Deliv ering As One DEVELOPMENT BURUNDI …...15/04/2014 Deliv ering As One BURUNDI 2013 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT IN BURUNDI « Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment

15/04/2014

Delivering As One

BURUNDI2013 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT IN BURUNDI

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment »

2013 HU

MA

N D

EVELO

PMEN

T REPORT IN

BURU

ND

I

« Economic grow

th, promotion of innovations and youth em

ployment »

United Nations system in Burundi and Government of Burundi 2014

The United Nations system in Burundi supported the national efforts for over the last 40 years to design and implement policies and sustainable development programs. The 2013 human development report in Burundi focuses on “Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment”. This report is the result of a frank and productive cooperation between the whole United Nations system in Burundi, led by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the Government through the Ministry of Finance and Planning of Economic Development (MFPDE).

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The views and opinions expressed in this report do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations.

All rights reserved. Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted provided that copyright notice is retained. Acknowledgement is requested, together with a copy of the publication.

Copyright ©2014United Nations system in BurundiCompound du BINUBChaussée d’UviraBoite postale 1490, Bujumbura, BurundiSites Web : www.bi.one.un.orgwww.bi.undp.org

Ministry of Finance and Planning of Economic DevelopmentAvenue de l’Indépendance N°1P.O. Box 224, Bujumbura, Burundi

2013 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

REPORT IN BURUNDI

« Economic growth,promotion of innovations and youth

employment »

Table of Content

List of acronyms and abbreviations ............................................................................................xiii

PREFACE ........................................................................................................................................xiv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................xvi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................xvii

GENERAL INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................1

I.1. Recent changes in the political and socio-economic situation in Burundi ..........................................................1

I.1.1. Evolution of the political situation in Burundi .................................................................................................................1

I.1.2. Changes in the socio-economic situation .........................................................................................................................1

I.2. The rationale for choice of the theme study. .............................................................................................................2

I.3. Objective and methodology of the study ..................................................................................................................3

CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL LINKS BETWEEN GROWTH, INNOVATION AND EMPLOYMENT: WHAT LESSONS CAN BURUNDI LEARN? ...................................................................................4

1.1. Promoting innovation makes a favorable contribution to economic growth ...................................................4

1.1.1. Definition and typology of innovation ..............................................................................................................................4

1.1.2 The Role of innovation in economic growth ....................................................................................................................5

1.1.3 The role of the state in promoting innovation .................................................................................................................6

1.2. Innovation and employment .......................................................................................................................................6

CHAPTER 2: HISTORY OF BURUNDI’S ECONOMIC GROWTH ........................................................................7

2.1. Overall trend in economic growth from 1960 to 2013 ...........................................................................................8

2.2. Main characteristics of economic growth .................................................................................................................9

2.2.1. Volatile and unstable economic growth ...........................................................................................................................9

2.2.2. Immiserizing economic growth ...........................................................................................................................................10

2.2.3. Job-poor economic growth ...................................................................................................................................................12

2.3. An unstable macroeconomic framework ..................................................................................................................12

2.3.1. A chronic budget deficit .........................................................................................................................................................12

2.3.2. The burden of public debt .....................................................................................................................................................12

2.3.3. High inflation ..............................................................................................................................................................................12

2.3.4. Current account in continual deficit ...................................................................................................................................12

2.3.5. Low efficiency of official development assistance ........................................................................................................13

2.3.6. The role of monetary policy ...................................................................................................................................................14

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » iii

2.4. Explanation of poor economic performance ............................................................................................................15

2.4.1. Chronic energy deficit .............................................................................................................................................................15

2.4.2. Small contribution of the private sector and the business environment .............................................................20

2.5. Potential for growth in Burundi ..................................................................................................................................21

2.5.1. High energy potential ..............................................................................................................................................................22

2.5.2. Agriculture as a pillar of growth ...........................................................................................................................................23

2.5.3. Tourism: “an exposed but growth-generating sector” .................................................................................................24

2.5.4. Regional integration .................................................................................................................................................................25

2.5.5. Promoting innovation in Burundi: “an inadequately supported sector” ...............................................................27

CHAPTER 3. THE YOUTH LABOR MARKET IN BURUNDI ..................................................................................29

3.1. Main characteristics of the youth labor market in Burundi ...................................................................................30

3.1.1. Shortage of reliable and up-to-date statistics ................................................................................................................30

3.1.2. Lack of a proper national employment policy ................................................................................................................30

3.1.3. Wide disparities in the labor market ...................................................................................................................................31

3.1.4. Imbalance between supply and demand for employment .......................................................................................36

3.2. Real employment potential in sectors offering potential for growth and sectors with high innovation potential ...........................................................................................................................................40

3.2.1. Agriculture ...................................................................................................................................................................................40

3.2.2. Tourisme .......................................................................................................................................................................................41

3.2.3. Mining of mineral resources and construction ...............................................................................................................43

3.2.4. Regional integration .................................................................................................................................................................43

CHAPTER 4: PROPOSED PILLARS AND RECOMMENDED ACTIONS IN RELATION TO GROWTH, PROMOTION OF INNOVATION AND YOUTH EMPLOYMENT .......................................................44

4.1. Rethinking the economic growth model ..................................................................................................................45

Proposal 1: Resolving the issue of the energy deficit, a prerequisite .................................................................................45

Proposal 2: Integrated management of water resources .......................................................................................................45

Proposal 3: Strengthen the value chain in agriculture ............................................................................................................45

Proposal 4: Encourage businesses in Burundi to create clusters or export consortia..................................................46

Proposal 5: Develop the value chain in the tourism sector ...................................................................................................46

Proposition 6: Restore the free zone ..............................................................................................................................................46

Proposal 7: Consolidate monetary policy and the banking and financial system to improve the financing of the economy ..................................................................................................................................................................46

Proposal 8: Strengthen governance by promoting good practice .....................................................................................47

4.2. Reform the way the labor market works ...................................................................................................................47

Proposal 1: Improve the quality of information on the labor market ................................................................................47

iv 2013 Human development Report in Burundi

Proposal 2: Implement a strategy to implement the National Employment Policy (NEP)

which has just been validated ..........................................................................................................................................................47

Proposal 3: Strengthen the Agence burundaise pour l’emploi des jeunes (ABEJ) ........................................................47

Proposal 4: Improve and diversify the supply of jobs ..............................................................................................................47

Proposal 5: Create a Guarantee Fund for young people who create employment ......................................................48

Proposal 6: Reform the education system so that it addresses the country’s development needs .......................48

Proposal 7: Encourage teacher and trainer capacity-building .............................................................................................48

Proposal 8: Implement a national family planning policy .....................................................................................................48

Proposal 9: Encourage a change of attitudes and entrepreneurship ................................................................................48

4.3. Promote the development of innovation .................................................................................................................48

Proposal 1: Promote a national innovation policy ....................................................................................................................48

Proposal 2: Promote innovation in the agricultural sector ....................................................................................................48

CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................50

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................52

ANNEX I: COMPARISON OF VARIOUS INDICATORS TO BURUNDI WITH THOSE OF THE EAC COUNTRIES AND DR CONGO .................................................................................54

ANNEX II: COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT INDICATORS OF BURUNDI WITH ONE OF OTHER COMMUNITY OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICAN (COMESA) COUNTRIES .......94

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » v

List of tables, figures and text boxes

Table 1: Percentage changes in the contributions of sectors to GDP .................................................................................................8

Table 2: Electricity production ..........................................................................................................................................................................17

Table 3: Electricity imports 2006-2012 ...........................................................................................................................................................18

Table 4: Breakdown of power consmption according to Studio Pietrangeli (SP) ...........................................................................19

Table 5: Comparison of certain economic performance indicators ....................................................................................................20

Table 6: Hydroelectric power plants to be built at national level .........................................................................................................22

Table 7: Hydroelectric power plants to be built at regional level .........................................................................................................22

Table 8: Balance of trade (imports and exports within the EAC), amounts in millions of BIF ....................................................26

Table 9: Comparison of innovation indicators ............................................................................................................................................28

Table 10: Support for research institutes to promote innovation ..........................................................................................................28

Table 11: Achievements of the ABEJ in 2013 ..................................................................................................................................................31

Table 12: Employed workers by sector of economic activity ...................................................................................................................33

Table 13: Distribution of jobs by sector ............................................................................................................................................................34

Table 14: Changes in number of new public sector workers....................................................................................................................37

Table 15: Active and inactive populations by age bracket in 2008 ........................................................................................................39

Table 16: Breakdown of the active population into «employed population” and “unemployed persons and other seeking their first job” in 2008 ...............................................................................................................................................40

Table Annex 1-1: Proportion of the total population under 15 years of age within the EAC countries and DR Congo .....................54

Table Annex 1-2: Proportion of the total population aged 15 to 64 years old within the EAC countries and DR Congo..................54

Table Annex 1-3: Proportion of the total population 64 years of age and over within the EAC countries and DR Congo ...............55

Table Annex 1-4: Crude birth rate within the EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (for every thousand inhabitants.) ....................................................................................................................................................56

Table Annex 1-5: Adolescent fertility rate within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (births per 1,000 women aged 15-19 years) ................................................................................................................................56

Table Annex 1-6: Total fertility rate within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (average number of births per woman) ........................................................................................................................................57

Table Annex 1-7: Crude death rate within the EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (for every thousand inhabitants) .....................................................................................................................................................58

Table Annex 1-8: Average growth rate population within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (for every thousand inhabitants) .....................................................................................................................................................58

Table Annex 1-9: Total population life expectancy at birth within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (in years) ....59

Table Annex 1-10: Total population HIV prevalence rate in the 15-49 age group within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1990 to 2012 (in %) .....................................................................................................................................................................60

Table Annex 1-11: Total population HIV prevalence rate in the 15-24 age group within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1990 to 2011 (in %) .....................................................................................................................................................................60

Table Annex 1-12: Gendered HIV prevalence among 15-24 age group population within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1990 to 2012 (in %) .....................................................................................................................................................................61

Table Annex 1-13: Contraceptive prevalence rates for women aged 15-49 within Burundi and other EAC countries and DR Congo from 2005 to 2013 (in %).......................................................................................................................................62

Table Annex 1-14: Contraceptive prevalence rates for women aged 15-49 within Burundi and other COMESA countries from 2005 to 2013 (in %) .....................................................................................................................................................................62

Table Annex 1-15: Rate of assisted deliveries attended by skilled health personnel within Burundi and other EAC countries and DR Congo from 1990 to 2011 (In %) ...................................................................................................................63

Table Annex 1-16: Under-five mortality rate within the EAC countries and DRC from 1970 to 2012 (per 1,000) ...................................64

vi 2013 Human development Report in Burundi

Table Annex 1-17: Infant mortality rate within the EAC countries and DRC from 1970 to 2012 (per 1,000 live births) ........................64

Table Annex 1-18: Neonatal mortality rate within the EAC countries and DRC from 1990 to 2012 (per 1,000 births) .........................65

Table Annex 1-19: Woman’s lifetime risk of maternal death within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1990 to 2013 (in %) ...............................................................................................................................................................................66

Table Annex 1-20: Maternal mortality ratio within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1990 to 2013 (model-based estimation for every 100,000 live births)..........................................................................................................66

Table Annex 1-21: The proportion of children under five sleeping under an impregnated mosquito net within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1990 to 2011 (in %) .................................................................................................67

Table Annex 1- 22: Malnutrition prevalence rate in the total population within Burundi and other EAC countries from 1990 to 2012 .................................................................................................................................................................................68

Table Annex 1-23: Government spending on health 1995-2012 within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC (% of GDP) ................................................................................................................................................................................................68

Table Annex 1-24: Per capita expenditure on health within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1995 to 2012 (PPPs, 2005 Constant international dollars) ......................................................................................................69

Table Annex 1-25: The consumer price index within EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2013 (2005=100) .......................................70

Table Annex 1-26: Exports to EAC countries from 2003 to 2008 (in US$ million) ...............................................................................................70

Table Annex 1- 27: Imports from EAC countries from 2003 to 2008 (in US$ million) .........................................................................................71

Table Annex 1- 28: The share of total exports (in %) of EAC countries and DRC from 1996 to 2011 (by main destinations) ..............71

Table Annex 1- 29: The share of total imports of EAC countries and DRC by main destinations from 1996 to 2011 (in %) .................72

Table Annex 1-30: Commercial ratio/GDP of EAC countries and DRC 1996-2011 ..............................................................................................72

Table Annex 1-31: Foreign direct investment rate into Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012 (net inflows, % of GDP) ........................................................................................................................................................................73

Table Annex 1-32: Human Development Index (HDI) of EAC countries and DRC (1980-2012) .....................................................................74

Table Annex 1-33: Volume index of exports to EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012 (2000=100) ..................................................75

Table Annex 1-34: Volume index of imports into EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012 (2000=100) ..............................................76

Table Annex 1-35: Average annual real GDP growth rate within the EAC countries and DRC from 1983 to 2015 (for 1 million people) ............................................................................................................................................................................76

Table Annex 1-36: Real GDP per capita growth rate within EAC countries and DRC from 1970 to 2012 (annual %) ............................77

Table Annex 1-37: Consumer price inflation rate within EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012 (annual %) ..................................78

Table Annex 1-38: Rate of illiterates (in %) within EAC countries and DRC from 1970 to 2015 .....................................................................78

Table Annex 1-39: Adult literacy rate (15 years and older) % within EAC countries and DRC from 1985 to 2015 ..................................79

Table Annex 1-40: Youth (15-24 years) literacy rates (%) within EAC countries and DR Congo, 1985-2015 .............................................80

Table Annex 1-41: School life expectancy within EAC countries and DR Congo, 1992-2011 (in years) ......................................................80

Table Annex 1-42: Net primary school enrolment rates in EAC member states and DR Congo, 1992-2011 (%) .....................................81

Table Annex 1-43: Net primary school enrolment by gender in EAC member states and DR Congo, 1992-2011 (%) ..........................82

Table Annex 1-44: Mobile cellular subscriptions in EAC member states and DR Congo, 1996-2012 (per 100 people) ........................82

Table Annex 1-45: Fixed broadband Internet subscribers 2005-2012 in EAC member states and DR Congo (per 100 people) .......83

Table Annex 1-46: Average annual rate of Internet users in EAC member states and DR Congo, 1999-2012 (per 100 people) .......84

Table Annex 1-47: Average annual rate of secure Internet servers in EAC member states and DR Congo, 2004-2013 (per 1 million people) ...........................................................................................................................................................................84

Table Annex 1-48: Average annual CO2 emissions in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1970-2010 (%) ........85

Table Annex 1-49: Proportion of the population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1990-2012 (%) ...........................................................................................................................86

Table Annex 1-50: Proportion of the rural population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1990-2012 (%) ..................................................................................................................86

Table Annex 1-51: Proportion of the urban population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1990-2012 (%) ..................................................................................................................87

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » vii

Table Annex 1-52: Net ODA received per capita in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1970-2013 (constant US $) .......................................................................................................................................................................................88

Table Annex 1-53: Average annual government final consumption expenditure in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1990-2013 (% of GDP) ..............................................................................................................................88

Table Annex 1-54: Average annual forest rents in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1970-2012 (% of GDP) ................................................................................................................................................................................................89

Table Annex 1-55: Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1990-2013 (%) .............................................................................................................................................90

Table Annex 1- 56: Unemployment rates in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1991-2012 (%) ............................90

Table Annex 1- 57: Youth (15-24 years) unemployment rates in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1991-2012 (%) .........................................................................................................................................................................................92

Table Annex 1- 58: Electricity generation in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo 1976-2010 (millions of kWh) ....................................................................................................................................................................................93

Table Annex 2-1: Proportion of the total population under 15 years of age in Burundi and other COMESA member States from 1970 to 2012 (%) ............................................................................................................................................................94

Table Annex 2-2: Proportion of the total population of 15 to 64 years of age in Burundi and other COMESA member States from 1970 to 2012 (%) ............................................................................................................................................................95

Table Annex 2-3: Proportion of the total population of 65 years of age and over in Burundi and other COMESA member States from 1970 to 2012 (%) ..........................................................................................................................................96

Table Annex 2-4: Birth rate in the COMESA member states from 1970 to 2012 (per 1,000 people) ..........................................................97

Table Annex 2-5: Adolescent fertility rate in the COMESA member states from 1970 to 2012 (Births/1000 women aged of 15 to 19) ....................................................................................................................................................................................98

Table Annex 2-6: Total fertility rate in the COMESA member states from 1970 to 2012 (average number of births per woman) ........................................................................................................................................99

Table Annex 2-7: Crude death rate in the COMESA member states from 1970 to 2012 (per 1,000 people) ..........................................100

Table Annex 2-8: Population growth in the COMESA member states from 1970 to 2012 (per 1,000 people) ......................................101

Table Annex 2-9: Life expectancy at birth for the total population in the COMESA member states from 1970 to 2012 (in years) ....................................................................................................................................................................................................102

Table Annex 2-10: HIV prevalence rate for the total population aged 15 to 49 in the COMESA member states from 1970 to 2012 (%) ....................................................................................................................................................................................103

Table Annex 2-11: HIV prevalence rate among the population aged 15 to 24 by sex in the COMESA member states from 2000 to 2012 (%) .........................................................................................................................................................................104

Table Annex 2-12: Percentage of births attended by skilled health personnel in Burundi and other COMESA member states from 1990 to 2011 (in %) ........................................................................................................................................................105

Table Annex 2-13: Rate of lifetime risk of maternal mortality in Burundi and other COMESA member states from 1990 to 2013 (in %) ...............................................................................................................................................................................106

Table Annex 2-14: Ratio de décès maternel in Burundi and other COMESA member states from 1990 to 2013 (model-based estimation per 100,000 live births) ....................................................................................................................107

Table Annex 2-15: Government expenditure on health in Burundi and other COMESA member states from 1995 to 2012 (% of GDP) .....................................................................................................................................................................108

Table Annex 2-16: Consumer price index in Burundi and other COMESA member states from 1980 to 2013 (2005=100) ................109

Table Annex 2-17: Share of total exports of COMESA member states by main destination from 1996 to 2011 (in %) .........................110

Table Annex 2-18: Share of total imports of COMESA member states by main destination from 1996 to 2011 (in %) ........................111

Table Annex 2-19: Commercial /GDP ratio of COMESA member states 1996-2011 ...........................................................................................112

Table Annex 2-20: Foreign direct investment rate, Net inflows in Burundi and other COMESA member states from 1988 to 2012 (Net inflows, % of GDP) ............................................................................................................................................113

Table Annex 2-21: Volume of exports index 1980-2012 in the COMESA member states (2000=100) ........................................................114

Table Annex 2-22: Human Development Index in Burundi and other COMESA member states (1980-2012) ........................................115

Table Annex 2-23: Volume of imports index 1980-2012 in the COMESA member states (2000=100) ........................................................116

viii 2013 Human development Report in Burundi

Table Annex 2-24: Annual average growth rate of real GDP in the COMESA member states 1983-2015 (for 1 million people) .......117

Table Annex 2-25: Annual average growth rate of real GDP per Capita in the COMESA member states 1983-2015 (for 1 million people) ............................................................................................................................................................................118

Table Annex 2-26: Consumer price inflation rate in EAC countries and DR Congo 1980-2012 (Annual %) ..............................................119

Table Annex 2-27: Proportion of under five sleeping under an impregnated mosquito net in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1999-2011 (%) .......................................................................................................................................120

Table Annex 2-28: Under-five mortality rate in COMESA member states 1970-2012 (per 1,000) .................................................................121

Table Annex 2-29: Neonatal mortality rate in COMESA member states 1990-2012 (per 1,000) ....................................................................122

Table Annex 2-30: Malnutrition prevalence rate in the total population of Burundi and other COMESA member states 1990-2012 ....................................................................................................................................................................................123

Table Annex 2-31: Illiteracy rate (in %) in COMESA member states (1970-2015) ................................................................................................124

Table Annex 2-32: Adult literacy rate (15 and over) % in COMESA member states (1985-2015) ..................................................................125

Table Annex 2-33: Youth literacy rate (15-24) % in the COMESA member states (1985-2015) ......................................................................126

Table Annex 2-34: School life expectancy in the COMESA member states 1992-2011 (in years) .................................................................127

Table Annex 2-35: Net enrolment ratios at primary level in the COMESA member states 1990-2011 (in years) ....................................128

Table Annex 2-36: Net enrolment rate by gender at primary level in the COMESA member states 1990-2011 (in years) ..................129

Table Annex 2-37: Mobile subscribers rate 1996-2012 in the COMESA member states 1996-2012 (per 100 people) ..........................130

Table Annex 2-38: Internet subscribers using high-speed Fixed-line (per 100 people) in the COMESA member states from 2005 to 2012 .................................................................................................................................................................................131

Table Annex 2-39: Annual average rate of Internet users in COMESA member states 1999-2012 (per 100 people) .............................132

Table Annex 2-40: Annual average rate of secure Internet servers in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1999-2012 (per 1 million people) ...........................................................................................................................................................................133

Table Annex 2-41: Annual average in CO2 emissions in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1970-2010 (%) .........................134

Table Annex 2-42: Proportion of the population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1990-2012 (%) .......................................................................................................................................135

Table Annex 2-43: Proportion of the rural population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1990-2012 (%) .......................................................................................................................................136

Table Annex 2-44: Proportion of the urban population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1990-2012 (%) .......................................................................................................................................137

Table Annex 2-45: Net ODA received per Capita in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1970-2013 (constant US$) ...........138

Table Annex 2-46: Annual average of government final consumption expenditure in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1990-2013 (% OF GDP) .........................................................................................................................................139

Table Annex 2-47: Annual average of forest revenues in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1970-2012 (% du PIB) .........140

Table Annex 2-48: Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1990-2013 (%) ............................................................................................................................................................................141

Table Annex 2-49: Unemployment rate in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1991-2012 (%) ...................................................142

Table Annex 2-50: Youth unemployment rate (15-24) in Burundi and other COMESA member states between 1991 and 2012 (%) ...........................................................................................................................................................................................143

Table Annex 2-51: Electricity generation in Burundi and other EAC countries, and DR Congo 1976-2010 (Millions of kWh) ...........144

Figure 1: Economic growth in Burundi (1961-2012) ...................................................................................................................................8

Figure 2: GDP per capita (1961-2012) ...............................................................................................................................................................9

Figure 3: Green coffee production per season (1964-2012) .....................................................................................................................10

Figure 4: Contributions of sectors to GDP (1970-2012) .............................................................................................................................10

Figure 5: Comparison of growth rates of GDP and the population (1981-2012) ..............................................................................11

Figure 6: Comparison of growth and inflation rates (1981-2012) ..........................................................................................................13

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » ix

Figure 7: External balance of goods and services as a percentage of gDP (1961-2012) ................................................................13

Figure 8: Net official development assistance (ODA) received per capita in constant US dollars (1961-2012) .....................14

Figure 9: Exchange rate between the Burundian franc and the US dollar (1961-2012) .................................................................14

Figure 10: Ratio of net claims on government and claims on the economy to domestic credit ...................................................15

Figure 11: Electricity production by REGIDESO between 1996 and 2012 .............................................................................................18

Figure 12: Electricity use by consumer category in 2007 ............................................................................................................................18

Figure 13: Electricity use by consumer category in 2012 ............................................................................................................................19

Figure 14: Imports from the EAC (Tanzania from July 2009) ......................................................................................................................26

Figure 15: Exports from Burundi to EAC countries .........................................................................................................................................26

Figure 16: Workers employed in the formal and informal sectors ...........................................................................................................34

Figure Annex 1-1: Proportion of the total population under 15 years of age within the EAC countries and DR Congo .....................54

Figure Annex 1-2: Proportion of the total population aged 15 to 64 years old within the EAC countries and DR Congo..................55

Figure Annex 1-3: Proportion of the total population 64 years of age and over within the EAC countries and DR Congo ...............55

Figure Annex 1-4: Crude birth rate within the EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (for every thousand inhabitants) .....................................................................................................................................................56

Figure Annex 1-5: Adolescent fertility rate within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (births per 1,000 women aged 15-19 years) ...............................................................................................................................57

Figure Annex 1-6: Total fertility rate within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (average number of births per woman) ........................................................................................................................................57

Figure Annex 1-7: Crude death rate within the EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (for every thousand inhabitants) .....................................................................................................................................................58

Figure Annex 1-8: Average growth rate population within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (for every thousand inhabitants) .....................................................................................................................................................59

Figure Annex 1-9: Total population life expectancy at birth within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (in years) ....................................................................................................................................................................................................59

Figure Annex 1-10: Total population HIV prevalence rate in the 15-49 age group within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1990 to 2012 (in %) .....................................................................................................................................................................60

Figure Annex 1-11: Total population HIV prevalence rate in the 15-24 age group within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1990 to 2011 (in %) .....................................................................................................................................................................61

Figure Annex 1-12: Gendered HIV prevalence among 15-24 age group population within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1990 to 2012 (in %) .....................................................................................................................................................................61

Figure Annex 1-13: Contraceptive prevalence rates for women aged 15-49 within Burundi and other EAC countries and DR Congo from 2005 to 2013 (in %).......................................................................................................................................62

Figure Annex 1-14: Contraceptive prevalence rates for women aged 15-49 within Burundi and other COMESA countries from 2005 to 2013 (in %) .....................................................................................................................................................................63

Figure Annex 1-15: Rate of assisted deliveries attended by skilled health personnel within Burundi and other EAC countries and DR Congo from 1990 to 2011 (In %). ..................................................................................................................63

Figure Annex 1-16: Under-five mortality rate within the EAC countries and DRC from 1970 to 2012 (per 1,000) ...................................64

Figure Annex 1-17: Infant mortality rate within the EAC countries and DRC from 1970 to 2012 (per 1,000 live births) ........................65

Figure Annex 1-18: Neonatal mortality rate within the EAC countries and DRC from 1990 to 2012 (per 1,000 births) .........................65

Figure Annex 1-19: Woman’s lifetime risk of maternal death within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1990 to 2013 (in %) ...............................................................................................................................................................................66

Figure Annex 1-20: Maternal mortality ratio within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1990 to 2013 (model-based estimation for every 100,000 live births)..........................................................................................................67

Figure Annex 1-21: The proportion of children under five sleeping under an impregnated mosquito net within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1990 to 2011 (in %) .................................................................................................67

x 2013 Human development Report in Burundi

Figure Annex 1-22: Malnutrition prevalence rate in the total population within Burundi and other EAC countries from 1990 to 2012 ............................................................................................................................................................................................68

Figure Annex 1- 23: Government spending on health 1995-2012 within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC (% of GDP) ....69

Figure Annex 1-24: Per capita expenditure on health within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1995 to 2012 (PPPs, 2005 Constant international dollars) .................................................................................................................................69

Figure Annex 1-25: The consumer price index within EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2013 (2005=100) .......................................70

Figure Annex 1- 26: The share of total exports of EAC countries and DRC by main destinations from 1996 to 2011 (in %) .................71

Figure Annex 1- 27: The share of total imports of EAC countries and DRC by main destinations from 1996 to 2011 (in %) .................72

Figure Annex 1- 28: Commercial ratio/GDP of EAC countries and DRC 1996-2011 ..............................................................................................73

Figure Annex 1-29: Foreign direct investment rate into Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012 .....................73

Figure Annex 1-30: Human Development Index (HDI) of EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012.........................................................74

Figure Annex 1- 31: HDI average annual growth of EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012.....................................................................74

Figure Annex 1-32: Volume index of exports to EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012 (2000=100) ..................................................75

Figure Annex 1-33: Volume index of imports into EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012 (2000=100) ..............................................76

Figure Annex 1-34: Average annual real GDP growth rate within the EAC countries and DRC from 1983 to 2015 (for 1 million people) ............................................................................................................................................................................77

Figure Annex 1-35: Real GDP per capita growth rate within EAC countries and DRC from 1970 to 2012 (annual %) ............................77

Figure Annex 1-36: Consumer price inflation rate within EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012 (annual %) ..................................78

Figure Annex 1-37: Rate of Illiterates (in %) within EAC countries and DRC (1970-2015) ..................................................................................79

Figure Annex 1-38: Adult literacy rate (total, 15 years and older) % within EAC countries and DRC from 1985 to 2015 .......................79

Figure Annex 1-39: Youth (15-24 years) literacy rates (%) within EAC countries and DR Congo, 1985-2015 .............................................80

Figure Annex 1-40: School life expectancy within EAC countries and DR Congo, 1992-2011 (in years) ......................................................81

Figure Annex 1-41: Net primary school enrolment rates in EAC member states and DR Congo, 1992-2011 (%) .....................................81

Figure Annex 1-42: Net primary school enrolment by gender in EAC member states and DR Congo, 1992-2011 (%) ..........................82

Figure Annex 1-43: Mobile cellular subscriptions in EAC member states and DR Congo, 1996-2012 (per 100 people) ........................83

Figure Annex 1-44: Fixed broadband Internet subscribers 2005-2012 in EAC member states and DR Congo (per 100 people) .......83

Figure Annex 1-45: Average annual rate of Internet users in EAC member states and DR Congo, 1999-2012 (per 100 people) .......84

Figure Annex 1-46: Average annual rate of secure Internet servers in EAC member states and DR Congo, 2004-2013 (per 1 million people) ...........................................................................................................................................................................85

Figure Annex 1-47: Average annual CO2 emissions in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1970-2010 (%) ........85

Figure Annex 1-48: Proportion of the population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1990-2012 (%) ...........................................................................................................................86

Figure Annex 1-49: Proportion of the rural population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1990-2012 (%) ..................................................................................................................87

Figure Annex 1-50: Proportion of the urban population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1990-2012 (%) ..................................................................................................................87

Figure Annex 1-51: Net ODA received per capita in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1970-2013 (constant US $) .......................................................................................................................................................................................88

Figure Annex 1-52: Average annual government final consumption expenditure in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1990-2013 (% of GDP) ..............................................................................................................................89

Figure Annex 1-53: Average annual forest rents in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1970-2012 (% of GDP) ................................................................................................................................................................................................89

Figure Annex 1-54: Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1990-2013 (%) .............................................................................................................................................90

Figure Annex 1-55: Unemployment rates in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1991-2012 (total, %) ................91

Figure Annex 1-56: Unemployment rates by gender in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo 1991-2012 (total, %) ....................................................................................................................................................................................................91

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » xi

Figure Annex 1-57: Youth (15-24 years) unemployment rates in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1991-2012 (%) .........................................................................................................................................................................................92

Figure Annex 1-58: Youth (15-24 years) unemployment rates by gender in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1991-2012 (%) ...................................................................................................................................................................92

Figure Annex 1- 59: Electricity generation in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo 1976-2010 (millions of kWh) ....................................................................................................................................................................................93

Text box 1: Immiserizing growth ............................................................................................................................................................................11

Text box 2: The paramount importance of public policy, Mauritius an example of good practice ...............................................21

xii 2013 Human development Report in Burundi

List of acronyms and abbreviationsABEJ Agence burundaise pour l’emploi des jeunes (Burun-

dian Youth Employment Agency)AfDB African Development BankAPI Agence pour la promotion des investissements

(Agency for the Promotion of Investment) BIF Burundi International FrancBNUB United Nations Office in BurundiBRB Banque de la République du Burundi [Bank of the

Republic of Burundi]BuF Burundi francCENAP Centre national d’alerte pour la prévention des con-

flits (Conflict Alert and Prevention Centre) CONFEJES Conférence des ministres de la Jeunesse et des

Sports (Conference of Youth and Sports Ministers)CRDB Commercial Rural Development BankCRUEA Centre de recherche universitaire sur les énergies

alternatives (Centre for University Research on Alter-native Energies)

CRUPHAMET Centre de recherche universitaire sur la pharmaco-pée et la médecine traditionnelle (Centre for Uni-versity Research on Pharmacopoeia and Traditional Medicine)

CRUST Centre de recherche universitaire en sciences de la terre (Centre for University Research on Earth Sci-ences)

CURDES Centre universitaire de recherche pour le développe-ment économique et social [University Research Centre for Economic and Social Develop ment]

CURDIF Centre universitaire de recherche et de développe-ment de l’informatique à la Faculté des sciences (University Centre for Computer Research and Devel-opment at the Faculty of Sciences)

CURED Centre universitaire de recherche et d’étude de droit (University Centre for Legal Research and Studies)

CURMES Centre universitaire de recherche médicale et sanitaire (University Centre for Medical and Health Research)

CURPEL Centre universitaire de recherche sur le petit élevage (University Centre for Research on Small-scale Live-stock Farming)

CURSHUS Centre universitaire de recherche en sciences hu-maines et sociales (University Centre for Research on Human and Social Sciences)

CWIQ Core Welfare Indicators QuestionnaireDEMO Département de l’emploi et de la main-d’œuvre

(Department for Employment and the Workforce)DGHER Direction générale de l’hydraulique et des énergies

rurales [Directorate-General for Water and Rural Energy]

DRC Democratic Republic of the CongoDTB Diamond Trust Bank EAC East African CommunityECGLC Economic Community of the Great Lake CountriesEIB European Investment BankEPC Environmental Power ConceptFDI Foreign direct investmentFEGE Forum des états généraux de l’emploi [Employment

Forum]GDP Gross Domestic ProductGLE Great Lakes EnergyGWh Gigawatt hourGPRS 2 Second-Generation Growth and Poverty Reduction

Strategy Paper

HIPC Heavily indebted poor countriesHLI High labor intensiveHPP Hydro Power PlantIDA International Development AssociationILO International Labour OrganizationINSS Institut national de sécurité sociale [National Social

Security Institute]ISABU Institut des sciences agronomiques du Burundi

[Burundian Institute of Agronomic Sciences] ISGE Institut supérieur de gestion des entreprises [Higher

Institute of Business Management] ISTEEBU Institut des statistiques et d’études économiques

du Burundi [Burundian Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies]

Kabu16 Kaburantwa 16Kagu006 Kagunuzi 006KCB Kenyan Commercial BankKfW Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbaukg kilogramkm2 square kilometerkV kilovoltkWh kilowatt hourMDG Millennium Development GoalsMFPDE Ministry of Finances and Economic Development

Planning MFPTSS Ministry of the Public Sector, Work and Social SecurityMule034 Mulembwe 034MUSD Million US dollarsMW MegawattMWh Megawatt hourNELSAP Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action ProgramNEP National Employment PolicyNGO Non-governmental organizationOBR Office burundais des recettes [Burundian Revenue

Office]OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Devel-

opmentONEF Observatoire national de l’emploi et de la formation

[National Monitoring Unit for Employment and Train-ing]

ONPR Office national des pensions et des risques [National Pensions and Risks Office]

p. pagePPP Public-private partnershipPRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy PaperREGIDESO Régie de production de l’eau [State-owned water

production company]Ruvu167 Ruvubu 167Ruvu216 Ruvubu 216Ruzb007 Ruzibazi 007SE4ALL Sustainable Energy For AllSINELAC Société international d’électricité des pays des

Grands Lacs [International Electricity Company of the Great Lakes Countries]

SME Small and medium-sized enterprisesSMI Small and medium-sized industriesSNEL Société nationale d’électricité [National Electricity

Company]UNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUS$ US dollarWTO World Tourism Organization

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » xiii

PREFACE

A number of studies have shown that since 2005, Burundi has ex-

perienced a level of economic growth that has at times outstripped

global average growth rates. However, positive growth is a neces-

sary but not sufficient condition for ensuring the availability of pro-

ductive employment for everyone. A significant proportion of the

population especially young people feel marginalized and frustrat-

ed. In the absence of a political process that enables young people

to express themselves and to have an impact on public policy, a

return to the instability that plagued the 1990s is an ever-present

threat. With young people aged 20-24 comprising 65.3% of the la-

bour force; job creation should be a central concern for the Burun-

dian authorities. If non-violent policy instruments are not adapted

or are not sufficiently reactive, there is a danger that young people

may express their grievances in a violent manner. These grievanc-

es relate to unemployment and its repercussions on income and

social cohesion. One in two of the young people who join a rebel

movement cite unemployment as their main reason for doing so

(World Bank, 2011b). Since 1989, Liberia for example, has seen two

civil wars, which were fuelled by an explosive mix of ethnic divisions,

predatory elites, corruption and the race to make profits from natu-

ral resources. But today, as in Burundi, it is unemployment, which is

seen as the biggest danger to the stability of this country. It is time

to reorient Burundi’s economic agenda towards a strategy of inclu-

sive growth, which creates jobs and is sustainable, and its primary

objective must be to address the specific needs of young people.

On a positive note, Burundi has weathered the 2008-2009 finan-

cial crisis well, and has already returned to a pre-crisis average eco-

nomic growth level. Barring any negative knock-on effects from

the continued turbulence in the markets of developed countries

on Burundi’s economy, the outlook for the next few years appears

to be just as promising. According to the data in this report, Gross

Domestic Product grew by 4.5 percent in 2013, an increase from

4.2 percent in 2012. To sustain this momentum and achieve higher

levels of growth, structural reforms of economic sectors need to be

carried out along with a gradual reduction in sectors with low la-

bour intensity. To this end, agro-industry, the manufacturing sector

(with its high labour intensity), and the services sector - especially

exported services - should be targeted and expanded.

With regard to employment policy, fostering innovation is key, as

the analyses in this report demonstrate, as well as increasing the

productivity and revenues of the informal sector due to its size

and contribution to employment in Burundi. To that end, several

short-term and long-term policies can be implemented. In the

short term, expansionist and counter-cyclical budgetary and mon-

etary policies, which are focused on increasing investment in infra-

structure and human capital development, can be implemented.

In these investments, priority will be given to activities with high

labour intensity and employment of vulnerable groups. Given

the extent of its untapped human capital and historically prudent

budget policies, there is no danger that Burundi will destabilize its

macroeconomic environment. The country can also expand public

services such as healthcare, education, water supply and sanitation

to create jobs in the short term.

In the long term, it is important to allocate significant financial re-

sources to priority sectors or to channel foreign direct investments

into key sectors. This should involve the promotion of services ex-

ports, agro-industry, “green” industries such as renewable energies,

in which Burundi could have a comparative advantage, and the

creation of an environment that is conducive to private sector in-

vestment and job creation. In addition, given the modest size of Bu-

rundi’s economy, achieving a high level of growth capable of creat-

ing decent jobs is dependent on the extent to which Burundi has

access to the international market, the pace of regional integration

within the sub-region and efforts to promote intra-African trade.

Finally, since youth unemployment is persistent and high, targeted

policies should be implemented to tackle inactivity so that this

phenomenon can be considerably reduced. Several studies indi-

cate that a lack of training and work experience, spatial mismatch

and discrimination in the workplace are the reasons for the high

level of youth unemployment. To remedy this situation, vocational

training programmes and initiatives to decentralize job creation

should be put in place in order to bring jobs closer to young peo-

ple in the countryside and to take advantage of industrialization in

rural areas.

xiv 2013 Human development Report in Burundi

PREFACE

In focusing on the issue of economic growth and youth em-

ployment through the promotion of innovations, this report has

brought the issues of technology transfer, research, the creation of

efficient and top-quality infrastructures and continuing improve-

ment of economic management as well as management of macro-

economic and political stability back to centre-stage. These are all

interesting avenues, which should be pursued further as part of the

sustainable, coherent and inclusive multi-sectoral policy responses

that Burundi must develop.

Objectively, there is no doubt that the analyses contained in this

report can be a decisive catalyst for Burundi’s progress towards the

goals of the 2025 Vision. We also extend our warm congratulations

and thanks to the whole of the team that was involved in writing

and publishing it.

His Excellency, Mr Tabu

Abdallah Manirakiza

Minister of Finances and

Economic Development Planning

Mr Agostinho Zacarias

United Nations

Resident Coordinator and

UNDP Resident Representative

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » xv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The 2013 Human Development Report in Burundi is the output

of an open and fruitful collaboration between the United Nations

System in Burundi, led by the United Nations Development

Programme (UNDP), and the government through the Ministry of

Finance and Economic Development Planning. This collaboration

began with the choice of the theme for this report. After several

meetings and lively but very cordial discussions, the theme of

“Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment”

was chosen, as it appeared to summarize the main challenges

facing the Burundi’s economy. The report was prepared under the

general supervision of His Excellency Mr Tabu Abdallah Manirakiza,

Minister of Finances and Economic Development Planning and Mr

Agostinho Zacarias, Resident Coordinator of the United Nations

and Resident Representative of UNDP.

Daniel Gbetnkom, UNDP Senior Economist, and comprised Désiré

Avom, Alexis Bizimungu and Boaz Nimpe coordinated the drafting

team. Throughout the preparation process of the report, the

review and monitoring were done by the members of the Steering

Committee which was put in place by the government under the

coordination of Mrs Marie Jeanine HASHAZINKA, Director-General

for Forecasting and National Strategic Planning at the Ministry of

Finance and Economic Development Planning, and was made up

of the following people: Balthazar Fengure, Onesphore Nduwayo,

Steve De Cliff, Pascasie Kana, Fabiola Nibizi, Ode Ndayisaba,

Donatien Kanyange, Marc Rwabahungu, Gélase Ndarirabe, Daniel

Gbenkom, Arthur Rushemeza, Gilbert Niyongabo, Zacharie Gahutu,

Elias Sentamba, Vital Nzobonimpa and Vénérand Nizigiyimana.

The report also benefited from numerous consultations within

various national authorities (Central Bank, ISTEEBU, employers’

organizations, etc.) and representatives of international

organizations in Burundi (World Bank, AfDB, ILO, etc.). The members

of the drafting Committee extend their sincere thanks to all of

these contributors.

Our thanks also go to the participants in the national validation

workshop, whose comments and observations considerably

helped improve the final version of the report.

xvi 2013 Human development Report in Burundi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The 2013 National Human Development Report in Burundi focuses

on “Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth em-

ployment”. Burundi is a post-conflict and fragile country located

in central Africa and has one of the highest population densities in

the world. Since the end of the civil conflict in 2003, the country has

experienced positive economic growth based on a few cash crops

including coffee, tea and an expanding service sector that is typi-

cal of a third-world tertiary sector in that it is based on small-scale

trade activities. The country is also experiencing endemic unem-

ployment of its young people, who make up the largest proportion

of the total population. The aim of the report is to understand the

recent trend in Burundi’s economic growth and the small impact

that this growth is having on employment. To this end, the report is

structured into four chapters.

The first chapter, which focuses on theory, gives a very brief over-

view of the relationships between growth and innovations on the

one hand, and growth and employment on the other hand. With

respect to the first relationship, the report indicates that growth

is driven by its traditional factors, namely capital and labor, but is

regularly fuelled by innovations. However, innovations must be

compatible with a certain level of development of human capital,

which determines the quality of growth. As for the second relation-

ship, the report shows that economic growth is a necessary but not

sufficient condition for improvement of the labor market. The net

creation of new jobs depends on the process of creation/destruc-

tion that results from the introduction of new innovations and the

creation that it gives rise to as a result of new capabilities.

The second chapter traces the history of Burundi’s economic

growth from the beginning of the 1960s to the present day. The

statistics concerning this growth show that it has three main char-

acteristics: (i) it is fundamentally unstable and volatile; (ii) it is im-

miserizing in that it is, on average, lower than the rate of population

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » xvii

growth and is therefore unable to meet basic needs; (iii) finally, it

creates few jobs. The chapter goes on to show that its character-

istics are having a negative effect on the macroeconomic frame-

work, which is amplified by lax monetary management despite

the regulations governing the activity of the Central Bank, which

give it a certain degree of autonomy. In addition, the considerable

energy deficit also explains the low level of growth observed. The

chapter concludes that this deficit must be reduced if any strategy

intended to improve economic growth is to succeed.

The third chapter focuses on employment and youth employment

in particular. It shows that there is a lack of data concerning the

characteristics of employment. However, the available data and ob-

servation of the facts reveal numerous disparities in terms of train-

ing, gender and geography. These disparities explain the observed

inequalities in terms of access to employment. The chapter further

highlights the imbalance within the labor market. On the one hand,

there is high employment demand due to population pressure. On

the other hand, there is inadequate employment supply, which is

greatly constrained by the low recruitment capacity of the public

sector and an embryonic and informal private sector. Furthermore,

the few jobs that are available are not always compatible with what

candidates have to offer.

The fourth chapter presents recommendations that serve as gov-

ernment advocacies to the donors. It proposes measures in three

main areas. Firstly, that the entire economic growth strategy should

be revisited so that it is inclusive of both the production process

and also the way in which economic gains are distributed. This

growth should therefore be based on the potential in the energy,

agricultural, tourism and industrial sectors, as well as innovations.

Secondly, the report suggests that the way in which the labor mar-

ket works should be reformed through a number of strong supply-

side and demand-side actions. One of these actions is to improve

the quality of statistics on supply and demand. The government

should also implement a strategy to boost the agriculture and tour-

ism sectors, which appear to be potential sources of immediate job

creation.

Thirdly, the report suggests that a proactive innovation policy

should be implemented. The first few innovations must organ-

ize the government’s institutional architecture in a way that gives

greater prominence to tourism.

Delivering As One

BURUNDI

xviii 2013 Human development Report in Burundi

GENERAL INTRODUCTION


This general introduction is articulated around three main points.

Firstly, it presents a very brief overview of the recent evolution of

the political and socio-economic situation in Burundi. Then, an ex-

planation of the relevance of the theme is given by highlighting

the importance of employment as a national concern and the way

in which innovations can play a decisive role in supporting eco-

nomic growth, which is crucial to job creation. Finally, a very brief

outline of the objective, methodology and structure of the report

is presented.

I.1. Recent changes in the political and socio- economic situation in Burundi

I.1.1. Evolution of the political situation in BurundiAfter more than ten years of civil war, the peace accords signed in

Arusha in 2000 and then the 2003 ceasefire contributed to a res-

toration of political stability. These accords were bolstered in 2006

by the ceasefire agreement between the government and the last

rebel movement, PALIPEHUTU-FNL. Since then, Burundi has experi-

enced relative political stability.

The Commission nationale de dialogue social (CNDS, National Social

Dialogue Commission) set up by the government has helped to

strengthen the peace deal despite the disagreements between the

government and the media over the amendment of the law gov-

erning the press in Burundi. Some provisions are deemed contrary

to the Constitution, especially the provision concerning the protec-

tion of sources. In addition, the involvement of some civil society

organizations -in coalition against the high cost of living and the

Ne touchez pas au consensus d’Arusha ! (“Don’t touch the Arusha

consensus!”) campaign- is not likely to compromise social stability.

I.1.2. Changes in the socio-economic situationBurundi is one of the world’s poorest countries. After Rwanda, it is

Africa’s second most densely populated country. Nearly 9 million

people now inhabit its area of 27,834 km2 and 67 percent of the

population lives below the monetary and non-monetary poverty

thresholds defined by the United Nations in 2007.

Burundi’s economy is disjointed and very poorly diversified. It is

based in part on the primary sector, whose contribution to Gross

Domestic Product (GDP) has averaged 33.7 percent over the past

few years. This situation is due to the large proportion of this sec-

tor, which is accounted for by agriculture. Predominantly rural, ag-

riculture is practiced on small-scale farms. It accounts for almost

90 percent of export revenues and employs over 90 percent of the

active population.

Agricultural production is divided between products for export,

such as coffee, tea and cotton, and food crops. Coffee alone ac-

counts for 81 percent of total export revenues despite the underly-

ing decrease in production over the recent period. Tea accounts for

just 7.7 percent, and cotton 2.2 percent.

The remaining of the country’s export revenues come from man-

ufactured products (6 percent), which illustrates the low level of

development of the industrial sector and its small contribution to

national wealth, and primary commodities on the other hand.

The remaining of the country’s export revenues come from man-

ufactured products (6 percent), which illustrates the low level of

development of the industrial sector and its small contribution to

national wealth, and primary commodities on the other hand.

The service sector has contributed approximately 42.7 percent of

GDP over the past few years. It is developed thanks to investments

in modern information technologies. Over the past few years, these

technologies have experienced growth of 6 percent to 8 percent1,

while agro-food industries have contributed around 16.8 percent.

Burundi is a “price-taker”, and is therefore exposed to product price

shocks on the international markets, leading to instability of the

macroeconomic framework. Thanks to the introduction of impor-

tant economic reforms which were initiated after the peace ac-

cords were signed in 2003, the country has experienced positive,

albeit unstable, economic growth. But it still falls far below the level

of performance necessary to reduce poverty, create decent jobs

and contribute to the achievement of the Millennium Develop-

ment Goals (MDGs). Poverty thus remains a major concern in Bu-

rundi. Available official statistics show that it directly affects nearly

94 percent of the population, which lives primarily in rural areas

characterized by particularly high under-employment at a level

of nearly 80 percent. This situation explains the low level of the

1 African Development Bank Group, “Environnement de l’investissement privé au Burundi”.

« Economic growth, promotion of innovations and youth employment » 1

Human Development Index (HDI), which fell from 0.394 (174th) in

2007 to 0.355 (178th) in 2013 out of a total of 187 countries.

I.2. The rationale for choice of the theme studyThis theme sums up the major problems affecting Burundi’s econ-

omy. It shows how economic growth and innovations can be used

to boost job creation. Youth employment is a national concern;

economic growth is regarded as a prerequisite for job creation, and

innovation as a vital driver of economic growth.

Employment,2 and especially youth employment, is a major con-

cern which affects the entire society and necessitates urgent na-

tionwide actions. It should also be pointed out, however, that this

issue is not specific to Burundi, as it affects most of African coun-

tries at various degrees.

According to the 2013 World Development Report, some 200 mil-

lion people, including 75 million aged under 25, are unemployed.

Millions more, most of them women, are not even seeking work.

According to international conventions, the youth population is

typically defined as those aged between 14 and 24 years, with 14

being the legal age limit below which it is not permitted to work

and 24 being the age above which a person is regarded as an adult.

Though age limits vary around the world, according to standard

definitions, Africa has the youngest population in the world, which

is now estimated at nearly 200 million. Assuming a constant rate

of growth, this figure would double by 2045 with a remarkable in-

crease in the level of education at the same time. On the basis of

available official statistics, this category makes up between 60 per-

cent and 70 percent of the total population. In other words, three

in five unemployed people are young people. They encounter

numerous obstacles in finding employment, such as inadequate

technical skills, a lack of experience and finance for those who

wish to become self-employed, information asymmetry or a lack of

knowledge of opportunities for self-employment and the creation

of individual businesses or cooperatives. Youth employment is also

very sensitive to fluctuations in economic cycles. For this reason,

young people are generally the first to lose their jobs in times of

economic contraction and the last to find another one when the

economy recovers.

2 According to statisticians, employment is “a set of tasks and duties which are performed, or supposed to be performed, either for an employer or as an independent worker”. People who are in employment are defined as those who produce goods and services for the market or for their own use.

In the case of Burundi, the key challenge is to reduce poverty or suf-

fer the consequences of the resurgence of a national conflict that

could delay the development process further.

Employment, and especially youth employment, which is regarded

as a driver of social development, can be an important tool for the

government of Burundi; particularly at a time when peace is matur-

ing and being consolidated. Employment enables an improvement

in people’s wellbeing, but also the achievement of a range of goals

including poverty reduction, improved economic productivity and

social cohesion.

Recent studies3 show that employment is the main factor that de-

termines living standards for the majority of the population, espe-

cially in the poorest countries. Families escape poverty or remain in

it when one or several of their members find or lose a job. Paid jobs,

including agricultural activities or self-employment, enable house-

holds to increase their consumption and reduce their vulnerability

to unforeseen events.

Employment influences the way an individual sees himself, inter-

acts with other people and perceives his role in society, and it can

also have collective consequences. It can determine the way in

which societies manage collective decision-making processes and

tensions between groups, and the way in which they avoid and

resolve conflicts.

Despite the importance of employment in society, its creation is

not spontaneous and it does not come out of nowhere. It stems

from an increase in production and policy on the redistribution of

national revenue on the one hand, and from suitable direct and/or

indirect public policies concerning the labor market on the other

hand. It should be pointed out, however, that although the rela-

tionship between economic growth and job creation is established

in the literature, it is extremely complex. This complexity is even ap-

parent in the experience of countries and the direction of the caus-

al link cannot be clearly identified. While it seems clear that there

can be no creation of new jobs unless economic growth occurs

beforehand, most often, there can be economic growth without

creation of decent jobs. This is true in many developing countries

faced with an economic growth, which depends on the exploita-

tion of natural resources that most often are not linked to the rest of

the economy. Economic growth then becomes exclusive in terms

of both its generation and its distribution. Burundi has not avoided

this situation.

3 UNCTAD (2012)

2 2013 Human development Report in Burundi


Since at least 2003, the growth that Burundi has achieved has cre-

ated little in the way of employment, despite the “Labor-Intensive

Programs” initiated by the government. In addition, the private

sector, which is the main driver of job creation, and the source of

90 percent of all jobs created in the world according to the World

Bank, is not only embryonic but also predominantly informal. Nor

has the growth been driven by innovation, even though this factor

plays an important role in the growth seen in other countries.

I.3. Objective and methodology of the studyThe objective of this report is to suggest strategies to Burundian

decision-makers for the creation and/or fostering of innovations,

compatible with the country’s level of development, that are es-

sential for achieving not only sustainable economic growth, but

also the creation of decent jobs for young people; the population

segment that is most affected by unemployment.

The methodology consisted of documentary research of the avail-

able studies on the Burundian economy, collection of statistical

data and observation and analysis of the situation.

The remainder of the report is thus structured as follows. The

first chapter gives a very concise overview of the theoretical links

between innovation and growth on the one hand, and economic

growth and job creation on the other hand. The second chapter

analyzes the history of growth in Burundi from 1960 to 2013 in or-

der to understand the trajectory and the sectors that contributed

the most to it. The third chapter is devoted to understanding the

labor market with a focus on the youth labor market in particular.

The fourth chapter is devoted to recommendations for the pur-

poses of advocacy aimed at drawing the attention of donors to

Burundi. The concluding section summarizes the report’s findings

and recommendations.

The remainder of the report is thus structured as follows. The first

chapter gives a very concise overview of the theoretical links be-

tween innovation and growth on the one hand, and economic

growth and job creation on the other hand. The second chapter

analyzes the history of growth in Burundi from 1960 to 2013 in or-

der to understand the trajectory and the sectors that contributed

the most to it. The third chapter is devoted to understanding the

labor market with a focus on the youth labor market in particular.

The fourth chapter is devoted to recommendations for the pur-

poses of advocacy aimed at drawing the attention of donors to

Burundi. The concluding section summarizes the report’s findings

and recommendations.


THEORETICAL LINKS BETWEEN GROWTH, INNOVATION AND EMPLOYMENT: WHAT LESSONS CAN BURUNDI LEARN?

This chapter aims at giving a very brief overview of the concep-

tual framework that highlights the links between innovation and

growth on the one hand, and growth and employment on the

other hand. In the literature on the drivers of economic growth, in-

novation has had, at least since the time of the economist Schum-

peter (1911), an important role as a factor for the creation and dis-

tribution of wealth. Neoclassical economists have demonstrated

the role of innovation in particular through endogenous growth

models. Growth also appears to be a necessary but not sufficient

condition for the creation of new jobs. Structural transformations

of the economy are regarded as vital prerequisites for job creation.

1.1. Promoting innovation makes a favorable con-tribution to economic growthBefore we present a few theoretical links between economic

growth and innovation, we should first examine the latter’s defini-

tion and various forms.

1.1.1. Definition and typology of innovation

1.1.1.1. DefinitionInnovation is difficult to define. In general, it is a synonym for

change. In the Oslo Manual (OECD, 2005), the OECD defines

Chapter 1


THEORETICAL LINKS BETWEEN GROWTH, INNOVATION AND EMPLOYMENT: WHAT LESSONS CAN BURUNDI LEARN?

innovation as “the implementation of a new or significantly improved

product (good or service), or process, a new marketing method or a

new organizational method in business practices, workplace organiza-

tion or external relations.”

This definition shows that innovation does not consist merely of

creating a “magic and revolutionary” product. It involves re-ex-

amining ways of doing things, working methods and production

processes. In this context, it is in the interests of public and private

sector entities, business support services and even independent

workers to take an innovation-centred approach at all times in or-

der to gain or retain market share. With that end in view, what con-

stitutes an innovation in one sector of activity does not necessarily

constitute an innovation in others. It concerns not just technology,

but also, and to a greater extent, a culture within a state, company

or business, and takes the form of a set of good practices, which

can be acquired and stimulated. As such, an innovation is generally

evaluated after the event, i.e. after it has been implemented and

produced substantial improvements in the production of goods

and services, living conditions for populations or preservation of

competitiveness through the maintenance or seeking of new mar-

ket share on the part of the business and, more generally, the state.

1.1.1.2. Typology of innovationAccording to the OECD’s Oslo Manual, there are four types of in-

novation: process innovation, product innovation, organizational

innovation and marketing innovation.

Process innovation

This is generally associated with the adoption of new production

methods or simply a significant improvement of existing ones. Ex-

amples include the transition from traditional agriculture to mod-

ern mechanized agriculture, or the use of new high-productivity

seeds.

Product innovation

This is intended to produce new or improved products, or products

which can no longer be made with old facilities or methods, or to

increase output in the production of existing products.

Organizational innovation

This is the implementation of new organizational methods, such as

changes in business practices (use of ICT tools), workplace organi-

zation and a company’s external relations.

Marketing innovation

It refers to the implementation of a new marketing method, which

involves significant changes in the design, packaging, placement,

promotion or pricing of a product.

Innovation can be radical or gradual (incremental). Product inno-

vation, for example is radical if the performance characteristics,

properties, design features or use of materials and components

are significantly different from those that existed previously. It can

therefore cause a major imbalance or even a threat to the business

if it does not lead to an increase in market share that can compen-

sate the investments made.

Innovation is gradual when the performance of an existing prod-

uct significantly increases or improves. Gradual innovation, in turn,

can take two forms. The performance of a simple product can be

improved by a reduction in its cost through the use of better com-

ponents or materials. A complex product, which comprises several

integrated technical sub-systems, can be improved by means of

partial changes to one of the sub-systems.

1.1.2 The Role of innovation in economic growthInnovation is regarded as the main driver of growth and produc-

tivity. Economists generally divide economic growth into two es-

sential components: extensive and intensive growth. The former is

achieved merely through the addition of work, capital and other re-

sources. This happens when a country is able to increase its growth

by mobilizing more labor. The second form of growth is fuelled by

discoveries, which make it possible to use workers and resources

in an even more efficient way. This type of growth encourages the

permanent improvement of revenue and wellbeing, and enables

an economy to grow even if its population stagnates or decreases.

Economists have named “technology4” as the factor of improve-

ment responsible for such growth, and it includes not only tech-

nological advances in the strict sense but also the improvement of

laws and rules; in other words, innovation. Initially, such technology

is regarded as an international public good, access to which is virtu-

ally free and available to every business or nation without consid-

ering the reasons for resource allocation to science and technol-

ogy, which is supposed to depend on public rather than private

decisions. In the long term, all countries involved in the process

of catching up should naturally converge towards the same path

of growth, because there would be a great amount of exchange

between scientists and engineers in all countries

However, due to the wide disparities between development lev-

els, the predictions resulting from this model have revealed some

significant gaps. These gaps have opened up new avenues of re-

search in relation to theories on so-called endogenous growth. In

4 In this operation, the technique can be defined by what is left when the effects on Gross Domestic Product (GDP), labour, capital, education, etc. have been calculated.


C H A P T E R 1

these theories (Romer, 1986 and 1991; Lucas, 1993), innovation is

regarded as endogenous in those businesses assess opportunity

cost in terms of the return expected from the introduction of an

innovation as compared with traditional production, and therefore

weigh up the need to take on new operators responsible for cur-

rent production against the need for well-trained scientists and

engineers to develop new processes and/or new products. This

choice is in turn dependent on several factors, such as the interest

rate of return on financial capital, the greater or lesser probability of

achieving innovation, population size, and hence the existence of

a potential market.

So, growth results from the positive externalities arising out of the

interaction between decentralized innovation processes. Patents

and intellectual property rights make it possible to protect reve-

nue earned from innovation for a sometimes-limited period while

facilitating the use of knowledge produced for research and the

discovery of new products or processes which make it possible to

retain or acquire market share, which is a source of growth. At this

level, the role of economic policy is important and can take differ-

ent forms: legislation on patents, R&D grants or simply the creation

of public research institutes.

These theories thus recall Schumpeterian intuitions, which regard

innovation as the driver of growth and, all things being equal, of

development. These intuitions were taken up again by the tech-

nical progress specialist (Freeman, 1979), according to whom; in-

novations tend to be concentrated by technologies and comple-

mentary forms of organization. So, most lengthy periods of growth

stemmed from a radical breakthrough or failing this, from generic

products and technologies: the steam engine, the electric motor,

the car, the container, etc. and in the modern era, information and

communication technologies (Freeman and Soete, 1991).

1.1.3 The role of the state in promoting innovationThere is now a fairly broad consensus on the factors that can stim-

ulate or stifle innovation, which range from taxes and patents to

regulations and spending on research. The inequalities in terms of

technology and innovation, which are observed between devel-

oped countries, are mainly linked to gross domestic expenditure

on research and development (GERD), which includes expenditure

on R&D by businesses, institutes of higher education and public

and private not-for-profit organizations, and also human capital in

the country. On the one hand, innovation research is accompanied

by structural supply-side action through an active economic policy,

and on the other hand, it is pursued through a network of educa-

tional, social and financial institutions.

1.1.3.1. Economic policy based on improving supplyThe formalizations of this process within the framework of endog-

enous growth (Aghion and Howitt, 1998) also provide guidance for

economic policy. So, the government can: (i) encourage regular

and sustained formation of capital through productive investment,

organization of the financial markets and improvement of the busi-

ness climate; (ii) improve the quality of the links between public

sector research and private companies in order to improve intangi-

ble capital; (iii) encourage the creation of new ideas from old ideas

by promoting openness to the international community which is

favorable to researcher mobility; (iv) improve the skill level of the

workforce by setting demanding professional or public standards

in relation to safety, the environment and labor organization; (v)

build major communication, land development and land integra-

tion infrastructures.

1.1.3.2. The innovation system forms part of a net-work of educational, social and financial institutionsSince it is individuals who produce new ideas through their interac-

tions, it is clear that the development of human capital is ultimately

the key variable in innovation. This is why, in the very long term, it

is the quality of education and the volume of resources that are

allocated to it, as well as the attractiveness of science and tech-

nology careers that determine a nation’s capacity to innovate. The

importance of the role of public authorities stems from the fact that

they can positively (or negatively) influence the four environmen-

tal parameters: (i) factors of production (through training and basic

research); (ii) the form of competition (through legislation, compe-

tition policy, financing, etc.); (iii) the shaping of demand (through

regulation and normalization); (iv) the competitiveness of other

industries (through development policies).

1.2. Innovation and employmentInnovation creates as much employment as it destroys, so unem-

ployment can result either from inability to innovate (which leads

to a decline in employment) or from uncontrolled innovation,

which destroys more old skills than it creates new jobs.

So-called structural changes (McMillan and Rodrik, 2011) can then

arise: changes occur in the sectorial composition of economic ac-

tivities and hence in specialization of production. Movements of

labor follow these developments and have a decisive impact on

the growth trajectory of countries through innovations. By leaving

less productive sectors and moving to others which are more pro-

ductive due to innovation, the workforce increases its overall labor

productivity and stimulates growth of the economy as a whole by

orienting the workforce towards rapidly developing sectors, espe-

cially technology-based ones, which can boost overall labor pro-

ductivity. One such example is the New Information and Commu-

nications Technology (NICT) sector, which destroys labor-intensive

jobs at the same time as creating skilled jobs. Other reasons why

jobs may not be created are a low NICT penetration rate or a lack

of skilled workers.


HISTORY OF BURUNDI’S ECONOMIC GROWTH


This chapter analyzes economic growth in Burundi in order to un-

derstand its sources and the sectors that contribute the most to it.

More emphasis is laid on general trends in economic growth, its

main characteristics, the instability of the macroeconomic frame-

work and the potential for real growth in Burundi.

With respect to the methodology, we consider three (3) main peri-

ods. The first period, from 1960 to 1992 highlights the behavior of

growth through the contribution of five-year economic and social

development plans to the relaunch of economic growth in Burun-

di. It was a period of relative economic stability, with public sector

investment aiming to achieve the goals laid down in the five-year

plans. The second period, from 1993 to 2003, is presented in order

to separate the effects of the crisis due to the events of 1993 from

the analysis. Burundi’s economy was hit hard by the destruction of

its manufacturing sector, and the sectors with growth prospects

were significantly affected. The last period, from 2004 to 2014, cor-

responds to the post-conflict years after the signing of the peace

and national reconciliation agreements in Burundi. This period co-

incides with the development of the first and second-generation

of PRSPs and the Burundi 2025 Vision to guide the program. The

analysis focuses as much on the breakdown of GDP and the contri-

butions of sectors to growth as it does on job creation.

Chapter 2


C H A P T E R 2

2.1. Overall trend in economic growth from 1960 to 2013Three (3) main periods may be observed in the history of economic

growth in Burundi. This history reflects the difficulties associated

with the transition from an agricultural economy to a service econ-

omy based on industrialization. For illustrative purposes, Table 1

shows the percentage changes in the contributions of sectors to

GDP between two years.

The data show a shift in the economy from the primary sector to-

wards services. However, the development of services is based not

on the knowledge economy, as it is in developed countries, but

on the development of trade activities. Figures 1 and 2 show Bu-

rundi’s economic growth over the three periods and the changes in

GDP per capita. The advantage of these different figures is that they

highlight the three main characteristics of this growth.

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

1961-69 1970-79 1980-89 1990-92 1993-03 2004-09 2010 2011 2012 Year

Grow

th (%

)

GDP growth (anual percentages)

YEAR Services, value added (% of GDP) Industry, value added (% of GDP) Agriculture, value added (% of GDP)

1970 19.20 10.17 70.63

2012 42.53 16.89 40.58

Figure 1: Economic growth in Burundi (1961-2012)

Table 1: Percentage changes in the contributions of sectors to GDP

Source: World Bank: World Bank national accounts data and OECD national accounts data files.




2.2. Main characteristics of economic growthThe figures 1 and 2 show three main characteristics of economic

growth from the beginning of the 1960s to the present day. It is

volatile and unstable, immiserizing5, and job-poor.

2.2.1. Volatile and unstable economic growth One of the first characteristics of Burundi’s economic growth is that

it is volatile and highly unstable. This was especially true during the

first period. This instability is due to supply and demand shocks.

The supply shocks stem from the economy’s heavy reliance on an

agricultural sector that uses rudimentary and poorly diversified

tools and whose food-producing component is not very commer-

cialized. The volatility of growth is also affected by the variability in

the production of a single export product: coffee. In 1964, Burundi

was in a position where a poor coffee harvest would have been

sufficient for the country to go bankrupt, become unable to pay

for the minimum necessary level of imports and cover ordinary

expenditures without massive foreign aid, which it could not by

any means hope to receive6. On the demand side, the shocks were

essentially variations in the prices of raw materials on the interna-

tional markets.

Figure 3 shows coffee production from 1964 to 2012. The variations

observed are reflected in the changes in growth. They were due

firstly to climatic variations, and then to the combination of the ef-

fects of the war and the aging of crops and rural populations. Since

5 Immiserizing growth is a theoretical situation first proposed by Bhagwati (1958), where economic growth could result in a country being worse off than before the growth.

6 Annual report of the Banque du Royaume du Burundi (Bank of the Kingdom of Burundi). 1964, p. 23.

the war ended, despite the government’s desire to do so, the coun-

try has been having difficulties in achieving the production level

seen in 1980, when production was close to fifty thousand tons.

The lesson comes from the changes in GDP per capita, which, after

a period of relative stability until 1972, rose until 1991 before falling

again from 1993 to 2003. The period of progress was due to the

redistribution policies implemented by the government, to which

the crisis unfortunately put an end. Between 2003 and 2013, there

was a slight increase.

Figure 4 shows the changes in the contributions of each sector to

GDP.

The graphical analysis of contributions of sectors to GDP shows

that the support from industry was marginal. This explains the small

contribution of the secondary sector to GDP and, at the same time,

its small contribution to job creation.

This trend also shows that economic growth has essentially been

led by the tertiary sector. One might think that the Burundian

economy is following the same trend as the one observed in in-

dustrialized or emerging countries, but unfortunately this is not the

case. It is true that the tertiary sector is dominant in industrialized

and emerging countries, but this is due to the development of the

sector of services related to technology, the economy and knowl-

edge industries. In Burundi’s case, however, it is a tertiary sector of

the poor dominated by trade, informal and import/export activities

without any real creation of wealth and employment.

The contraction or stagnation of the primary and secondary sec-

tors is a clear reflection of the inadequacy of productive invest-

ment. In other words, the economy is not generating enough of a

surplus to enable it to respond and increase its capacity to produce

new wealth. There is no investment of capital stock or investment

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1961-69 1970-79 1980-89 1990-92 1993-03 2004-09 2010 2011 2012 Year

Curre

nt $

US

GDP per capita (current US $)

Figure 2: GDP per capita (1961-2012)

Source: World Bank national accounts data and OECD national accounts data files.


C H A P T E R 2

in increasing this stock. As a result, dilapidation and obsolescence

are now the major characteristics of the capital stock within the Bu-

rundian economy. It should be noted that the development of the

tertiary sector goes hand in hand with investment in R&D to pro-

mote innovation and the development of transport services, insur-

ance and ICT. The breakdown of Burundi’s service sector shows that

non-market services and trade are the only things that account for

a high proportion of services.

2.2.2. Immiserizing economic growth

The second characteristic of economic growth in Burundi is more

worrying and more serious. More detailed analysis of Burundi’s eco-

nomic growth shows that it is immiserizing as defined by Bhagwati

(1958) (see Text box 1).

First of all, the pace of growth since 1993 has never exceeded 6

percent. There is a sawtooth pattern, which gives the impression of

a slowdown. Economic growth is meaningless unless it has the ca-

pacity to improve the wellbeing of populations. If these economic

growth results are compared with population growth (Figure 5), it

1961-69 1970-79 1980-89 1990-92 1993-03 2004-09 2010 2011 2012 Year

Green coffee production 1964-2012 (tons)

Tons

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

01020304050607080

1970-79 1980-92 1993-03 2004-09 2010 2011 2012

Agrculture Services,etc Industry

Contributions of sectors to GDP, 1970-2012

Adde

d va

lue (

% o

f GDP

)

Figure 3: Green coffee production per season (1964-2012)

Figure 4: Contributions of sectors to GDP (1970-2012)

Source: BRB, annual reports from 1968 to 2012




is clear that net wealth creation is low and does not make it pos-

sible to change the poverty level substantially. This is immiserizing

growth.

Secondly, the observed growth is not inclusive. From 1994 onwards,

growth exceeded population growth rates. An improvement in

living conditions might have been expected, but this did not hap-

pen. The greater the increase in population density, which is higher

(372 inhabitants per km²), the greater the increase in education,

healthcare, infrastructure needs.

Where economic growth is more favorable to the production

of one good over another, we talk about biased growth. There

is an increase of the relative global supply of this good, which

has an impact on the terms of trade. If growth in one country

is biased towards an exported good, its terms of trade wors-

en and the beneficial effect of growth is reduced as a result.

Conversely, if growth is biased towards an import, the terms of

trade improve, and this further strengthens the improvement

in prosperity. In the same way, growth, which is biased towards

imports in a foreign country, can have a detrimental effect on

the national economy. In the 1950s, several economists won-

dered about the risks posed to growth by the worsening of the

terms of trade of poor countries that export raw materials. In

1958, Jagdish N. Bhagwati demonstrated theoretically that eco-

nomic growth, which is heavily biased towards exporting, could

worsen the terms of trade of an open economy to such an ex-

tent that all gains would disappear and the initial conditions

would be destroyed. This outcome is known as immiserizing

growth. However, the conditions in which immiserizing growth

occurs are highly restrictive. For such an outcome to arise, the

country would have to supply a significant quantity of exports

at global level. This being the case, the price elasticity of global

supply and demand for the product has to be very low. In this

case, the surplus supply must cause a reduction in the global

price such that the increase in the volume of exports is no long-

er sufficient to prevent the reduction in their value. Finally, the

country has to experience growth that is heavily export-biased,

which implicitly assumes a very high degree of trade openness.

In reality, no country meets all of these conditions and immiser-

izing growth remains a purely theoretical outcome. However, it

is generally interpreted as growth that is not accompanied by

an improvement in living conditions, either because it is insuf-

ficient or because it is simply poorly distributed.

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

1981-92 1993-03 2004-09 2010 2011 2012

GDP growth Population growth

Growth rate of GDP and the population 1981-2012

Rate

(%)

Year

Figure 5: Comparison of growth rates of GDP and the population (1981-2012)

Text box 1: Immiserizing growth

Source: Real data from the Institute of statistics and economic studies in Burundi.


C H A P T E R 2

2.2.3. Job-poor economic growth The third characteristic of Burundi’s economic growth is that it cre-

ates few or no jobs. Economic growth is driven by the agricultural

sector, which relies on artisanal farming methods. The economic

literature confirms “rapid transformations brought about by techni-

cal progress have led to greater mobility of labor, as well as geo-

graphical, occupational and sectoral mobility”7. Examination of the

composition of GDP over five decades in Burundi shows the diffi-

culty of transforming the economy. The major challenge is to bring

about a structural change, which would make it possible for jobs

to be transferred from the primary sector to other sectors of the

economy.

The stagnation of the secondary sector’s contribution to GDP over

more than 40 years (1970-2013) demonstrates the difficulties as-

sociated with transforming Burundi’s economy.

2.3. An unstable macroeconomic framework The instability of economic growth affects other economic factors.

In taking advantage of its monetary autonomy to relaunch eco-

nomic growth, Burundi has increased the instability of the macro-

economic framework through an expansion of public deficits (pub-

lic and debt) and high inflation. Other macroeconomic variables

have also been affected, such as the rate of investment and the

balance of payments through the current account. In addition, the

narrowness of the tax base forces the state to monetize its deficits

in the face of the growing demands of running the apparatus of

the state. This results in high inflation, which coexists with a chronic

structural budget deficit.

2.3.1. A chronic budget deficitThe instability of economic growth is exacerbated by the persis-

tence of budget deficits, which have characterized the five decades

since independence. The scale of these deficits did not leave a suf-

ficient margin to build up public savings that could be used to fund

large-scale investments. Economic growth driven by chronic budg-

et deficits is not sustainable. Deficits make this growth volatile. For

example, Burundi’s budget deficits (on a commitment basis) ac-

cording to the report of the National Bank of Burundi over the years

2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 were, in billions of Burundian francs

(MBIF), 40,541.5; -128,538.4; -42,294.3 and - 90,073.0 respectively8.

2.3.2. The burden of public debtGovernment debt has risen sharply since Burundi became subject

to the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP). This rise stemmed

7 OECD, Economic growth 1960-1970, Paris 1966, p.15.

8 Annual report of the BRB, 2011.

from an expansion of external debt resulting from reassessment

due to readjustments of the exchange rate of the national curren-

cy and the increase in drawings. The SAPs did not help to sustain

growth. The loans that were granted to support adjustment exacer-

bated the country’s debt situation, and in budgetary terms, raising

the tax base had become a real challenge. Expenditure on routine

state administration increased, with the wages of public sector

workers and public servants accounting for a high proportion.

In addition, more than 50 percent of the state budget is still sup-

ported by foreign funds. Direct funding of projects has revealed its

limitations due to poor absorption capacities. Although it is sub-

ject to conditionalities, direct support for the budget limits budget

overruns in the state treasury. Furthermore, given that Burundi is a

post-conflict country, capacities to mobilize public funds for devel-

opment are the only alternative means of consolidating the macro-

economic framework.

Despite the substantial decreases in internal debt due to the coun-

try meeting the conditions of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries

(HIPC) Initiative, servicing of internal debt continues to exert strong

pressure on routine spending. For instance, according to the figures

in the BRB’s 2011 annual report, internal debt rose from 241,179.0

MBIF in 2007 to 511,105.1 MBIF in 2011. Over the same period, ex-

ternal debt decreased from 1,530,542.8 MBIF to 464,105.4 MBIF. To

remedy this situation, efforts must be made to mobilize domestic

revenues. However, the narrowness of the tax base and the instabil-

ity of the macroeconomic framework make such a policy difficult

in practice.

2.3.3. High inflation The macroeconomic framework is characterized by high inflation

rates, which exceed economic growth rates. Despite the efforts

made by the government through monetary policy reform and

central bank reform, inflation remains a concern within the Burun-

dian economy. In reality, monetary policy is still lax due to the regu-

lar printing of money.

2.3.4. Current account in continual deficitAnother challenge is the current account balance. The balance of

trade has traditionally been in deficit, and export capacities are lim-

ited. The financing of the balance of payments is worrying. Foreign

currency reserves are constantly affected by the continuing deficit

in the current account.



Burundi received large loans during the period of the Structural Ad-

justment Programmes (SAPs) to support the balance of payments.

This situation destabilized the macroeconomic framework. The fi-

nancing of the balance of payments caused exchange rate vola-

tility (see Figure 7). The repeated depreciations of the Burundian

franc increased the cost of debt in the national currency and had

an impact on the level of the current account deficits; the primary

balance was no longer able to produce a surplus sufficient to cover

the cost of debt.

2.3.5. Low efficiency of official development assistance Official development assistance per capita has risen constantly. It

increased from 2.62 US $ per capita in 1961 to 52 US $ in 1992.

Income per capita and the level of economic growth did not follow

the same trend. External debt is an important source of finance for

an economy characterized by a low level of internal savings, which

does not make it possible to fund all potential investments9.

Although there is potential for growth in Burundi, official develop-

ment assistance has not been effective in supporting economic

growth. The poverty level has risen, monetary income has remained

9 Imed DRINE & Mahmoud Ami NABI, Public External Indebtedness and Productive Efficiency in Developing Countries, Proceedings of the African Economic Conference 2007, ADB & AEC.

-5

0

5

10

15

20

1981-92 1993-03 2004-09 2010 2011 2012

In�ation Growth

Growth and inflation rates (1981-2012)

Rate

(%)

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

1961-69 1970-79 1980-92 1993-03 2004-09 2010 2011 2012

External balance of goods and services 1961-2012 (% of GDP)

% o

f GDP

Figure 6: Comparison of growth and inflation rates (1981-2012)

Figure 7: External balance of goods and services as a percentage of GDP (1961-2012)

Source: Actual data from the Institut des statistiques et d’études économiques du Burundi.

Source: World Bank national accounts data and OECD national accounts data files.


C H A P T E R 2

at a derisory level, public saving has consequently not increased,

and Burundi’s capacities to finance development remain limited.

2.3.6. The role of monetary policyMonetary policy is controlled by the Banque de la République du

Burundi (BRB), which is responsible for price stability and manage-

ment of the exchange rate. An economy with low and stable infla-

tion is proof of a solid macroeconomic framework. The history of

Burundi’s economy is characterized by inflationary trends, which

have exceeded economic growth rates and affected the exchange

rate.

For instance, the general trend of depreciation of the Burundian

Franc shows the difficulty of stabilizing the macroeconomic frame-

work, and the pressure exerted on foreign currency reserves were

significant and affected the balance of payments and its financing.

Domestic state debt is another factor, which is destabilizing the

macroeconomic framework. Analysis of the trend in claims on gov-

ernment and claims on the economy shows a trend of increasing

loans to the government to finance budget deficits. The private

sector lacks substantial resources to finance development.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1961-69 1970-79 1980-92 1993-03 2004-09 2010 2011

Net ODA per capita (constant US$

cons

tant

US$

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

1961-69 1970-79 1980-83 1984-92 1993-03 2004-09 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Exchange rate between the US$ and the BIF (1961-2014)

Buru

ndia

n Fr

anc f

or U

S$ 1

Figure 8: Net official development assistance (ODA) received per capita in constant US dollars (1961-2012)

Figure 9: Exchange rate between the Burundian franc and the US dollar (1961-2012)

Source: Development Assistance Committee of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Developing Countries, Report on Development Cooperation and International Development Statistics database. These data are available online at the following address: www.oecd.org/dac/stats/idsonline. The World Bank’s population estimates were used as the denominator.

Source: Institute of statistics and economic in Burundi ( IDEC)



2.4. Explanation of poor economic performanceWithout being exhaustive, there are two main explanations for the

poor performance of Burundi’s economy: (i) the chronic energy defi-

cit, (ii) the small contribution of the private sector and the unfavora-

ble business environment, despite the efforts witnessed recently.

2.4.1. Chronic energy deficit According to an analysis of energy supply and potential in Burundi

(Ir SahiliAloys, 2013), 96.6 percent of the energy supply comes from

traditional biomass fuels such as firewood, charcoal and agricul-

tural wastes. All petroleum products are imported, and they only

account for 2.7 percent of national energy consumption. Hydro-

electric energy makes up just 0.6 percent of the energy supply, and

only 2 percent of the population has access to electricity. Other

forms of energy appear to be marginal as they account for less than

0.1 percent of total energy consumption in Burundi.

Over 95 percent of families use wood and wood derivatives for

cooking and heating. This is an indicator of the low level of use of

modern energy, and hence of poverty. It should be pointed out

that annual consumption of electricity per capita in Burundi was 25

kWh in 200810 (Ir SahiliAloys, 2013) whereas in 1980 it was 12 kWh

per year per capita. It is assessed at 27 kWh per capita per year in

2012. The African average is over 500 kWh. In addition, the electrifi-

cation rate, which was estimated at 2.5 percent in 2008, increased

to 4.3 percent in 201011 (UNDP/MEM, 2013) The rate of access to

10 Ir SahiliAloys, Idem.

11 Ministry of Energy and Mines/UNDP, Stratégie nationale de développement des énergies nouvelles et renouvelables au Burundi à l’horizon 2030, Volume 1: résumé synthétique, Bujumbura, October 2013.

electricity is 29.7 percent in urban centers and 0.47 percent in rural

areas.

These figures show that electricity contributes very little to eco-

nomic growth and improvements in living conditions for the popu-

lation. Less than 3.5 percent of the population has access to elec-

tricity and many public infrastructures in rural areas lack it. The poor

capacity to supply electricity forces families in rural areas to use

candles or oil lamps for lighting purposes. As a result, the propor-

tion of household income that spend on energy is very high when

one considers what they would spend if they were connected to

the power grid.

2.4.1.1. Changes in supply and demand for electricityIn 2012, electricity is generated in the Republic of Burundi by hy-

droelectric and thermal power plants with a combined national

installed generating capacity of 39.29 MW. National generation is

supplemented by electricity imports from the Ruzizi I (3 MW) hy-

droelectric power plant which belongs to the DRC and the Ruzizi II

community hydroelectric power plant (13.3 MW). The supply avail-

able to Burundi is thus 55.59 MW, and it breaks down as follows:

The installed capacity of existing power plants in Burundi, which

was 30.25 MW in 2005, improved slightly after the rehabilitation of

the Ruvyironza and Gikonge power plants and the doubling of the

capacity of the Nyemanga hydroelectric power plant, which took

place between 2005 and 2009.

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Ratio of net claims to domestic credit Ratio Claims on the economy to domestic credit

%Figure 10: Ratio of net claims on government and claims on the economy to domestic credit

Source: Bank of the Republic of Burundi.


C H A P T E R 2

Figure 11 shows the trend in power generation (domestic and

imports) between 1996 and 2012.

The output of the interconnected network rose to 245.975 GWh

in 2012 from 245.406 GWh the previous year, a small increase of

0.23 percent. The grid peaked at 47.76 MW on 28/06/2012 at 20:00.

Hydroelectric power generation accounts for 98.83 percent of total

generation, with 56.53 percent of hydroelectricity being generated

in Burundi. Energy imports from Ruzizi II totaled 82 GWh in 2012

and 22.3 GWh was imported from Ruzizi I, so total imports account-

ed for 42.4 percent of the available generating capacity. As shown

in Table 3, the proportion accounted for by imports from the Ruzizi



II12 community power plant exceeded the import quota of 33.3 per-

cent from 2008 onwards and peaked at 37.3 percent in 2011 due to

rainfall problems and the low purchase price of this energy (33 USD

per MWh from 2007 onwards).13 Imports are relatively high because

Burundi has been very slow to invest in generation.

The electricity that is available to Burundi is transferred to con-

sumption centers via a power transmission grid, which is mainly

made up of 110 kV, 70 kV and 30 kV transmission lines (35 kV for

the Mugere-Ozone substation line). The main supply lines are as

follows: (i) the 110 kV line between Rwegura and Bujumbura via

Bubanza; (ii) the 110 kV line between Mururu II and Bubanza; (iii)

the 110 kV line between Bujumbura and Gitega; (vi) the 70 kV line

between the Mururu I substation and Bujumbura (owned by SNEL).

12 Situation actuelle de la SINELAC, présentation de la SINELAC à la réunion des experts de la CEPGL, Bujumbura, 11-14 February 2014.

13 Ibid.

Industry accounted for 15 percent and 13 percent of the sector in

2007 and 2012 respectively. This is an immediate indicator of the

downturn in economic activity due to the unstable social and polit-

ical situation that prevailed in the country between 1993 and 2003,

but it was exacerbated by the lack of electricity during the years

of peace. According to the Etude de la demande du Burundi14, the

breakdown of consumers remained stable for three years between

2008 and 2010:

Burundi also has a relatively high rate of loss, which ranged be-

tween 18 percent and 25 percent between 2006 and 2012. Efforts

must therefore be made to reduce technical and non-technical

losses to power consumption as much as possible.

14 Studio Pietrangeli, Lot 1A Poste et centre de dispatching à Kamanyola, lignes d’interconnexion et ligne de raccordement: Rapport de l’étude de la demande, énergie des Grands Lacs (EGL), March 2013.

Table 2: Electricity production

Source: REGIDESO

Province Year of commissioning

Operated by Installed capacity, Mw

1. Hydroelectric power plants

RWEGURA Kayanza 1986 REGIDESO 18

MUGERE Bujumbura Rural 1982 REGIDESO 8

RUVYIRONZA Gitega 1982/1984 REGIDESO 1.5

GIKONGE Muramvya 1982 REGIDESO 1

NYEMANGA Bururi 1988 REGIDESO 2.8

KAYENZI Muyinga 1988 REGIDESO 0.85

MARANGARA Ngozi 1986 REGIDESO 0.28

BUHIGA Karuzi 1984 REGIDESO 0.24

ABER hydro power plants ABER 0.47

Hydro power plants Private operators 0.65

2. Buja thermal power plants Bujumbura REGIDESO 5.5

TOTAL 1 39.29

RUZIZI I (SNEL) 1957 SNEL 3

RUZIZI II (SINELAC) 1989 SINELAC 13.3

TOTAL 55.59


C H A P T E R 2

0

50

100

150

200

250

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Electricity generation by REGIDESO between 1996 and 2012

Gene

ratio

n, G

Wh

Figure 11: Electricity production by REGIDESO between 1996 and 2012

Table 3: Electricity imports 2006-2012

Figure 12: Electricity use by consumer category in 2007

Source: REGIDESO

Source: REGIDESO

Source: REGIDESO

Production by Ruzizi II (MWh) REGIDESO imports (MWh) Percentage %

2006 132,640.13 42,077 31.7%

2007 184,522.96 52,277 28.3%

2008 209,062.00 72,024 34.5%

2009 177,287.10 63,161 35.6%

2010 208,659.00 73,499 35.2%

2011 213,526.90 79,612 37.3%

2012 227,176.41 82,017 36.1%

14%

15%42%

7%7% 5% 5% 3%

1%

1%GovernmentReligious organizationTown halls + communesGeneral + businessIndustryHouseholdsState-owned companiesAdministration with personalized managementDiplomatic and consular missionsComsumption by REGIDESOPrepayment meter customers

Electricity use by consumer category in 2007



2.4.1.2 Impact of the electricity deficitCurrently, power consumption is restricted by the limits on genera-

tion by existing power plants and imports from the Ruzizi hydro-

electric power plants. The impact of the energy deficit on growth

and the standard of living of populations can be gauged through

the contraction of certain activities:

(i) the decline in the industrial sector, which requires a sufficient

quantity and quality of energy. For instance, the Musongati

nickel plant which requires nearly 200 MW cannot be set up

due to the lack of an adequate electricity supply;

(ii) the inadequate presence of agri-food processing industries,

which require refrigeration systems that do not suffer from

interruptions in the energy supply;

(iii) the difficulties in the operation of certain high-tech services

such as telecommunications, aviation, computer systems,

tourism and various other services where the success of

transactions depends on the availability, stability and quality

of voltage and frequency;

(iv) the significant losses of revenue suffered by restaurant own-

ers, hairdressing salons, mechanical workshops, garage own-

ers, welding workshops and various craftsmen due to numer-

ous power outages;

(v) the harm suffered by hospitals, maternity units and intensive

care centers;

(vi) the obligation for some services to resort to expensive gen-

erators which have extremely high running costs.

Figure 13: Electricity use by consumer category in 2012

Source: REGIDESO

33%

20%

13%12%

6%5%

4%

3%3%

1%GovernmentReligious organizationTown halls + communesGeneral + businessIndustryHouseholdsState-owned companiesAdministration with personalized managementDiplomatic and consular missionsConsumption by REGIDESOPrepayment meter customers

Electricity use by consumer category in 2012

Table 4: Breakdown of power consmption according to Studio Pietrangeli (SP)

Source: Studio Pietrangeli, Lot 1A poste et centre de dispatching à Kamanyola, Lignes d’interconnexion et ligne de raccordement: rapport de l’étude de la demande, Énergie des Grands Lacs (EGL), March 2013

YearSP category

2008 2009 2010 Average

Households and prepayment 52.10% 50.40% 48.50% 50%

Industry and business 35% 37.70% 39.60% 37%

Public services and other 12.90% 11.90% 11.90% 12%

Total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100%


C H A P T E R 2

2.4.2. Small contribution of the private sector and the business environmentThe private sector is a key driver of growth in many countries. Its

emergence depends on improvement of the business climate and

specific incentives. In Burundi, however, the private sector is at

an embryonic stage due to a business climate that is not very fa-

vorable despite the improvements made by the government over

the past few years. The table below shows how improvement in

the business climate is generally accompanied by high economic

growth rates. Rwanda is a spectacular example. This country has

made a qualitative and quantitative leap within the space of five

years. It rose from 143th in 2009 to 32nd in 2014 with a growth rate

of almost 8 percent. Mauritius, a small island nation, is also perform-

ing well.

Table 5: Comparison of certain economic performance indicators

Source: World Bank

INDICATORS BURUNDI RWANDA MAURITIUS

1 « Doing Business »rankings

2009 177 143 24

2010 176 67 17

2011 177 50 21

2012 169 45 23

2013 159 52 19

2014 140 32 20

2 Rate of economic growth (GDP) in 2012 4% 7.9% 3.2%

3 Net inflows of foreign direct investment (2012) 604,000 USD 160 millions USD 361 millions USD

4 Crop yield (kg per hectare) 1,123 kg 2,169 kg 3,901 kg

5 Area (km²) 25,680 km² 26,340 km² 2,040 km²



2.5. Potential for growth in BurundiThe potential for growth is based on a number of pillars, which

can only be built if the energy deficit is reduced. Without being

exhaustive, we will choose five pillars, two of which are based on

the development of agriculture and the promotion of tourism. The

contribution of these two sectors to growth is centered on the

capacity to innovate. In addition, agricultural development and the

promotion of tourism must occur at a sub-regional level.

Although the size of a country can be a handicap and create

problems, these problems can be overcome by well-designed

public policies. The example of Mauritius illustrates this situa-

tion quite well. During the 1960s, the Nobel economics laure-

ate James Meade was especially pessimistic about the future

of Mauritius, a small isolated island off the east coast of Africa.

Mauritius depended on a single crop (sugar cane) and suffered

destabilizing jolts in the terms of trade, with high unemploy-

ment, and had no natural resources. But the country proved

Meade wrong. It was rapidly transformed into a well-diversified

medium-income country and earned revenue from tourism,

the financial sector, textiles and advanced technologies as well

as sugar. In terms of economic reforms, income per capita,

human development indicators and governance indicators,

Mauritius is among the highest-ranked African countries.

Thanks to the implementation of prudent macroeconomic

policies, the country has been able to accelerate the transfor-

mation of its economy by attracting foreign direct investment

and encouraging the creation of robust institutions to support

growth. This example shows that the best remedy for macro-

economic instability is prevention through sound policies. This

is also what the micro-states in the Caribbean have done. De-

spite its small size, Samoa was able to diversify its output and

its export markets after an attack of taro leaf blight during the

1990s highlighted the importance of not relying on a single

crop. Vulnerability is not inevitability for small states.

Text box 2: the paramount importance of public policy, Mauritius an example of good practice


C H A P T E R 2

2.5.1. High energy potentialEnergy potential can be analyzed at the national level as well as at

sub-regional level.

2.5.1.1. National potentialThere is considerable national generation potential. Without being

exhaustive, we will limit ourselves mainly to hydroelectric resourc-

es. In terms of sites with a generating capacity of more than 1 MW,

Burundi has the potential to generate 1,700 MW of hydro power,

which equates to average output of 6,000 GWh per year; of this,

a potential 300 MW (1,500 GWh) is regarded as economically ex-

ploitable. According to the Ministry of Energy and Mines of Burundi

(2011), the potential could be even greater because Burundi has

159 potential hydropower sites and 29 sites, which are already in

use15 (MEM/UNDP, 2013). The installed generating capacity of the

country’s hydroelectric power plants was only 33.75 MW in 2012

including private sector hydroelectric power plants and those of

15 Ministry of Energy and Mines/UNDP, Stratégie nationale de développement des énergies nouvelles et renouvelables au Burundi à l’horizon 2030, Volume 1: résumé synthétique, Bujumbura, October 2013.

the former DGHER, or around 11 percent of exploitable potential

with annual generation of 245 GWh per year.

Burundi also needs to exploit the hydropower potential that is

already known about by placing into operation the hydroelectric

power plants currently under development for which the studies

are now finished or being prepared. Table 6 gives a summary of all

hydroelectric power plants due to be built in the country.

The Mpanda power plant has been under construction for one

year with funding from the Burundian State Budget. Action is

being taken to fund the Kabu16 and JIJI003 & MULE034 projects

through financial packages involving public-private partnership

arrangements.

At regional level, Burundi, in partnership with the other countries

in the sub-region, plans to build two hydroelectric power plants:

In addition to this main source, there is also solar and wind po-

tential with solar radiation ranging between 4.6 and 5.1 kWh per

square meter per day on the plains, as compared with 3.3 to 4 kWh

per square meter per day at high altitudes. Proven peat reserves

are estimated at around 100 million tons, including 50 million tons

of peat with a moisture content of 30 percent which are regarded

HPP Capacity (in MW) Sponsor (s)

Mpanda 10.4 Government of Burundi

Kabu16 20 India

Jiji003 31.5 AfDB, WB, EU, EIB

Mule034 16.5 AfDB, WB, EU, EIB

Ruzb007 17 China

Kagu 006 8 Study in progress

Ruvu216 15 Study in progress



Table 6: Hydroelectric power plants to be built at national level

Table 7: Hydroelectric power plants to be built at regional level

Source: MFPDE, Direction générale de la programmation, PIP 2014-2016.

Source: MFPDE, Direction générale de la programmation, PIP 2014-2016.

HPP Capacity (in MW) Sponsor (s)

Ruzizi III 147 PPP

Rusumo Falls 80 WB



as exploitable. Exploitable peat reserves in Burundi could yield

200,000 tons per year over a period of 275 years. The peat bog

stretching from Gitanga to Matana alone could provide 20,000 tons

of peat per year for 28 years. Wood resources, hydrocarbon reserves

and geothermal resources are also available.

2.5.1.2. Community electricity potentialAmong the regional projects that are currently being developed,

the most advanced are those involving the development of the Ru-

zizi III hydroelectric power plant16, which is shared between Burun-

di, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo, and the ongo-

ing development of the Rusumo Falls hydroelectric power plant by

the ECGLC for Great Lakes Energy (GLE), which is acting as sponsor,

and by the Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action Program (NEL-

SAP). The financial package for these two projects was designed to

take advantage of the various mechanisms of competition in the

financing, construction and management of hydroelectric power

plants. The development process for these regional projects may

be lengthy on the whole, but Burundi must keep a close eye on all

project transactions until the agreements are signed.

16 FICHTNER, Études de faisabilité, d’avant projet détaillé et rédaction des documents d’appel d’offres d’une centrale hydroélectrique sur la rivière Ruzizi- Site RD: Avant-projet détaillé de l’aménagement hydroélectrique de Ruzizi III, Rapport final, EGL, Bujumbura, May 2011.

2.5.2. Agriculture as a pillar of growthAgriculture and economic development are closely linked. It has

justifiably been pointed out that no country has ever achieved

rapid economic productivity without first overcoming the chal-

lenge of food security. Data from industrialized countries show that

agriculture has stimulated growth in non-agricultural sectors and

fully supported the welfare of populations. Economic growth of

agricultural origin can make a significant contribution to the reduc-

tion of poverty and hunger. Therefore, investment in agriculture

is a decision that is in step with the concerns of the international

community in response to food security problems. The theme for

the 22nd summit of the African Union which took place in Addis

Ababa on 30 and 31 January 2014, which was “Transforming Af-

rica’s agriculture for shared prosperity, inclusive growth and

sustainable development”, was selected in order to demonstrate

the importance of agriculture for development in Africa.

The momentum in Burundi’s economy still lies in its agriculture

sector. The first five-year economic and social development plan,

which dates from 1967, and all other plans have always focused on

the agricultural sector as a means of promoting economic growth.

Burundi’s development and economic growth model is still based

on this sector. However, the trend observed over time shows the

difficulty faced by an economy, which is struggling to improve due

to the low level of GDP per capita, which has remained below 400

USD for five decades. The agricultural sector must continue to be

a central pillar of Burundi’s development model in order to ensure

that food security does not become another source of social ten-

sions in addition to the problem of youth unemployment.


C H A P T E R 2

The entire architecture of our analysis is based on identification

of innovations derived from this sector for which Burundi has a

comparative advantage. Burundi chose its development strategy

through the PRSP II. This strategic planning document emphasizes

the agricultural sector productivity in the context of the rural econ-

omy development. Other promising niches exist in the mining, ser-

vice and tourism sectors.

In agriculture, there is potential to promote innovations if they are

geared towards development of the value chain. There is also high

domestic demand for innovations, which would increase productiv-

ity and result in the emergence of a middle class, which would ben-

efit from the consequences of the innovations and the jobs created.

The success stories observed elsewhere show that neither the size

of a country nor the arable area per capita impedes development

of the agricultural sector. The example of Mauritius shows that pro-

ductivity can be increased by gearing production towards sectors

in which there is a comparative advantage.

Burundi’s land area, which is 0.5 ha per farm, is approaching its lim-

its as the most important factor and source of income. Food crops

occupy around 30 percent of the country’s land area, cash crops

around 4 percent, cultivated marshland 3 percent, pasture 28 per-

cent, and the rest is made up of a variety of natural areas (afforesta-

tion 5 percent, fallow land, uncultivated marshland, etc.)17.

17 Stratégie agricole nationale 2008-2015, May 2008

A strategy of dividing up areas of land reserved exclusively for agri-

culture could be considered. Burundi has immense potential in its

marshland and plains, which could be put, to use in order to ad-

dress the issue of agricultural productivity. The drainage basins that

make up most of Burundi’s physical geography are another asset

that could be used to boost the agricultural sector further.

Agriculture and industry can only be coordinated if the whole of

the agricultural value chain is considered and if interventions are

supported. The question of agricultural diversification is very rel-

evant. At the same time, low productivity is beginning to emerge

as the contribution of the service sector to GDP rises. The cyclical

pattern observed in the coffee production figures makes agricul-

tural diversification important.

2.5.3. Tourism: “an exposed but growth-generating sector”According to the World Tourism Organization (WTO), tourism has

become the first service industry and the second largest in the

world after the oil industry. It accounts for nearly 12 percent of

global GDP and employs more than 200 million people, i.e. 8 per-

cent of all working people. The number of tourists rose from 25

million in 1950 to nearly 900 million in 2007. With a growth rate

estimated at 5 percent per year, the number of tourists passed the

one billion mark in 2000 and will reach 1.6 billion in 2020. It has

thus become a vital economic sector for some countries in both

the North and the South. Tourism is regarded as a major factor for

both development and poverty reduction.

However, the godsend that is tourism is very unevenly distributed.

Today, Africa receives just 4 percent of visitor arrivals, and only a few



countries such as South Africa, Morocco, Kenya, Senegal, Egypt and

Tunisia receive a significant proportion. Countries in the North are

thus the main beneficiaries, and they earn nearly 80 percent of the

colossal revenues derived from tourism. In addition, tourism has

negative social and environmental impacts. Over the past decade,

several new forms of tourism have emerged as alternatives to so-

called “mass” tourism, and they bring negative consequences due

to their seasonal nature. These new forms of tourism include green

tourism, social tourism, sustainable tourism, responsible tourism,

solidarity tourism, ethical tourism, equitable tourism, environmen-

tal tourism and ecotourism. The latter form of tourism seeks to take

advantage of the natural and cultural heritage of the countries vis-

ited to the benefit of populations living close to this heritage. It

contributes more effectively to poverty reduction. This means that

agricultural engineers have a role to play in the development of

this virtuous form of tourism, as the populations affected by its de-

velopment are primarily rural populations for whom it can provide

an additional source of income and a concrete incentive to protect

natural areas. The global environment and efforts to deal with cli-

mate change will thus receive a boost.

In Burundi, tourism is an extremely fragile and competitive sector

whose development can be envisaged within a sub-regional con-

text. The selection of this pillar is justified by its capacity and its po-

tential to boost economic growth through the strengthening of its

contribution to the tertiary sector, the increase in foreign currency

reserves from tourism and the improvement of the country’s exter-

nal position in terms of its current account balance.

The link between the development of tourism and economic

growth is viewed in terms of its potential to improve Burundi’s bal-

ance of payments, which is structurally in deficit, with the entry of

foreign currency. The tourism sector can thus reduce the instability

of the macroeconomic framework and be a better alternative to

the coffee sector in order to diversify the sources of foreign cur-

rency that the country needs.

Burundi occupies a geostrategic position that could make it an im-

portant hub at the sub-regional, regional and international levels.

This explains why the country has decided to join various regional

political and economic unions. Closer integration into the East Afri-

can Community (EAC) can enable Burundi to boost its tourism sec-

tor and benefit from its proximity to the countries in the sub-region.

2.5.4. Regional integrationBurundi’s isolated location causes serious problems for its econo-

my. For instance, it makes imports more expensive. The long dis-

tance between it and the sea pushes up transport costs, making

exports more expensive, especially heavy goods such as petroleum

products, cement, steel reinforcement bars and salt. These costs

can increase prices by 25 percent to 300 percent depending on

the nature and origin of the goods18. Burundi stands to gain a com-

parative advantage by becoming more fully integrated into sub-

regional groups. It must expand points of entry and exit in order to

boost trade with its partners. In this context, development of road

infrastructures facilitates regional integration by having at least two

positive effects: better accessibility and a reduction in transport

costs19. There is, therefore, a link between the role of infrastructural

development and attractiveness for Foreign Direct Investment

(FDI). The latter can be a relevant response to the challenge of the

imbalance in Burundi’s balance of trade amid the EAC nations. Ta-

ble 8 provides a good illustration of this situation.

Burundi has been a member of the East African Community (EAC)

since 1 July 2007 and now benefits from the advantages of all pro-

jects and programs that help to resolve problems associated with

remoteness from the sea.

Burundi’s net exports to all EAC member states are negative. Im-

ports enter without customs duties being paid. Given the low level

of foreign direct investment, Burundi would benefit more from of-

fering incentives to attract investment through the concessions

offered for the free zone. Burundi’s isolation from the countries in

the sub-region makes imported raw materials more expensive. For

businesses established in partner countries, it is economically justi-

fied to produce finished goods on the periphery and export them

to Burundi as their products enter freely. If this trend continues, the

free zone would be an alternative solution to reverse the trend in

the movement of imports and exports.

18 World Bank, Economic Report no. 4784-BU, 198.

19 Boopen SEETANAH & Jameel KHADAROO, Le rôle de l’infrastructure de transport dans la capacité d’attirer l’IDE en Afrique, Proceedings of the 2007 African Economic Conference, AfDB & EAC.


C H A P T E R 2

Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania

-13,759 -19,485 1,459

-13,786 -30,526 1,647

-21,151 -31,181 3,400 -4,051

-12,767 -23,284 172 -19,659

-21,695 -34,640 -707 -31,839

-22,692 -39,792 -26,504 -37,533

Table 8: Balance of trade (imports and exports within the EAC), amounts in millions of BIF

Source: Office burundais des recettes, Commissariat des douanes (SYDONIA).

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

KENYA UGANDA RWANDA TANZANIA

Imports to Burundi from the EAC (2007-2012)

Cust

oms v

alue

(in

mill

ions

)

0

200,000,000

400,000,000

600,000,000

800,000,000

1,000,000,000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

KENYA UGANDA RWANDA TANZANIA

Exports from Burundi to EAC countries (2007-2013)

Cust

oms v

alue

(mill

ions

)

Figure 14: Imports from the EAC (Tanzania from July 2009)

Figure 15: Exports from Burundi to EAC countries





2.5.5. Promoting innovation in Burundi: “an inadequately supported sector”Innovation is essential for growth. The 2007 Africa Competitiveness

Report measured the competitiveness profiles of each country.

One of the nine pillars chosen was innovation. This pillar gauges

the potential of each country to promote innovation. The assess-

ment criteria are shown in Table 9. Of the 128 countries that were

assessed, Burundi lags far behind the other countries in the sub-re-

gion, such as Kenya and Tanzania, which scored better. Burundi was

126th of 128 countries in terms of innovation capacity and 120th in

terms of government procurement of advanced technology prod-

ucts, whereas Kenya was 52nd and 46th respectively.

It should be highlighted that innovation is one of the ten main ob-

stacles identified by company bosses to improving the investment

climate in countries. The other obstacles cited are: bureaucracy,

corruption, the courts, crime, non-declaration, finance, infrastruc-

ture, employment, tax administration and trade.

The promotion of innovation in Burundi is still a challenge and a

major task. Consultations with officials in charge of coordinating

research have highlighted the lack of a budget to support research

centers, and some of them exist only on paper due to the lack of

financial resources20. The budgets allocated to research centers and

to the promotion of innovation are too small for good results to

be expected. Table 10 presents the data on the budgets allocated

to research at the University of Burundi to support and promote

innovation.

20 At the institutional level, nine (9) research centres within the University of Burundi were listed: (1) Centre universitaire de recherche pour le développement économique et social (CURDES) [University Research Centre for Economic and Social Development], (2) Centre de recherche universitaire sur la pharmacopée et la médecine traditionnelle (CRUPHAMET) [Centre for University Research on Pharmacopoeia and Traditional Medicine], (3) Centre de recherche universitaire sur les énergies alternatives (CRUEA) [Centre for University Research on Alternative Energies], (4) Centre universitaire de recherche et de développement de l’informatique à la Faculté des sciences (CURDIF) [University Centre for Computer Research and Development at the Faculty of Sciences], (5) Centre universitaire de recherche sur le petit élevage (CURPEL) [University Centre for Research on Small-scale Livestock Farming], (6) Centre universitaire de recherche médicale et sanitaire (CURMES) [University Centre for Medical and Health Research], (7) Centre universitaire de recherche en sciences humaines et sociales (CURSHUS) [University Centre for Research on Human and Social Sciences], (8) Centre universitaire de recherche et d’étude de droit (CURED) [University Centre for Legal Research and Studies], (9) Centre de recherche universitaire en sciences de la terre (CRUST) [Centre for University Research on Earth Sciences]. Note that there are other research centres, including ISABU and IRAZ.


C H A P T E R 2

21 This amount represents less than 250,000 USD.

INDICATORS BURUNDI KENYA UGANDA TANZANIA

SCORE RANK/128 SCORE RANK/128 SCORE RANK/128 SCORE RANK/128

Quality of scientific research institutions 2.4 124 4.5 31 4.3 34 4.2 40

Company spending on R&D 2.2 120 3.8 34 3.0 72 3.4 41

University-industryresearch collaboration 2.1 119 3.3 50 3.1 59 3.5 41

Govt. procurement of advanced technology products 2.9 120 3.9 46 3.9 47 4.1 36

Scientists and engineersworking in the country 3.8 102 4.6 57 4.1 85 4.4 70

Utility patents 0.0 80 0.3 60 0.0 80 0.0 80

Intellectual property protection 2.0 126 3.0 86 2.5 109 3.2 79

Capacity for innovation 2.2 126 3.3 52 2.8 87 2.6 99

Table 9: Comparison of innovation indicators

Table 10: Support for research institutes to promote innovation

Source: World Economic Forum, 2007 Africa Competitiveness Report.

Source: University of Burundi, Department of Research.

Academic year Subsidies to the University of Burundi

(Millions of BIF)

Studies & research(Millions of BIF)

Laboratory equipment and products

(Millions of BIF)

2010-2011 10,655.2 120 80

2011-2012 18,927.4 250 450

2012-2013 21,572.0 350 504

2013-2014 21,317.8 350 21 250


THE YOUTH LABOR MARKET IN BURUNDI


As in some other developed and developing countries, Burundi is

experiencing endemic unemployment, which is having a lasting,

effect on the youngest population category. In its World Develop-

ment Report 2013, which is wholly devoted to the issue of em-

ployment, the World Bank now regards youth unemployment as

a significant challenge. It estimates the number of young people

around the world who are not in work or education at nearly 621

million22.

In Burundi, according to the results of the 2008 census as quoted

in the PRSP II, the unemployment rate is about three times higher

22 World Bank, World Development Report (2013), p. 4.

among young people than it is among people aged between 25

and 6423. More specifically, according to the 1-2-3 Survey, the un-

employment rate varies by age and is highest among those aged

15-29, especially in the towns of Bujumbura (17.1 percent), Gitega

(10.9 percent) and Kirundo (7 percent24). Furthermore, according to

ISTEEBU projections, young people aged between 15 and 29 will

make up the largest proportion of those that will enter the labor

market over the next few years. First-time job seekers, who make up

nearly 56 percent, are at greater risk of unemployment than people

23 See also: Rapport final sur les travaux du FEGE, p. 27.

24 ISTEEBU, Enquête 1-2-3, phase 1: Enquête emploi-2008, Rapport final d’analyse, Bujumbura, November 2008, p. 8.


Chapter 3

C H A P T E R 3

who are seeking work but have already worked in the past (44 per-

cent). In addition, long-term unemployment (5 years on average)

affects 93 percent of first-time job seekers and 76 percent of job

seekers who have worked in the past25.

As in other countries, the causes of youth employment in Burundi

are varied and complex. They relate to both supply-side and de-

mand-side factors. With regard to supply, the factors include the

weakness of growth due primarily to an embryonic private sector,

which creates essentially no or few jobs, a public sector which is in-

creasingly constrained by Structural Adjustment Policies, and high

population growth. On the demand side, training is generally not

in line with the needs of the labor market and is often too theo-

retical and does not encourage an approach based on enterprise

and creativity. Young people prefer having a salaried job to creating

their own business, especially since the task of starting up a small

business is fraught with difficulties26 (MFPDE/UNDP, 2012).

The issue of youth employment should therefore be regarded

as a real concern by the government of Burundi. However, the

responses to date have been emergency measures, such as27 (i)

temporary work schemes for demobilized soldiers and a number of

pilot projects to stimulate local economic activity or the reintegra-

tion of groups affected by the crisis; (ii) the organization of first job

training schemes for young graduates; (iii) assistance with access to

microcredit and the creation of centers for young people at com-

mune level; (vi) the development of labor-intensive employment

strategies (MFPDE/UNDP, 2013).

These emergency measures and targeted interventions have led

the government to set out a genuine national employment policy

that can foster the creation of decent and sustainable jobs.

This third chapter is devoted to employment and structured

around two main aspects. First, it presents the main characteristics

of the youth labor market in Burundi. It then demonstrates that

despite the significant imbalance observed between supply and

demand in the labor market, there is significant employment po-

tential which merely needs to be tapped into.

25 The first-time job seekers identified as young people are those whose age does not exceed 25.

26 République du Burundi, Rapport sur les Objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement au Burundi, 2012.

27 République du Burundi, ministère des Finances et de la Planification du développement économique (MFPDE), Agenda pour le développement Post-2015, Rapport sur les consultations nationales au Burundi, May 2013.

3.1. Main characteristics of the youth labor market in BurundiIn Burundi, the youth labor market is characterized by: (i) a short-

age of reliable and up-to-date statistics; (ii) the absence of a real

national employment policy; (iii) wide disparities in terms of sectors

of activity: geography, training and gender; and (iv) imbalance be-

tween supply and demand. However, Burundi’s economy has real

employment potential in sectors and segments with high innova-

tion potential.

3.1.1. Shortage of reliable and up-to-date statisticsIn Burundi, as in several developing countries, the issue of the avail-

ability of statistics arises in almost all sectors of economic activity.

Analysis of the labor market is no exception. Where statistics exist,

they are inadequate in terms of quality and quantity.

In relation to employment, and youth employment in particular,

there is a glaring lack of statistics over a long period that would

make it possible to track the development of the phenomenon.

The most recent statistics available date back to 2008, are often in-

complete and come from a few sources which include the 2008

General Population and Housing Census, the phase 1 report on the

1-2-3 employment survey which was carried out in the towns of

Bujumbura, Gitega, Makamba and Kirundo in 2008, and the results

of the 2006 survey on core population welfare indicators known

as CWIQ (Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire). The employment

survey that is currently being carried out by ISTEEBU will provide

viable data.

3.1.2. Lack of a proper national employment policyThe issue of employment features prominently in statements made

by the Burundian authorities. This concern features regularly in the

main planning documents, namely: the “Burundi 2025 Vision”, the

Second-Generation Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP II) and

the National Strategy for Good Governance and the Prevention of

Corruption (2011-2015). These statements have been reflected in,

for instance, the creation of the Agence burundaise pour l’emploi

des jeunes (ABEJ) (Burundian Youth Employment Agency),28 which

is becoming the government’s task force for the promotion of

youth employment. Over the first two years of its existence, the

ABEJ has already received 2,500 cases. It provides entrepreneur-

ship training jointly with the Agence de promotion des investisse-

28 Initially, the project was led by the United Nations Office in Burundi (BNUB) and focused on the issue of youth employment as part of its Peace building programme. At the end of the project, due to its relevance and in order to make its achievements last, the government of Burundi, acting through the Ministry of Young People, Sports and Culture, created the ABEJ.



ments (API) [Investment Promotion Agency] and CONFEJES. The

outcomes of its activities in 2013 are shown in Table 11.

The ABEJ’s activities are limited by the small amounts of funding

and its staffing, which is still highly inadequate. Alongside the ABEJ,

the Observatoire national de l’emploi et de la formation (ONEF)

(National Monitoring Unit for Employment and Training) was cre-

ated in 2009 by order of the minister whose responsibilities include

employment and advanced vocational training, but it did not im-

mediately begin work due to a lack of funding. The ONEF does

have a legal and institutional framework, however. Other initiatives

have been implemented, such as the Observatoire de l’emploi et

de la formation to replace the Département de l’emploi et de la

main-d’œuvre (DEMO) (Department of Employment and Labor),

which identified job and placement opportunities for beneficiaries.

It should also be noted that the replacement of this Department

by the Inspection du travail (Labor Inspectorate) has not helped

improve the situation29.

These multiple initiatives show not only that employment is a mat-

ter of national concern, but also, in particular, that there is a lack of

a consistent strategy in the form of a National Employment

Policy (NEP). Fortunately, the government, with support from the

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the African

Development Bank (AfDB), has just finished devising the National

Employment Policy (NEP). This document, which is currently await-

ing implementation, was designed on the basis of seven themes:30

29 Note: Details of the roles of the Observatoire de l’emploi et de la formation and the employment and training promotion service or agency may be found in: Rapport de synthèse des études thématiques présenté au FEGE en vue de la formulation de la PNE, Bujumbura, August 2013.

30 République du Burundi, Rapport de synthèse des études thématiques présenté au FEGE en vue de la formulation de la PNE, Bujumbura, August 2013.

(i) trends in the labor market and macroeconomic policies that

may influence the level of employment; (ii) sectors with job crea-

tion prospects and sector-wide investment strategies that can pro-

mote economic development for businesses, including SMRs; (iii)

vocational training; (iv) financing mechanisms; (v) the institutional

framework for governance and dialogue between unions and em-

ployers for job creation; (vi) the incorporation of gender into na-

tional policies and employment promotion schemes, and (vii) the

incorporation of social welfare into employment policy.

3.1.3. Wide disparities in the labor market The labor market in Burundi is characterized in particular by numer-

ous disparities in terms of sectors of activity, geography, training

and gender.

3.1.3.1. Disparities related to sectors of activityIn Burundi, disparities related to sectors of activity are very clear. A

large number of working people are employed in the primary sec-

tor and the informal private sector.

Project Activities carried out Outcomes achieved Period

First job training scheme Placing and monitoring young trainees 250 young people placed and monitored March-November

Entrepreneurship training Training seminar held jointly with API and ISGE 30 young university graduates trained September

Computer skills training Continuous training of students during the summer holidaysTraining 11 employees of the Renouveau du Burundi newspaper

20 young people trained11 managers being trained

July-AugustNovember-December

Continuous computer skills and English training

Sessions organized by American Corner 10 young people per day on average Continuous

Table 11: Achievements of the ABEJ in 2013

Source: ABEJ, Rapport des réalisations en 2013.


C H A P T E R 3

3.1.3.1.1. A large proportion of workers are in the primary sectorThe statistics provided by the 2008 General Population and Hous-

ing Census show that Burundi’s economic activity is dominated

by primary sector jobs (90 percent), followed by the tertiary sec-

tor, which only employs 8 percent of the workforce; the majority of

these jobs are concentrated within trade and the public sector. The

secondary sector, which employs just 2 percent of the workforce, is

mainly concentrated in construction, and is absent in rural areas.31

According to figures published by ISTEEBU in 2010, the breakdown

by sector of activity shows that 88.57 percent of workers are in the

primary sector, 1.80 percent is in the secondary sector and 9.63 per-

cent are in the tertiary sector.

31 République du Burundi, Note d’orientation pour l’intégration de l’emploi, en particulier des jeunes, dans le CSLP II, Bujumbura, May 2011, p. 5.

As Table 12 shows, the vast majority of Burundi’s population is

employed in agriculture on a daily basis. 99.41 percent of people

employed in the primary sector are in the subsistence-farming seg-

ment. The statistics also show that subsistence farming employs

more women (1,433,665) than men (1,204,109), or 54.35 percent as

compared with 45.65 percent.



Branch of economic activity Men Women Both sexes

Workers % Workers % Workers %

Subsistence farming 1,204,109 99.02% 1 433,665 99.74% 2,637,774 99.41%

Export agriculture 2,898 0.24% 2,334 0.16% 5,232 0.20%

Forestry, logging, related services, gathering 601 0.05% 390 0.03% 991 0.04%

Livestock rearing and hunting 4,706 0.39% 838 0.06% 5,544 0.21%

Fishing, fish farming, aquaculture 3,674 0.30% 133 0.01% 3,807 0.14%

Primary sector 1,215,988 100% 1,437,360 100% 2,653,348 100%

Proportion of primary sector 84.34% 92.48% 88.57%

Extractive activities 1,604 3.69% 203 1.93% 1,807 3.35%

Agri-food industries 1,641 3.78% 334 3.18% 1,975 3.66%

Other manufacturing industries 15,009 34.54% 7,295 69.44% 22,304 41.34%

Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water 1,537 3.54% 267 2.54% 1,804 3.34%

Construction 23,658 54.45% 2,406 22.90% 26,064 48.31%

Secondary sector 43,449 100% 10,505 100% 53,954 100%

Proportion of secondary sector Trading, repair of vehicles 3.01% 0.68% 1.80%

Transport, auxiliary transport activities and Communication 39,026 21.41% 17,417 16.39% 56,443 19.56%

Financial activities 15,023 8.24% 1,049 0.99% 16,072 5.57%

Other market services 3,762 2.06% 3,468 3.26% 7,230 2.51%

Government administration activities 2,929 1.61% 793 0.75% 3,722 1.29%

Education 15,664 8.59% 3,833 3.61% 19,497 6.76%

Healthcare and social work 18,569 10.19% 14,430 13.58% 32,999 11.44%

Collective or individual Activities 4,743 2.60% 3,950 3.72% 8,693 3.01%

Activities of households as employers of domestic Staff 7,451 4.09% 1,817 1.71% 9,268 3.21%

Branch of activity not specified 27,411 15.04% 13,842 13.02% 41,253 14.30%

Tertiary sector 47,680 26.16% 45,691 42.99% 93,371 32.36%

Proportion of tertiary sector 182,258 100% 106,290 100% 288,548 100%

Total 12.64% 6.84% 9.63%

Total 1,441,695 100.00% 1,554,155 100.00% 2,995,850 100.00%

Table 12: Employed workers by sector of economic activity

Source: Composed of data from Annuaire statistique du Burundi 2010, p. 20 and Revue des statistiques de la sécurité sociale, No. 24, p. 4-5.


C H A P T E R 3

3.1.3.1.2. High numbers of jobs in the informal private sectorAccording to the policy brief on the incorporation of employment

into the PRSP II produced by the MFPTSS, the informal sector ac-

counts for the bulk of Burundi’s labor market.

The statistics in Table 13, which date back to 2007, show that the in-

formal private sector was the country’s biggest employer with 78.8

percent of active workers in 2006 and 76.3 percent in 2007. Only 10

percent of active workers were employed in administration, while

public enterprises employed 5.4 percent in 2006 and 7.5 percent

in 2007. The statistics produced by ISTEEBU in 2010 and by INSS in

2011 confirm that the informal sector employs the largest majority

of workers of any sector of activity (see Figure 16).

Table 13: Distribution of jobs by sector

Source: MFPTSS/Note d’orientation pour l’intégration de l’emploi dans le CSLP II.

Sector Proportion of jobs

2006 2007

Administration 10.1% 10.0%

Public enterprises 5.4% 7.5%

Formal private sector 1.2% 2.5%

Informal private sector 78.8% 76.3%

Community enterprises 4.5% 3.7%

100% 100%

0

20

40

60

80

100

Primary Secondary Tertiary Total

Formal Informal

%

Figure 16: Workers employed in the formal and informal sectors

Source: drawn up using data produced by ISTEEBU



3.1.3.2. Geographical disparitiesGeographical disparities show that unemployment is an urban

phenomenon, while under-employment is a rural phenomenon.

3.1.3.2.1. Predominance of under-employment in rural areasThe structure of Burundi’s agriculture-dominated economy is such

that a large proportion of the population is clustered in rural ar-

eas. Burundi’s rural population is estimated at 93.7 percent as com-

pared with 6.3 percent in urban areas32 with a population density

of 310 inhabitants per square kilometer, which puts the country

second after Rwanda (Refes/UNDP, 2009). The area of land farmed

by each Burundian household is estimated at 0.5 ha for an aver-

age of 4.52 persons per household33. This explains the scale of

under-employment.

The statistics produced by the 2006 CWIQ survey34 clearly illustrate

the issue of under-employment, which is directly linked to subsist-

ence agriculture and the pressure exerted by a high population. For

example, the land area owned by the majority of rural households

(83.5 percent) is less than 3 hectares, and more than half of house-

holds (57.2 percent) own less than one hectare. Just 2.2 percent35

of households own 6 hectares or more. Furthermore, eight in ten

households (82.7 percent) said that there had been no changes in

the land area that they owned over the year preceding the survey.

However, more than one in ten households (11.5 percent) said that

there had been a decrease in the area of land that they farmed.

Under-employment in rural areas is also clearly illustrated by a

study carried out by the Centre national d’alerte et de prévention des

conflits (CENAP) [National Conflict Alert and Prevention Centre].36

This study shows that the statutory number of working hours in

Burundi is 40 hours per week. In some areas, however, farmers who

have to rely on working their own land, work for less than a week in

a whole year and have to ask neighbors for work so that they can

try to meet their own essential needs, without success.

3.1.3.2.2. Prédominance du chômage en milieu urbainWith young people making up nearly to 73.2 percent of its pop-

ulation as of 30 August 2008, Burundi has an extremely high un-

employment rate: 14.6 percent in urban areas as compared with

32 République du Burundi, “Cadre stratégique de croissance et de lutte contre la pauvreté, Rapport de la première année de mise en œuvre”, November 2009.

33 CENAP, “Défis à la paix durable: autoportrait du Burundi”, Bujumbura, November 2008.

34 République du Burundi, Rapport final de l’enquête QUIBB 2006, Bujumbura, June 2006, p.42.

35 Ibid


around 11 percent in rural areas37. According to the 1-2-3 employ-

ment survey that was conducted in four cities (Bujumbura City Hall,

Gitega, Kirundo and Makamba), unemployment within the mean-

ing of the BIT is essentially urban. In 2008, it affected 11.7 percent

of people of working age in all urban areas combined38. Unemploy-

ment is high in urban areas because the levels of economic ac-

tivity and pay in rural areas are low; this explains the rural exodus

of young people. The opportunities offered by cities attract many

young people, especially the most educated.

According to ISTEEBU, the high unemployment rate in Burundi’s

towns is also due to the weak propensity of young people to create

their own informal production unit (IPU)39. Young people are not

sufficiently prepared to adopt a spirit of creativity.

3.1.3.3. Training-related unemployment disparitiesWide disparities exist among unemployed young people in terms

of training. The available statistics show that unemployment in-

creases with a person’s level of education. In other words, the more

educated a person is, the less chance he has of easily finding a job.

In rural areas, despite the under-employment, the majority of em-

ployed persons work in agriculture (95.3 percent of the workforce).

Among these workers, the proportion that has completed second-

ary education is lower than the proportion of those who have only

completed primary education. The proportion of those who have

completed higher education is even lower. According to the statis-

tics, over 85 percent of the workforce employed in agriculture, the

public buildings and works sector and extractive industry sectors is

made up of people who have only completed primary education,

as compared with 1.4 percent of employees who have completed

secondary or higher education40.

Above, we stated that unemployment is more of an urban than

a rural phenomenon. Analyses show that unemployment af-

fects 10.7 percent of people of working age who did not go to

school, 13.7 percent of those who attended primary school, 18.9

percent of those who completed general secondary education,

37 République du Burundi, ministère des Finances et de la Planification Développement économique (MFPDE), Agenda pour le développement Post-2015, Rapport sur les consultations nationales au Burundi, May 2013, p.48.

38 ISTEEBU, Rapport final d’analyse sur l’Enquête emploi 1-2-3, Bujumbura, November 2008, p.8.

39 ISTEEBU, “Les statistiques, un outil pour piloter l’économie”, Bujumbura, p. 35.



C H A P T E R 3

and 12 percent of people of working age who completed higher

education41.

3.1.3.4. Gender-related unemployment disparities In Burundi, despite certain significant advances towards a reduc-

tion of gender-related disparities, the labor market is characterized

by the following gender disparities and inequalities in terms of ac-

cess to employment: (i) unemployment is higher among women

than among men; (ii) women find it difficult to access certain

economic sectors; (iii) women find it difficult to access resources

and factors of production; and (iv) women find it difficult to access

decision-making posts.

In relation to the high unemployment rate, the 1-2-3 survey carried

out in 2008 in four cities (Bujumbura City Hall, Gitega, Kirundo and

Makamba) shows that women are more affected by unemploy-

ment than men, with a rate of 13.5 percent as compared with 10

percent for men42.

As for the difficulty in accessing certain economic sectors, the Gen-

eral Population and Housing Census indicates that women make

up just 2 percent of the workforce in the secondary sector and 4

percent of workers in the tertiary sector. Women are more strongly

represented in domestic work, especially subsistence farming

(54.35 percent), but less so in so-called male professions such as

fishing and fish farming (3.9 percent), extractive activities (11.9 per-

cent), construction (9.3 percent) and transport and telecommuni-

cations (6.33 percent). The allocation of domestic and family tasks is

very unequal and makes it harder for women to access paid jobs or

to invest or participate in income-generating activities.

As for the difficulty that women have in accessing resources and

factors of production, it should be noted that the volume of re-

sources allocated to the agricultural sector is still small, and most of

the female population works in this sector.

Land tenure is dominated by patriarchal management, which pre-

vents women from becoming landowners easily. Privately-owned

land is governed by customary law and passed down from father

to son, which prevents women from becoming landowners. Ac-

cording to the 2008 General Population and Housing Census, of

the 80.2 percent of Burundians who owned land, only 17.1 percent

were women, while 62.5 percent were men. According to the same

survey, only 15.2 percent of women practiced livestock farming as

41 Ibid

42 ISTEEBU, Rapport final sur l’enquête 1-2-3 sur l’emploi, p. 8.

compared with 85.7 percent of men, which deprives women of the

benefit of another productive form of capital: cattle.43

In addition, a study carried out by the Observatoire de l’action

gouvernementale (OAG) (Government Action Monitoring Unit) on

women’s involvement in decision-making bodies in March 2012

shows that they are poorly represented. For example, according

to this study, women make up just 8 percent of senior persons in

charge within para-public institutions, 31.1 percent of persons who

hold managerial positions and 13.1 percent of persons who man-

age branches or offices of financial institutions, making an overall

average of 20.1 percent in positions of responsibility within these

para-public institutions.44

Another reason for gender disparities is the way in which recruit-

ment procedures are organized. According to interviews with trade

union leaders, appointments and internal promotions occur on the

basis of political rather than objective criteria. However, despite the

gender disparities, the government of the Republic of Burundi has

taken many decisions, such as the enactment of Law no. 1/22 of 18

September 2009 to amend the Electoral Code, which guarantees

positive discrimination in favour of women to encourage their ac-

cess to political decision-making bodies.

3.1.4. Imbalance between supply and demand for employment The imbalance between supply and demand within the labor mar-

ket has increased over the years. When it gained independence,

Burundi, like several other developing countries in south of the

Sahara, did not have enough native managers to make up for the

departure of colonial managers. Very few Burundians had been to

university. The imbalance within the market was due to an abun-

dant supply of work. Graduates of any level could be certain of find-

ing a job. The situation has changed considerably. The SAPs created

by Bretton Woods institutions caused considerable reductions in

the numbers of jobs in the public and private sectors. Today, the

public sector, which is the biggest provider of jobs in the formal

sector, is allowed to recruit subject to certain restrictions and only

within social sectors such as healthcare, education and justice,

without fully absorbing the demand. But public sector employ-

ment is a long way from being able to satisfy the current overall

level of demand given the number of people who have completed

secondary and higher education, which is estimated at between

43 République du Burundi, MFPTSS, Rapport de synthèse des études thématiques présenté au FEGE en vue de la formulation de la PNE, Bujumbura, 25 August 2013, p. 73.

44 Ibid.



25,000 and 30,000 per year, and the limited capacity of the public

sector, which is estimated at 8,000 jobs.

3.1.4.1. Inadequate supply of employmentInadequate supply of employment in general and youth employ-

ment in particular, is a reality in Burundi. It is due to the following

factors in particular: (i) weak economic activity; (ii) a low level of job

creation in the public and para-public sectors; (iii) an undeveloped

private sector; (iv) a lack of innovation; (v) a level of savings, and

hence low capital formation capacity.

3.1.4.1.1. Weak economic activityThe weakness of economic activity is due to the energy deficit re-

ferred to above (see Chapter 2), which affects (i) the level of indus-

trialization of Burundian companies; this is exacerbated by (ii) the

shortage of land, etc.

a. Low level of industrializationWith regard to the industrial sector, it must be said that in general,

it is not very developed. Its contribution to GDP is around 5 per-

cent. It faces several constraints, including: (i) the dilapidated state

of equipment; (ii) the use of obsolete technologies; (iii) under-use

of installed capacities; (iv) the low level of competitiveness; (v) the

shortage of energy; and (vi) high fiscal pressure. The combination

of these factors explains the weak level of economic activity.

b. Shortage and gradual loss of fertility of landThe availability of arable land is a crucial issue in Burundi. The coun-

try has a land area of 27,834 km2 and according to the 2008 general

census; the population was 8,053,574, with an average density of

310 inhabitants per square kilometer45. Burundi is therefore consid-

ered as being among the most densely populated countries, with

population growth estimated at 2.4 percent46. Burundi’s population

will probably pass the 10 million mark in 2016.47 On the basis of

these figures, it becomes clear, especially for a country where the

majority of the population lives in rural areas (90 percent of the

population) and where 97 percent of inhabitants mainly live of ag-

riculture and livestock farming, that the shortage of land is a weak-

ness in terms of economic activity.

However, this problem can be overcome through innovation: (i)

urbanization of rural areas could free up the additional arable land

45 République du Burundi, CSLP II, Note d’orientation pour les consultations sectorielles – Secteur agriculture et développement du monde rural, Bujumbura, April 2011, p. 8.

46 Burundi, Rapport sur les Objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement 2012, August, 2013, p.7

47 Ibid.

necessary to diversify the agricultural sector; (ii) the creation of ru-

ral small enterprises to preserve and process agricultural produce

would be another innovation to deal with the challenge of the

shortage of land; (iii) the introduction of new irrigation methods.

Continuation of the policy of decentralization and innovation with-

in the agricultural sector will be a prerequisite for the development

of Burundi’s rural areas.

3.1.4.1.2. Low job creation in the public and para-public sectorsAfter the civil war, and in particular due to the implementation of

the SAP, the thrust of the country’s policy was to reduce public

spending further and boost the implementation of policies of lib-

eralization and the privatization of public enterprises. These strate-

gies reduced the supply of public sector employment and geared

it towards certain social sectors such as education, healthcare and

justice. For the other ministries, the government merely replaces

those who retire.

The public sector, which is regarded as the main provider of jobs in

the formal sector48, now employs less than 1 percent of Burundi’s

total population and less than 2 percent of the working population.

3.1.4.1.3. Undeveloped private sectorThe private sector is the main driver of job creation and the source

of 90 percent of all jobs in the developing world49. In Burundi, the

contribution made by the private sector to the supply of employ-

ment is still small. The proportion of jobs in urban areas account-

48 MFPTSS-CENAP / Workshop of 19 and 20 April 2011.

49 World Bank, World Development Report: Jobs, p. 3.

Ministry 2009 2010

Ministry of Basic and Secondary Education, Vocational Education and Literacy

5,566 6,482

Ministry of Public Health and AIDS Control 858 1021

Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Farming 571 115

Ministry of Justice 238 222

Total for all ministries 7,719 8,077

Table 14: Changes in number of new public sector workers

Source: MFPTSS-CENAP / Workshop on 19 and 20 April 2011.


C H A P T E R 3

ed for by the private sector is 6.5 percent50. Although the Doing

Business 2014 report published on 29 October 2013 classed Bu-

rundi as one of the ten economies out of 189 that had made the

most progress since the previous year, in terms of improvement of

the business climate51, a positive impact on employment is not yet

clearly visible. This shows the extent to which current efforts must

continue in order to attract FDI to all economic sectors.

3.1.4.1.4. Lack of innovationInnovation plays a dominant role in the creation and sustainability

of employment on the one hand, and support for economic growth

on the other hand. The first major innovation is a shift in attitudes.

Its importance was recognized a few years ago by 78 countries in

Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific (ACP) including Burundi with

the creation of the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Co-

operation ACP-EU (CTA), the role of which is to facilitate access to

and distribution of information in the agricultural sector and the

development of rural areas.

The technological environment in Burundi is archaic. The financial

poverty of the great majority of the population, the low level of lo-

cal innovation capacity, the slow adoption of modern technologies

and the non-adapted training system are among the main handi-

caps identified in the 2025 Vision as causes of the poor technologi-

cal progress. In addition to these identified handicaps, there is also

the low rate of penetration of new information and communication

technologies; it has been indicated that this rate is around 5.6 per-

cent for telephones and 0.1 percent for Internet access52. This lack

of innovation is another reason for the imbalance between supply

and demand for employment in Burundi. With a view to develop-

ing innovation in sectors offering potential for economic growth,

the 2025 Vision envisages, for example, promotion and diversifica-

tion of agriculture and livestock farming through the introduction

of new cash crops and the development of livestock production.

Despite the low level of innovation, some Burundians understand

its importance and especially the fact that innovation is possible

even with limited resources and through a prior change in at-

titudes rather than a move towards cutting-edge technology. In

the province of Kayanza, for example, as a result of the shortage of

land, some inhabitants have implemented innovations in farming

methods by planting vegetables in bags full of soil, which are hung

50 ISTEEBU, “Burundi, les chiffres-clés de l’économie”, May 2008, p. 33.

51 The report mentions, in ascending order, Ukraine, Rwanda, Russia, the Philippines, Kosovo, Djibouti, Côte d’Ivoire, Burundi, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Guatemala.

52 République du Burundi, MFPDE, Rapport des consultations nationales au Burundi, p. 24.

from tree branches. However, innovation can cause job losses. For

instance, the introduction of new beer brewing methods with au-

tomation at Brarudi caused a reduction in staff numbers from 1,600

to around 400.

3.1.4.1.5. Low level of savings and capital formationThe low level of savings due to the high rate of financial poverty

is having a big impact on the labor market. A large proportion

of household income is spent on consumption, and this reduces

saving. This situation stems from the fact that the majority of the

primary sector, which makes the biggest contribution to GDP, is

dominated by subsistence farming. This does not allow people to

produce surpluses that they can sell and hence does not generate

incomes, which could be partly spent on investment. This gives rise

to a vicious circle of under-development: small incomes, the major-

ity of which are spent on consumption result in low levels of sav-

ings, which in turn result in a low level of capital formation. This lack

of capital does not facilitate the creation of businesses and jobs.

3.1.4.2. High and inadequately qualified demand for employmentThe issue of the abundant and poorly qualified demand for em-

ployment in Burundi becomes particularly clear when one consid-

ers the statistics provided by the population and housing census

concerning the proportions of the active and inactive populations,

and the proportion of the employed working population and the

population of job seekers.



3.1.4.2.1. Active and inactive populations The active and inactive populations are broken down by age brack-

et, as shown in Table 15.

The statistics in Table 15 show that the active population before

adjustment is estimated at 3,159,207 inhabitants. As per the rules

of the International Labour Organization (ILO), the under-15 age

category and the over-65 category are not counted as being part

of the active population. To comply with these ILO rules, the ac-

tive population is brought down to 2,832,639 inhabitants. The em-

ployed active population and the active population that is seeking

first employment, i.e. the unemployed, can be found in the table

below.

3.1.4.2.2. Employed active population and number of job seekersTable 16 analyzes the structure of the active population after ad-

justment in greater detail. It shows both the numbers of active peo-

ple who are employed and the number of active people who are

seeking work.

Table 16 shows that the rate of employment among the active

population is 98.36 percent. The unemployment rate is just 1.63

percent of the active population. A number of observers believe

that the 98.36 percent employment rate is highly overestimated.

The PRSP II gives explanations for this overestimated employment

rate. In reality, people living in the countryside often say that they

are employed in agricultural activities when in actual fact they are

under-employed. So the statistics hide several forms of disguised

forms of unemployment. Furthermore, this abundant demand for

work is inadequately skilled. Burundi’s labor market suffers from

a lack of skilled and able workers, and this spurs businesses to resort

to foreign labor.

3.1.4.2.3. High levels of migration to the cities (rural exodus)Migratory movements are caused by the high population growth

and are resulting in an increase in the urban population. Studies

show that the rate of increase is 8 percent per annum; this is higher

than the average rate across Africa as a whole, which is estimated

at 5 percent. However, these same studies show that Burundi is one

of Africa’s least urbanized countries. This migration to the cities is

Age Active population Inactive population Total population aged 10 +

Numbers % Numbers %

10-14 120,059 12.1 869,991 87.9 990,050

15-19 361,488 37.6 600,849 62.4 962,337

20-24 492,475 65.3 261,358 34.7 753,833

25-29 455,301 88.2 126,904 21.8 582,205

30-34 330,193 83.0 67,672 17.0 397,865

35-39 314,153 86.0 51,306 14.0 365,459

40-44 260,379 87.0 39,000 13.0 299,379

45-49 248,235 89.0 30,662 11.0 278,897

50-54 202,529 89.1 24,855 10.9 227384

55-59 124,306 88.0 16,944 12.0 141,250

60-64 90,528 84.5 16,559 15.5 107,087

65-69 54,255 80.8 12,923 19.2 67,178

70 et + 102,493 66.6 51,503 33.4 153,996

ND 2,813 51.2 2,683 48.8 5,496

Total 3,159,207 59.2 2,173,209 40.8 5,332,416

Table 15: Active and inactive populations by age bracket in 2008

Source: République du Burundi, ministère de l’Intérieur, Bureau central du recensement, Recensement général de la population et de l’habitat du Burundi 2008, volume 1: Tableaux statistiques, Bujumbura, 2011, p. 67.


C H A P T E R 3

causing Burundi’s small cities to be overpopulated and is exacer-

bating the problem of youth unemployment.

3.1.4.2.4. Inadequacy of training for employment The inadequacy of training for employment is a real problem in

Burundi. Burundi’s education system is, to some extent, ill-suited

to the needs of the country’s labor market. While the needs of the

Burundian labor market are greatest in technical and professional

fields (applied science, physics, computing, etc.) and life sciences

(medicine, pharmacy, biology, chemistry, etc.), Burundi’s education

system focuses heavily on general school/university education.

This situation affects both supply and demand. On the demand

side, young people say they find it very difficult to meet the re-

quirements of the labor market, primarily because of the nature of

their skills and their lack of experience. On the supply side, employ-

ers say that it is difficult to find the skills they need within the avail-

able workforce. In addition, for employers, the cost is doubling, in

terms of wages and the cost of in-company training.

3.2. Real employment potential in sectors offering potential for growth and sectors with high innovation potentialBurundi has many sectors that offer potential for growth and great

potential for innovation, but these innovations have differential

timescale impacts. Some can have an impact in the short term (ag-

riculture and tourism) and others may have an impact in the long

term (such as mining, construction and regional integration). Given

the urgency of the problem of unemployment, we have chosen to

highlight agriculture and tourism, two sectors, which can have an

impact in the short term.

3.2.1. AgricultureThere are opportunities for Burundi to create jobs in its agricultural

sector given what has been achieved over the past few years, new

innovation techniques and also factors that foster economic activ-

ity. With regard to achievements, civil society organizations say that

the biggest achievement in this field is the increase in the budget

allocated to the agriculture sector. They also point out that with

Category Employed population Population seeking a first job Total

Number Rate Number Rate

15-19 355,030 98.2 6,458 1.8 361,488

20-24 483,010 98.1 9,465 1.9 492,475

25-29 444,855 97.7 10,446 2.3 455,301

30-34 323,611 98.0 6,582 2.0 330,193

35-39 309,583 98.5 4,570 1.5 314,153

40-44 257,296 98.8 3,083 1.2 260,379

45-49 245,614 98.9 2,621 1.1 248,235

50-54 200,614 99.1 1,915 0.9 202,529

55-59 123,206 99.1 1,100 0.9 124,306

60-64 89,820 99.2 708 0.8 90,528

Total 2,832,639 98.36 46,948 1.63 2,879,587

Table 16: Breakdown of the active population into “employed population” and “unemployed persons and other seeking their

first job” in 2008

Source: Drawn up using data from: Recensement général de la population et de l’habitat du Burundi 2008, volume 1: tableaux statistiques, Bujumbura, 2011, p. 67.



its partners, the Burundian government has devised the National

Agricultural Investment Programme and developed industries (rice,

cassava, potatoes, beans, etc.). These achievements could make a

partial contribution to solving the problem of under-employment.

In terms of factors favorable to agriculture, Burundi has a plenti-

ful supply of arable land and labor. Rational policies could increase

production and revenues and guarantee food security. Burundi

also has another asset: the climate is generally rainy for about

nine months of the year, so it allows for favorable and long-term

agriculture.

As for new innovation techniques, the Burundian government

committed itself firmly in the Burundi 2025 Vision to the adoption

of a decentralization policy, one of the priority goals of which is

to promote strong rural development53. This goal is central to the

modernization of the agricultural sector and increased productivity

and yields so that food self-sufficiency can be achieved and so that

producer revenues can be increased54. According to the Burundi

2025 Vision, agricultural modernization will involve: (i) improved

supply and a reduction in the costs of agricultural inputs; (ii) the

identification and mainstreaming of efficient cultivation methods;

(iii) the development of technologies to preserve, process and

market agricultural produce; (iv) widespread introduction of high-

quality seeds; and (v) mastery of water Management55. The general

idea here is to gradually transform subsistence farming into fam-

ily agriculture, which is organized and geared towards commercial

agriculture56.

3.2.2. TourismeThe government of Burundi is aware that tourism is a potential

growth sector. It is also aware that this sector offers real potential to

create jobs, especially for young people.

53 Burundi 2025 Vision, p.35

54 Ibid.

55 Ibid.

56 Economic Commission for Africa (African Union), Economic Report on Africa 2006, pp. 131-137.

The Burundi 2025 Vision states that Burundi will use its geographi-

cal location within the Great Lakes region to develop its tourism,

and that a policy designed to complement those of neighbouring

countries will be developed with Burundi’s specific circumstances

in mind.

However, a sound tourism development policy will require the pro-

motion of Burundi through “the use of new information and com-

munications technologies, the rehabilitation and development of

tourism infrastructures and tourist attractions, which were ravaged

by conflicts, and the strengthening of human capacities and pro-

fessional skills to raise the quality of tourism-related products and

services”57. The available statistics show that the number of tourist

stays in Burundi is low. The country does have tourist attractions,

though little use is made of them: 126 km of shoreline around Lake

Tanganyika, national parks, drainage basins, etc.

In terms of institutions, a National Tourism Office (Office national du

tourisme, ONT) has been created but lacks the necessary visibility,

due to its position within other departments, to act as an influence

on the development of the tourism sector. Other countries have a

ministry that is entirely devoted to tourism instead of including this

sector within the remit of other ministries, which obstructs access

to funding and institutional visibility.

In Burundi, the tourism sector can create jobs, especially for young

people. For example, when a tourist spends four nights in Burundi,

he creates an annual job58. To make tourism a pillar of economic

growth and job creation in Burundi, three types of tourism can be

pursued: conference tourism, business tourism and leisure and en-

vironmental tourism.

Conference tourism involves selling Bujumbura as a venue for sub-

regional and even international conferences. This type of tourism

is generally followed by business tourism, the aim of which is to

present Burundi’s potential to businessmen who wish to invest

57 Burundi 2025 Vision, p. 37.

58 Field interview with the chief executive officer of the Office national du tourisme (ONT).


C H A P T E R 3

through participation in trade fairs held at international level and

even within the country. Leisure and environmental tourism is the

final link in the chain, which follows from the other two types.

More specifically, with regard to leisure and environmental tourism,

Burundi can make use of the tourist products available to it, such as

the banks of Lake Tanganyika, the natural forests of Kibira and Kig-

wena, the spa waters of Munini and Mugara, and so on. It should be

noted that leisure and environmental tourism would be targeted

at the middle class, which is developing in the countries within

the sub-region (such as Kenya and South Africa). To that end, the

strategies to be implemented must target the middle class within

the region and create products tailored to this category. It must be

borne in mind here that Burundi is a post-conflict country which

does not lend itself in the short term to the type of leisure or mass

tourism found in countries with major tourist destinations.

As for business tourism, Burundi’s geographical location means

that it can act as, for instance, a pivot point in business transactions

for the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the United Republic

of Tanzania.



Burundi can develop its tourism sector by implementing the

following two innovations:

(i) The first innovation is an organizational innovation to make

tourism visible within the governmental structure. To this

end, in institutional terms, it is essential to position the man-

agement and coordination of this sector at a higher level in

order to make it more visible within the government’s organ-

izational structure;

(ii) The second innovation would be to prioritize the sequence

of actions leading to a framework for a tourism develop-

ment plan in Burundi. To this end, the first stage would be

to promote the capture of conference tourism, for which the

targets would take the form of numbers of conferences to

be held during the year. Burundi is a member of over fifty

international organizations, and its budgeted annual con-

tributions amount to over BIF 12 billion (USD 9 million) on

average. The promotion of conference tourism would make

it possible to derive benefits from this budgetary effort as a

return on the contributions to these international organiza-

tions. Conference tourism will have the knock-on effect of at-

tracting business tourism and leisure tourism.

The government of the Republic of Burundi has already demon-

strated its political will to develop the tourism sector by drawing up

the National Strategy for the Sustainable Development of Tourism

(Stratégie nationale de développement durable du tourisme) (SNDDT).

However, the ONT does not have enough funding to comfortably

implement actions that could develop tourism in Burundi. The

government, with the support of technical and financial partners,

should make much greater efforts to develop this sector by allocat-

ing a substantial budget and funding to it. Some of its concerns

have been taken into account in the SNDDT.

As stated above, in addition to the tourism and agricultural sectors,

other sectors with significant long-term growth potential can be

developed. These are mining and regional integration.

3.2.3. Mining of mineral resources and constructionBurundi’s mining sector faces economic and structural constraints

but harbors remarkable potential with significant deposits that

have already been explored, such as bauxite, cassiterite, phos-

phates and limestone. The mining sector thus offers good potential

for diversification of economic activities, higher incomes, job crea-

tion and technological development59.

59 République du Burundi, Vision 2025, April 2010, p. 37.

Burundi has already implemented the policy to boost the sector by

enacting the Mining Code (Code minier). In parallel, exploration has

been stepped up at locations where traces have been identified.

In the medium and long term, young Burundians can thus hope

for decent jobs to be created in this sector provided that Burundi

increases its energy capacity.

3.2.4. Regional integrationSub-regional integration can be an asset for a country such as Bu-

rundi due to the trade creation and diversion that it causes. Inte-

gration expands the market and becomes a source of economic

growth. It makes capital and people within the community more

mobile, and can thus be beneficial for young people who are seek-

ing work. The country also benefits from inputs of capital from for-

eign businesses in all economic sectors, especially the service sec-

tor. In its 2025 Vision, Burundi plans to build on the results achieved

by its education system by exporting expertise and skilled labor to

the regional labor market and addressing the challenge of unem-

ployment60. However, Burundians should improve their knowledge

of English. They should take a proactive attitude and seek work

within the East African Community. For example, they should seek

to teach French in other countries within the Community.

60 République du Burundi, Vision 2025, April 2010, p. 43.


PROPOSED PILLARS AND RECOMMENDED ACTIONS IN RELATION TO GROWTH, PROMOTION OF INNOVATION AND YOUTH EMPLOYMENT

The 2013 Human Development Report in Burundi provided an op-

portunity, if one was still needed, to highlight the problems faced

by Burundi’s economy. These problems are not unique to Burundi

as many developed and developing countries also face them, and

in some cases they are much more serious in those countries than

in Burundi. The successes achieved by countries, which have im-

plemented courageous policies, show that nothing is inevitable.

Strong and sustainable economic growth is widely acknowledged

in the literature as a necessary, but not sufficient condition for fos-

tering development. In order to generate employment, this growth

must also be inclusive and driven by the full use of production

capacities. The Human Development Report also showed that the

form of economic growth witnessed in Burundi has not met these

conditions. On the contrary, it appears to have been weak and thus

inadequate in terms of youth job creation. This weakness stems

from the fact that the economic growth has been driven by just

one exported commodity (coffee) rather than an increase in inno-

vation capacity. The recommendations that we propose, therefore,

focus on three aspects. They are: (i) rethinking the growth model of

Burundi’s economy; (ii) reforming the way the labor market works;

and (iii) promoting innovation in two sectors in particular, agricul-

ture and tourism, which will fuel economic growth and create jobs.


Chapter 4

PROPOSED PILLARS AND RECOMMENDED ACTIONS IN RELATION TO GROWTH, PROMOTION OF INNOVATION AND YOUTH EM

4.1. Rethinking the economic growth modelChanging the growth model is a priority for Burundi’s economy.

This change of direction must be based on better channeling of

savings and investment towards sectors which have potential, high

value added and a real knock-on effect. Innovation should now be

turned into an essential tool to improve the productivity of Burun-

dian businesses. Burundi must build a strong and balanced growth

model, which is capable of creating a large amount of high-quality

employment so that the wealth that is generated can be distrib-

uted in a better way. This model should also tap into the potential

of entrepreneurship and make use of the social economy. Burundi

has considerable assets: human and natural resources, a privileged

geographical position, immense potential in its marshland which

can be used to develop integrated agriculture, renewable energy

deposits, large-scale sector-wide strategies, and so on. These as-

sets should be harnessed to strengthen the national economy’s

potential for growth.

For growth to be sustainable, it is critical that its outcomes are dis-

tributed in a better way. Better distribution of the wealth that is

generated would make it possible to speed up the development

of a middle class that is capable of revitalizing the internal market

and generating positive economic knock-on effects. It would also

make it possible to boost social cohesion and the mobilization of

all components of society due to its impact on people’s sense of

social justice.

Eight major proposals lie at the heart of this model, and one of

them is regarded as a prerequisite without which the other pro-

posals cannot be implemented swiftly: (i) reduction of the energy

deficit, a prerequisite; (ii) integrated management of water; (iii)

strengthening the value chain in agriculture; (iv) encouraging busi-

nesses in Burundi to create clusters; (v) developing the value chain

in the tourism sector; (vi) restoring the free zone; (vii) consolidating

monetary policy and the banking and financial system; and finally

(viii) strengthening governance.

Proposal 1: Resolving the issue of the energy deficit, a

prerequisite

The government of Burundi must make energy its number one

priority. Internal and external funds must be mobilized in order to

rehabilitate existing energy sources and, in particular, make use of

those that are not yet being used in order to guarantee the supply

of electricity to businesses and households. The government must

strike a balance between emergency solutions to avoid social un-

rest and permanent solutions. With this aim in mind, several actions

must be considered.

- Action 1: Rehabilitate existing hydroelectric power plants and

build new dams;

- Action 2: Implement photovoltaic solar energy projects for which

the technology is already well tested around the world

and which will take less than two years to implement;

- Action 3: Import electricity through the development of inter-

connection networks;

- Action 4: Make use of different forms of public-private partner-

ship (PPP) to mobilize the necessary finance to over-

come the financing constraint;

- Action 5: Use thermal power plants that run on peat as fuel;

- Action 6: Use other sources of alternative energy;

- Action 7: Increase reforestation;

- Action 8: Increase prospecting for oil and other mineral reserves

with transparent management.

Proposal 2: Integrated management of water resources

- Action 1: Harvest rainwater at household level;

- Action 2: Build dams to retain run-off water for small-scale hill-

side irrigation;

- Action 3: Use water from rivers and lakes rationally

Proposal 3: Strengthen the value chain in agriculture

Analysis of economic growth has highlighted the lack of coordi-

nation between agriculture and industry as a source of instability

and volatility in Burundi’s economic growth. Within our framework

of analysis, we recommend that the value chains in agriculture be

strengthened through the following actions:

- Action 1: Rational use of marshland.

Burundi has huge potential in its marshes, which are not being

used rationally. Using them could offer a solution to soil infertility

and problems associated with the shortage of arable land, thereby

making it possible to develop integrated agriculture on a large

scale. In addition, plains are not being used rationally. If agriculture

is identified as one of the pillars of economic growth, optimal use

of plains is one of the tools that could help to create increased add-

ed value within the agricultural sector.

The new Land Code has highlighted the importance of marshland

by incorporating specific legislation. At this stage:

This report recommends to the government a four-stage

course of action: (i) a comprehensive study to classify and protect

Burundi’s wetlands in order to conserve biodiversity and combat

desertification and climate change; (ii) a specific study to identify,

develop and optimize marshland set aside for the development of

integrated agriculture; (iii) developing specific projects with a view

to the optimal use of marshland; (iv) preparing a national policy

and a regulatory framework for sustainable management of marsh-

land with a view to developing integrated agriculture that takes

regional differences into account.


C H A P T E R 4

This report recommends to development partners that they:

(i) help the government to develop integrated agriculture by fi-

nancing projects arising out of the identified studies in the develop-

ment of plains and marshland; (ii) support all projects intended to

develop drainage basins in order to develop crops specific to each

region within them, taking local geomorphology into account.

- Action 2: Encourage processing of cash crops and diversification

of products with high added value.

Like many developing countries south of the Sahara, Burundi pro-

cesses a tiny proportion of what it produces in situ. This strategy

explains the low level of development of the industrial sector and

the economy’s poor ability to create jobs. The best jobs are ex-

ported. The government should implement a national economic

diversification strategy based on processing of cash crops (coffee

and cotton).

- Action 3: Raise people’s awareness of the use of fertilizers and

composts.

Yields per hectare are very low. For improved productivity, fertilizer

will have to be used and communities will have to be taught how

to calculate fertilizer application rates according to the intrinsic

properties of the soil.

Proposal 4: Encourage businesses in Burundi to create clusters

or export consortia

In relation to promoting innovation, clusters are viewed as one of

the best ways of stimulating innovation. A cluster is defined as a

geographical location with a large concentration of industrial com-

panies and research and higher education organizations, which

generally work within the same sector, with the support of gov-

ernment authorities and the presence of risk capital. Burundi does

not yet have experience of different actors working together to

promote the development of a particular sector.

With this end in view, it is recommended that the government

should strongly support the efforts of research centers, allocate

considerable budgets and implement strategies to encourage con-

sumption of local products.

Proposal 5: Develop the value chain in the tourism sector

Tourism is one of the sectors whose development can be struc-

tured around organizational aspects. Burundi is a post-conflict

country. Mass tourism still requires a great deal of investment

along the entire tourism value chain. A step-by-step approach is

recommended. First, Burundi’s image could be promoted by hold-

ing conferences. Upstream, economic operators in certain sectors

such as crafts need to be adequately supported, as do university

institutions, which provide training in tourism and hotel services.

Downstream, investments to create tourist itineraries will be neces-

sary for mass or leisure tourism. If all of these actions are to be better

coordinated, they must be coordinated at a hierarchical level that is

higher than that of a mere national tourism office, which lacks any

apparent visibility within the Ministry of Trade and Industry.

It is recommended that a department geared towards the develop-

ment of tourism be created so that the entire tourism value chain

can be better coordinated.

Proposition 6: Restore the free zone

Burundi’s location among the countries of the Great Lakes region is

an asset that may justify the creation of a dynamic free zone. The in-

stability of the macroeconomic framework has highlighted the cost

of imports, which is a major weak point for the competitiveness

of Burundian businesses. Analysis of international trade within the

countries of the East African Community has shown that Burundi is

a net importer of products from the sub-region. The creation of a

free zone would correct this trade imbalance and, at the same time,

create a development and distribution hub within the Great Lakes

region. This is why reinstating the free zone is the recommended

option for fostering employment and improving Burundi’s export

potential, which would have an impact on growth.

Proposal 7: Consolidate monetary policy and the banking and

financial system to improve the financing of the economy

Unlike the countries that are members of the free zone, Burundi has

monetary autonomy. Like several other countries such as Angola,

Kenya and Rwanda, it therefore has all the tools it needs to support

its own development process endogenously. However, monetary

management also brings with it strong constraints which, if they

are not respected, may lead to deviations (such as the issuing of

large amounts of money resulting in high inflation) and compro-

mise growth, and more generally development. Burundi’s central

bank must be turned into a modern central bank by clarifying its

objective and giving it a greater degree of autonomy. Some meas-

ures have been taken to this end and must be encouraged. How-

ever, the government should implement a number of actions to

strengthen the banking system, namely:

- Action 1: Strengthen the autonomy of the Banque centrale du

Burundi (BCB) [Central Bank of Burundi] in order to

guarantee macroeconomic stability;

- Action 2: Create the conditions for better mobilization of domes-

tic resources by diversifying financial instruments and

by improving terms of remuneration;

- Action 3: Expand and consolidate the tax base by incorporating

activities in the informal sector as much as possible and

consolidate the tax base.



Proposal 8: Strengthen governance by promoting good

practice

Empirical studies of economic growth show that a key factor in the

growth differential observed between Asian and African countries

is the difference between the quality of institutions, and hence

governance. These same studies have shown that improving the

quality of governance could increase growth by one or two per-

centage points without new investment. Improved governance

creates the conditions for sustainable and inclusive economic

growth. Two actions are recommended:

- Action 1: The government is encouraged to strengthen adminis-

trative and financial governance in order to consolidate

the macroeconomic framework and limit its instability;

- Action 2: Development partners are invited to support action

plans arising out of the implementation of programs

to strengthen public administrative and financial man-

agement, and to provide sector-specific support to

sectors in which there are deficits, especially the energy

sector.

4.2. Reform the way the labor market worksEmployment policy is generally difficult to define. In its broad sense,

it means all policies intended to guarantee full employment. But

in a narrow sense, it means measures to support the unemployed

and stimulate the creation of jobs and has two components: (i)

so-called passive policies, which concern unemployment benefits

and subsidies for cessations of activity; (ii) so-called active policies,

which concern measures to support the creation of jobs in the

market sector or the non-market sector, vocational training, sup-

port for unemployed people and finding employment for them,

and so on. All of the proposed measures are aimed at the govern-

ment and donors first and foremost, and are more concerned with

active policies.

Proposal 1: Improve the quality of information on the labor

market

Improving statistical information on the labor market will involve

the following actions:

- Action 1: Produce statistics regularly at national and local level.

The lack of reliable and up-to-date statistics is a major obstacle to

the successful implementation of a proper employment policy.

Unemployment statistics should address the country’s needs and

make reference to ILO standards. ISTEEBU, as the government body

responsible for collecting, centralizing, processing and disseminat-

ing the statistics necessary to manage economic policies, should

make reliable and up-to-date employment statistics available.

The work of decentralized data collection bodies should be visible

through regular and reliable statistics concerning their regions.

- Action 2: Create and launch the Office national de l’emploi et de

la formation (ONEF) [National Office for Employment

and Training].

This body should maintain an employment statistics file without

which no policy can be effectively considered.

Proposal 2: Implement a strategy to implement the National

Employment Policy (NEP) which has just been validated

The responses made to the issue of youth employment to date

have consisted of emergency measures, including temporary work

schemes for demobilized soldiers and a number of pilot projects to

stimulate local economic activity or the reintegration of groups af-

fected by the crisis. The interventions targeted at certain categories

now need to be reconsidered in order to move beyond the emer-

gency stage and promote sustainable jobs through a proper na-

tional employment policy. To this end, synergies and partnerships

with international donors should continue so that the national

employment policy can be put into effect.

Proposal 3: Strengthen the Agence burundaise pour l’emploi

des jeunes (ABEJ)

The ABEJ, whose role is to support government policy in relation to

decentralization, reducing youth poverty, promoting employment

of young people and encouraging their recruitment, suffers from a

lack of technical and financial resources. We therefore recommend

to the government of Burundi that it allocate sufficient financial

and human resources to enable the ABEJ to achieve its objectives.

TFPs and donors could provide technical and financial assistance in

order to strengthen this body.

Proposal 4: Improve and diversify the supply of jobs

- Action 1: Promote and optimize the significant job creation

potential offered by agriculture (development of new

industries) and tourism (promote regional tourism and

make use of tourism potential);

- Action 2: Continue to promote high labor-intensive (HLI)

projects;

- Action 3: Continue with work to improve the business climate in

order to encourage development of the private sector;

- Action 4: Encourage investors to establish their economic ac-

tivities within the country by implementing a policy of

infrastructure development and substantial tax breaks;

- Action 5: Encourage and help businesses to move from the in-

formal to the formal sector through a carrot-and-stick

approach of appropriate regulatory measures and

associated penalties.


C H A P T E R 4

Proposal 5: Create a Guarantee Fund for young people who

create employment

Young people say it is extremely difficult for them to create their

own production facilities due to a lack of funds. The government

should therefore create a guarantee fund to support young peo-

ple in their efforts to seek funding from financial institutions.

Proposal 6: Reform the education system so that it addresses

the country’s development needs

- Action 1: Reform technical and vocational education and train-

ing programs so that they address the real needs of the

labor market;

- Action 2: Identify job-oriented training courses which offer con-

siderable growth potential, especially in the field of

science and technology.

Certain sectors, such as tourism, hotel services and agriculture, offer

high growth potential but the associated training courses are not

well developed. The creation of colleges and institutes geared to-

wards these sectors would compensate for the failings of Burundi’s

education system and address market needs.

- Action 3: Involve the private sector in the development of aca-

demic curricula and training for students;

- Action 4: Consider training courses that combine time spent at

college with work experience;

- Action 5: Facilitate access for young people with no experience

to their first work placement; the government can

grant tax breaks to businesses that commit themselves

to this scheme.

Proposal 7: Encourage teacher and trainer capacity-building

The inadequate skills of teachers and trainers are another obsta-

cle to the emergence of adequately skilled graduates. The fact that

knowledge is advancing so quickly means that there is a constant

need to build capacities.

Proposal 8: Implement a national family planning policy

A decrease in population growth will make it possible, in time, to

reduce the demand pressure on the labor market and improve the

quality of training for human resources.

Proposal 9: Encourage a change of attitudes and

entrepreneurship

A larger proportion of young people, especially those enrolled in

schools, plan to apply for government jobs due to the security

that they offer. However, the public sector cannot continue to ab-

sorb all of this labor as it did just after independence. It is there-

fore crucially important that young people change their attitudes

and consider self-employment, private sector employment and

entrepreneurship as testing grounds where they can put their per-

sonal abilities to good use.

- Action 1: Promote self-employment, private sector employment

and entrepreneurship as testing grounds where they

can put their personal abilities to good use.

4.3. Promote the development of innovation Innovation plays an important role in growth and job creation. In-

novation can result directly from government activity or private

sector initiatives. Innovation within the private sector is dependent

on the regulatory framework created by the government. In any

case, the government should invest in equipment that facilitates

creativity in schools.

Proposal 1: Promote a national innovation policy

- Action 1: Make innovation one of the major pillars of sector

development policies with particular focus on or-

ganizational innovations, especially in the agricultural

sector;

- Action 2: Encourage universities and research institutes and cen-

tres to get involved in innovation research through the

establishment of research programmes by agreement

with the government;

- Action 3: Guarantee funding for research programmes aimed at

promoting innovation;

- Action 4: Encourage private sector research by protecting prop-

erty rights for research that leads to innovations;

- Action 5: Develop a framework for partnership with public sec-

tor institutions involved in promoting innovation in

industry;

- Action 6: Create a fund to promote innovation.

Proposal 2: Promote innovation in the agricultural sector

- Action 1: Processing and storage of agricultural produce.

Methods of processing and storing agricultural produce must

be the basis of the technological innovation of the Burundian

agricultural sector.

- Action 2: Implement rainwater harvesting mechanisms.

This action is intended to create water reserves in order to over-

come the challenge posed by the drought period, especially in

the province of Kirundo, which has historically been the country’s

breadbasket.

-Action 3: Implement a rigorous land development policy.

To promote urbanization of rural areas and the integration of

agriculture with a view to the development of the agricultural



sector, the government must implement a policy aimed at mak-

ing available additional arable land, which is needed for sustained

productivity.

- Action 4: Promote agricultural diversification and rational

management of arable land.

Agriculture in Burundi has always been characterized by crops

which often fall prey to fluctuations in the global commodity mar-

kets. It is therefore vital to correct this situation by promoting agri-

culture through the introduction and widespread use of new crops

in order to increase supply for national consumption and exporta-

tion. It is also necessary to promote urbanization of rural areas in

order to make available additional arable land, which is needed for

diversification.

- Action 5: Facilitate farmers’ access to financing.

Making it easier for farmers to access credit may make it possible to

solve the serious challenge posed by the creation of a value chain.

For example, suppliers of seeds and fertilizers can advance these

inputs to farmers.

In addition, the government and donors can help to provide lines

of credit on easy terms and loan guarantees to banks.

- Action 6: Encourage young people to participate in agricultural

activities.

Agriculture is one of the main economic sectors in Africa in general

and Burundi in particular. However, it attracts few young people,

who regard it as a livelihood of inferior status. The policy intended

to involve young people in agricultural activities through innova-

tion could reduce the disparities between urban and rural living

standards, and hence reduce the rural exodus and the imbalance

between the supply and demand for employment.

- Proposal 1: Support the research programs developed by

centers of research;

- Proposal 2: Support sponsors of innovative projects that can

have an impact on economic growth;

- Proposal 3: Implement mechanisms to protect flood-prone

and fertile areas.


CONCLUSION

The 2013 Human Development Report in Burundi focuses on

economic growth, the promotion of innovation and youth

employment. Although the issues raised by these themes are not

unique to Burundi, they are more pronounced due to the circum-

stances of the country, in particular that: (i) Burundi is a post-con-

flict country and the consequences in terms of hysteresis (a situa-

tion where the causes of a phenomenon have disappeared but the

consequences continue to be felt) are still very marked; (ii) it is the

second most densely populated country after Rwanda.

The report highlighted the links between innovation and econom-

ic growth on the one hand, and economic growth and employ-

ment on the other hand. Innovation is seen as a source of econom-

ic growth, and is determined by a country’s level of development

and must be underpinned by the appropriate development of

human capital. Economic growth is a necessary but not sufficient

condition for the creation of employment, and is also dependent

on other factors such as training.

The conceptual discussion in the report shows that innovation

results in growth through increased productivity. However, in-

novation can also lead to the destruction of employment where

the local workforce does not master the technology that it intro-

duces. The report has also shown that the economic growth wit-

nessed in Burundi since 1960 falls well short of its potential, and is

consequently inadequate to guarantee a supply of public goods

that is sufficient to improve the wellbeing of populations through

providing access to decent jobs.

Burundi’s growth can be further characterized by its volatility, which

impacts on other macroeconomic indicators such as inflation, the

high level of public debt, and the country’s balance of payments.

The report has also highlighted the energy deficit as a major handi-

cap for the national economy. In addition, in the face of increasing

population pressure, the economy continues to suffer from weak

job supply, especially in terms of youth employment, which brings

real risks in terms of social instability.


CONCLUSION

The report puts forward two major proposals. Firstly, rethinking the

growth model on which Burundi’s economy is based, drawing on

the various sectoral studies that have been carried out and whose

results are therefore available. Secondly, rethinking the model ac-

cording to which the labor market operates by introducing meas-

ures to make information on both demand and supply available.

The report identifies two strategic sectors - agriculture and tourism

- in which the government, through organizational innovations,

can intervene and make an impact in the short term. No country

has achieved sustainable development without guaranteeing food

security and, above all, food sovereignty. In most cases, agriculture

has fuelled the development of activities in the secondary and

tertiary sectors. However, to fully guarantee performance in these

strategic and other sectors, it is vital for the government to resolve

the issue of the energy deficit by making use of the country’s huge

potential in this sector.

To this end, a strategy to implement the recommendations made

should be adopted. According to the participants in the workshop

during which this report was validated, this should entail: (i) making

the report accessible and available after it has been adopted; (ii)

fostering ownership of the recommendations by holding seminars

with the government; (iii) action taken by ministries and other stra-

tegic institutions in order to implement the recommendations that

concern them (for example, the Ministry of Youth, Sport and Culture

should take ownership of the recommendations concerning youth

employment); (iv) the creation of an ad-hoc team to implement

these recommendations; (v) TFP support for the implementation

of the recommendations (for example, UNDP can provide technical

and financial support to the team responsible for implementing

the recommendations).


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ANNEX I: Comparison of various indicators to Burundi with those of the EAC countries and DR CONGO

Table Annex 1-1: Proportion of the total population under 15 years of age within the EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970

to 2012 (%)

COUNTRY 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009 2010 2011 2012

Burundi 45.1 45.7 49 46.1 43.9 44.0 44.2

Kenya 49.5 49.9 46.7 43.1 42.6 42.5 42.4

Uganda 47.1 47.6 48.6 49.3 48.9 48.7 48.5

Rwanda 47.4 49.4 45.9 45.1 44.7 44.2 43.6

Tanzania 46.4 46.4 45.4 44.7 44.8 44.9 44.9

DR Congo 44.3 45 46.1 46.2 45.5 45.3 45.1

Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014.

Figure Annex 1-1: Proportion of the total population under 15 years of age within the EAC countries and DR Congo from

1970 to 2012 (%)

1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009 2010 2011 2012

Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania DR Congo Burundi

Proportion of the total population under 15 years of age 1970-2012 (%)

%

38

40

42

44

46

48

50

52


Table Annex 1-2: Proportion of the total population aged 15 to 64 years old within the EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to

2012 (%)

COUNTRY 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009 2010 2011 2012

Burundi 51.7 51.1 48.1 51.2 53.5 53.5 53.4

Kenya 47.2 47.3 50.6 54.2 54.8 54.9 55.0

Uganda 50.2 49.8 48.7 48.2 48.7 48.9 49.0

Rwanda 50 48.4 51.7 52.3 53.0 53.5 54.1

Tanzania 51.1 51 51.8 52.3 52.0 52.0 52.0

DR Congo 52.9 52.1 51 51 51.7 51.9 52.0



ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1-2: Proportion of the total population aged 15 to 64 years old within the EAC countries and DR Congo from

1970 to 2012 (%)

1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009 2010 2011 2012


Proportion of the total population aged 15 to 64 years old 1970-2012 (%)

%

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

56


Table Annex 1-3: Proportion of the total population 64 years of age and over within the EAC countries and DR Congo from

1970 to 2012 (%)

COUNTRY 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009 2010 2011 2012

Burundi 3.21 3.15 2.89 2.74 2.5 2.5 2.4

Kenya 3.27 2.86 2.71 2.71 2.6 2.6 2.6

Uganda 2.62 2.65 2.69 2.54 2.4 2.4 2.4

Rwanda 2.59 2.22 2.38 2.6 2.3 2.3 2.3

Tanzania 2.56 2.66 2.78 2.99 3.1 3.1 3.2

DR Congo 2.86 2.91 2.88 2.82 2.8 2.8 2.8


Figure Annex 1-3: Proportion of the total population 64 years of age and over within the EAC countries and DR Congo from

1970 to 2012 (%)

1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009 2010 2011 2012


Proportion of the total population 64 years of age and over 1970-2012 (%)

%

0

1

2

3

4



Table Annex 1-4: Crude birth rate within the EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012

(for every thousand inhabitants.)

COUNTRY 1970-73 1974-84 1985-94 1995-99 2000-04 2005-09 2010-12

Burundi 47.51 50.17 49.71 43.94 42.67 44.4 45.11

Kenya 50.75 49.46 42.81 38.31 38.72 38.03 36.1

Uganda 48.73 48.99 49.66 48.93 47.73 45.99 44.15

Rwanda 50.62 53.08 48.19 42.81 39.7 37.94 36.35

Tanzania 48.16 46.89 44.13 41.98 41.78 41.55 40.16

DR Congo 46.52 46.62 48.18 48.37 46.96 45.22 43.58


Figure Annex 1-4: Crude birth rate within the EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012

(for every thousand inhabitants)

1970-73 1974-84 1985-94 1995-99 2000-04 2005-09 2010-12


Annual average crude birth rate from 1970 to 2012 (‰)

%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60


Table Annex 1-5: Adolescent fertility rate within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012

(births per 1,000 women aged 15-19 years)

COUNTRY 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009 2000 2001 2002

Burundi 48.85 49.52 47.65 47.65 31.6 30.9 30.3

Kenya 176.2 153.9 111.6 111.6 96.3 94.9 93.6

Uganda 181.8 184.6 194.1 194.1 136.0 131.3 126.6

Rwanda 75.65 73.12 57.11 57.11 37.3 35.4 33.6

Tanzania 155 148.4 136.7 136.7 125.8 124.3 122.7

DR Congo 151.4 139.7 134.1 134.1 134.0 134.6 135.3



ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1-5: Adolescent fertility rate within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012

(births per 1,000 women aged 15-19 years)

1970-1975 1976-1981 1982-1986 1987-1991 1992-1996 1997-2006 2007-2012


Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15-19 years)

0

50

100

150

200

250


Table Annex 1-6: Total fertility rate within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012

(average number of births per woman)

COUNTRY 1970-75 1976-1981 1982-86 1987-1991 1992-96 1997-2006 2007-12

Burundi 7.36 7.45 7.5 7.55 7.37 6.95 6.35

Kenya 7.98 7.57 7.03 6.23 5.39 4.99 4.65

Uganda 7.11 7.1 7.1 7.09 7.04 6.77 6.2

Rwanda 8.3 8.43 8.33 7.52 6.46 5.73 4.89

Tanzania 6.76 6.69 6.5 6.27 5.95 5.68 5.45

DR Congo 6.29 6.51 6.79 7.07 7.25 6.97 6.3


Figure Annex 1-6: Total fertility rate within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012

(average number of births per woman)

1970-1975 1976-1981 1982-1986 1987-1991 1992-1996 1997-2006 2007-2012


Total fertility rate (births per woman)

0123456789



Table Annex 1-7: Crude death rate within the EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012


COUNTRY 1970-73 1974-84 1985-94 1995-99 2000-04 2005-09 2010-02

Burundi 20.6 18.9 18.1 16.9 15.4 14.3 13.3

Kenya 14.8 11.9 10.1 11.5 12.1 10.5 8.81

Uganda 16.7 16.5 17.1 16.9 14.4 11.6 9.88

Rwanda 20.3 18.2 29.5 23.3 13 9.86 7.56

Tanzania 17.8 15.7 15.0 15.1 13.6 11.1 9.2

DR Congo 20 18.9 18.2 19 18.1 16.9 16


Figure Annex 1-7: Crude death rate within the EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012


1970-73 1974-1984 1985-1994 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-02


Annual average death birth rate from 1970 to 2012 (‰)

%o

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35


Table Annex 1-8: Average growth rate population within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012


COUNTRY 1970-79 1980-89 1990-99 2000-04 2005-09 2010-012 1970-012

Burundi 1.69 3.04 1.83 2.75 3.45 3.28 2.48

Kenya 3.65 3.7 2.96 2.67 2.68 2.69 3.21

Uganda 2.85 3.29 3.29 3.33 3.37 3.36 3.2

Rwanda 3.11 3.74 0.84 3.28 2.58 2.82 2.67

Tanzania 3.17 3.1 2.96 2.59 2.89 3.02 2.99

DR Congo 2.76 2.74 3.08 2.69 2.84 2.76 2.83



ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1-8: Average growth rate population within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012


0

1

2

3

4

1970-79 1980-89 1990-99 2000-04 2005-09 2010-12 1970-2012

Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania Congo (RD) Burundi

Average growth rate of population from 1970 to 2012 (%)

%


Table Annex 1-9: Total population life expectancy at birth within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (in years)

COUNTRY 1970 1981-82 1987 1992 1997 2002-09 2010 2011 2012

Burundi 43.8 47.8 48.5 46.6 47.3 50.3 52.6 53.1 53.6

Kenya 52.2 58.5 59.6 58.2 54.3 55.4 59.5 60.4 61.1

Uganda 48.8 49.4 48.7 46.6 46.3 53.3 57.3 58.0 58.6

Rwanda 44.3 49 45.0 27.1 39.2 56 62.2 62.9 63.5

Tanzania 46.7 50.7 51.1 49.8 49.2 54.5 59.2 60.1 60.8

DR Congo 43.8 46.4 47.2 47.3 46.0 47.9 49.0 49.3 49.6


Figure Annex 1-9: Total population life expectancy at birth within EAC countries and DR Congo from 1970 to 2012 (in years)

1970 1981-82 1987 1992 1997 2002-09 2010 2011 2012


Total population life expectancy at birth from 1970 to 2012 (in years)

Year

ss

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70



Table Annex 1-10: Total population HIV prevalence rate in the 15-49 age group within EAC countries and DR Congo from

1990 to 2012 (in %)

COUNTRY 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010 2011 2012

Burundi 2.98 4.22 2.58 1.56 1.3 1.3 1.3

Kenya 5.36 9.56 8.06 6.46 6.2 6.2 6.1

Uganda 12.7 9.4 6.6 6.54 7 7.2 7.2

Rwanda 5.88 5.56 4.06 3.12 3 2.9 2.9

Tanzania 6.5 8.18 7.2 5.86 5.4 5.3 5.1

DR Congo 1.34 1.48 1.5 1.32 1.2 1.1 1.1


Figure Annex 1-10: Total population HIV prevalence rate in the 15-49 age group within EAC countries and DR Congo from

1990 to 2012 (in %)

1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010 2011 2012


HIV prevalence rate among population of the 15-49 age group from 1990 to 2012 (in %)

0

5

10

15


Table Annex 1-11: Total population HIV prevalence rate in the 15-24 age group within EAC countries and DR Congo from

1990 to 2011 (in %)

COUNTRY 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2011

Burundi 4.86 5.72 4.56 3.32 2.1

DR Congo 1.2 1.12 1.1 1.2 ..

Kenya 5.74 9.52 7.66 6.18 2.6

Uganda 9.4 7.72 6.24 5.9 3.8

Tanzania 5.81 7.22 6.5 5.44 2.9

Rwanda 4.2 3.84 3.24 2.62 1.3

Source: Based on the data from the 2102 Millennium Development Goal report; African Statistical Yearbook, 2014.


ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1-11: Total population HIV prevalence rate in the 15-24 age group within EAC countries and DR Congo from

1990 to 2011 (in %)

BURUNDI DR CONGO KENYA UGANDA TANZANIA RWANDA

1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2011

HIV prevalence among population of the 15-24 age group from 1990 to 2011 (in %)

%

0

2

4

6

8

10

Source: Based on the data from the 2102 Millennium Development Goal report; African Statistical Yearbook, 2014.

Table Annex 1-12: Gendered HIV prevalence among 15-24 age group population within EAC countries and DR Congo from

1990 to 2012 (in %)

COUNTRY 2000-2004 2005 2009 2011 2012

H0 FE H0 FE H0 FE H0 FE H0 FE

Burundi 1.6 3.6 0.8 2.3 1 2.1 6.3 14.1 0.4 0.6

DR Congo .. .. 0.8 2.2 .. .. .. .. 0.4 0.8

Kenya 1.3 5.9 1.3 5.9 1.8 4.1 7.2 18.7 1.8 3.6

Uganda 2 5.1 1.1 4.3 2.3 4.8 2.4 5.6 2.3 4

Rwanda .. .. 0.4 1.5 1.3 1.9 5.9 13.4 1 1.3

Tanzania 3.1 4.1 3.0 4.0 1.7 3.9 4.3 9.7 1.8 3.6

Source: Based on the data from Economic and social statistics on the countries and territories of the world; UNESCO, Education for All, The

quality imperative.

Figure Annex 1-12: Gendered HIV prevalence among 15-24 age group population within EAC countries and DR Congo from

1990 to 2012 (in %)

0 2 4 6 8

10 12 14 16 18 20

H0 FE H0 FE H0 FE H0 FE H0 FE

2000-2004 2005 2009 2011 2012

Gendered HIV prevalence among 15-24 age group population - 1990-2012 (in %)


%

Source: Based on the data from Economic and social statistics on the countries and territories of the world; UNESCO, Education for All, The

quality imperative.


Table Annex 1-13: Contraceptive prevalence rates for women aged 15-49 within Burundi and other EAC countries and DR

Congo from 2005 to 2013 (in %)

COUNTRY 2005-2012 2013

DR Congo 18 21.9

Burundi 22 25.6

Uganda 30 32.9

Tanzania 34 38.4

Kenya 46 50.7

Rwanda 52 52.3

Source: UNDP, Human Development Report 2011; WHO, Global Health Statistics 2013; African statistical yearbook 2014.

Figure Annex 1-13: Contraceptive prevalence rates for women aged 15-49 within Burundi and other EAC countries and DR

Congo from 2005 to 2013 (in %)

DR Congo Burundi Uganda Tanzania Kenya Rwanda

2005-2012 2013

Contraceptive prevalence rates 2005-2013 (% of women aged 15-49)

%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Source: Based on the data from UNDP, Human Development Report 2011; WHO, Global Health Statistics 2013; African statistical yearbook

2014.

Table Annex 1-14: Contraceptive prevalence rates for women aged 15-49 within Burundi and other COMESA countries from

2005 to 2013 (in %)

COUNTRY 2005-2012 2013 COUNTRY 2005-2012 2013 COUNTRY 2005-2012 2013

Erythrea 8 18.4 Uganda 30 32.9 Rwanda 52 52.3

Sudan 9 14.3 Madagascar 40 44 Zimbabwe 59 60.6

DR Congo 18 21.9 Zambia 41 47.1 Egypt 60 62.7

Djibouti 18 28.8 Libya 45 57.8 Swaziland 65 64.1

Burundi 22 25.6 Kenya 46 50.7 Mauritius 76 76

Comoros 26 43.5 Malawi 46 49.1 Seychelles … ..

Ethiopia 29 32.4

Source: UNDP, Human Development Report 2011; WHO, Global Health Statistics 2013.


ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1-14: Contraceptive prevalence rates for women aged 15-49 within Burundi and other COMESA countries from

2005 to 2013 (in %)

Eryt

hrea

Suda

n

DR Co

ngo

Djibo

uti

Buru

ndi

Com

oros

Ethio

pia

Ugan

da

Mad

agas

car

Zam

bia

Libya

Keny

a

Mala

wi

Rwan

da

Zimba

bwe

Egyp

t

Swaz

iland

Mau

ritius

2005-2012 2013

Contraceptive prevalence rates 2005-2013 (of women aged 15-49) within Burundi and other COMESA countries

%

0

20

40

60

80

*Data for The Seychelles are not available

Source: Based on the data from: UNDP, Human Development Report 2011; WHO, Global Health Statistics 2013.

Table Annex 1-15: Rate of assisted deliveries attended by skilled health personnel within Burundi and other EAC countries

and DR Congo from 1990 to 2011 (In %)

COUNTRY 1990-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2009-2011

Burundi .. 25.2 34 60.3

Uganda 37.8 39 42 57.4

Tanzania 35.8 .. 43 48.9

Kenya 44.3 41.6 44 43.8

Rwanda 25.8 31.3 52 69

DR Congo .. 60.7 74 80.4

Source: UNDP, Human Development Report 2011; African statistical yearbook 2014.

Figure Annex 1-15: Rate of assisted deliveries attended by skilled health personnel within Burundi and other EAC countries

and DR Congo from 1990 to 2011 (In %)

Burundi Uganda Tanzania Kenya Rwanda DR Congo

Rate of assisted deliveries attended by skilled health personnel 1990-2011 (%)

%

1990-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2009-2011

0

20

40

60

80

100

Source: Based on the data from: UNDP, Human Development Report 2011; African statistical yearbook 2014.


Table Annex 1-16: Under-five mortality rate within the EAC countries and DRC from 1970 to 2012 (per 1,000)

COUNTRY 1970-1975 1976-1985 1986-1994 1995-2009 2010-2012

Burundi 245.12 213.44 164.27 141.33 107.97

DR Congo 241.68 201.01 171.70 169.65 150.40

Kenya 136.95 107.04 99.84 102.64 75.80

Uganda 184.23 202.32 176.43 129.05 73.73

Rwanda 225.97 203.13 170.76 151.88 59.23

Tanzania 202.60 178.53 167.36 114.24 57.63


Figure Annex 1-16: Under-five mortality rate within the EAC countries and DRC from 1970 to 2012 (per 1,000)

Burundi DR Congo Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania

1970-1975 1976-1985 1986-1994 1995-2009 2010-2012

Under-five mortality rate 1970-2012 (per 1000)

Rate

(per

100

0)

0

50

100

150

200

250


Table Annex 1-17: Infant mortality rate within the EAC countries and DRC from 1970 to 2012 (per 1,000 live births)

COUNTRY 1970-75 1976-85 1986-90 1991-94 1995-99 2000-04 2005-09 2010-12

Burundi 144.92 138.18 101.38 98.10 94.54 89.42 78.44 68.97

DR Congo 146.03 132.88 112.76 112.30 112.30 112.30 110.10 102.20

Kenya 85.08 72.84 62.28 67.13 70.16 65.78 57.28 50.07

Uganda 110.57 122.08 108.68 102.38 95.76 81.10 60.78 48.50

Rwanda 133.58 137.54 92.14 105.73 117.26 91.76 56.04 41.10

Tanzania 120.53 108.90 103.26 99.05 91.52 70.66 50.38 39.50



ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1-17: Infant mortality rate within the EAC countries and DRC from 1970 to 2012 (per 1,000 live births)

1970-75 1976-85 1986-90 1991-94 1995-99 2000-04 2005-09 2010-12

Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)

Per 1

,000

live

birth

s

DR Congo Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania Burundi

020406080

100120140160

Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest, data 2014.

Table Annex 1-18: Neonatal mortality rate within the EAC countries and DRC from 1990 to 2012 (per 1,000 births)

COUNTRY 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2006 2007-2012

Burundi 45.22 44.16 42.07 37.35

DR Congo 47.30 47.30 47.29 45.22

Kenya 32.94 33.10 31.34 28.12

Uganda 38.24 36.96 32.26 24.92

Rwanda 40.70 43.98 35.81 23.77

Tanzania 42.16 39.52 31.76 23.53


Figure Annex 1-18: Neonatal mortality rate within the EAC countries and DRC from 1990 to 2012 (per 1,000 births)


Neonatal mortality rate 1990-2012 (per 1,000 births)

Rate

(per

1,0

00 b

irths

)

1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2006 2007-2012

0

10

20

30

40

50



Table Annex 1-19: Woman’s lifetime risk of maternal death within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1990 to

2013 (in %)

COUNTRY 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013

Burundi 8.76 8.05 6.13 5.31 4.86 4.45

Kenya 3.11 2.81 2.72 2.57 2.18 1.89

Uganda 5.43 4.83 4.22 3.39 2.61 2.28

Rwanda 8.70 8.02 5.14 3.06 1.96 1.52

Tanzania 5.59 4.99 4.17 3.39 2.64 2.28

DR Congo 7.05 7.59 7.34 5.99 4.94 4.32

Source: World Bank 2014.

Figure Annex 1-19: Woman’s lifetime risk of maternal death within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1990 to

2013 (in %)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013

Woman's lifetime risk of maternal death 1990-2013 (%)


0123456789

10


Table Annex 1-20: Maternal mortality ratio within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1990 to 2013

(model-based estimation for every 100,000 live births)

COUNTRY 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013

Burundi 1,300 1,300 1,000 910 820 740

Kenya 490 530 570 550 460 400

Uganda 780 740 650 510 410 360

Rwanda 1,400 1,400 1,000 610 390 320

Tanzania 910 890 770 610 460 410

DR Congo 1,000 1,100 1,100 930 810 730



ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1-20: Maternal mortality ratio within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1990 to 2013

(model-based estimation for every 100,000 live births)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013

Maternal mortality ratio (model-based estimation for every 100,000 live births )


0200400600800

1,0001,2001,4001,600


Table Annex 1-21: The proportion of children under five sleeping under an impregnated mosquito net within Burundi and

other EAC countries and DRC from 1990 to 2011 (in %)

COUNTRY 1999-2002 2003-2006 2007-2011

Burundi 1.3 8 45.3

Kenya 2.9 5 46.7

Uganda 0.2 10 42.8

DR Congo 0.6 1 38.1

Tanzania 2.1 16 63.6

Rwanda 5 13 69.6

Source: UNICEF, The State of the World’s Children Report 2012; World Bank 2014; WHO, Global Health Statistics 2013.

Figure Annex 1-21: The proportion of children under five sleeping under an impregnated mosquito net within Burundi and

other EAC countries and DRC from 1990 to 2011 (in %)

Burundi KENYA Uganda DR Congo Tanzania Rwanda

The proportion of children under five sleeping under an impregnated mosquito net 1999-2011 (%)

%

1999-2002 2003-2006 2007-2011

0

20

40

60

80

Source: UNICEF, The State of the World’s Children Report 2012; World Bank 2014; WHO, Global Health Statistics 2013.


Table Annex 1- 22: Malnutrition prevalence rate in the total population within Burundi and other EAC countries from 1990 to

2012

COUNTRY 1990-1992 2010-2012

Burundi 49 73.4

Kenya 35.6 30.4

Rwanda 52.6 28.9

Tanzania 29.4 38.8

Uganda 26.6 34.6

Source: African statistical yearbook 2014.

Figure Annex 1-22: Malnutrition prevalence rate in the total population within Burundi and other EAC countries from 1990

to 2012

BURUNDI KENYA RWANDA TANZANIA UGANDA

Malnutrition prevalence rate in the total population - 1990-2012

%

1990-1992 2010-2012

01020304050607080

Source: African statistical yearbook 2014.

Table Annex 1-23: Government spending on health 1995-2012 within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC (% of GDP)

COUNTRY 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2012

Burundi 5.44 7.40 9.31 8.64

DR Congo 4.03 4.75 6.64 6.23

Kenya 4.24 4.52 4.42 4.50

Uganda 5.76 7.37 9.25 8.81

Rwanda 4.55 4.99 9.24 10.80

Tanzania 3.59 3.50 5.44 7.18



ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1- 23: Government spending on health 1995-2012 within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC (% of GDP)


Government spending on health 1995-2012 (% of GDP)

% o

f GDP

1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2012

0

2

4

6

8

10

12


Table Annex 1-24: Per capita expenditure on health within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1995 to 2012

(PPPs, 2005 Constant international dollars)

COUNTRY 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2012

Burundi 23,0486937 24,641001 45,6382668 45,9948006

DR Congo 11,4263087 11,9578553 22,0608574 24,5889929

Kenya 46,9377632 53,5629701 65,6449783 75,8938168

Uganda 35,2716279 56,3549961 98,6747786 115,115515

Rwanda 23,8133835 32,854553 91,027198 136,302029

Tanzania 24,1174811 297,155778 64,9199294 105,506296


Figure Annex 1-24: Per capita expenditure on health within Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1995 to 2012

(PPPs, 2005 Constant international dollars)


Per capita expenditure on health 1995-2012 (2005 Constant international dollars )

cons

tant

US $

1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2012

020406080

100120140160



Table Annex 1-25: The consumer price index within EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2013 (2005=100)

COUNTRY 1980-84 1985-90 1991-93 1995-00 2001-04 2006-09 2010-13

Burundi 9.78 14.08 19.50 48.12 79.57 126.46 195.49

Kenya 6.59 11.63 25.82 56.74 79.59 142.97 211.87

Uganda 0.14 13.15 49.83 72.86 86.24 123.27 186.25

Rwanda 14.64 17.79 25.22 65.88 81.02 129.02 168.38

Tanzania 1.56 7.20 20.61 62.56 88.60 122.64 182.57

DR Congo 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.42 71.33 139.94 200.81


Figure Annex 1-25: The consumer price index within EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2013 (2005=100)

1980-84 1985-90 1991-93 1995-00 2001-04 2006-09 2010-13

Consumer price index 1980-2013 (2005=100)

Kenya Uganda DR Congo Tanzania Rwanda Burundi

0

50

100

150

200

250


Table Annex 1-26: Exports to EAC countries from 2003 to 2008 (in US$ million)

Exports (in US$ million)

2003-2005 2006-2008

Burundi Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania Burundi Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania

Burundi .. 0,26 0,79 3,06 0,13 .. 1,41 2,08 3,58 0,10

Kenya 40,99 .. 481,09 84,66 228,87 38,90 .. 498,60 427,45 336,39

Uganda 21,43 75,92 .. 22,09 11,14 36,22 120,94 .. 83,58 24,96

Rwanda 1,65 25,66 17,96 .. 5,49 5,57 31,86 3,58 .. 0,70

Tanzania 11,51 89,28 47,68 6,74 .. 43,11 159,63 49,49 15,13 ..

Source: The African Community Trade Report 2006; The African Community Trade Report 2008.


ANNEX I

Table Annex 1- 27: Imports from EAC countries from 2003 to 2008 (in US$ million)

Exports (in US$ million)

2003-2005 2006-2008

Burundi Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania Burundi Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania

Burundi .. 28,04 13,59 0,79 12,35 .. 31,70 30,03 1,95 11,40

Kenya 0,11 .. 15,66 0,60 28,57 2,70 .. 59,42 1,54 89,16

Uganda 0,09 425,74 .. 0,56 18,89 1,23 469,33 .. 1,73 38,33

Rwanda 0,32 39,43 25,48 .. 6,22 1,99 94,69 101,81 .. 16,52

Tanzania 0,22 471,69 7,52 0,32 .. 7,42 333,67 29,24 7,00 ..

Source: The African Community Trade Report 2006, The African Community Trade Report 2008.

Table Annex 1- 28: The share of total exports (in %) of EAC countries and DRC from 1996 to 2011 (by main destinations)

COUNTRY Africa Developed European countries Developed American countries Developed Asian countries

1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011

Burundi 6.7 20.8 78.7 48.7 8.0 2.7 5.6 25.4

Kenya 38.3 42.6 39.3 30.8 4.8 7.0 13.6 15.0

Uganda 14.2 44.5 70.9 35.1 5.0 2.7 6.0 15.2

DR Congo 3.8 15.4 69.3 23.9 18.8 10.4 4.6 47.6

Tanzania 15.0 26.0 41.4 28.9 3.4 2.3 29.0 34.3

Rwanda 12.1 43.3 65.2 19.8 7.2 5.9 13.8 28.7

Source: UNCTAD, Report 2013.

Figure Annex 1- 26: The share of total exports of EAC countries and DRC by main destinations from 1996 to 2011 (in %)

1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011

Africa

The share of total exports (in %)

Expo

rts (%

)


0

20

40

60

80

100

Developed Americancountries

Developed Europeancountries

Developed Asiancountries

Source: Based on the UNCTAD’s latest data, Report 2013.


Table Annex 1- 29: The share of total imports of EAC countries and DRC by main destinations from 1996 to 2011 (in %)

COUNTRY Africa Developed European countries Developed American countries Developed Asian countries

1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011

Burundi 22.9 35.4 49.7 26.9 2.9 3.5 19.7 30.5

Kenya 11.3 12.9 34.9 18.4 7.3 5.4 35.4 53.8

Uganda 41.9 25.8 28.5 20.9 4.4 3.6 17.8 40.4

DR Congo 22.6 16.8 27.0 18.9 5.5 3.4 33.6 52.5

Tanzania 35.3 46.5 31.6 23.2 13.3 4.7 12.6 22.5

Rwanda 35.3 46.5 31.6 23.2 13.3 4.7 12.6 22.5


Figure Annex 1-27: The share of total imports of EAC countries and DRC by main destinations from 1996 to 2011 (in %)

1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011

The share of total imports 1996-2011 (in %)

Impo

rts (%

)

Kenya Uganda DR Congo Tanzania Rwanda Burundi

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Africa Developed Europeancountries

Developed Americancountries

Developed Asiancontries


Table Annex 1-30: Commercial ratio/GDP of EAC countries and DRC 1996-2011

COUNTRY 1996-2000 2001-2006 2007-2011

Burundi 4.1 8.3 10.0

Kenya 8.0 9.9 11.6

Uganda 10.4 11.6 15.0

DR Congo 7.0 14.3 23.5

Tanzania 5.0 7.0 10.2

Rwanda 5.5 7.3 13.4



ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1- 28: Commercial ratio/GDP of EAC countries and DRC 1996-2011

Burundi KENYA Uganda DR Congo Tanzania Rwanda

Commercial ratio 1996-2011

%

1996-2000 2001-2006 2007-2011

0

5

10

15

20

25


Table Annex 1-31: Foreign direct investment rate into Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012

(net inflows, % of GDP)

COUNTRY 1988-1991 1992-1995 1996-2001 2002-2007 2008-2012

Burundi 0.087 0.076 0.266 0.016 0.093

DR Congo -0.033 -0.092 0.718 6.442 11.918

Kenya 0.413 0.795 0.480 0.677 0.576

Uganda -0.017 1.529 2.585 4.506 5.710

Rwanda 0.515 0.144 0.251 0.711 1.825

Tanzania 0.052 1.034 3.305 3.574 6.072


Figure Annex 1-29: Foreign direct investment rate into Burundi and other EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012

(net inflows, % of GDP)


1998-1991 1992-1995 1996-2001 2002-2007 2008-2012

Foreign direct investment , net inflows, 1988-2012 (% of GDP)

%

-202468

101214



Table Annex 1-32: Human Development Index (HDI) of EAC countries and DRC (1980-2012)

Rang2012 COUNTRY Value HDI average annual growth (%)

1980 1990 2000 2005 2007 2010 2011 2012 1980/1990 1990/2000 2000/2010 2000/2012

145 Kenya 0.42 0.46 0.45 0.47 0.49 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.88 -0.33 1.34 1.24

152 Tanzania .. 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.41 0.47 0.47 0.48 .. 0.43 2.36 2.15

161 Uganda .. 0.31 0.37 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.45 0.46 .. 2.06 1.84 1.65

167 Rwanda 0.28 0.23 0.31 0.38 0.40 0.43 0.43 0.43 -1.74 3.05 3.07 2.73

178 Burundi 0.22 0.27 0.27 0.30 0.32 0.35 0.35 0.35 2.26 -0.07 2.59 2.31

186 DR Congo 0.29 0.30 0.23 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.37 -2.34 2.35 2.19

Source: World Bank 2014

Figure Annex 1-30: Human Development Index (HDI) of EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012

1980 1990 2000 2005 2007 2010 2011 2012

Human Development Index (1980-2012)

Indi

ce

Kenya Tanzania Uganda Rwanda DR Congo Burundi

0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6


Figure Annex 1-31: HDI average annual growth of EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012

Kenya Tanzania Uganda Rwanda Burundi DR Congo

HDI average annual growth - 1980-2012 (%)

%

1980/ 1990 1990/ 2000 2000/ 2010 2000/ 2012

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

NB: For details please see table 32 above


ANNEX I

Table Annex 1-33: Volume index of exports to EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012 (2000=100)

COUNTRY 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999 2001 2005 2010 2011 2012

Burundi 18.6 37.2 34.0 48.0 82.9 92.0 84.5 85.7 80.3 98.7

DR Congo 84.1 156.3 136.0 81.0 110.6 108.7 210.7 300.0 309.0 304.7

Kenya 51.7 54.1 63.3 101.3 98.8 121.8 162.5 179.7 172.4 186.2

Uganda .. 27.7 19.6 47.9 96.3 123.9 165.8 221.0 243.5 296.3

Rwanda 232.2 309.6 297.0 90.8 137.6 168.1 118.8 152.8 219.1 237.0

Tanzania .. .. 49.4 106.0 75.8 122.0 177.1 229.7 215.0 260.6


Figure Annex 1-32: Volume index of exports to EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012 (2000=100)

1980 1985 1990 1995 1999 2001 2005 2010 2011 2012

Volume index of exports 1980-2012


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Source: Figure prepared by the author using data from the World Bank.


Table Annex 1-34: Volume index of imports into EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012 (2000=100)

COUNTRY 1980 1985 1990 1995 2002 2005 2010 2011 2012

Burundi 37.4 50.7 45.5 58.9 89.7 148.8 222.4 285.0 298.8

DR Congo 34.8 65.5 64.4 30.1 162.7 318.7 414.3 447.6 498.8

Kenya 49.6 34.8 53.4 93.5 107.1 139.6 216.7 223.6 248.5

Uganda .. 22.2 16.1 64.8 71.4 105.4 189.0 199.1 210.6

Rwanda 71.4 106.4 78.1 113.8 120.6 164.2 430.8 469.0 538.6

Tanzania .. .. 95.2 111.0 111.6 165.9 292.0 343.6 368.3


Figure Annex 1-33: Volume index of imports into EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012 (2000=100)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2002 2005 2010 2011 2012

Volume index of imports 1980-2012


0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Source: Figure prepared by the author using data from the World Bank.

Table Annex 1-35: Average annual real GDP growth rate within the EAC countries and DRC from 1983 to 2015

(for 1 million people)

COUNTRY 1983-1992 1993-1999 2000–2012 2013-2015

Burundi 4.029 -3.406 3.6 4.633

DR Congo -1.147 -4.172 5.7 8.333

Kenya 3.62 2.5156 4.4 5.4

Uganda 3.652 7.6264 7.5 6.433

Rwanda 1.701 2.8432 7.9 7.233

Tanzania 3.087 3.2803 7 7.133

Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, World Development indicators 2014; World Bank; The World Bank, World Tables 199;

Banque africaine de développement, Statistiques choisies sur les pays africains, Vol XIX, 260p.; Annuaire statistique pour l’Afrique 2012;

http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fr/pays/afrique-de-lest/seychelles/


ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1-34: Average annual real GDP growth rate within the EAC countries and DRC from 1983 to 2015



Real GDP growth 1983-2015 (% annual)

%

1983-1992 1993-1999 2000–12 2013-2015

-6-4-202468

10

Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, World Development indicators 2014; World Bank; The World Bank, World Tables 199; African

Development Bank, (1999), Selected Statistics on African Countries, Vol XIX, 260p.; African statistical yearbook 2012;

http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fr/pays/afrique-de-lest/seychelles/

Table Annex 1-36: Real GDP per capita growth rate within EAC countries and DRC from 1970 to 2012 (annual %)

1970-1990 1990-2010 2011 2012

Burundi 1.1 -1.6 0.8 0.8

DR Congo -2.3 -3.1 4.0 4.3

Kenya 1.2 0.3 1.6 1.8

Uganda .. 3.6 3.1 0.0

Rwanda 1.2 2.3 5.3 5.0

Tanzania .. 2.4 3.3 3.7

Source: World Bank 2014; Economic and social statistics on the countries and territories of the world.

Figure Annex 1-35: Real GDP per capita growth rate within EAC countries and DRC from 1970 to 2012 (annual %)


Real GDP per capita growth rate 1970-2012 ( annual %)

Rate

(%)

1970-1990 1990-2010 2011 2012

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Source: Based on the World Bank’s latest data, 2014; Economic and social statistics on the countries and territories of the world.


Table Annex 1-37: Consumer price inflation rate within EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012 (annual %)

COUNTRY 1980-1990 1990-2010 2011 2012 2013

Burundi 7.19 12.0 9.74 18.01 7.95

DR Congo 59.17 234.0 15.32 9.72 1.63

Kenya 12.35 10.0 14.02 9.38 5.72

Uganda 96.76 8.0 18.69 14.02 5.46

Rwanda 4.65 10.0 5.67 6.27 4.24

Tanzania 30.59 14.0 12.69 16.0 7.87

Source: World Bank 2014; Economic and social statistics on the countries and territories of the world; African Development Bank, (1999),

Selected Statistics on African Countries, Vol XIX, 260p.; ADB, African Union AU, Economic Commission for Africa, (2011), African statistical

yearbook, 344p.; http://www.econstats.com/weo/V008.htm; African statistical yearbook 2012.

Figure Annex 1-36: Consumer price inflation rate within EAC countries and DRC from 1980 to 2012 (annual %)


1980-1990 1990-2010 2011 2012 2013

Inflation rate in % (1980-2013)

Rate

(%)

0

50

100

150

200

250

Source: World Bank 2014; Economic and social statistics on the countries and territories of the world; African Development Bank, (1999),

Selected Statistics on African Countries, Vol XIX, 260p.; ADB, African Union AU, Economic Commission for Africa, (2011), African statistical

yearbook, 344p.; http://www.econstats.com/weo/V008.htm; African statistical yearbook 2012.

Table Annex 1-38: Rate of illiterates (in %) within EAC countries and DRC from 1970 to 2015

COUNTRY 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Burundi 79.76 76.48 72.26 67.76 63.01 57.75 52.03 46.07 40.65 35.96

DR Congo 30.29 26.97 23.85 21.16 18.79 16.68 14.76 12.88 11.19 9.76

Kenya 59.38 51.82 43.85 36.24 29.24 22.98 17.58 13.14 9.91 7.54

Uganda 63.62 58.97 54.13 49.11 43.85 38.22 32.97 28.42 24.35 20.75

Rwanda 72.23 66.57 60.17 53.45 46.72 39.8 33.15 27.27 22.42 18.39

Tanzania 64.36 57.85 50.97 43.83 37.05 30.84 24.99 19.89 15.65 12.29

Source: http://www-958.ibm.com/software/analytics/manyeyes/datasets/world-illiteracy-rates-1970-2015/versions/1


ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1-37: Rate of Illiterates (in %) within EAC countries and DRC (1970-2015)

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Rate of Illiterates 1970-2015

Num

ber o

f illi

tera

te p

eopl

e (%

)


0

20

40

60

80

100


Table Annex 1-39: Adult literacy rate (15 years and older) % within EAC countries and DRC from 1985 to 2015

COUNTRY 1985-1994 2005-2008 PROJECTIONS 2015

TOT M F TOT M F TOT M F

Burundi 37 48 28 66 72 60 70 74 66

DR Congo .. .. .. 67 78 56 65 72 59

Kenya .. .. .. 87 90 83 89 91 87

Uganda 56 68 45 75 82 67 81 86 75

Rwanda 58 .. .. 70 75 66 73 76 70

Tanzania 59 71 48 73 79 66 74 79 70

Source: Education for All Global Monitoring Report, 2011.

Figure Annex 1-38: Adult literacy rate (total, 15 years and older) % within EAC countries and DRC from 1985 to 2015


Adult literacy rate 1985-2015 total, %

%

1985-1994 2005-2008 PROJECTIONS 2015

0

20

40

60

80

100

Source: Education for All Global Monitoring Report, 2011.


Table Annex 1-40: Youth (15-24 years) literacy rates (%) within EAC countries and DR Congo, 1985-2015



Burundi 54 59 48 76 77 75 79 78 81

DR Congo .. .. .. 65 69 62 60 59 61

Kenya .. .. .. 92 92 93 92 90 94

Uganda 70 77 63 87 89 86 92 92 91

Rwanda 75 .. .. 77 77 77 77 76 78

Tanzania 82 86 78 78 79 76 77 76 77

Source: Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011.

Figure Annex 1-39: Youth (15-24 years) literacy rates (%) within EAC countries and DR Congo, 1985-2015


Youth literacy (15-24 years), 1985-2015 Total %

%

1985-1994 2005-2008 PROJECTIONS 2015

0

20

40

60

80

100

Source: Data available in the Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011.

Table Annex 1-41: School life expectancy within EAC countries and DR Congo, 1992-2011 (in years)

Country 1992-1998 1999-2001 2008 2011

Burundi 3,7 5,2 9,6 11,3

Kenya .. 8,5 .. 11,1

Uganda 11,9 11,5 10,4 11,1

DR Congo 5,6 4,3 7,8 8,5

Tanzania 5 5,3 .. 9,2

Rwanda 7,9 8,2 10,6 11,1

Source: Education for All Global Monitoring Report, 2011 and 2013; The Human Development Report 2013, World Education Report 1998;

UNESCO, EFA Global monitoring report 2005.


ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1-40: School life expectancy within EAC countries and DR Congo, 1992-2011 (in years)

Burundi Kenya Uganda DR Congo Tanzania Rwanda

School life expectancy 1992-2011 (in years)

Year

s (%

)

1992-1998 1999-2001 2008 2011

0

5

10

15

Source: Data available in the Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011 and 2013; Human Development Report 2013, World

Education Report 1998; UNESCO, EFA Global Monitoring Report 2005.

Table Annex 1-42: Net primary school enrolment rates in EAC member states and DR Congo, 1992-2011 (%)

Country 1999 2007-2009 2010 2011

Burundi 38 99 99,1 96,1

DR Congo 33

Kenya 63 83 84 84

Uganda .. 92 91 94

Rwanda 78 96 90,6 99

Tanzania 49 97 92,1 98

Source: UNICEF, Report, The State of the World’s Children 2012; African Statistical Yearbook 2012; OECD (2012), Closing the Gender Gap:

Act Now, OECD; UNDP Report 2013.

Figure Annex 1-41: Net primary school enrolment rates in EAC member states and DR Congo, 1992-2011 (%)


Net primary school enrolment rates 1999-2011 (%)

Rate

(%)

1999 2007-2009 2010 2011

0

20

40

60

80

100

120




Table Annex 1-43: Net primary school enrolment by gender in EAC member states and DR Congo, 1992-2011 (%)

Country 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2006 2007-2009 2010 2011

H F H F H F H F M F M F

Burundi 57 49 .. .. 61 55 100 99 98,3 99,8 .. .

DR Congo 60 47 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Kenya .. .. 63 64 76 76 81 82 83,5 84,5 84 85

Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. 94 97 89,7 92,3 94 95

Rwanda 69 65 .. .. 72 75 95 97 94,6 89,4 .. ..

Tanzania 50 51 49 50 98 97 100 99 91,3 92,9 .. ..



Figure Annex 1-42: Net primary school enrolment by gender in EAC member states and DR Congo, 1992-2011 (%)

H F H F H F H F M F M F 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2006 2007-2009 2010 2011

Net primary school enrolment by gender 1990-2011 (%)

%


0

20

40

60

80

100

120



Table Annex 1-44: Mobile cellular subscriptions in EAC member states and DR Congo, 1996-2012 (per 100 people)

Country 1996-2005 2006-2009 2010 2011 2012

Burundi 0,41 4,72 18,17 20,07 18,17

Kenya 2,00 30,72 61,03 66,81 61,03

Uganda 1,19 16,09 37,74 47,50 37,74

Rwanda 0,58 9,60 32,75 39,90 32,75

Tanzania 1,32 22,50 46,66 55,37 46,66

DR Congo 0,87 11,42 19,01 24,47 19,01

Source: Drawn up using World Bank data, 2014.


ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1-43: Mobile cellular subscriptions in EAC member states and DR Congo, 1996-2012 (per 100 people)

Burundi Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania DR Congo

1996-2005 2006-2009 2010 2011 2012

Mobile cellular subscriptions 1996-2012 (per 100 people)

%

0

20

40

60

80

Source: Compiled using World Bank data, 2014.

Table Annex 1-45: Fixed broadband Internet subscribers 2005-2012 in EAC member states and DR Congo (per 100 people)

COUNTRY 2005 2008 2010 2012

Burundi 0,000 0,002 0,004 0,005

Kenya 0,015 0,008 0,010 0,099

Uganda 0,003 0,015 0,041 0,106

Rwanda 0,013 0,011 0,024 0,024

Tanzania 0,004 0,006 0,007 0,008

DR Congo 0,003 0,008 .. ..

Source: World Bank data, 2014.

Figure Annex 1-44: Fixed broadband Internet subscribers 2005-2012 in EAC member states and DR Congo (per 100 people)


Fixed broadband Internet subscribers 2005-2012 (per 100 people)

%

2005 2008 2010 2012

0,00

0,02

0,04

0,06

0,08

0,10

0,12



Table Annex 1-46: Average annual rate of Internet users in EAC member states and DR Congo, 1999-2012 (per 100 people)

COUNTRY 1999-2002 2003-2005 2007 2010-2012

Burundi 0,09 0,36 0,70 1,11

Kenya 0,56 3,02 7,95 24,70

Uganda 0,22 0,98 3,67 13,40

Rwanda 0,17 0,45 2,12 7,67

Tanzania 0,15 0,88 1,60 3,45

DR Congo 0,03 0,19 0,37 1,20


Figure Annex 1-45: Average annual rate of Internet users in EAC member states and DR Congo, 1999-2012 (per 100 people)


Average annual rate of Internet users 1999-2012 (per 100 people)

%

1999-2002 2003-2005 2007 2010-2012

0

5

10

15

20

25

30


Table Annex 1-47: Average annual rate of secure Internet servers in EAC member states and DR Congo, 2004-2013

(per 1 million people)

COUNTRY 2004-2007 2008-2010 2011 2012 2013

Burundi 0,19 0,19 0,10 0,30 0,30

Kenya 0,44 1,64 3,14 4,17 4,78

Uganda 0,06 0,46 1,48 1,46 1,17

Rwanda 0,00 0,50 0,90 2,01 2,55

Tanzania 0,27 0,50 0,75 1,08

DR Congo 0,04 0,13 0,19 0,26 0,34



ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1-46: Average annual rate of secure Internet servers in EAC member states and DR Congo, 2004-2013



2004-2007 2008-2010 2011 2012 2013

Secure Internet servers, 2004-2013 (per 1 million people)

Per 1

,000

,000

peo

ple

0

1

2

3

4

5

6


Table Annex 1-48: Average annual CO2 emissions in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1970-2010 (%)

COUNTRY 1970-79 1980-89 1990-99 2000-09 2010

Burundi 0,023 0,046 0,053 0,027 0,033

Kenya 0,333 0,261 0,272 0,262 0,304

Uganda 0,105 0,046 0,049 0,08 0,111

Rwanda 0,036 0,103 0,099 0,066 0,055

Tanzania 0,149 0,104 0,093 0,123 0,152

DR Congo 0,144 0,127 0,078 0,039 0,049


Figure Annex 1-47: Average annual CO2 emissions in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1970-2010 (%)


1970-79 1980-89 1990-99 2000-09 2010

Annual average CO2 emissions, 1970-2010 (metric tonnes per capita)

CO2

(met

ric to

nnes

)

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

0,30

0,35



Table Annex 1-49: Proportion of the population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other EAC member

states and DR Congo, 1990-2012 (%)

COUNTRY 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012

Burundi 68,80 70,31 71,80 73,26 74,69 75,25

Kenya 42,74 47,36 51,81 56,08 60,13 61,68

Uganda 41,64 49,11 56,49 64,06 71,73 74,77

Rwanda 60,33 63,07 66,16 68,46 70,08 70,71

Tanzania 55,00 54,70 54,34 53,91 53,44 53,24

DR Congo 43,16 43,40 43,98 44,88 46,02 46,46


Figure Annex 1-48: Proportion of the population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other EAC member

states and DR Congo, 1990-2012 (%)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012

Proportion of the population with access to an improved water source 1990-2012 (%)

%


01020304050607080


Table Annex 1-50: Proportion of the rural population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other EAC

member states and DR Congo, 1990-2012 (%)

COUNTRY 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012

Burundi 66,99 68,40 69,81 71,23 72,64 73,20

Kenya 32,90 37,93 42,97 48,01 53,04 55,05

Uganda 37,18 44,86 52,54 60,22 67,89 70,96

Rwanda 58,63 60,83 63,03 65,23 67,42 68,30

Tanzania 45,98 45,53 45,09 44,64 44,20 44,02

DR Congo 25,75 26,10 26,96 27,83 28,69 29,04

Source: World Bank data.


ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1-49: Proportion of the rural population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other EAC


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012

Rural population with access to an improved source of water - 1990-2012 (%)

%


0

20

40

60

80


Table Annex 1-51: Proportion of the urban population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other EAC


COUNTRY 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012

Burundi 95,87 94,89 93,90 92,92 91,94 91,54

Kenya 91,68 89,54 87,39 85,25 83,11 82,26

Uganda 77,39 81,34 85,29 89,24 93,18 94,76

Rwanda 90,02 87,90 85,78 83,66 81,54 80,70

Tanzania 93,72 90,14 86,55 82,97 79,38 77,95

DR Congo 88,49 87,50 85,02 82,55 80,07 79,08

Source: World Bank data.

Figure Annex 1-50: Proportion of the urban population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other EAC


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012

Proportion of the urban population with access to an improved water source 1990-2012 (%)

%


0

20

40

60

80

100

120



Table Annex 1-52: Net ODA received per capita in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1970-2013

(constant US $)

COUNTRY 1970-79 1980-89 1990-99 2000-09 2010-12 2013

Burundi 11,58 32,76 32,58 41,99 60,52 54,5

Kenya 10,32 27,62 27,17 23,93 53,45 130,1

Uganda 3,001 14,91 34,46 43,42 47,05 36,1

Rwanda 15,45 30,25 66,03 57,96 95,13 168,8

Tanzania 14,03 32,95 35 47,38 59,27 34

DR Congo 8,896 14,81 7,42 34,25 62,05 198

Source: Drawn up using World Bank data; African Statistical Yearbook 2014.

Figure Annex 1-51: Net ODA received per capita in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1970-2013

(constant US $)


Net ODA received per capita in 1970-2012 (constant US $)

Amou

nt (i

n US

$)

1970-79 1980-89 1990-99 2000-09 2010-12 2013

0

50

100

150

200

250

Source: Drawn up using World Bank data; African Statistical Yearbook 2014.

Table Annex 1-53: Average annual government final consumption expenditure in Burundi and other EAC member states and

DR Congo, 1990-2013 (% of GDP)

COUNTRY 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04 2005-09 2010-13

Burundi 15,7 18,2 16,4 25,2 28,91

Kenya 16,1 15,5 16,8 17,1 20,95

Uganda 9,78 12,4 15,3 12,6 11,46

Rwanda 12,4 11,1 13,1 9,85 13,61

Tanzania 18,6 11 13,8 17,9 19,03

DR Congo 13,3 6,59 6,71 11,8 15,22

Source: Drawn up using World Bank data; http://www.econstats.com/weo/V008.htm; http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/

weodata/weoseladv.aspx


ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1-52: Average annual government final consumption expenditure in Burundi and other EAC member states

and DR Congo, 1990-2013 (% of GDP)


1990-94 1995-99 2000-04 2005-09 2010-13

Average annual government final consumption expenditure 1990-2013 (% du PIB)

%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Source: Compiled using World Bank data;

http://www.econstats.com/weo/V008.htm; http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weoseladv.aspx

Table Annex 1-54: Average annual forest rents in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1970-2012

(% of GDP)

COUNTRY 1970-87 1981-87 1988-91 1992-99 2000-07 2008-12

Burundi 7,24 6,65 11,86 17,99 21,99 26,47

Kenya 3,31 3,59 4,60 4,84 3,27 4,11

Uganda 12,59 15,78 14,12 16,49 12,33 14,69

Rwanda 7,55 4,75 5,19 9,20 5,96 6,38

Tanzania .. .. 9,44 8,75 4,64 5,72

DR Congo 2,90 6,17 10,54 22,40 26,52 31,45


Figure Annex 1-53: Average annual forest rents in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1970-2012

(% of GDP)

1970-87 1981-87 1988-91 1992-99 2000-07 2008-12

Annual forest rents 1970-2012 (% of GDP)

%


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Source: Compiled using World Bank data.


Table Annex 1-55: Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments in Burundi and other EAC member states and

DR Congo, 1990-2013 (%)

COUNTRY 1990 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013

Burundi .. 14,4 30,5 32,1 30,5 30,5 30,5

Kenya 1,1 3,6 7,1 9,8 9,8 9,8 18,6

Uganda 12,2 17,8 23,9 31,3 35 35 35

Rwanda 17,1 25,7 48,8 56,3 56,3 56,3 63,8

Tanzania .. .. 30,4 30,7 36 36 36

DR Congo 5,4 .. 12 8,4 .. 8,9 8,9

Source: World Bank, 2014.

Figure Annex 1-54: Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments in Burundi and other EAC member states and

DR Congo, 1990-2013 (%)

1990 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013

Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments 1990-2013 (%)

%


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Table Annex 1- 56: Unemployment rates in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1991-2012 (%)

COUNTRY 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2012

TOT H F TOT H F TOT H F TOT H F

Burundi 7,86 7,4 8,34 7,98 7,54 8,4 8,06 7,68 8,46 7,843 7,414 8,24

Kenya 10,06 8,86 11,4 9,84 8,7 11,1 9,62 8,56 10,9 9,371 8,3 10,6

Uganda 2,42 2,02 2,8 2,48 2,1 2,86 2,9 2,48 3,34 3,4 2,9 3,91

Rwanda 0,6 0,82 0,4 0,6 0,82 0,4 0,6 0,8 0,4 0,6 0,8 0,39

Tanzania 3,88 2,88 4,9 4,82 3,42 6,28 3,5 2,58 4,44 3,043 2,171 3,91

DR Congo 7,4 6,64 8,14 7,36 6,7 8 7,22 6,78 7,66 7,214 6,8 7,57



ANNEX I

Figure Annex 1-55: Unemployment rates in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo, 1991-2012 (total, %)


Unemployment rates between 1991-2012 (Total, %)

Ratio

(%)

1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2012

0

2

4

6

8

10

12


Figure Annex 1-56: Unemployment rates by gender in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo 1991-2012

(total, %)

H F H F H F H F 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2012

Unemployment rates by gender between 1991 and 2012 (Total, %)

(%)


0

2

4

6

8

10

12



Table Annex 1- 57: Youth (15-24 years) unemployment rates in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo,

1991-2012 (%)

COUNTRY 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2012


Burundi 15,74 12,36 13,78 13,04 12,4 13,68 12,92 12,4 13,38 12,9 12,43 13,29

Kenya 20,64 16,86 17,58 17,14 16,86 17,5 17,08 16,88 17,32 17,03 16,86 17,23

Uganda 4,98 3,88 4,46 4,26 3,98 4,5 4,96 4,64 5,24 5,857 5,5 6,243

Rwanda 0,86 0,96 0,54 0,7 1 0,5 0,7 1 0,5 0,7 1 0,5

Tanzania 9,02 6,32 8,14 8,64 7,4 9,86 6,42 5,64 7,22 5,543 4,729 6,371

DR Congo 15,92 12,28 14,12 13,18 12,34 13,88 12,9 12,46 13,28 12,83 12,49 13,16


Figure Annex 1-57: Youth (15-24 years) unemployment rates in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo,

1991-2012 (%)


Youth (15-24 years) unemployment rates, 1991-2012 (Total, %)

%

1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2012

0

5

10

15

20

25


Figure Annex 1-58: Youth (15-24 years) unemployment rates by gender in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR

Congo, 1991-2012 (%)

H F H F H F H F 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2012

Youth (15-24 years) unemployment rates by gender, 1991-2012 (%)


02468

101214161820

%



ANNEX I

Table Annex 1- 58: Electricity generation in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo 1976-2010

(millions of kWh)

COUNTRY 1976 1980 1985 1990 2000 2005 2010

Burundi 1 1 2 106 101 102 239

DR Congo 4088 4445 5171 5650 5999 7399 7888

Kenya 1279 1630 2324 3235 4194 5990 7501

Uganda 711 615 653 776 1582 1880 2061

Rwanda 148 118 163 176 113 113 27

Tanzania 666 792 1015 1628 2480 3555 5106

Source: United Nations (1983), Energy Statistics Yearbook 198; Industrial Statistics Yearbook 1985; Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, edition no.

1085, and 2006, Vol. LX, No. 10; African Statistical Yearbook, Part III; Statistical Yearbook 2009; AfDB, African Union, Economic Commission

for Africa (2011), African Statistical Yearbook, 344 p.; United Nations (2007), Statistical Yearbook, 51st edition.

Figure Annex 1- 59: Electricity generation in Burundi and other EAC member states and DR Congo 1976-2010 (millions of kWh)

1976 1980 1985 1990 2000 2005 2010

Electricity generation, 1976-2010 (millions of kWh)

Mill

ions

of k

Wh


0100020003000400050006000700080009000

Source: United Nations (1983), Energy Statistics Yearbook 198; Industrial Statistics Yearbook 1985; Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, edition no.

1085, and 2006, Vol. LX, No. 10; African Statistical Yearbook, Part III; Statistical Yearbook 2009; AfDB, African Union, Economic Commission

for Africa (2011), African Statistical Yearbook, 344 p.; United Nations (2007), Statistical Yearbook, 51st edition.


ANNEX II: Comparison of different indicators of Burundi with one of other Community of Eastern and Southern African (COMESA) countries

Table Annex 2-1: Proportion of the total population under 15 years of age in Burundi and other COMESA member States

from 1970 to 2012 (%)

COUNTRY 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009 2010 2011 2012

Burundi 45.1 45.7 49 46.1 43.9 44.0 44.2

DR Congo 44.3 45 46.1 46.2 45.5 45.3 45.1

Kenya 49.5 49.9 46.7 43.1 42.6 42.5 42.4

Libya 46.1 44.4 38.2 31 29.4 29.4 29.5

Mauritius 40.1 32.4 27.6 24.1 21.2 20.6 20.2

Uganda 47.1 47.6 48.6 49.3 48.9 48.7 48.5

Rwanda 47.4 49.4 45.9 45.1 44.7 44.2 43.6

Seychelles 41.7 35.4 31.3 25 22.3 22.2 22.1

Swaziland 48 48.7 47.2 42 38.8 38.4 38.0

Zambia 47 46.7 45.6 46.5 46.9 46.8 46.7

Zimbabwe 48.4 47.9 44.4 41.6 41.2 40.8 40.2

Egypt 41.1 39.9 37.9 33.1 31.5 31.4 31.2

Eritrea 45.7 46.2 48.4 44.3 43.0 43.1 43.1

Ethiopia 44.7 45.9 46.5 46.1 44.4 43.9 43.3

Comoros 44.9 45.5 43.5 41.6 42.2 42.2 42.2

Djibouti 46.5 45.4 43.6 37.8 34.1 33.9 33.7

Madagascar 45.9 45.7 45 44.8 43.4 43.1 42.7

Malawi 46.8 47.1 45.1 46 45.8 45.6 45.4

Sudan 46.6 46.5 44.6 43.2 42.1 41.8 41.5



ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-2: Proportion of the total population of 15 to 64 years of age in Burundi and other COMESA member States

from 1970 to 2012 (%)

COUNTRY 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009 2010 2011 2012

Burundi 51.7 51.1 48.1 51.2 53.5 53.5 53.4

Comoros 51.9 51.3 53.3 55.4 54.9 54.9 55.0

DR Congo 52.9 52.1 51 51 51.7 51.9 52.0

Djibouti 51 52.1 53.6 58.9 62.2 62.3 62.4

Egypt 54.5 55.5 57 61.5 63.0 63.1 63.1

Eritrea 52.7 52.2 49.9 53.8 54.9 54.8 54.7

Ethiopia 52.5 51 50.4 50.8 52.3 52.8 53.3

Kenya 47.2 47.3 50.6 54.2 54.8 54.9 55.0

Libya 50.9 52.6 58.3 64.7 66.0 65.9 65.8

Madagascar 50.5 51.1 52 52.3 53.7 54.1 54.5

Malawi 50.8 50.3 51.9 50.9 51.1 51.2 51.4

Mauritius 57 63.5 67.2 69.2 71.1 71.3 71.5

Uganda 50.2 49.8 48.7 48.2 48.7 48.9 49.0

Rwanda 50 48.4 51.7 52.3 53.0 53.5 54.1

Seychelles 52 57.6 61.4 67.3 70.1 70.2 70.2

Sudan 50.4 50.6 52.5 53.8 54.8 55.1 55.3

Swaziland 49.3 48.5 50 54.8 57.8 58.2 58.5

Zambia 50.3 50.5 51.6 50.8 50.4 50.5 50.6

Zimbabwe 48.5 49.1 52.4 54.7 54.8 55.2 55.8



Table Annex 2-3: Proportion of the total population of 65 years of age and over in Burundi and other COMESA member

States from 1970 to 2012 (%)

COUNTRY 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009 2010 2011 2012

Burundi 3.21 3.15 2.89 2.74 2.5 2.5 2.4

DR Congo 2.86 2.91 2.88 2.82 2.8 2.8 2.8

Kenya 3.27 2.86 2.71 2.71 2.6 2.6 2.6

Libya 2.97 2.95 3.52 4.22 4.6 4.6 4.7

Mauritius 2.86 4.09 5.24 6.68 7.7 8.0 8.4

Uganda 2.62 2.65 2.69 2.54 2.4 2.4 2.4

Rwanda 2.59 2.22 2.38 2.6 2.3 2.3 2.3

Seychelles 6.34 6.96 7.27 7.69 7.6 7.6 7.7

Swaziland 2.71 2.75 2.79 3.13 3.3 3.4 3.4

Zambia 2.7 2.77 2.78 2.71 2.7 2.6 2.6

Zimbabwe 3.08 2.98 3.15 3.66 4.0 4.0 3.9

Egypt 4.38 4.63 5.06 5.42 5.5 5.6 5.6

Eritrea 1.69 1.61 1.67 1.95 2.1 2.2 2.2

Ethiopia 2.84 3.09 3.1 3.13 3.3 3.3 3.4

Comoros 3.16 3.22 3.15 3.01 2.9 2.9 2.9

Djibouti 2.42 2.48 2.76 3.32 3.7 3.8 3.9

Madagascar 3.55 3.18 3.01 2.92 2.8 2.8 2.8

Malawi 2.47 2.55 2.98 3.05 3.1 3.1 3.1

Sudan 2.98 2.94 2.96 3.04 3.1 3.2 3.2



ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-4: Birth rate in the COMESA member states from 1970 to 2012 (per 1,000 people)

COUNTRY 1970-1973 1974-1984 1985-1994 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2012

Burundi 47.51 50.17 49.71 43.94 42.67 44.4 45.11

Comoros 44.77 45.37 39.19 37.94 39.29 38.48 36.47

DR Congo 46.52 46.62 48.18 48.37 46.96 45.22 43.58

Djibouti 44.89 41.64 39.7 33.21 29.53 28.82 28.11

Egypt 40.04 37.75 31.56 25.74 24.5 24.38 23.81

Eritrea 46.93 46.28 44.46 40.59 39.93 39.52 37.92

Ethiopia 48.29 48.86 47.69 45.39 41.72 36.98 34.11

Kenya 50.75 49.46 42.81 38.31 38.72 38.03 36.1

Libya 46.22 41.72 29.55 23.18 22.53 22.54 21.53

Madagascar 48.51 45.7 44.7 43.05 39.65 36.63 35.18

Malawi 53.05 54.44 50.54 46.88 44.02 41.85 40.5

Mauritius 25.48 25.04 20.08 17.6 16.26 13.52 11.5

Uganda 48.73 48.99 49.66 48.93 47.73 45.99 44.15

Rwanda 50.62 53.08 48.19 42.81 39.7 37.94 36.35

Seychelles .. 27.77 24.01 19.46 17.9 17.86 18

Sudan 46.92 45.39 41.94 40.54 39 36.46 34.39

Swaziland 49.27 48.32 43.36 34.76 31.96 31.31 30.52

Zambia 48.84 46.68 44.15 45.27 45.01 43.68 43.11

Zimbabwe 47.6 46.51 37.93 33 32.08 32.41 31.89



Table Annex 2-5: Adolescent fertility rate in the COMESA member states from 1970 to 2012

(Births/1000 women aged of 15 to 19)

COUNTRY 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009 2000 2001 2002

Burundi 48.85 49.52 47.65 47.65 31.6 30.9 30.3

Comoros 93.06 85.51 68.08 68.08 53.9 52.5 51.1

DR Congo 151.4 139.7 134.1 134.1 134.0 134.6 135.3

Djibouti 59.75 65.2 48.54 48.54 20.0 19.3 18.6

Egypt 125.7 96.31 67.1 67.1 45.3 44.1 43.0

Eritrea 115.1 114.6 112.9 112.9 69.9 67.6 65.3

Ethiopia 119.8 120.4 117 117 83.0 80.7 78.4

Kenya 176.2 153.9 111.6 111.6 96.3 94.9 93.6

Libya 17.28 12.71 6.71 6.71 2.8 2.6 2.5

Madagascar 160.2 147.7 152.3 152.3 127.4 125.1 122.8

Malawi 161 173.6 162.9 162.9 149.8 147.3 144.8

Mauritius 63.58 44.83 39.57 39.57 31.8 31.3 30.9

Uganda 181.8 184.6 194.1 194.1 136.0 131.3 126.6

Rwanda 75.65 73.12 57.11 57.11 37.3 35.4 33.6

Seychelles 130 77.85 62.97 62.97 57.7 57.0 56.3

Sudan 138.8 108.3 109.4 109.4 93.0 88.5 84.0

Swaziland 150.4 144.5 117.7 117.7 78.4 75.2 72.0

Zambia 103.4 97.11 128.5 128.5 131.1 128.3 125.4

Zimbabwe 170.3 121.4 108.6 108.6 65.2 62.7 60.3



ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-6: total fertility rate in the COMESA member states from 1970 to 2012 (average number of births per woman)

COUNTRY 1970-1975 1976-1981 1982-1986 1987-1991 1992-1996 1997-2006 2007-2012

Burundi 7.36 7.45 7.5 7.55 7.37 6.95 6.35

Comoros 7.06 7.1 6.73 5.76 5.28 5.27 4.95

DR Congo 6.29 6.51 6.79 7.07 7.25 6.97 6.3

Djibouti 6.82 6.56 6.25 6.12 5.53 4.35 3.64

Egypt 5.74 5.44 5.11 4.51 3.78 3.24 2.9

Eritrea 6.63 6.62 6.59 6.5 6.34 5.79 5.02

Ethiopia 7.07 7.26 7.42 7.29 7.04 6.25 4.98

Kenya 7.98 7.57 7.03 6.23 5.39 4.99 4.65

Libya 7.94 7.86 6.87 5.28 3.97 3 2.55

Madagascar 7.29 6.76 6.17 6.25 6.06 5.39 4.69

Malawi 7.41 7.6 7.57 7.14 6.56 6.16 5.67

Mauritius 3.55 2.87 2.18 2.21 2.22 1.92 1.52

Uganda 7.11 7.1 7.1 7.09 7.04 6.77 6.2

Rwanda 8.3 8.43 8.33 7.52 6.46 5.73 4.89

Seychelles .. 4.5* 3.5* 3* 2.7* 2.07 2.31

Sudan 6.91 6.86 6.54 6.21 5.89 5.32 4.68

Swaziland 6.86 6.71 6.45 5.89 5.04 4.13 3.59

Zambia 7.44 7.28 6.87 6.54 6.25 6.04 5.83

Zimbabwe 7.41 7.21 6.42 5.38 4.57 4.05 3.75


* are not averages,but successive datas from 1976, 1982, 1987, 1992


Table Annex 2-7: Crude death rate in the COMESA member states from 1970 to 2012 (per 1,000 people)

COUNTRY 1970-1973 1974-1984 1985-1994 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2012

Burundi 20.6 18.9 18.1 16.9 15.4 14.3 13.3

Comoros 17.2 15.0 12.0 10.8 10.3 9.63 9.04

DR Congo 20 18.9 18.2 19 18.1 16.9 16

Djibouti 14.5 12.2 10.8 10.4 10.2 9.72 9.07

Egypt 15.4 12.4 8.7 7.17 6.87 6.77 6.59

Eritrea 21 18.8 15.2 11 9.04 8.07 7.21

Ethiopia 21 21.0 18.5 15.4 12.7 9.84 8.14

Kenya 14.8 11.9 10.1 11.5 12.1 10.5 8.81

Libya 11.7 8.0 5.4 4.61 4.36 4.2 4.18

Madagascar 20.1 17.4 15.1 11.7 9.45 8.03 7.2

Malawi 23.6 21.9 18.7 18.2 16.7 13.9 12

Mauritius 7.83 7.2 6.7 6.82 6.84 7.06 7.1

Uganda 16.7 16.5 17.1 16.9 14.4 11.6 9.88

Rwanda 20.3 18.2 29.5 23.3 13 9.86 7.56

Seychelles 0 7.4 7.3 7.28 7.32 7.74 7.57

Sudan 14.4 13.3 12.1 11 10.1 9.07 8.53

Swaziland 16.9 13.6 10.0 11.8 15.1 15.2 14.3

Zambia 16.3 15.2 18.5 20.6 18.4 14.2 11.3

Zimbabwe 12.9 10.7 9.6 14.7 17.3 14.8 10.6



ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-8: Population growth in the COMESA member states from 1970 to 2012 (per 1,000 people)

COUNTRY 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2012 1970-2012

Burundi 1.69 3.04 1.83 2.75 3.45 3.28 2.48

Comoros 2.88 2.86 2.46 2.56 2.58 2.48 2.68

DR Congo 2.76 2.74 3.08 2.69 2.84 2.76 2.83

Djibouti 8.09 5.1 2.39 1.47 1.41 1.5 4.06

Egypt 2.13 2.28 1.65 1.62 1.68 1.67 1.91

Eritrea 2.88 3.17 1.68 4.13 3.5 3.27 2.91

Ethiopia 2.23 2.95 3.23 2.87 2.72 2.6 2.79

Kenya 3.65 3.7 2.96 2.67 2.68 2.69 3.21

Libya 3.93 3.41 2.02 1.56 1.6 1.05 2.62

Madagascar 2.85 2.75 3.09 3.03 2.86 2.8 2.9

Malawi 3.18 4.08 1.9 2.64 2.96 2.92 2.99

Mauritius 1.58 0.98 1.14 0.97 0.66 0.43 1.08

Uganda 2.85 3.29 3.29 3.33 3.37 3.36 3.2

Rwanda 3.11 3.74 0.84 3.28 2.58 2.82 2.67

Seychelles 1.94 0.87 1.47 0.51 1.13 0.38 1.22

Sudan 3.4 3.27 3.39 2.56 2.49 2.17 3.08

Swaziland 3 3.54 2.29 0.87 1.39 1.59 2.43

Zambia 3.33 3.01 2.52 2.55 2.76 3.1 2.89

Zimbabwe 3.34 3.69 1.97 0.49 0.31 2.09 2.33



Table Annex 2-9: Life expectancy at birth for the total population in the COMESA member states from 1970 to 2012 (in years)

COUNTRY 1970 1981-1982 1987 1992 1997 2002-2009 2010 2011 2012

Burundi 43.8 47.8 48.5 46.6 47.3 50.3 52.6 53.1 53.6

Comoros 47.7 52.6 54.7 56.0 57.2 59.2 60.2 60.4 60.6

DR Congo 43.8 46.4 47.2 47.3 46.0 47.9 49.0 49.3 49.6

Djibouti 49.1 54.2 56.0 56.9 57.0 58.3 60.3 60.8 61.3

Egypt 52.1 59.3 63.1 65.4 67.7 69.6 70.5 70.7 70.9

Eritrea 40.5 43.7 46.2 49.8 54.0 58.9 61.2 61.7 62.2

Ethiopia 42.9 43.7 45.6 47.8 50.4 57.1 61.5 62.3 63.0

Kenya 52.2 58.5 59.6 58.2 54.3 55.4 59.5 60.4 61.1

Libya 56.1 65.1 67.5 69.3 71.0 73.7 74.8 75.0 75.2

Madagascar 44.8 49.4 49.9 52.3 56.2 61.4 63.3 63.8 64.2

Malawi 40.6 44.9 46.6 47.1 46.2 49.5 53.5 54.1 54.7

Mauritius 63.1 67.6 68.7 70.1 70.4 72.4 73.0 73.3 73.6

Uganda 48.8 49.4 48.7 46.6 46.3 53.3 57.3 58.0 58.6

Rwanda 44.3 49 45.0 27.1 39.2 56 62.2 62.9 63.5

Seychelles .. 67.3 69.7 70.7 71.4 72.5 73.2 72.7 72.7

Sudan 52.2 54.4 55.0 55.9 57.1 60.1 61.5 61.7 61.9

Swaziland 48.0 55.2 58.4 59.0 53.4 46.5 48.3 48.7 48.9

Zambia 49.0 50.6 46.5 42.3 40.8 48 54.5 55.8 57.0

Zimbabwe 54.9 60.2 61.1 56.5 47.8 45.6 53.6 55.9 58.0



ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-10: HIV prevalence rate for the total population aged 15 to 49 in the COMESA member states from 1970 to

2012 (%)

COUNTRY 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010 2011 2012

Burundi 2.98 4.22 2.58 1.56 1.3 1.3 1.3

Comoros 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.8 2.1

DR Congo 1.34 1.48 1.5 1.32 1.2 1.1 1.1

Djibouti 0.26 1.3 2.38 2.04 1.5 1.4 1.2

Egypt 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Eritrea 1.72 2.44 1.8 1.02 0.8 0.7 0.7

Ethiopia 2.02 3.46 3.36 2.14 1.6 1.4 1.3

Kenya 5.36 9.56 8.06 6.46 6.2 6.2 6.1

Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Madagascar 0.42 0.7 0.7 0.64 0.6 0.5 0.5

Malawi 13.38 15.9 15 12.42 11.2 11 10.8

Mauritius 0.18 0.6 1.02 1.18 1.2 1.2 1.2

Uganda 12.7 9.4 6.6 6.54 7 7.2 7.2

Rwanda 5.88 5.56 4.06 3.12 3 2.9 2.9

Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Sudan 0.48 2.16 3.18 3.08 2.9 2.8 2.7

Swaziland 4.64 19.14 25.04 25.8 26.2 26.5 26.5

Zambia 12.68 15.46 14.72 13.46 13.1 13 12.7

Zimbabwe 17.46 26.96 22.78 16.6 15 14.9 14.7



Table Annex 2-11: HIV prevalence rate among the population aged 15 to 24 by sex in the COMESA member states from 2000

to 2012 (%)

COUNTRY 2000-2004 2005 2009 2011 2012

M F M F M F M F M F

Burundi 1.6 3.6 0.8 2.3 1 2.1 6.3 14.1 0.4 0.6

DR Congo .. .. 0.8 2.2 .. .. .. .. 0.4 0.8

Kenya 1.3 5.9 1.3 5.9 1.8 4.1 7.2 18.7 1.8 3.6

Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Mauritius .. .. .. 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3

Uganda 2 5.1 1.1 4.3 2.3 4.8 2.4 5.6 2.3 4

Rwanda .. .. 0.4 1.5 1.3 1.9 5.9 13.4 1 1.3

Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Swaziland .. 7.7 22.7 6.5 15.6 18.3 47.4 10.3 20

Zambia 3 12 3.0 11.1 4.2 8.9 9.7 25.2 3.5 4.6

Zimbabwe 5 18 4.2 11.0 3.3 6.9 14.9 39.6 3.9 6.3

Egypt .. .. .. .. <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.1 0.1

Eritrea .. .. 0.6 1.6 0.4 0.3 1.9 3.7 0.2 0.2

Ethiopia .. .. 0.3 1.2 .. .. 3.6 5.5 0.3 0.5

Comoros .. .. <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 2.8 1.6

Djibouti .. .. 0.7 2.1 0.8 1.9 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.3

Madagascar .. .. 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.28 0.3 0.3

Malawi .. .. 2.1 9.1 3.1 6.8 7.6 17.9 2.7 4.5

Sudan .. .. .. 0.5 1.3 1.5 4.2 0.6 1.2

Source: Economic and social statistics on the countries and territories of the world; UNESCO, Education for All, The quality imperative;

African Statistical Yearbook 2014.


ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-12: Percentage of births attended by skilled health personnel in Burundi and other COMESA member states

from 1990 to 2011 ( in %)

COUNTRY 1990-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2009-2011

Ethiopia .. 5.6 6 10

Eritrea 20.6 28.3 28 ..

Burundi .. 25.2 34 60.3

Uganda 37.8 39 42 57.4

Kenya 44.3 41.6 44 43.8

Madagascar 47.3 51.3 44 43.9

Zambia 47.1 43.4 47 ..

Sudan 69.4 .. 49 23.1

Rwanda 25.8 31.3 52 69

Malawi 54.8 56.1 54 71.4

Zimbabwe 72.5 .. 60 66.2

Comoros 51.6 61.8 62 ..

Swaziland 56 74 69 82

DR Congo .. 60.7 74 80.4

Egypt 55.2 69.4 79 ..

Djibouti .. 60.6 93 ..

Libya 99 94

Mauritius 98.5 98.4 98 ..

Seychelles .. .. .. ..

Source: UNDP, Human Development Report 2011, African Statistical Yearbook 2014.


Table Annex 2-13: Rate of lifetime risk of maternal mortality in Burundi and other COMESA member states from 1990 to 2013

(in %)

COUNTRY 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013

Burundi 8.76 8.05 6.13 5.31 4.86 4.45

Comoros 3.50 2.90 2.54 2.25 1.95 1.71

DR Congo 7.05 7.59 7.34 5.99 4.94 4.32

Djibouti 2.27 1.92 1.47 1.13 0.87 0.77

Egypt 0.55 0.37 0.26 0.20 0.16 0.14

Eritrea 9.68 6.32 3.79 2.81 2.33 1.91

Ethiopia 9.16 7.94 6.05 4.05 2.48 1.93

Kenya 3.11 2.81 2.72 2.57 2.18 1.89

Libya 0.14 0.09 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04

Madagascar 4.69 3.95 3.20 2.85 2.38 2.11

Malawi 6.93 5.24 4.23 3.15 3.10 2.92

Mauritius 0.18 0.16 0.06 0.06 0.11 0.11

Uganda 5.43 4.83 4.22 3.39 2.61 2.28

Rwanda 8.70 8.02 5.14 3.06 1.96 1.52

Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. ..

Sudan 4.38 3.70 3.04 2.40 1.89 1.65

Swaziland 3.19 2.39 1.94 1.60 1.22 1.06

Zambia 3.40 3.55 3.35 2.45 1.88 1.69

Zimbabwe 2.78 2.30 2.30 2.53 2.43 1.87



ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-14: Ratio de décès maternel in Burundi and other COMESA member states from 1990 to 2013

(model-based estimation per 100,000 live births)

COUNTRY 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013

Burundi 1300 1300 1000 910 820 740

Comoros 630 560 480 430 380 350

DR Congo 1000 1100 1100 930 810 730

Djibouti 400 390 360 310 250 230

Egypt 120 96 75 62 50 45

Eritrea 1700 1000 670 530 450 380

Ethiopia 1400 1200 990 740 500 420

Kenya 490 530 570 550 460 400

Libya 31 25 21 17 15 15

Madagascar 740 640 550 530 480 440

Malawi 1100 870 750 570 540 510

Mauritius 70 68 28 35 72 73

Uganda 780 740 650 510 410 360

Rwanda 1400 1400 1000 610 390 320

Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. ..

Sudan 720 640 540 460 390 360

Swaziland 550 480 520 480 350 310

Zambia 580 630 610 430 320 280

Zimbabwe 520 550 680 740 610 470



Table Annex 2-15: Government expenditure on health in Burundi and other COMESA member states from 1995 to 2012

(% of GDP)

COUNTRY 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2012

Burundi 23.05 24.64 45.64 45.99

DR Congo 11.43 11.96 22.06 24.59

Kenya 46.94 53.56 65.64 75.89

Libya 435.77 495.24 416.39 397.51

Mauritius 236.42 361.38 579.80 781.67

Uganda 35.27 56.35 98.67 115.12

Rwanda 23.81 32.85 91.03 136.30

Seychelles 765.64 749.82 657.94 974.50

Swaziland 183.83 217.62 367.94 442.11

Zambia 53.22 63.71 84.48 101.51

Zimbabwe 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Egypt 148.22 221.90 262.09 308.51

Eritrea 23.05 19.27 16.65 15.69

Ethiopia 14.08 23.01 33.67 44.14

Comoros 40.81 36.10 52.47 46.31

Djibouti 73.55 97.08 157.99 218.77

Madagascar 32.26 38.79 44.08 40.18

Malawi 29.84 35.42 58.35 76.36

Sudan 46.98 59.47 138.30 162.62



ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-16: Consumer price index in Burundi and other COMESA member states from 1980 to 2013 (2005=100)

COUNTRY 1980-1984 1985-1990 1991-1993 1995-2000 2001-2004 2006-2009 2010-2013

Burundi 9.78 14.08 19.50 48.12 79.57 126.46 195.49

DR Congo 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.42 71.33 139.94 200.81

Kenya 6.59 11.63 25.82 56.74 79.59 142.97 211.87

Libya 43.08 64.13 89.55 120.36 102.94 112.53 147.24

Mauritius 23.11 32.69 46.75 67.94 89.03 122.72 148.11

Uganda 0.14 13.15 49.83 72.86 86.24 123.27 186.25

Rwanda 14.64 17.79 25.22 65.88 81.02 129.02 168.38

Seychelles 57.56 65.58 72.88 78.49 94.77 134.44 197.34

Swaziland 10.34 22.19 35.08 59.36 87.62 121.27 159.74

Zambia 135.80 0.12 2.67 23.92 65.86 129.78 184.10

Zimbabwe 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.14 8.28 .. ..

Egypt 9.13 22.48 45.13 71.65 85.72 130.04 197.81

Eritrea .. .. .. .. 154.63 342.55 ..

Ethiopia 29.59 37.45 60.76 74.03 79.68 160.08 319.76

Comoros 60.13 71.04 68.97 90.29 91.49 108.95 121.81

Djibouti 95.84 .. 78.09 94.59 93.73 114.34 137.16

Madagascar 4.29 9.62 16.11 48.61 74.58 127.95 178.37

Malawi 0.94 2.27 4.60 28.27 74.30 128.95 196.37

Sudan 0.02 0.16 2.20 47.11 82.23 125.61 238.43



Table Annex 2-17: Share of total exports of COMESA member states by main destination from 1996 to 2011 (in %)

COUNTRY Africa Developed countries of Europe Developed countries of America Developed countries of Asia

1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011

Burundi 6.7 20.8 78.7 48.7 8 2.7 5.6 25.4

Comoros 3.4 1 64.2 35.9 17.9 2.6 8.7 59.5

Djibouti 27.8 40.4 20.5 9.2 0.4 2.5 500 46

Egypt 4.8 12.2 42 32.2 11.8 5.9 21.6 36.6

Eritrea 22.3 13.8 53.9 29.5 2.6 20.9 10.7 25.9

Ethiopia 16 19.4 43.7 38.5 8.5 6.1 15.5 29.4

Kenya 38.3 42.6 39.3 30.8 4.8 7 13.6 15

Libya 5.1 2.6 85.8 78 0 5.7 6.7 11.9

Madagascar 6.8 6 67.4 55.4 10.6 18.8 7.1 17.9

Malawi 22.5 29.8 46.3 34.2 14.1 10.6 5.6 13.2

Mauritius 6.2 12.7 73.7 61.4 17.2 8 1.6 5.5

Uganda 14.2 44.5 70.9 35.1 5 2.7 6 15.2

DR Congo 3.8 15.4 69.3 23.9 18.8 10.4 4.6 47.6

Rwanda 12.1 43.3 65.2 19.8 7.2 5.9 13.8 28.7

Seychelles 3.1 10.1 68.9 65.7 6.5 2 17.9 10.3

Sudan 6.8 1.8 26.9 1.8 0.7 3 54.8 78.7

Swaziland 69.6 39.5 10 20.2 7.5 11.2 9.9 20.8

Zambia 21.7 26.3 31.6 32.9 4.7 0.6 31.9 38.9

Zimbabwe 27.6 51.3 41.8 21 15.4 19.3 12.9 18.6

Source: UNCTAD, Report 2013


ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-18: Share of total imports of COMESA member states by main destination from 1996 to 2011 (in %)

COUNTRY Africa Developed countries of Europe Developed countries of America Developed countries of Asia

1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011 1996-2000 2007-2011

Burundi 22.9 35.4 49.7 26.9 2.9 3.5 19.7 30.5

Comoros 21.9 20.8 59.1 29.5 0.4 0.4 15.6 47

Djibouti 13.1 6.3 40.7 12.3 3.6 6.3 36.7 68.2

Egypt 2 3.2 41.6 30 15.7 11 19.2 34.2

Eritrea 4.1 18.6 44.6 21.8 6.5 2.6 33.8 48.4

Ethiopia 4.1 4.7 35.2 17.9 5.7 5.5 40.6 61.4

Kenya 11.3 12.9 34.9 18.4 7.3 5.4 35.4 53.8

Libya 8.6 10.9 65.3 47.4 2.4 4.5 15.4 27.8

Madagascar 13 12.9 42.7 23.7 3.7 5.5 30.5 53.6

Malawi 66.7 55.9 15.2 14.9 3.2 4.1 10 22.3

Mauritius 15.7 12.1 33.4 25.6 3.3 2.5 36.1 49.8

Uganda 41.9 25.8 28.5 20.9 4.4 3.6 17.8 40.4

DR Congo 39.9 51.4 40.4 28.3 4.6 3.7 13 12.6

Rwanda 35.3 46.5 31.6 23.2 13.3 4.7 12.6 22.5

Seychelles 15.6 10.8 41.6 32.3 7.6 1.6 30.1 51.3

Sudan 11.5 9.2 34.4 17.9 3.3 3.5 43 59

Swaziland 89.8 70.4 2.5 4.4 1.6 3.2 5 19.7

Zambia 59.2 63.5 19.2 10.7 4.1 2.3 13.6 21.1

Zimbabwe 54.6 73.8 23.2 6.9 4.9 3.3 9.5 14.6

Source: UNCTA, Report 2013


Table Annex 2-19: Commercial /GDP ratio of COMESA member states 1996-2011

COUNTRY 1996-2000 2001-2006 2007-2011

Burundi 4.1 8.3 10

Comoros 5.4 6.1 7.9

Djibouti 6.4 8.1 6

Egypt 0.6 1.3 2.5

Eritrea 3.9 4.6 6.3

Ethiopia 1.7 3 2.9

Kenya 8 9.9 11.6

Libya 2.8 3 2.4

Madagascar 3.6 5 5.2

Malawi 26 27.4 30.6

Mauritius 10.3 10 8.6

Uganda 10.4 11.6 15

DR Congo 7 14.3 23.5

Rwanda 5.5 7.3 13.4

Seychelles 10.6 10.9 13.8

Sudan 2.2 1.9 1.9

Swaziland 102.4 100.6 63

Zambia 22.2 31.7 31.9

Zimbabwe 27.7 36.8 58.7

Source: UNCTAD, Report 2013


ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-20: Foreign direct investment rate, Net inflows in Burundi and other COMESA member states from 1988 to

2012 (Net inflows, % of GDP)

COUNTRY 1998-1991 1992-1995 1996-2001 2002-2007 2008-2012

Burundi 0.0872 0.0761 0.2661 0.0162 0.0927

DR Congo -0.033 -0.092 0.7181 6.4415 11.918

Kenya 0.4131 0.7953 0.4801 0.6766 0.5759

Libya -0.03 -0.261 2.4897 ..

Mauritius 1.2241 0.4831 1.463 1.4385 3.4239

Uganda -0.017 1.5291 2.5847 4.5064 5.7105

Rwanda 0.5149 0.1439 0.2514 0.7115 1.8253

Seychelles 6.5638 5.3721 7.8816 7.6529 3.7873

Swaziland 6.6887 4.8996 4.1028 1.778 2.7999

Zambia 3.445 3.7507 4.6472 7.5636 6.6935

Zimbabwe -0.115 0.7013 1.7888 0.7413 2.7106

Egypt 2.2337 1.3923 1.0463 4.4705 2.632

Eritrea .. .. 8.1398 1.6857 3.1807

Ethiopia .. 0.1208 2.3321 3.5441 1.0137

Comoros 1.158 0.002 0.183 0.4338 2.3228

Djibouti 0.1238 0.4302 0.6138 8.1517 ..

Madagascar 0.4686 0.4135 1.1431 3.2247 10.228

Malawi 0.4461 0.6276 1.3089 3.0356 2.5343

Sudan -0,055 0,2154 2,5271 8,8525 8,1361



Table Annex 2-21: Volume of exports index 1980-2012 in the COMESA member states (2000=100)

COUNTRY 1980 1985 1993 1999 2002 2006 2010 2011 2012

Burundi 18.62 37.21 41.95 82.92 70.81 75.55 85.66 80.26 98.74

DR Congo 84.10 156.29 66.90 110.60 145.20 199.28 299.96 308.99 304.69

Kenya 51.67 54.14 107.12 98.79 136.15 156.23 179.73 172.42 186.24

Libya 144.50 97.04 .. .. 87.53 141.04 141.00 38.60 123.47

Mauritius 37.73 49.57 86.87 107.34 119.28 167.69 160.34 163.33 168.81

Uganda .. 27.74 32.90 96.30 127.72 177.16 221.02 243.47 296.30

Rwanda 232.24 309.60 175.56 137.56 132.92 128.87 152.82 219.14 236.96

Seychelles .. 12.42 27.50 67.53 135.33 177.63 150.02 155.41 151.29

Swaziland 41.80 33.98 77.96 101.98 108.23 138.07 102.08 94.87 97.84

Tanzania .. .. 67.19 75.82 138.53 163.55 229.75 214.98 260.65

Zambia 99.06 97.35 70.93 181.47 119.60 162.92 260.37 274.61 282.81

Zimbabwe 30.37 36.68 56.06 98.08 110.09 66.38 73.65 70.38 84.36

Egypt 60.71 80.83 48.02 81.62 113.83 171.15 203.58 189.78 183.37

Eritrea .. .. 184.50 92.68 150.02 29.69 20.68 539.57 606.43

Ethiopia .. .. 40.14 80.17 108.82 149.82 233.19 233.17 256.46

Comoros 117.35 265.00 265.53 58.97 238.58 99.18 122.46 123.72 117.22

Djibouti .. .. .. .. 118.17 128.41 175.45 167.53 170.24

Madagascar 88.62 59.44 64.47 80.56 70.73 120.96 105.34 127.86 120.76

Malawi 79.43 78.94 86.97 114.74 118.62 161.77 174.91 205.17 196.77

Sudan 20.86 11.25 32.08 47.44 121.84 145.94 220.73 139.44 ..



ANNEX II

Table 2-22: Human Development Index in Burundi and other COMESA member states (1980-2012)

Rank 2012 COUNTRY

Value HDI Average annual growth

1980 1990 2000 2005 2007 2010 2011 2012 1980/1990 1990/2000 2000/2010 2000/2012

46 Seychelles .. .. 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.81 .. .. 0.31 0.33

64 Libya .. .. .. 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.73 0.77 .. .. .. ..

80 Mauritius 0.55 0.63 0.68 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.73 0.74 1.28 0.77 0.81 0.73

112 Egypt 0.41 0.50 0.59 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.66 0.66 2.12 1.68 1.08 0.92

141 Swaziland .. 0.53 0.50 0.50 0.52 0.53 0.54 0.54 .. -0.59 0.58 0.55

145 Kenya 0.42 0.46 0.45 0.47 0.49 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.88 -0.33 1.34 1.24

151 Madagascar .. .. 0.43 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 .. .. 1.24 1.02

152 Tanzania .. 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.41 0.47 0.47 0.48 .. 0.43 2.36 2.15

161 Uganda .. 0.31 0.37 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.45 0.46 .. 2.06 1.84 1.65

163 Zambia 0.41 0.40 0.38 0.40 0.41 0.44 0.44 0.45 -0.18 -0.56 1.52 1.46

164 Djibouti .. .. .. 0.40 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.44 .. .. .. ..

167 Rwanda 0.28 0.23 0.31 0.38 0.40 0.43 0.43 0.43 -1.74 3.05 3.07 2.73

169 Comoros .. .. .. 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.43 0.43 .. .. .. ..

170 Malawi 0.27 0.30 0.35 0.36 0.38 0.41 0.41 0.42 0.83 1.78 1.61 1.44

171 Sudan 0.27 0.30 0.36 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.41 1.15 1.89 1.22 1.08

172 Zimbabwe 0.37 0.43 0.38 0.35 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.40 1.53 -1.26 -0.04 0.46

173 Ethiopia .. .. 0.27 0.32 0.35 0.39 0.39 0.40 .. .. 3.49 3.09

178 Burundi 0.22 0.27 0.27 0.30 0.32 0.35 0.35 0.35 2.26 -0.07 2.59 2.31

181 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. 0.34 0.35 0.35 .. .. .. ..

186 DR Congo 0.29 0.30 0.23 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.37 -2.34 2.35 2.19



Table Annex 2-23: Volume of imports index 1980-2012 in the COMESA member states (2000=100)

COUNTRY 1980 1990 1995 1999 2002 2006 2010 2011 2012

Burundi 37.36 45.47 58.86 70.66 89.69 226 222.4 285 298.8

DR Congo 34.78 64.38 30.08 100 162.7 323 414.3 447.6 498.8

Kenya 49.58 53.42 93.5 87.7 107.1 158.6 216.7 223.6 248.5

Libya .. 111.8 129.1 91.14 118.3 121.3 290.6 114.7 330.5

Mauritius 36.69 81.39 83.57 109.6 98.97 160 160.5 165.3 165.6

Uganda .. 16.14 64.85 90.05 71.36 121.5 189 199.1 210.6

Rwanda 71.44 78.1 113.8 133 120.6 200.6 430.8 469 538.6

Seychelles .. 46.3 63.6 116.4 123.3 147.7 104.3 102.8 108

Swaziland 60.92 73.76 83.8 101.1 92.07 139 110.2 94.71 96.15

Zambia 123.1 120.4 60.74 81.94 125.5 260.5 368.4 431.7 488.3

Zimbabwe 28.19 50.55 95.47 114.1 93.1 76.52 102.4 104.3 106

Egypt 69.38 146.1 97.61 119.1 88.42 138.2 212.4 203.2 246.2

Eritrea .. .. 105.3 97.54 113.6 80.06 77.94 87.76 94.78

Ethiopia .. .. 87.27 127 130 308.8 427.9 379.2 516

Comoros 32.36 40.28 54.68 93.29 126.8 209.1 310.9 325.9 355.5

Djibouti .. .. .. .. 99.05 106 93.79 111.4 130.4

Madagascar 116.1 67.61 61.14 75.19 59.88 124.7 144.6 138.9 147.9

Malawi 137.6 127.3 84.21 129.2 133.7 180.4 251.6 248.1 243

Sudan 64.26 30.41 72.68 100.1 159.1 419.3 449.1 375.9 ..



ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-24: Annual average growth rate of real GDP in the COMESA member states 1983-2015 (for 1 million people)

COUNTRY 1983-1992 1993-1999 2000–12 2013-2015

Burundi 4.029 -3.406 3.600 4.633

DR Congo -1.147 -4.172 5.700 8.333

Kenya 3.620 2.516 4.400 5.400

Libya 0.000 5.400 3.900

Mauritius 6.006 4.780 3.900 3.567

Uganda 3.652 7.626 7.500 6.433

Rwanda 1.701 2.843 7.900 7.233

Seychelles 5.264 4.536 3.100 3.333

Swaziland 8.351 3.262 2.200 1.367

Zambia 0.572 0.852 5.900 7.667

Zimbabwe 2.613 3.650 -4.100 2.367

Egypt 4.675 4.591 4.900 2.500

Eritrea 0.000 8.070 0.900 5.867

Ethiopia 0.482 5.675 8.900 6.600

Comoros 2.245 1.041 1.900 3.767

Djibouti -1.947 3.500 5.833

Madagascar 1.239 2.596 3.000 3.400

Malawi 2.667 4.890 3.700 4.367

Sudan 2.763 5.067 5.200 2.600

Source: Drawn up using WORLD Development indicators 2014 data; World Bank 2014; The World Bank, World Tables 199; AfDB, Selected

Statistics on African Countries; African Statistical Yearbook 2012. http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fr/pays/afrique-de-lest/


Table 2-25: Annual average growth rate of real GDP per Capita in the COMESA member states 1983-2015


COUNTRY 1970-1990 1990-2010 2011 2012

Burundi 1.1 -1.6 0.8 0.8

DR Congo -2.3 -3.1 4.0 4.3

Kenya 1.2 0.3 1.6 1.8

Libya .. 2.9 .. ..

Mauritius 3.2 3.5 3.4 2.8

Uganda .. 3.6 3.1 0.0

Rwanda 1.2 2.3 5.3 5.0

Seychelles 2.9 1.8 10.8 1.8

Swaziland 3 1.6 -1.3 -3.0

Zambia -2.3 0.6 3.6 3.9

Zimbabwe -0.4 -3.2 8.2 1.6

Egypt 4.1 2.7 0.1 0.5

Eritrea .. -1.5 5.2 3.6

Ethiopia .. 2.9 8.3 6.0

Comoros 0.1 -0.4 -0.3 0.5

Djibouti .. -1.4 .. ..

Madagascar -2.3 -0.2 -1.0 0.3

Malawi -0.1 1 1.4 -1.0

Sudan 0.1 3.6 5.9 0.6

Source: Drawn up using WORLD Development indicators 2014 data; World Bank 2014; The World Bank, World Tables 199; AfDB, Selected

Statistics on African Countries; African Statistical Yearbook 2012. http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fr/pays/afrique-de-lest/


ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-26: Consumer price inflation rate in EAC countries and DR Congo 1980-2012 (Annual %)

COUNTRY 1980-1990 1990-2010 2011 2012 2013

Burundi 7.19 12.00 9.74 18.01 7.95

Comoros 4.00 1.77 1.77 2.30

DR Congo 59.17 234.00 15.32 9.72 1.63

Djibouti 3.00 5.07 3.73 3.47

Egypt 7.00 10.05 7.12 9.48

Eritrea 14.00 13.10 .. ..

Ethiopia 7.00 33.22 22.77 8.08

Kenya 12.35 10.00 14.02 9.38 5.72

Libya 18.00 15.52 6.07 ..

Madagascar 13.00 9.48 6.36 5.83

Malawi 36.00 7.62 21.27 27.28

Mauritius 6.00 6.53 3.85 3.54

Uganda 96.76 8.00 18.69 14.02 5.46

Rwanda 4.65 10.00 5.67 6.27 4.24

Seychelles 5.00 2.56 7.11 4.34

Sudan 28.00 22.11 37.39 ..

Swaziland 8.00 6.11 8.94 5.62

Zambia 29.00 6.43 6.58 6.97

Zimbabwe 0.00 .. .. ..

Source: World Bank 2014; Economic and social statistics on the countries of the world. AfDB (1999), Selected Statistics on Countries, AfDB,

African Union, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, (2011), African Statistical Yearbook; http://www.econstats.com/weo/V008.

htm; African Statistical Yearbook 2012


Table Annex 2-27: Proportion of under five sleeping under an impregnated mosquito net in Burundi and other COMESA

member states 1999-2011 (%)

COUNTRY 1999-2002 2003-2006 2007-2011

Burundi 1.3 8 45.3

Comoros 9.3 9 ..

Djibouti 1 19.9

Egypt .. .. ..

Eritrea 4.2 4 48.9

Ethiopia .. 2 30.1

KENYA 2.9 5 46.7

Libya .. ..

Madagascar 0.2 0 76.5

Malawi 2.9 23 39.4

Mauritius .. ..

Uganda 0.2 10 42.8

DR Congo 0.6 1 38.1

Rwanda 5 13 69.6

Seychelles .. ..

Sudan 0.4 30 25.3

Swaziland 0.1 0 1.5

Zambia 7.3 23 49.9

Zimbabwe .. 3 9.7

Source: UNICEF, The Situation of the world children 2012, World Bank, 2014; WHO, World Health Statistics 2013


ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-28: Under-five mortality rate in COMESA member states 1970-2012 (per 1,000)

COUNTRY 1970-75 1976-85 1986-94 1995-2009 2010-12

Burundi 245.12 213.44 164.27 141.33 107.97

DR Congo 241.68 201.01 171.70 169.65 150.40

Kenya 136.95 107.04 99.84 102.64 75.80

Libya 117.87 72.99 43.48 26.15 16.13

Mauritius 76.35 39.77 24.34 18.06 14.97

Uganda 184.23 202.32 176.43 129.05 73.73

Rwanda 225.97 203.13 170.76 151.88 59.23

Seychelles 60.72 30.88 16.82 13.93 13.33

Swaziland 155.10 109.84 75.39 115.35 85.50

Zambia 168.05 161.12 188.78 149.63 94.63

Zimbabwe 108.95 97.27 77.88 98.68 94.03

Egypt 226.45 159.77 86.70 40.89 22.00

Eritrea 209.42 187.60 148.53 83.29 53.83

Ethiopia 237.35 234.69 202.08 129.82 72.13

Comoros 211.03 170.27 124.47 96.72 80.10

Djibouti 0.00 149.45 120.20 103.30 83.33

Madagascar 160.02 171.79 158.98 98.75 60.57

Malawi 321.42 261.09 240.67 151.47 77.00

Sudan 149.08 140.08 128.04 99.83 75.50



Table Annex 2-29: Neonatal mortality rate in COMESA member states 1990-2012 (per 1,000)

COUNTRY 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2006 2007-2012

Burundi 45.22 44.16 42.07 37.35

DR Congo 47.30 47.30 47.29 45.22

Kenya 32.94 33.10 31.34 28.12

Libya 19.74 16.86 14.16 10.47

Mauritius 14.58 14.64 10.27 9.47

Uganda 38.24 36.96 32.26 24.92

Rwanda 40.70 43.98 35.81 23.77

Seychelles 9.66 8.82 8.70 8.53

Swaziland 28.96 32.44 33.91 31.27

Zambia 43.06 41.16 35.37 30.37

Zimbabwe 30.60 30.18 29.99 37.07

Egypt 30.48 24.72 18.20 13.10

Eritrea 33.28 28.62 23.73 19.53

Ethiopia 52.80 48.18 41.71 32.02

Comoros 39.56 36.82 35.39 32.47

Djibouti 39.06 38.08 36.34 32.90

Madagascar 39.00 35.48 29.49 23.65

Malawi 48.46 44.06 35.10 26.78

Sudan 39.54 37.60 34.04 30.07



ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-30: Malnutrition prevalence rate in the total population of Burundi and other COMESA member states

1990-2012

COUNTRY 1990-1992 2010-2012

Burundi 49 73.4

Comoros 43.5 70

DR Congo .. ..

Djibouti 68 19.8

Egypte < 5 < 5

Erythree 72.4 65.4

Ethiopie 68 40.2

Kenya 35.6 30.4

Libya < 5 < 5

Madagascar 24.8 33.4

Malawi 44.8 23.1

Mauritius 8.6 5.7

Rwanda 52.6 28.9

Seychelles 14.6 8.6

Sudan .. ..

Swaziland 16.1 27

Uganda 26.6 34.6

Zambia 34.3 47.4

Zimbabwe 44.1 32.8

Source: African Statistical Yearbook 2014


Table Annex 2-31: Illiteracy rate (in %) in COMESAmember states (1970-2015)

COUNTRY 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Burundi 79.76 76.48 72.26 67.76 63.01 57.75 52.03 46.07 40.65 35.96

Comoros 50.48 49.52 48.31 47.31 46.22 45.19 44.14 43.21 42.35 41.54

DR Congo 30.29 26.97 23.85 21.16 18.79 16.68 14.76 12.88 11.19 9.76

Djibouti 69.78 65.05 59.51 53.31 47.02 41.11 35.4 29.7 24.9 20.77

Egypt 68.41 64.64 60.71 56.77 52.9 48.88 44.7 40.75 37.33 34.09

Eritrea 71.03 67.04 62.72 58.14 53.56 48.95 44.26 39.52 35.13 31.04

Ethiopia 87.12 83.82 80.12 75.96 71.4 66.41 60.9 54.83 49.04 43.61

Kenya 59.38 51.82 43.85 36.24 29.24 22.98 17.58 13.14 9.91 7.54

Libya 64.64 55.35 47.27 39.21 31.95 25.54 20.06 15.87 12.8 10.13

Madagascar 61.51 56.8 52.45 47.17 42.04 37.69 33.5 29.48 25.37 21.97

Malawi 62.07 58.78 55.47 51.82 48.17 44.11 39.85 35.68 31.84 28.43

Mauritius 33 29.48 25.99 22.87 20.18 17.68 15.52 13.62 11.72 10.22

Uganda 63.62 58.97 54.13 49.11 43.85 38.22 32.97 28.42 24.35 20.75

Rwanda 72.23 66.57 60.17 53.45 46.72 39.8 33.15 27.27 22.42 18.39

Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Sudan 75.22 70.86 65.79 60.25 54.23 48.45 42.33 36.87 32.06 27.61

Swaziland 51.23 45.35 39.93 33.86 28.38 24.04 20.37 17.12 14.29 11.97

Zambia 52.35 47.17 41.43 36.73 31.85 26.72 21.81 17.78 14.61 12.1

Zimbabwe 42.42 35.8 29.9 24.23 19.3 15.25 11.33 8.09 5.87 4.39



ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-32: Adult literacy rate (15 and over) % in COMESA member states (1985-2015)



Burundi 37 48 28 66 72 60 70 74 66

Comoros .. .. .. 76 84 68 80 86 74

DR Congo .. .. .. 67 78 56 65 72 59

Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Egypt .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Eritrea .. .. .. 65 77 55 73 83 65

Ethiopia 27 36 19 36 50 23 .. .. ..

Kenya .. .. .. 87 90 83 89 91 87

Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Madagascar .. .. .. 71 77 65 .. .. ..

Malawi 49 65 34 73 80 66 79 83 74

Mauritius 80 85 75 88 90 85 90 92 88

Uganda 56 68 45 75 82 67 81 86 75

Rwanda 58 .. .. 70 75 66 73 76 70

Seychelles 88 87 89 92 91 92 .. .. ..

Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Swaziland 67 70 65 87 87 86 89 90 89

Zambia 65 73 57 71 81 61 72 81 63

Zimbabwe 84 89 79 91 94 89 94 96 93



Table Annex 2-33: Youth literacy rate (15-24) % in the COMESA member states (1985-2015)



Burundi 54 59 48 76 77 75 79 78 81

Comoros .. .. .. 85 86 84 88 87 88

DR Congo .. .. .. 65 69 62 60 59 61

Djibouti

Egypt .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Eritrea .. .. .. 88 91 84 93 95 92

Ethiopia .. .. .. 34 39 28 50 62 39

Kenya .. .. .. 92 92 93 92 90 94

Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Madagascar .. .. .. 70 73 68 .. .. ..

Malawi 59 70 49 86 87 85 90 89 91

Mauritius 91 91 92 96 95 97 97 96 98

Uganda 70 77 63 87 89 86 92 92 91

Rwanda 75 .. .. 77 77 77 77 76 78

Seychelles 99 98 99 99 99 99 .. .. ..

Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Swaziland 84 83 84 93 92 95 94 93 96

Zambia 66 67 66 75 82 68 74 82 66

Zimbabwe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..



ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-34: School life expectancy in the COMESA member states 1992-2011 (in years)

COUNTRY 1992-1998 1999-2001 2008 2011

Burundi 3.7 5.2 9.6 11.3

Comoros 6.5 6.9 .. ..

Eritrea 4.4 5 .. 4.6

Ethiopia 4 5.2 8.3 9.1

Kenya .. 8.5 .. 11.1

Madagascar 6.2 .. 10.2 10.4

Malawi 11.5 10.9 8.9 10.8

Mauritius 11.8 12.4 14 ..

Uganda 11.9 11.5 10.4 11.1

DR Congo 5.6 4.3 7.8 8.5

Rwanda 7.9 8.2 10.6 11.1

Seychelles 13.4 13.7 15 13.2

Swaziland 10.3 9.8 10.3 11.3

Zambia 6.9 6.9 .. ..

Zimbabwe .. 9.8 .. ..

Libya .. 16.5 .. ..

Egypt 12.4 ..

Djibouti 3.5 3.9 .. ..

Sudan 5.1 .. .. ..

Source: Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011 and 2013; The Human Development Report 2013, The World Education Report

1998; UNESCO, EFA Global monitoring report 2005.


Table Annex 2-35: Net enrolment ratios at primary level in the COMESA member states 1990-2011 (in years)

COUNTRY 1990 1999 2007-2009 2010 2011

Burundi .. 38 99 99.1 96.1

Comoros .. 66 87 77.8 ..

DR Congo .. 33 .. .. ..

Djibouti 29.1 45 52

Egypt .. 95

Eritrea .. 33 37 34.9 37

Ethiopia .. 37 84 82.2 87

Kenya .. 63 83 84 84

Libya .. ..

Madagascar 69.1 66 99 .. ..

Malawi .. 99 91 94.3 97

Mauritius 99.5 .. 94 93.4 98

Uganda .. .. 92 91 94

Rwanda .. 78 96 90.6 99

Seychelles .. 92 94 95.1 ..

Sudan .. .. ..

Swaziland 74.3 71 83 85.6 ..

Zambia .. 71 92 92.7 97

Zimbabwe .. .. .. .. ..

Source: UNICEF, The Situation of the world children 2012; African Statistical Yearbook 2012; OECD (2012), Closing the Gender Gap: Act

Now, OECD Library; UNDP Report 2013.


ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-36: net enrolment rate by gender at primary level in the COMESA member states 1990-2011 (in years)

COUNTRY 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2006 2007-2009 2010 2011

H F H F h F h F M F M F

Burundi 57 49 .. .. 61 55 100 99 98.3 99.8 .. .

Comoros 66 48 54 48 60 50 79 67 80.7 74.8 .. ..

Congo 60 47 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Djibouti 33 24 32 23 38 31 48 43 54.9 49.1

Egypt 94 79 97 90 96 91 95 92

Eritrea 15 15 36 31 52 45 45 40 37.2 32.5 40 34

Ethiopia 25 19 37 28 69 64 81 75 84.8 79.5 90 84

Kenya .. .. 63 64 76 76 81 82 83.5 84.5 84 85

Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Madagascar 64 64 63 63 93 93 98 99 .. .. .. ..

Malawi 50 47 99 97 91 95 88 93 91 97.6 .. ..

Mauritius 91 92 90 91 94 96 93 94 92.4 94.4 97 98

Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. 94 97 89.7 92.3 94 95

Rwanda 69 65 .. .. 72 75 95 97 94.6 89.4 .. ..

Seychelles .. .. .. .. 99 100 99 100 96.3 94 .. .

Sudan 46 34 .. .. 45 37 43 36 .. ..

Swaziland 73 76 73 75 76 77 82 84 86.1 85.1 .. ..

Zambia .. .. 69 67 91 93 95 96 91.4 93.9 96 98

Zimbabwe .. .. 83 83 81 82 89 91 .. .. .. ..

Source: UNICEF, The Situation of the world children 2012; African Statistical Yearbook 2012; OECD (2012), Closing the Gender Gap: Act

Now, OECD Library; UNDP Report 2013.


Table Annex 2-37: Mobile subscribers rate 1996-2012 in the COMESA member states 1996-2012 (per 100 people)

COUNTRY 1996-2005 2006-2009 2010 2011 2012

Burundi 0.41 4.72 18.17 20.07 18.17

Comoros 0.20 10.18 24.20 30.91 24.20

DR Congo 0.87 11.42 19.01 24.47 19.01

Djibouti 1.12 9.93 19.86 22.80 19.86

Egypt 3.66 42.20 90.50 105.08 90.50

Eritrea 0.05 1.65 3.23 4.08 3.23

Ethiopia 0.05 2.06 7.87 15.80 7.87

Kenya 2.00 30.72 61.03 66.81 61.03

Libya 1.74 93.61 180.45 163.85 180.45

Madagascar 0.69 14.94 36.58 40.04 36.58

Malawi 0.55 8.66 20.76 25.56 20.76

Mauritius 18.90 73.36 96.77 104.79 96.77

Uganda 1.19 16.09 37.74 47.50 37.74

Rwanda 0.58 9.60 32.75 39.90 32.75

Seychelles 31.72 92.02 128.92 137.90 128.92

Sudan 0.58 20.42 41.54 68.78 41.54

Swaziland 4.15 35.33 60.83 63.24 60.83

Zambia 1.14 21.39 41.21 59.88 41.21

Zimbabwe 1.68 13.06 58.88 68.87 58.88



ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-38: Internet subscribers using high-speed Fixed-line (per 100 people) in the COMESA member states from

2005 to 2012

COUNTRY 2005 2008 2010 2012

Burundi 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.005

Comoros 0.001 0.017 0.048 0.172

DR Congo 0.003 0.008 .. ..

Djibouti 0.005 0.303 0.966 1.734

Egypt 0.196 1.020 1.857 2.833

Eritrea 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.002

Ethiopia 0.000 0.002 0.005 0.007

Kenya 0.015 0.008 0.010 0.099

Libya .. 0.787 1.205 1.093

Madagascar 0.000 0.018 0.025 0.039

Malawi 0.003 0.007 0.007 0.008

Mauritius 0.445 3.822 7.557 11.214

Uganda 0.003 0.015 0.041 0.106

Rwanda 0.013 0.011 0.024 0.024

Seychelles 1.088 3.048 6.883 11.034

Sudan 0.003 0.108 0.031 0.067

Swaziland 0.000 0.067 0.165 0.279

Zambia 0.002 0.046 0.078 0.105

Zimbabwe 0.080 0.141 0.252 0.521



Table Annex 2-39: Annual average rate of Internet users in COMESA member states 1999-2012 (per 100 people)

COUNTRY 1999-2002 2003-2005 2007 2010-2012

Burundi 0.09 0.36 0.70 1.11

Comoros 0.35 1.39 2.50 5.53

DR Congo 0.03 0.19 0.37 1.2

Djibouti 0.28 0.79 1.62 7.26

Egypt 1.12 9.57 16.03 38.4

Eritrea 0.14 0 0.41 0.7

Ethiopia 0.03 0.16 0.37 1.11

Kenya 0.56 3.02 7.95 24.7

Libya 0.73 3.42 4.72 16

Madagascar 0.23 0.51 0.65 1.88

Malawi 0.15 0.34 0.97 3.31

Mauritius 7.74 13.7 20.22 34.9

Uganda 0.22 0.98 3.67 13.4

Rwanda 0.17 0.45 2.12 7.67

Seychelles 9.74 21.4 38.38 43.7

Sudan 0.15 0.87 8.66 18.9

Swaziland 1.12 3.12 4.10 16.7

Zambia 0.26 1.95 4.87 11.7

Zimbabwe 1.34 6.99 10.85 14.8



ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-40: Annual average rate of secure Internet servers in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1999-2012


COUNTRY 2004-2007 2008-2010 2011 2012 2013

Burundi 0.19 0.19 0.10 0.30 0.30

Comoros 2.88 1.50 4.28 1.39 1.36

DR Congo 0.04 0.13 0.19 0.26 0.34

Djibouti 0.64 4.03 5.91 4.65 4.58

Egypt 0.63 1.67 3.12 3.70 3.47

Eritrea 0.00 0.00 .. .. ..

Ethiopia 0.01 0.07 0.17 0.20 0.17

Kenya 0.44 1.64 3.14 4.17 4.78

Libya 0.13 1.06 1.47 1.79 3.39

Madagascar 0.15 0.36 0.51 0.54 0.65

Malawi 0.13 0.23 0.39 0.88 0.92

Mauritius 23.58 69.51 116.64 134.73 127.31

Uganda 0.06 0.46 1.48 1.46 1.17

Rwanda 0.00 0.50 0.90 2.01 2.55

Seychelles 437.41 876.29 1326.61 1121.14 604.40

Sudan 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.04

Swaziland 3.13 6.51 13.20 6.50 8.80

Zambia 0.13 0.74 1.54 2.34 2.75

Zimbabwe 0.33 0.72 1.27 2.99 3.18



Table Annex 2-41: Annual average in CO2 emissions in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1970-2010 (%)

COUNTRY 1970-79 1980-89 1990-99 2000-09 2010

Burundi 0.023 0.046 0.053 0.027 0.033

Comoros 0.12 0.147 0.164 0.179 0.204

DR Congo 0.144 0.127 0.078 0.039 0.049

Djibouti 0.89 0.841 0.646 0.589 0.646

Egypt 0.756 1.263 1.586 2.269 2.623

Eritrea .. .. 0.071 0.133 0.089

Ethiopia 0.048 0.051 0.062 0.072 0.075

Kenya 0.333 0.261 0.272 0.262 0.304

Libya 7.745 8.698 9.064 9.519 9.773

Madagascar 0.151 0.113 0.101 0.097 0.096

Malawi 0.109 0.081 0.073 0.075 0.083

Mauritius 0.687 0.709 1.654 2.742 3.215

Uganda 0.105 0.046 0.049 0.08 0.111

Rwanda 0.036 0.103 0.099 0.066 0.055

Seychelles 1.052 2.113 3.315 7.877 7.843

Sudan 0.287 0.177 0.161 0.256 0.311

Swaziland 0.732 0.594 0.618 0.971 0.857

Zambia 0.813 0.461 0.262 0.177 0.184

Zimbabwe 1.497 1.354 1.369 0.845 0.721



ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-42: Proportion of the population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other COMESA


COUNTRY 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012

Burundi 68.80 70.31 71.80 73.26 74.69 75.25

Comoros 86.99 89.55 92.03 94.55 95.05 ..

DR Congo 43.16 43.40 43.98 44.88 46.02 46.46

Djibouti 76.60 77.66 82.35 87.05 91.78 92.10

Egypt 92.95 94.51 96.11 97.72 99.31 99.32

Eritrea 42.64 45.86 53.67 59.97 .. ..

Ethiopia 13.22 19.47 28.97 38.39 47.76 51.51

Kenya 42.74 47.36 51.81 56.08 60.13 61.68

Libya 54.37 54.37 54.37 .. .. ..

Madagascar 28.65 33.68 38.10 42.60 47.61 49.57

Malawi 42.14 52.55 62.50 71.94 81.30 85.02

Mauritius 99.16 99.16 99.24 99.48 99.72 99.81

Uganda 41.64 49.11 56.49 64.06 71.73 74.77

Rwanda 60.33 63.07 66.16 68.46 70.08 70.71

Seychelles 96.25 96.25 96.25 96.25 96.25 96.25

Sudan 67.47 65.54 61.98 58.44 54.88 55.46

Swaziland 38.90 42.73 51.90 61.03 70.33 74.11

Zambia 49.06 50.93 53.12 57.48 61.71 63.33

Zimbabwe 79.16 79.46 79.55 79.66 79.82 79.89

Source: Drawn up using World Bank data. 2014.


Table Annex 2-43: Proportion of the rural population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other COMESA


COUNTRY 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012

Burundi 66.99 68.40 69.81 71.23 72.64 73.20

Comoros 82.85 87.19 91.53 95.86 96.73 96.73

DR Congo 25.75 26.10 26.96 27.83 28.69 29.04

Djibouti 60.33 60.63 62.14 63.65 65.16 65.46

Egypt 90.24 92.38 94.51 96.65 98.79 98.79

Eritrea 38.95 42.18 50.27 56.73 .. ..

Ethiopia 3.48 9.26 18.91 28.56 38.20 42.06

Kenya 32.90 37.93 42.97 48.01 53.04 55.05

Libya 54.90 54.90 54.90 .. .. ..

Madagascar 15.03 19.65 24.27 28.89 33.51 35.35

Malawi 35.67 46.48 57.29 68.09 78.90 83.22

Mauritius 98.72 98.72 98.87 99.23 99.60 99.74

Uganda 37.18 44.86 52.54 60.22 67.89 70.96

Rwanda 58.63 60.83 63.03 65.23 67.42 68.30

Seychelles 96.25 96.25 96.25 96.25 96.25 96.25

Sudan 61.29 58.95 56.03 53.11 50.18 50.18

Swaziland 24.92 29.54 41.11 52.67 64.23 68.86

Zambia 23.11 29.05 34.99 40.93 46.87 49.25

Zimbabwe 70.79 70.32 69.84 69.36 68.89 68.70



ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-44: Proportion of the urban population with access to an improved water source in Burundi and other

COMESA member states 1990-2012 (%)

COUNTRY 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012

Burundi 95.87 94.89 93.90 92.92 91.94 91.54

Comoros 97.70 95.52 93.34 91.16 90.72 ..

DR Congo 88.49 87.50 85.02 82.55 80.07 79.08

Djibouti 81.83 82.95 88.55 94.14 99.73 100.00

Egypt 96.47 97.36 98.25 99.14 100.00 100.00

Eritrea 62.31 64.38 69.57 73.73 .. ..

Ethiopia 80.68 83.11 87.15 91.19 95.23 96.85

Kenya 91.68 89.54 87.39 85.25 83.11 82.26

Libya 54.20 54.20 54.20 .. .. ..

Madagascar 72.83 74.04 75.26 76.47 77.69 78.18

Malawi 91.60 92.28 92.96 93.64 94.32 94.60

Mauritius 99.73 99.73 99.75 99.82 99.88 99.90

Uganda 77.39 81.34 85.29 89.24 93.18 94.76

Rwanda 90.02 87.90 85.78 83.66 81.54 80.70

Seychelles 96.25 96.25 96.25 96.25 96.25 96.25

Sudan 85.62 81.49 76.33 71.17 66.01 66.01

Swaziland 85.95 86.76 88.78 90.79 92.81 93.61

Zambia 88.95 88.01 87.08 86.14 85.20 84.82

Zimbabwe 99.66 99.13 98.60 98.07 97.54 97.33



Table Annex 2-45: Net ODA received per Capita in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1970-2013 (constant US$)

COUNTRY 1970-79 1980-89 1990-99 2000-09 2010-12 2013

Burundi 11.58 32.76 32.58 41.99 60.52 54.5

Comoros 62.29 125.9 91.6 52.45 89.38 38.3

DR Congo 8.896 14.81 7.42 34.25 62.05 198

Djibouti 129.6 191.9 175.8 122.9 165.5 172.7

Egypt 35.37 31.46 50.88 17.44 11.75 2.3

Eritrea .. .. .. 47.43 23.89 29.4

Ethiopia 3.167 12.02 16.44 26.12 38.54 41.2

Kenya 10.32 27.62 27.17 23.93 53.45 130.1

Libya 2.525 4.983 1.074 .. 40.26 6E+05

Madagascar 9.127 25.1 31.47 36.98 19.91 13.7

Malawi 11.36 26.94 47.36 46.01 64.57 29.7

Mauritius 23.03 46.73 36.8 37.54 126.5 338.8

Uganda 3.001 14.91 34.46 43.42 47.05 36.1

Rwanda 15.45 30.25 66.03 57.96 95.13 168.8

Seychelles 173.7 300.5 263.7 228.2 425.7 37.2

Sudan 13.15 37.23 14.82 32.21 34.27 7.3

Swaziland 34.86 48.82 48.63 34.59 83.76 210.8

Zambia 16.67 49.28 94.26 88.08 71.05 103.4

Zimbabwe 0.658 26.68 37.53 26.58 60.85 52.6

Source: Drawn up using World Bank data; African Statistical Yearbook 2014


ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-46: Annual average of government final consumption expenditure in Burundi and other COMESA member

states 1990-2013 (% OF GDP)

COUNTRY 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04 2005-09 2010-13

Burundi 15.7 18.2 16.4 25.2 28.91

Comoros 22.7 17.9 14.9 14.5 18.06

DR Congo 13.3 6.59 6.71 11.8 15.22

Djibouti 40.7 30.3 28.8 32.5 36.14

Egypt 10.7 11 12.1 11.7 17.77

Eritrea .. 46.9 44.1 26.7 26.29

Ethiopia 10.2 11.4 15.8 11.5 10.58

Kenya 16.1 15.5 16.8 17.1 20.95

Libya 25 23.6 17.3 18.5 ..

Madagascar 7.96 7.86 8.49 10.5 11.6

Malawi 17.1 16.1 13.8 15.7 29.1

Mauritius 13.8 14.1 14.1 13.6 16.42

Uganda 9.78 12.4 15.3 12.6 11.46

Rwanda 12.4 11.1 13.1 9.85 13.61

Seychelles 54.7 57.5 49.7 38.1 27.23

Sudan 6.43 5.83 11.5 13.4 11.36

Swaziland 15.5 18.7 16.3 14.1 26.42

Zambia 19.5 16 12.5 18.1 19.85

Zimbabwe 18.3 17 19.8 7.81 24.71

Source: Drawn up using World Bank data; http://www.econstats.com/weo/V008.htm; http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/

weodata/weoseladv.aspx


Table Annex 2-47: Annual average of forest revenues in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1970-2012 (% du PIB)

COUNTRY 1970-1987 1981-1987 1988-1991 1992-1999 2000-2007 2008-2012

Burundi 7.24 6.65 11.86 17.99 21.99 26.47

Comoros .. 1.09 1.15 2.02 1.97 2.78

DR Congo 2.90 6.17 10.54 22.40 26.52 31.45

Djibouti .. 0.20 1.13 1.26 1.07 ..

Egypt 0.99 0.77 0.92 0.67 0.43 0.45

Eritrea .. .. .. 5.40 3.24 3.03

Ethiopia .. 8.70 10.62 21.05 19.93 17.97

Kenya 3.31 3.59 4.60 4.84 3.27 4.11

Libya .. .. .. 0.10 0.09 ..

Madagascar 2.35 3.17 6.37 6.00 4.84 7.09

Malawi 6.06 5.60 7.57 9.52 7.55 8.24

Mauritius .. 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01

Uganda 12.59 15.78 14.12 16.49 12.33 14.69

Rwanda 7.55 4.75 5.19 9.20 5.96 6.38

Seychelles 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.08 0.08 0.12

Sudan 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.56

Swaziland 13.18 9.31 5.78 3.02 1.63 1.95

Zambia 2.03 3.58 4.25 5.71 3.85 3.51

Zimbabwe 1.13 1.25 1.64 2.56 3.60 6.61

Source: Drawn up using World Bank data;


ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-48: Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments in Burundi and other COMESA member states

1990-2013 (%)

COUNTRY 1990 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013

Burundi .. 14.4 30.5 32.1 30.5 30.5 30.5

Comoros 0 .. 3 3 3 3 3

DR Congo 5.4 .. 12 8.4 .. 8.9 8.9

Djibouti 0 0 10.8 13.8 13.8 13.8 12.7

Egypt 3.9 2 2 12.7 2 2 ..

Eritrea .. 14.7 22 22 22 22 22

Ethiopia .. 7.7 21.4 27.8 27.8 27.8 27.8

Kenya 1.1 3.6 7.1 9.8 9.8 9.8 18.6

Libya .. .. 4.7 7.7 .. 16.5 16.5

Madagascar 6.5 8 6.9 12.5 12.5 17.5 17.5

Malawi 9.8 9.3 13.6 20.8 22.3 22.3 22.3

Mauritius 7.1 5.7 17.1 18.8 18.8 18.8 18.8

Uganda 12.2 17.8 23.9 31.3 35 35 35

Rwanda 17.1 25.7 48.8 56.3 56.3 56.3 63.8

Seychelles 16 23.5 29.4 23.5 43.8 43.8 43.8

Sudan .. .. 14.7 25.6 24.6 24.6 24.6

Swaziland 3.6 3.1 10.8 13.6 13.6 13.6 6.2

Zambia 6.6 10.1 12.7 14 11.5 11.5 11.5

Zimbabwe 11 9.3 16 15 15 15 31.5



Table Annex 2-49: Unemployment rate in Burundi and other COMESA member states 1991-2012 (%)

COUNTRY 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2012


Burundi 7.86 7.4 8.34 7.98 7.54 8.4 8.06 7.68 8.46 7.843 7.414 8.24

Comoros 7.38 7.12 8.16 7.4 7.1 8.06 7.32 7.1 7.9 7.143 6.914 7.64

DR Congo 7.4 6.64 8.14 7.36 6.7 8 7.22 6.78 7.66 7.214 6.8 7.57

Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Egypt 10.36 6 24.9 8.54 5.2 21.1 10.38 6.38 25.6 10.07 5.843 23.7

Eritrea 8.1 7.78 8.4 8.38 7.94 8.82 8.38 8.02 8.76 8.129 7.771 8.49

Ethiopia 7.26 3.66 11.7 8.12 4.18 12.9 6.46 3.3 10.1 5.4 2.714 8.4

Kenya 10.06 8.86 11.4 9.84 8.7 11.1 9.62 8.56 10.9 9.371 8.3 10.6

Libya 8.72 7.14 15.3 9.06 7.2 15.1 9.16 7.12 14.8 8.714 6.729 13.9

Madagascar 3.22 2.22 4.22 2.7 1.82 3.6 3.96 2.98 5 3.757 2.757 4.79

Malawi 7.38 5.98 8.76 7.42 6.1 8.74 7.78 6.58 9.08 7.6 6.329 8.8

Mauritius 9.26 6.82 14.3 8.48 6.28 12.7 7.96 5.16 13.2 7.943 4.9 13.2

Uganda 2.42 2.02 2.8 2.48 2.1 2.86 2.9 2.48 3.34 3.4 2.9 3.91

Rwanda 0.6 0.82 0.4 0.6 0.82 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.39

Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Sudan 15.22 13.4 20.3 15.24 12.8 21.5 14.9 12.8 20.3 14.83 12.7 20

Swaziland 22.24 20.86 24.2 22.48 20.5 25.4 22.84 20.68 26 22.83 20.74 26

Zambia 19.04 21.7 16 13.38 15.24 11.3 15.24 17.2 13 14.6 16.34 12.5

Zimbabwe 5.56 6.7 4.22 6.34 7.74 4.68 5 5.48 4.48 4.129 4.143 4.07



ANNEX II

Table Annex 2-50: Youth unemployment rate (15-24) in Burundi and other COMESA member states between 1991 and 2012

(%)

COUNTRY 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2012


Burundi 13.08 12.36 13.78 13.04 12.4 13.68 12.92 12.4 13.38 12.9 12.43 13.29

Comoros 12.72 12.38 13.54 12.72 12.4 13.5 12.72 12.4 13.38 12.7 12.4 13.47

DR Congo 13.3 12.28 14.12 13.18 12.34 13.88 12.9 12.46 13.28 12.83 12.49 13.16

Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Egypt 30.64 20.06 54.16 24.28 16.4 44 30.04 21.46 49.58 29.69 18.76 56.61

Eritrea 12.74 12.5 13.04 12.92 12.4 13.48 12.88 12.42 13.42 12.91 12.41 13.47

Ethiopia 10.32 5.56 15.8 11.52 6.36 17.36 9.14 5 13.68 7.7 4.2 11.51

Kenya 17.22 16.86 17.58 17.14 16.86 17.5 17.08 16.88 17.32 17.03 16.86 17.23

Libya 21.16 18.1 30.36 21.64 18.1 30.46 22.02 18.1 30.64 22.17 18.19 30.66

Madagascar 4.52 4 5.06 2.84 2.28 3.42 4.86 4.46 5.3 5.586 5.186 6.014

Malawi 13.52 12.5 14.38 13.46 12.52 14.26 13.52 12.56 14.48 13.41 12.56 14.16

Mauritius 22.24 19.06 28.28 20.96 18.04 26.2 21.76 18.02 27.82 22.07 17.79 28.01

Uganda 4.16 3.88 4.46 4.26 3.98 4.5 4.96 4.64 5.24 5.857 5.5 6.243

Rwanda 0.72 0.96 0.54 0.7 1 0.5 0.7 1 0.5 0.7 1 0.5

Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Sudan 23.3 21.88 26.52 24.02 21.92 27.66 23.68 21.9 26.64 23.67 21.93 26.57

Swaziland 41.92 41.14 42.96 41.98 39.74 44.92 42.04 39.32 45.72 42 39.27 45.76

Zambia 32.22 34.82 29.42 22.54 24.4 20.6 24.64 26.62 22.52 25.6 27.66 23.41

Zimbabwe 13 15.82 9.94 14.54 17.6 10.98 9.34 10.38 8.18 6.843 7.129 6.557



Table Annex 2-51: Electricity generation in Burundi and other EAC countries, and DR Congo 1976-2010 (Millions of kWh)

COUNTRY 1976 1980 1985 1990 2000 2005 2010

Burundi 1 1 2 106 101 102 239

DR Congo 4088 4445 5171 5650 5999 7399 7888

Kenya 1279 1630 2324 3235 4194 5990 7501

Libya 2276 4800 7095 10169 15496 22672 32753

Mauritius 378 466 521 770 130 2271 201

Uganda 711 615 653 776 1582 1880 2061

Rwanda 148 118 163 176 113 113 27

Seychelles 33 50 62 101 188 231 301

Swaziland 197 284 320 0 470 408 1470

Zambia 7233 9300 10070 8013 7798 8936 11302

Zimbabwe 6492 4541 4784 9362 6995 10269 8160

Egypt 12196 18939 31458 42256 78143 108690 146795

Eritrea 0 0 0 0 210 288 311

Ethiopia 576 689 888 1202 1674 2845 4980

Comoros 5 10 10 16 28 48 43

Djibouti 82 117 150 175 180 255 349

Madagascar 343 426 449 566 780 1035 1360

Malawi 318 431 514 718 1226 1537 2000

Sudan 749 817 1229 1515 2569 3826 7747

Source: Annuaire des statistiques de l’énergie 198; Annuaire des statistiques industrielles 1985; Bulletin mensuel de statistique, édition

n°1085, et 2006, VOL LX, N°10; African Statistical Yearbook, Part III.; Statistical Yearbook 2009; ABfDA, African Union, United Nations

Economic Commission for Africa, (2011), African Statistical Yearbook, 344p.; United Nations, (2007), Statistical yearbook, 51st edition.


United Nations System in Burundi UN Compound Chaussée d’Uvira P.O. Box 1490, Bujumbura, Burundiwww.bi.one.un.orgwww.bi.undp.org

Ministry of Finance and Economic Development Planning Avenue de l’Indépendance N°1 P.O. Box 224 Bujumbura, Burundi

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