. (se of improved varietiesb. "rop diversificationc. 6acage of 6ractices for improving crop productivity 7 for cereals, pulses, oil seeds, fruits

and vegetables9

d. (se of farm based resources effectivelye. Integrated farming systemsf. "rop diversification and seed production techniquesg. (se of improved varieties and hybridsh. Integrated )utrient Managementi. Integrated pest and disease managementB. (se of bio fertili2ers. Application of micro nutrients

Priority area 2 #ivestoc$ and fisheries

he livestoc sector maes substantial contributions to the agricultural 4;6 7about *1?9 and

)ational 4;6 7R##?9. :oever, there are challenges that undermine the benefits that the sector

could offer for economy. he countrys huge livestoc potential had not been put into ma!imum

use. actors including lac of institutional capacities and improved technologies, limited

availability, inadequate credit support systems and maret structure, inefficient coordination and

capacity of the staeholders across the value chains, shortage of quality livestoc feed, and

livestoc diseases reduced livestoc productivity. he country also could not utili2e the huge

livestoc and livestoc products e!port potential due to lac of capacity to meet international

safety and sanitary standards. o countervail the above gaps and shortcomings, the Ethiopian

4overnment has emphasi2ed the development of the sub-sector and accordingly developed a

livestoc master plan that intends to improve livestoc productivity, develop livestoc value

chains and improve the sanitary standards and regulatory frameors. he training priority in this

vital sector ill be toards

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a. Improved feeding techniquesb. arm made eed preparationc. ;isease managementd. (se of hygienic practices for clean mil productione. 6robiotics in dairy

f. Mineral supplementationg. Intensive poultry systemh. Intensive goatary 7 3roiler goats9i. "hinese hatchery for fish seed production or ibre reinforced plastic hatchery systemsB. 6olyculture systems

Mareting techniques ill be another ey training area that needs to be addressed. In

fisheries the main focus should be on the post-harvest handling and management and development

of mareting channels and linages. Mareting groups needs to be formed and credit should be

been made available through a micro finance institution for the purchase of motori2ed fishing

boats.

Agricultural (nterprises

here is another area that small farmers can touch upon in Ethiopia is on remunerative

region enterprises lie Mushroom cultivation, honey bee, lac, resin, bee eeping and many others.

hough these enterprises are prevailing in Ethiopia there is a need to adopt improved practices for

maing more profits. or e!ample !fam indicates that 3eeeeping is an important economic

activity in Ethiopia, employing up to to million people. :oever, the yield and quality of the

honey is lo, as people use outdated methods.

Sustainale natural resource management

It is estimated that as high as /+ ? of Ethiopias natural resource base is suffering some

level of degradation ith indigenous tropical forest disappearing at an estimated .0 ? in the

highlands and #.* ? over the hole country. Increased land degradation is caused by poverty,

population pressure, inappropriate use and management, inadequate inputs including nutrient

recycling, unsuitable farming and gra2ing practices, absence of appropriate technologies and land

use plans, inefficient marets and other barriers. Although the 4overnment of Ethiopia has

embared on different programs and proBects to promote natural resources management practices,

land degradation, inefficient agricultural ater management is still prevalent. E!ternal technical

support and significant investments are required to reverse the situation and use the scarce ater

resources efficiently increase ater productivity. Cac of accurate and up-to-date information also

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constrains appropriate decision-maing for land and ater resources development. 5ustainable

natural resource management e!periences ill be the ey to support in this area.

3eferences

Africa -atch. 1((1. /vil ays: 30 7ears of -ar and 8amine in /thiopia. -ashington, C:

9uman ights -atch.Alemayehu, . 2010. 8armer training centres and the ;#


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CAA# 42013 eview of Agricultural +echnical Gocational /ducation and +raining 4A+G/+ in

Africa =est #ractices from =enin, /thiopia, amiia and 'ierra eone/#A

#lanning and Coordinating Agency 4#CA, CAA# ?nit, ;nternational =usiness@ateway,


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8laherty, ., elemewor%, 8. and . elemu. 2010. /thiopia: ecent evelopments in

Agricultural esearch. Country ote: ovemer, 2010, A #ulication of /thiopian

;nstitute of Agricultural esearch and ;8#;: )pp

9asae, 201). /thiopia set to introduce agriculture insurance to 15 million smallholder farmers,

ew =usiness /thiopia, march, 2, 201)

9urni, 9. 1((!. Agroecological =elts of /thiopia: /$planatory otes on +hree


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?;C/8, 201". +he 'tate of the -orldKs Children 2015: eimagine the 8uture: ;nnovation for

/very Child. ?;C/8.

-estphal, /. 1(*5. Agricultural 'ystems in /thiopia. Agricultural esearch eport !2).

-ageningen, etherlands: Centre for Agricultural #ulishing and ocumentation

-8# supply chain capacity in /thiopia: an analysis of its sufficiency, constraints and impacts,

Christina 'uin im, Iaved 'ingha, Iune 2010

-orld 8ood #rogramme 4-8#, 201". Comprehensive 8ood 'ecurity and Gulneraility Analysis

4C8'GA: /thiopia. -8#.

-une,

Demand analysis report

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