Degradation of Alizarine Red-S (A Textiles Dye) by Photocatalysis using ZnO and TiO2 ... · 2017-12-12 · as Photocatalyst Joshi K.M, Shrivastava V.S. 12 International Journal of

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 2, No 1, 2011

© Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing Association

Research article ISSN 0976 – 4402

Received on April 2011 Published on September 2011 8

Degradation of Alizarine Red-S (A Textiles Dye) by Photocatalysis using

ZnO and TiO2 as Photocatalyst Joshi K.M.

1, Shrivastava V.S.

2

1- Department of Chemistry, Gangamai College of Engineering, Nagaon, (India)

2- Nanochemistry Research Laboratory, G.T.P. College, Nandurbar, (India)

[email protected]

doi:10.6088/ijes.00202010002

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to investigate the ability of semiconductors like TiO2 and

ZnO used to remove a hazardous Alizarin red-S a textile dye from aqueous solution. The

adsorption of the Alizarin red-S was selected as a reference molecule for the adsorption

studies. The experimental results show that TiO2 and ZnO can remove the Alizarin red-S

from wastewater. The factor affecting rate process involved in the removal of dye for initial

dye concentration, effect of various process parameters like initial dye concentration, contact

time, dose of catalyst and pH. The adsorption rate data were analyzed using the pseudo first

order of kinetics of Lagergren and Pseudo second order model to determine adsorption rate

constant. The optimum contact time was fixed at 120 minutes for both TiO2 and ZnO. The

well known Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm equation were applied for the equilibrium.

Beside the above the semiconducting materials have also been irradiated with Alizarin red-S

before and after studied for SEM, EDX and XRD.

Key words: Alizarin red-S, Photodegradation, SEM, EDX, XRD.

1. Introduction

Textile dye produces huge amount of polluted effluents that are normally discharged to

surface water bodies and ground water aquifers (Ruby Jain, 2003). This wastewater causes

damages to the ecological system of the receiving surface water capacity and certain a lot of

disturbance to the ground water resources. Most of the dyes used in the textiles industries are

stable to light and non biodegradable (Dave, 2010). In order to reduce the risk of

environmental pollution from such as wastewater, it is necessary to treat them before

discharging it into the environment (Muhammad, 2007). Today more than 10,000 dyes have

been incorporated in colour index (Jalajaa, 2007). In order to remove hazardous materials like

dyes, adsorption is a method which has gain considerable attention in the recent few years

adsorption is such a useful and simple technique (Saad, A2007). Physical and chemical

processes have been usually used to treat the wastewater. However these processes are costly

and can not be used effectively to treat the wide range of dye wastewater (Arami 2005 and

Kanan, 2001). Alizarin red-S is an anionic dye which are widely used in woven fabrics, wool,

cotton textiles (Parra, 2004 and Kannan ,2007).

In recent years a great efforts have been made using widely called advance oxidation

technologies (AOT) for treatment of these recalcitrant pollutant to more biodegradable

molecule or miniaturization. The AOT, materials with photocatalytic function could be used

(CPDS-ICDD 1996). The semiconductors like TiO2, ZnO CdS are effective with UV light,

easily available relatively inexpensive and chemically stable photocatslyst. Among the

various oxide semiconductor photocatalyst, TiO2 is an important photocatalyst due to its

Degradation of Alizarine Red-S (A Textiles Dye) by Photocatalysis using ZnO and TiO2 as Photocatalyst

Joshi K.M, Shrivastava V.S.

International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 2 No.1, 2011 9

strong oxidizing power, non toxicity and long term photostablility.TiO2 exists in three

different crystalline phases eg. Rutile, anatase and brookite (Rajeev Jain 2008). Zinc oxide is

n-type semiconductor with many attractive features. Zinc oxide with the wide band gap of

3.17 eV as compared to TiO2 (anatase) =3.2 eV is capable to generate hydroxyl radicals. ZnO

was also shown to absorb more UV light than any other powder.

The present study, ZnO and TiO2 have been used as an adsorbent for the removal of Alizarin

red-S dye from textile wastewater (Patil A.K 2008). The adsorption study was carried out

involving various parameters as initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, agitation time and

pH. The data has been tabulated and discussed (Meahkw V.2001).. In the view of the above,

it has been considered worthwhile to study the removal of Alizarin red-S a textile dye by

using ZnO and TiO2 as photocatalysts in aqueous solution.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1 Adsorbate

The Alizarin red-S dye was used in this experiment procured from BDH India

Ltd.(M.formula C14H18O7NaS, M. Wt.=240.21, C.I. No. 58005, λmax= 430nm) was used as

adsorbate.The stock solution was prepared by dissolving 0.1g/L of dye in water and made up

a stock solution in volumetric flask. By making 20, 40, 60 ppm solution. The concentration of

the dye solution was determined spectrophotometericaly. The structure of Alizarin red-S is

given in figure1.

Figure 1: Structure of Alizarin red-S

2.2 Adsorbent: TiO2 and ZnO

Nano sized semiconductors like ZnO and TiO2 are one of the most basic functional materials.

Many studies have conformed that the anatase TiO2 is superior photocatalytic material for air

purification, water disinfection, hazardous water remediation and water purification. The

bleaching of Alizarin red-S was carried out in presence of semiconductor TiO2 and ZnO, the

rate of photobleaching is high. Among the generally used semiconductors,TiO2 is up to now

the most efficient one, become it shows the highest quantum yield

2.3. Experimental Procedure

The photocatalytic degradation of Alizarin red-S for both initial concentration and irradiation

sample was determined by UV-Visible Spectrophotometer,(SYSTRONICS Model-2203) The

calibration curve was obtained at λmax=430 nm . The reaction mixture was irradiated with

light source UV lamp (PHILIPS-400Watt) at a distance 30cm from the reaction vessel.

Double distilled water was used through out the experiment. Kinetics of adsorption was

determined by analyzing adsorptive uptake of dye from aqueous solution at different time

intervals 15 minutes. In each experiment an accurately weighted amount of ZnO and TiO2

was taken in flask in 100 ml dye solution by adjusting pH of the Alizarin red-S dye solution




was adjusted a pH in between 3 to10 with addition of requisite volume of NaOH and HCl (

E.Merck India).

In each experiment an accurately weighted amount of TiO2 and ZnO in the flask of dye

solution and the flasks were placed under UV lamp with continuously shaken by magnetic

stirrer, after certain period (15 Minutes Interval). The adsorbent was separated from the

solution by centrifugation. The absorbance of the supernant solution was estimated to

determine the dye concentration, and values of the % of dye removal was found to be

maximum at pH 8 therefore pH was finalized at 8 for further experiment. Kinetics of

adsorption was determined by analyzing adsorptive uptake of dye from aqueous solution at

different time interval.

3. Result and Discussion

3.1 Effect of pH

The pH of is one of the most important factor controlling the adsorption of dye on to the

adsorbent. The removal of Alizarin red-S dye was maximum at pH 8.0 was reported 84.4%

and it is increases from 6 to 8 from 69.4 to 84..4% and decreases from pH 8 to 14 There is

very slight difference in the percentage removal at 6 to 8 (Figure.2). Therefore the pH was

fixed at 8.0 for the further experiment (Senthilkumar S.2006).

Figure 2: Effect of pH on degradation of Alizarin red S

3.2 Effect of adsorbent dose

The photocatalyst dose was studied with 100 ml solution of Alizarin red-S and the

concentration 20, 40 and 60 ppm with varying adsorption dose with 0.2 g/l to 0.6 g/l at pH 8

which is shown in figure 3. The percentage removal of Alizarin red-S increase with the

adsorbent dose increases. Due to the increase in photocatalyst dosage the percentage of dye

removal is also increases.




Figure 3: Effect of contact time on adsorption of Alizarin red-S with ZnO

3.3 Effect of contact time

The effect of contact time on the amount of Alizarin red S adsorbed was investigated using

20, 40, 60 ppm initial concentration with 0.5g/l of TiO2 and ZnO, respectively. It was

observed that the adsorption percentage was found to be maximum at 120 minutes increases.

As concentration of Alizarin red S increases the percentage dye decreases from 92.9 to

78.5 % (Figure 4-5)

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 50 100 150 200 250

Time (min)

% o

f R

em

oval

60ppm

40 ppm

20 ppm

Figure 4: Effect of contact time of Alizarin red-S red with TiO2

Figure 5: Effect of contact time on adsorption of Alizarin red-S with ZnO

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 5 10

Adsorbent Dose gm/Lit

% o

f re

mo

val

60 ppm

40ppm

20 ppm




3.4 Effect of photocatalyst

Initial concentration of the dye Alizarin red-S was changed in order to determine proper dye

adsorption keeping the contact time 15 minutes for both adsorbent TiO2 and ZnO at fixed

dose 0.2 mg/lit at pH 8 for Alizarin red-S. The amount of the adsorbate increased with an

increasing the dye concentration However, the % removal rate decreases with an increase in

the dye concentration. It is also noted that the rate of the removal of the dye is as faster at the

lower concentration and decreases with an increase in the concentration. It is found that with

decreasing concentration of the dye from 1 x 10-5

to 6x10-5

.The percentage removal

decreases from 84.6 to 32.5 in Alizarin red-S. The adsorption of the dye was found to

decreases constantly with increasing the concentration of adsorbate for Alizarin red-S at 7

x10-5

is constant indicating a minimum adsorption (Figure 6).

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 0.00001 0.00002 0.00003 0.00004 0.00005 0.00006 0.00007 0.00008 0.00009 0.0001

Initial dye concentration

am

ount of adsosrb

ed x

10-5

m

60 ppm

40 ppm

20 ppm

Figure 6: Effect of Photocatalyst dose on Alizarin red-S

3.5 Adsorption isotherm

In order to optimize the design of an adsorption system to remove the day, it is important to

establish the most appropriate correlations for the equilibrium data for each system. Two

isotherm models have been tested in the present study which are Langmuir and Freundlich

model. The applicability of the isotherm equation is compared by judging the correlation

coefficient R2 (Fytianos K.2000).

Several mathematical models can be used to describe experimental data of adsorption

isotherms. In this work the equilibrium data for Alizarin Red-S on TiO2 and ZnO were

modeled with Langmuir and Freundlich models. The details of the lineareized Langmuir

isotherm are given in the table-1. The value of the Langmuir constant obtained in this study

are presented in table1 The Coefficient of correlation for Alizarin Red-S with TiO2 0.2

gm/lit-1

obtained from Langmuir expression (R2= 0.9996) and ZnO coefficient of correlation

respectively obtained from Freundlich expression (R2= (0.9999) indicates that Langmuir

expression provided better fit for the experimental data of Alizarin red-S on TiO2 with CAC

than Freundlich expression for Alizarin Red-S.




3.5.1 Langmuir isotherm

Langmuir theory was based on the assumption that adsorption was a type of chemical

combination or process and the adsorption layer was unimolecular. The theory can be

represented by the following equation.

Ce/qe=1/bQ0+Ce/q0 ……………… (1)

Where qe is the amount of dye Alizarin Red-S adsorbed per unit mass of adsorbent (mg/g-1

)

and Ce is the equilibrium concentration of Alizarin red-S Qo and b are Langmuir constant

related to the capacity and energy of adsorption respectively. The linear plot of Ce/qe v/s Ce

show that the adsorption obeys Langmuir isotherm model for all adsorption (figure 7).

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35log ce

log

ce/q

e

20ppm AZR-ZnO

40 ppm AZR-ZnO

60 ppm AZR-ZnO

20 ppm AZR-TiO2

60 ppm AZR-TiO2

60 ppm AZR-TiO2

Figure 7: Freundlich adsorption isotherm of Alizarin red-S

The values of Qo and b were determined for all adsorbent from the intercept and slope of the

linear plot of Ce/qe v/s Ce (Table 1). The good fit for the experimental data and the

correlation coefficients R2 higher than 0.9996 indicates the applicability of Langmuir

isotherm model.

The essential characteristics of the Langmuir isotherm can be expressed in terms of

dimensionless constant separation factor RL which is given by the following equation.

1

RL = -------------- ………………. (2)

(1+Ka Co)

Table 1: Langmuir and Freundlich Constant

Adsorbent Adsorbent

g/L.

Conc.

Of Dye

Alizarin

in ppm

Tim

e

Langmuir Constant Freundlich Constant

in

Min

Qo b r2 Kf 1/n r

2

30 4.286 6.259 0.9786 1.1023 0.967 0.9849

60 7.527 1.761 0.9889 1.3395 1.653 0.9876

2 20 90 8.145 0.192 0.9745 9.6072 1.618 0.9923

120 12.522 4.09 0.9687 16.031 0.979 0.9876




150 20.175 2.419 0.9774 22.205 1.408 0.9281

30 9.912 3.82 0.9821 32.411 0.58 0.9806

60 13.125 0.642 0.9651 46.298 1.098 0.9912

ZnO 4 40 90 22.415 0.566 0.9759 1.445 0.733 0.9945

120 24.879 2.352 0.8997 3.047 1.458 0.9981

150 29.284 3.754 0.9853 4.879 0.451 0.9948

30 4.7589 2.833 0.9458 5.682 0.205 0.9878

60 9.2458 1.045 0.9876 7.448 0.569 0.9956

6 60 90 15.689 2.348 0.9519 2.852 0.923 0.9995

120 18.559 3.078 0.9325 3.761 0.948 0.9799

150 22.879 4.038 0.9158 6.154 0.795 0.9971

30 4.286 3.784 0.9477 0.96 0.923 0.9923

60 6.527 6.995 0.9987 1.213 0.251 0.9996

2 20 90 8.545 1.76 0.9474 0.97 0.602 0.9876

120 10.522 0.192 0.9821 1.962 0.617 0.9674

150 18.175 0.382 0.9889 2.403 0.854 0.9923

30 7.912 4.09 0.9759 2.252 1.021 0.9876

60 14.125 0.602 0.9451 1.722 0.953 0.9281

TiO2 4 40 90 20.415 0.643 0.9759 0.91 1.722 0.9948

120 24.879 0.568 0.8997 1.363 0.91 0.9878

150 28.284 0.642 0.8353 0.954 1.363 0.9956

30 2.758 0.566 0.7458 0.617 1.458 0.9995

60 7.245 2.352 0.9876 0.256 0.845 0.9876

6 60 90 11.689 3.754 0.9875 0.602 0.92 0.9674

120 15.559 1.546 0.9954 0.985 0.987 0.9923

150 20.879 6.458 0.9368 2.603 1.023 0.9876

Where Co (mg/lit-1

) is the initial concentration .The values of separation factor is RL,

Indicating the nature of adsorption. The adsorption process in between 0 to 1 indicates the

adsorption isotherm is favorable (Haghseresht, 1998).

RL values Adsorption

RL>1 Unfavorable

RL=1 Linear

0<RL<1 Favorable

RL=0 Irreversible

RL indicates the nature of the adsorption isotherm it is given below. The RL Values for the

adsorption of Alizarin Red-S was observed to in the range 0 to 1 indicating that the

adsorption process is favorable for type of TiO2 and ZnO, respectively.

3.5.2 Freundlich Isotherm

The Freundlich adsorption isotherm model stipulated that the ration of solute adsorbed to the

solute concentration is a function of the solution.

Log qe= log Kf +1/(n log Ce) ……………………. (3)

Where log Kf is a measure of adsorption capacity and n is the adsorption intensity.




The slope 1/n which should have values in the range of 0 to1 for favorable adsorption

(Armagan 2004). The value for 1/n below one indicates a normal Freundlich isotherm while

1/n A graph of Log qe vs log Ce shown in figure 8. Where the values of Kf and 1/n are

determined from the intercept and slope of the linear regressions.

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21ce

ce/q

e

60 ppm AZR-TiO2

40 ppm AZR-TiO2

20 ppm AZR-TiO2

60 ppm AZR-ZnO

40 ppm AZR-ZnO

20 ppm AZR-ZnO

Figure 8: Langmuir adsorption isotherm of Alizarin red-S by using TiO2 and ZnO with CAC

The coefficient of correlation was high (R2=0.9997 and 0.9999 for Alizarin Red-S with

TiO2 and ZnO respectively) showing the good linearity. The values of Kf and 1/n are

determined from the intercept and slope of the linear regretions (Table-1) indicating that the

dye is favorable adsorption on the magnitude of Freundlich constant

3.5.3 Adsorption kinetics

For the evaluating the adsorption kinetics of Alizarin Red-S on TiO2 and ZnO were treated

with Lagergren first order model express as

Log (qe-qt)=log qe-(k1/2.303)t …………………….(4)

The first order rate constant k1 is obtained form the slope of the plot log( qe-qt ) versus time,

The coefficient of correlation for the first order kinetic model was not high for all adsorbents

and concentration figure 9. The estimated values of qe calculated from the equation different

from the experimental values (Table-2) shows that the model is not appropriate to describe

the adsorption process.

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

1.25

1.5

1.75

2

2.25

2.5

0 50 100 150 200

t i me

log(q

e-q

t)

20 ppm AZR-TiO2

40 ppm AZR-TiO2

60 ppm AZR-TiO2

20 ppm AZR-ZnO

40 ppm AZR-ZnO

60 ppm AZR-ZnO

Figure 9: Lagergren first order plot of Alizarin red-S




Adsorption kinetics were explained by the pseudo second order model

t/qt=1/k2*qe2+t/qe ……………………….. (5)

Where K2 is the second order rate constant (mg-1

min-1

). The value of K2 is different initial

dye concentration for all adsorbents were calculated from the slope of the respective linear

plot of t/qt Vs t (Figure.10).

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

0 25 50 75 10

0

12

5

15

0

17

5

20

0

22

5time

t/q

t20 ppm AZR-ZnO

40 ppm AZR-ZnO

60 ppm AZR-ZnO

20 ppm AZR-TiO2

40 ppm AZR-TiO2

60 ppm AZR-TiO2

Figure 10: Pseudo Second order of Alizarin red-S on TiO2 and ZnO

Table 2: Comparison of adsorption rate constant, calculated and experimental qe values for

different initial concentration and adsorbent dose for Pseudo First order and Pseudo Second

order reaction.

Pseudo First order Pseudo Second order

Adsorbents Dye

conc.

qe

expt.

Adsorbent in

mg/L

mg./gm

g/L qe cal. K1 r2 qe cal K2 r

2 h

2 20 26.58 32.45 1.183 0.9836 28.47 0.7546 0.9946 0.6589

4 40 53.16 62.36 2.239 0.9784 56.25 0.5126 0.9966 1.2656

ZnO 6 60 78.43 85.32 2.874 0.9892 78.45 0.2498 0.9998 2.6758

2 20 101.46 98.78 1.568 0.9883 100.97 0.4858 0.9997 0.7843

4 40 205.17 197.45 0.987 0.9722 206.45 0.3356 0.9987 1.4589

TiO2 6 60 289.28 304.25 1.422 0.9872 286.75 0.1689 0.9998 2.7893

The correlation coefficients were 0.9946-0.9998, suggest a strong relationship between the

parameters and also explain that the process follows the pseudo Second order kinetics figure

11. This shows that the adsorption process of Alizarin Red-S with TiO2 and ZnO is psuedo

second order kinetics.

3.5.4 Characterization of semiconductors




A scanning electron microscope (SEM) Phillips XL-30 has been a primary tool for

characterizing the surface morphology of the adsorbent. SEM is widely used to study the

morphological features and surface characteristics, as well as its useful to determine particle

shape, porosity and appropriate size distribution of the adsorbent materials (Alyson 2007).

The SEM images for TiO2 and ZnO semiconductors before adsorption and after 120 minutes

after adsorption process. The TiO2 and ZnO were analyzed by SEM is shown in Figure.10

the present study SEM photographs of TiO2 and ZnO reveals surface texture and porosity

(Holde Puchtler1968). After dye adsorption a significant change is observed in the structure

of the adsorbent (Figure.11 i and ii), It is clear that TiO2 has rough surface with

heterogeneous porous and cavities (B.H. Hammeed 2008) this indicates that there is good

possibility for Alizarin red-S to be trapped and adsorbed in to the surface (N. Barka2009)

Before Treatment After treatment

a b

Figure 11: (i) SEM images of ZnO after and before irradiation of dye

Before Treatment After treatment

c d

Figure 11: (ii) SEM images of TiO2 after and before irradiation of dye

Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX or EDS)

is a chemical microanalysis technique used in conjunction with SEM. EDX analysis was used

to characterize the elemental composition of the TiO2 films. A typical EDX pattern of the

coated TiO2 is shown in figure 12. The elemental composition of the film was found to be

55% Ti, 39% Si, and 6% O where the presence of TiO2 on the film was confirmed.




Figure 12: EDX Spectrum of TiO2 powder

The surface roughness and morphologies of TiO2 and ZnO were evaluated by X ray

diffraction (XRD) pattern-obtained on a Philips Holland Xpert MPD model using Cu Kα

radiation at a scanning rate (Valderrama2008).The XRD pattern of the TiO2 and ZnO

powdered are shown in figure 13-16. The XRD pattern of TiO2 and ZnO consist of few

smaller peaks at the position 2θ=36.92°, 38.71

°, 68.79

°, and 82.69

° of TiO2and

66.34°,72.71

°,81.54

°,92.76

°of ZnO respectively with the large peak centered at the

approximately at 2θ =25.25°and 25.28

°of TiO2 Before and after treatment, and for ZnO

2θ=36.31°, 36.36

° before and after treatment. Corresponding refraction of the TiO2 and ZnO

lattice growing in hexagonal phase with the axis perpendicular to the substrate surface (Chin

Mei Ling 2004 and Donia 2002)

Figure 13: XRD diagram of TiO2 semiconductor before irradiation

Figure 14: XRD diagram of TiO2 semiconductor after irradiation




This confirms the formation of TiO2 and ZnO semiconductor. However the peak at 2θ=3.52°

and 2θ=2.48° corresponding to (110) and (111) were also found to be present with respective

lower intensities. The relative intensities of the different peak shows that TiO2 and ZnO

semiconductor film have grown with a strongly preferential oriented along the axis also we

obtained XRD spectra for TiO2 and ZnO(Nicolas Kelar2004).

Dnm = (Kλ / βcos θ)

K = 0.90 but in most cases it is close to 1, Hence the grain size

Calculation it is taken as one and λ is the wavelength of X ray

β = full width at half of the peak max. in radiations

θ = Bragg’s angle

λ = 1.54° A

4. Conclusion

The present study has revealed that the TiO2 and ZnO with commercial activated carbon can

be effectively used as a photocatalytic material for the or the removal of Alizarin red-S dye.

Adsorption was influenced by various parameters such as initial pH initial dye concentration

and dose of adsorbent. It was observed that ZnO is more effective dye for removal of Congo

red while TiO2 is less suitable to remove Congo red therefore ZnO is used to remove the

Congo red and TiO2 is used for removal of Alizarin red-S Removal efficiency increased with

decreasing the dye concentration and increasing dose of adsorbent. The study of the influence

of pH of the experimental dye solution on the adsorption potential have reveals the pH 4

appears to the most favorable for removal of Alizarin red-S.

The experimental adsorption data have been fitted reasonably well to Langmuir and

Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The applicability of Lagergren model suggested the

formation of monomolecular layer of the dye on the surface of the adsorbent. It was shown

that the adsorption of Alizarin red-S fitted by Pseudo second order model.

References

1. Ruby Jain, Sharma S, Manoj S.V, Bansal S.Pand Gupta K.S., (2003), “Application

of Titanium dioxide semiconductor photocatalysis in the photomineralization of dyes

in textile industry”, Indian Journal of Environmental protection 23(1), pp 63-68.

2. Dave R.S. and Patel A.R., (2010), “Photochemical and photocatalytic of

cypermethrin under UV radiation”, Der pharma chemica, 2(1) pp 152-158.

3. Muhammad Javed Iqbal, Muhd Naem Ashiq, (2007), “Thermodynamic adsorption of

dyes from aqueous media on activated charcoal”, Journal of Research Science

Pakistan, 18 (2) pp 91-99.

4. Jalajaa.D., Manjuladevi M., Saravanan S.V.(2007), “Removal of acid dye from

textile wastewater by adsorption using Activated carbon prepared from pomegranate

rind”., Pollution Research., 28(2), pp 287-290.




5. Saad S.A, Daud S. Kasim F.H. Saleh M.N., (2007), “Metylene blue removal from

Simulated wastewater by adsorption using treated oil palm fruit bunch”,

International Conference of Sustainable Materials,3,pp 293-296

6. Arami, M, Limaee. N.Y. Mahmoodi. N.M. Tabrizi. N.S., (2005), “Removal of dyes

from colourd textile wastewater by adsorbent: equilibrium and kinetic studies.

Journal of Colloid and interface Science, 288, pp 371-376.

7. Kanan N., Sundaram M.M.,(2001) “Kinetics and mechanism of removal of

methylene blue by adsorption on various carbons a comparative study”, Dyes and

pigment., 51, pp 25-40.

8. Parra, S., Sarria V., Maloto S., Periner P., and pulgarin C.,(2004) “Photocatalytic

Degradation of Attrzine using suspended and supported TiO2. Journal of Applied

Catalyssis.B: Environmental ., 51, pp 107-116.

9. Kannan N. and Nagnathan G.G.(2007), “Photocatalytic degradation of Saferanine

dye on semiconductor by UV radiation” International Journal of Environmental

Protection, 27 , pp 1103- 1108

10. CPDS-ICDD reference Oattern database, (1996), International center for Diffraction

data Philips Analytical X ray . Almelo, Release, 4, pp 46-48.

11. Rajeev Jain and shalini Shirkarwar, (2008),“Removal of hazardous dye Congo red

removal from waste material., Journal of hazardous materials., 152, pp 942-948.

12. Patil A.K and Shrivastava V.S, (2008), “Adsorption of Congo Red from aqueous

solution using Banana plant waste material”, Asian Journal of Chemical and

Environmental Science, 1(4), pp 20- 26.

13. Meahkw V., Markovska M., Mincheva and A.E. Rodrigues A.E., (2001).

“Adsorption of Basic dyes in activated carbon and natural zeolite”. Water research,

35, pp 3357- 3366

14. Senthilkumar S., Kalaamani P., Porkodi K., Varadarajan P.R. and Subburaam C.V.,

(2006), “Adsorption of dissolved reactive red dye from aqueous phase on to

activated carbon prepared from agricultural waste, Biosource. Technology, 97, pp

1618-1625

15. Fytianos K., Voudras E. and Kokkalis E.,(2000), “Sorption desorption, behavior of

2,4 dichlorophenol by marine sediments” , Chemosphere, 40, pp 735- 741.

16. Haghseresht and G. Lu,(1998), “Adsorption characteristics of Phenolic compound on

to coal reject derived adsorbent”, Energy fuels, 12, pp1100-1107.

17. Armagan B. Ozdemir O. M. Turan, (2004), Colour removal of reactive dyes from

water clinoptilolite, Journal of Environmental Science Health A, 39(5), pp1251-1261.

18. Alyson V. Whitney, Francesca Casadio and Richsrd P. Van Duyne.(2007),

“Identification and Characterization of Artist’s Red dye and their mixtures by

surface- Enhanceed Raman spectroscopy, Applied spectroscopy, 61, pp 994-1000.




19. Holde Puchtler, Susan N. Melon and mery S. Terry,(1968), The History and

mechanism of Alizarin Red S stain for calcium, The Journal of

Histochemistry.,17(2), pp110-124

20. B.H. Hammeed , M.I. EI-Khaiary, (2008), Removal of basic dye from aqueous

medium using a Novel agricultural waste material:Pumkin seed hull, Journal of

Hazardous Materials, 155, pp 601-609.

21. N. Barka, Ali Assabbane, Abederrahaman Nounah, Larbi Laanab,(2009), Removal

of textile dyes from aqueous solution by natural phosphate as new

adsorbent,Desilanation 235, pp 264- 275

22. Valderrama, J.L.Cortina, A.Fsrran,X. Gamisans, Fx de las Heras, (2008), “Kinetic

study of acid red dye removal by activated carbon and hyper cross linked

polymeric sorbent macronet hyper sol MN-200 and MN-300”, Polymers News, 68,

pp 718- 731.

23. Chin Mei Ling, Abdul Rahman Mohd, Subhash Bhatia,(2004), “Performance of

photocatalytic reactors using immobilized TiO2 film for the degradation of phenol

and methylene blue dye present in water stream”, Chemosphere,57, pp 547–554.

24. Donia Beydoun, Rose Amal, (2002), “Implication of heat treatment on the properties

of maghetic iron oxide- titanium dioxide as photocatalyst”, Material Sciece and

Engineering , 94, pp 71-78

25. Nicolas Kelar, Velerie Keller, Francois Gavin, Marc J Ledoux,(2004), “A new TiO2-

β SiC material for use of photocatalyst” , Material Letters, 58, pp 970-974

Degradation of Alizarine Red-S (A Textiles Dye) by Photocatalysis using ZnO and TiO2 ... · 2017-12-12 · as Photocatalyst Joshi K.M, Shrivastava V.S. 12 International Journal of

Documents