Definition: -It is a congenital or acquired hollow swelling or
tumor like structure containing fluid, semi-fluid,or solid
structures like hair or teeth.Classification: -I-CONGENITAL:
-A-Dermoid cyst: -Commonly it is subcutaneous cyst and rarely
observed in internal organs (ovary, testicle, or brain1-Simple
form: -Contents: It is lined with epithelium and contains mucoid
fluid.2-Compound form: -It is a Teratoma like cystAffected animals:
ainly calvesLocation: The neck, entrance of laryn!, or posterior
part of lower ma!illaCharacteristics: "all is similar to skin (has
hair follicle and sebaceous gland#.-!ollicul"r cyst: -Affected
animals:$oalLocation: %ony alveoli, especially the first molar
teethCharacteristics: It increases in si&e at age of one
year.#-Denti$erous cyst: -Contents:ToothAffected animals:
$oalLocation: 't the temporal bone as a sinus opening anterior to
ear baseCharacteristics: Thick e!udate comes out from the opening
of the sinus and when it is probed, the probe will strike the
toothC- Ton$ue %"se cyst: -Contents:ucoidAffected animals:Calves
and foalsLocation: Tongue base, laryn!, or
epiglottisCharacteristics: (edunculated or not, and large cyst may
interfere with mastication or causes dyspnea and
asphy!ia.D-&m%ilic"l cyst: -Contents: ucoid fluidAffected
animals:Calves and foalsLocation: )mbilical regionCharacteristics:
*en+s egg to hand fist si&eII-AC'&I(ED: -A-Tr"um"tic
epit)eli"l cyst: -Contents: ,rey yellowish mucoid
fluidCharacteristics: Caused by trauma or fire shooting with
sequestration of piece of skin or foreign body at wound base with
superficial healing of the wound.#-(etention cyst: -It is an
acquired cyst formed as a result of obstruction of secretory duct
of glands1-At)erom": -Contents:-ebaceousAffected
animals:*orseLocation: -ebaceous gland of false
nostrilCharacteristics: It causes stenosis of nasal passage and
respiratory noise2-*ucous mem%r"ne cyst: -Contents: Clear viscid
mucoid fluid due to obstruction of mucoid glandAffected
animals:Cattle and horseLocation:Inner aspect lower lip and
sublingual mucous membrane.ectal mucous membrane of horse/aginal
mucous membrane cowCharacteristics:-pherical or oval shape-Nec+
cyst, %r"c)i"l cyst, r"nul", "nd )oney cyst: -It is formed as a
result of obstruction of mucous gland or duct of sublingual or
submandibular salivary glandContents: *oney like thick yellowish
saliva (-o it is called Honey cyst#Affected animals:
0ogLocation:%esides fraenum linguae or tongue (-o it is called
mouthcavity cyst orranula# )nder laryn! or upper part of neck (-o
it is called neck cyst#Characteristics:.ound or oval swelling with
thin wallC-E-ud"ti.e cyst: -It is formed as a result of
accumulation of e!udates in pre-e!isting cavity as in case of
accumulation of fluid in tunica vaginalis after castration or
ovarian cyst.D-/"r"sitic cyst 0pseudo-cyst1: -It is formed as a
result of irritation of tissue by growing parasite wth formation of
pseudo-cyst surrounded by fibrous tissueExamples:Coenurus
cerebralis %rain of sheep and cattleTaenia cystasseter muscle and
heart in cattle and pigs1chinococcus cyst (*ydatid#2idney, liver,
lung, spleen, and boneE-De$ener"ti.e cyst: -Causes:3-Intramuscular
in4ection of irritant drugs or chemicals that can+t be absorbed
5-It associates tumors like cysto-carcinoma, cysto-sarcoma, or
cysto-fibromaSymptoms:3-6ocali&ed swelling containing fluid
(fluctuating#, semi-fluid, or solid structures like teeth or hair
(dentigerous or dermoid cyst respectively#5--low growth rate and
absence of inflammatory signs7-"ell defined periphery with absence
of pathological lesion in skin covering the cyst8--ympytoms are
confirmed by e!ploratory puncturing9-.adiography diagnoses and
confirms bone cystDiagnosis:3-*istory5-Clinical signs7-1!ploratory
puncturing8-0ifferential
diagnosis9-.adiographyreatment:3-'spiration of contents by needle
or trocar and cannula with in4ection of irritants like Tr. Iodine
or 9: Carbolic acid to destroy secretory lining and to stimulate
granulation tissue for obliterationof the cavity.5--urgical
incision at lowest point and swap with Tr.Iodine to stimulate
granulation tissue formation and obliteration7--eton may be used to
stimulate granulation tissue formation and obliteration8--urgical
e!cision9-(edunculated cysts of the base of tongue, vagina, or
abdominal cavity can be removed by ecraseur to avoid
bleeding;--0entigerous cyst can be treated by surgical e!cision,
curetting, cauteri&ation of the sinus, then closure of the
wound with establishment of an opening at the lowest point for
drainageT&*O(STumors or neoplasms are those benign or malignant
over growths that can be observed anywhereover thebodyof theanimal.
!alignant tumors usuallyaffect elder animals (squamous
cellcarcinoma# while "enigntumors affect younger animals
(warts#.Classification and characters:Tumors classified into benign
or malignant, and solitary or multiple.1-#eni$n tumorIt is a
locali&ed tumor, doesn?t recur after e!cision, slower in growth
rate, doesn?t ulcerate, anddoesn?t adhere to the skin.2-*"li$n"nt
tumorIt develops rapidly, metastatic, recur after e!cision, adhere
to skin, and shows ulceration.Diagnosis:3-*istory. 5-Clinical
signs. 7-Clinical e!amination8-*istopathologic e!amination to
confirm the diagnosis and to determine the nature of the
tumor.Treatment:1-#eni$n Tumora-Ligature:(edunculatedtumors
canberemovedbyligationwithelasticor rubberymaterials andtheinduced
wound is dressed with antiseptic solution. The aim of use of
ligature is to close the bloodsupply of the tumor and to hasten its
separation and sloughing."-Hot #ron:It controls bleeding, and
causes necrosis and sloughing of the stump of the
tumor.c-Ecraseur:The skin is incised and the chain is applied on
the incision.d-$art Enucleator: It is a forceps with e!cavated 4aws
and sharp borders used for removal of warts.e-%otential
Caustics:6ike arsenal paste, nitric acid, acetic acid, salicylic
acid, or liquor of potassae.f-Surgical Excision:2-*"li$n"nt
Tumor,enerally, the success rate of treatment of malignant tumors
is very low.a-&adiotherapy:The aim of use of this method is the
destruction of malignant cells by gamma radiation. 'nywaythis
technique is better to be used in ad4unction with surgical
de-bulking."-Cryotherapy:It depends up on two cycles of
free&ing and thawing.c-#mmunotherapy:%y using %C, that is
in4ected 3 ml@cm7 once a week for 8 weeks. -evere reaction and
necrosisof the tissue occurs. This technique is used for treatment
of sarcoma in equine.d-Surgical Excision:'lone, it is of no
value.A!ECTIONS O! T2E S3INI-4O&NDS: -Definition: -It is any
disruption or beak in continuity of the skin, mucous membrane, or
soft tissuesCauses: -Trauma or surgeryClassification of traumatic
'ounds: -A- Closed 5ounds 0intern"l, su%cut"neous, or
interstiti"l1: -Definition: -' wound with various degrees of damage
to the underlying tissues (contusion) or the superficial layer of
epithelium (a"rasion), with no break in continuity of skin or
mucous membrane.ypes: -1-Contusions: -Causes: -Trauma by blunt
ob4ects leading to damage of subcutaneous tissuesi-1 st de$ree
contusions 0%ruises1: -Symptoms: -3-1cchymosis, as a result of
ruptured capillaries in the skin and subcutaneous tissues and
dissemination of blood through the intercellular spaces without
formation of gross collection of blood, leading to reddish blue or
purplish coloration of skin (non-pigmented skin#5--light
inflammation and painreatment: -3-6eft untreated (spontaneous
resolution#5-Cold applications or astringent, and light bandage
(arrest hemorrhage#7-'nodyne over painful surfaceii-2nd de$ree
contusions 0)em"tom"1: -Definition: -'ccumulation of blood in
abnormal cavity and frequently seen subctaneously, submucously, or
subcapsular in large parenchymatous organsCauses: -In4ury to
superficial veinSymptoms: -3-Aonpainfull swelling of the affected
region that varies from orange si&e to man+s head or
more5-(ulsation that indicates rupture of an artery7-$luctuation of
recent hematoma, pseudo-cripitation of old ones (due to the
formation of fibrin trabiculae#, and fibrosis and calcification of
long standinghematoma (the wall becomes thicker, and the contents
become encapsulated and organi&ed and may be replaced by
fibrous tissues even with calcification with formation of bone like
structure#.8--uppuration and abscess formation as a result of
infection (through tiny undetected wound or indirectly by
metastasis#9-6ocomotor disturbances due to intra-articular hematoma
(hemarthrosis#Diagnosis: -3-Case history 5--ymptoms7-0ifferential
diagnosis from hernia, abscess, cyst, bursitis, and tumorreatment:
-*-&ecent hematomaCold astringent applications+-Small si,ed
hematoma*ot fomentation or topical irritant (iodine ointment#, and
firm bandage to stimulate absorption ofthe fluid and disappearance
of the hematoma--Large si,ed hematoma1vacuation of the clot under
strict aseptic measures, 3B days after onset of swelling, through
an incision at its lowest point. Then the lining is touched with an
antiseptic solution (Tr. iodine# and packed with sterile gau&e
(drain# for 3 -5 days, and dressing should be repeated daily (7-8
days# till complete healingiii- rdde$ree contusions: -Definition:
-It is a severe contusion that causes considerable destruction of
deep tissues (bone, tendon, nerve, .. etc.# and may cause
gangreneSymptoms: -0epending on the affected region3-1vidence of
shock 5-In4ury to internal organs7-uscular paralysisreatment:
-3-Complete rest of the animal and affected organ5-oist warm
antiseptic applications (to restore circulation in the severely
damaged tissue and toprevent gangrene#7-Treatment of gangrene if it
e!ists2-A%r"sion: -Definition: -It is a superficial wound, produced
by friction of the skin or mucous membrane against hard or rough
surfaces, or ob4ects, and characteri&ed by removal of small
area of epithelium with e!posure of the small blood vessels in that
area.Symptoms: -3-(ain due to e!posure of superficial nerve
endings5--eepage of blood with the formation of clot
(crusts#7-6ocal or general disturbances due to infection under the
scab8-.epeate bleeding if the abrasion is situated over a 4oint,
due to repeated crackingreatment: -3-Cleaning and application of
antiseptics or antibiotics ointment, and healing ensues under scab
(crust#5-.emoval of the crust, to allow dressing and removing the
infected material if infection is suspected under the
crust7-Immobili&ation of the 4oint (if the lesion is over a
4oint# to prevent cracking and repeated bleeding-Spr"in "nd str"in:
-i-Spr"in: -Definition: -0amage to ligamentous fibers or its
attachment to bone as a result of overstress.Classification: -3-ild
sprainC -$ew fibers have been torn, mild hemorrhage, and no actual
functional loss.reatment: -)nimportant and aimed at control of pain
and rest5-oderate sprainC --ome fibers have been torn (varies from
small tear to complete avulsion#, no wide retraction of the two
ends, some hemorrhage, and some degree of functional loss.reatment:
--ame as mild sprain with protection to permit healing7--evere
sprainC -Complete loss of function, hemorrhage, and wide separation
of the ends8--prain fractureC -'vulsion of a portion of a bone to
which the ligament is attachedreatment: --evere or fracture sprain
can be treated by apposition of the in4ured ligament to assure a
ligamentof normal length and strength, with application of cast for
; weeks.ii-Str"in: -Definition: -0amage to a tendon or muscle as a
result of overstress or overuse.Classification: -3--imple strainC
-6ow-grade inflammatory reaction with swelling and edema, but there
is no appreciable hemorrhage, and it can incapacitate animal from
work.reatment: --.elieve of the acute condition by local analgesics
and corticoids-)ltrasound, local heat and protection5-/iolent
strain or musculo-tendinous in4uryC -Definition: -It is an in4ury
to the muscle and tendon as a result of one violent in4ury, and it
may be associated with tendonitis, tenosynovitis, or
tendosynovitis. The tendon may be torn from bone, and the
musculotendinous 4unction may be rupture or under go
tearing.reatment: --urgical repair of ruptured musculo-tendinous
4unction or severed tendon (wound#, followed by application of cast
with corrective showing.-prain is a tearing (partial# of ligaments,
tendons, muscular tissues or 4oints leaving haemorrage and oedema
in the area. The loss of function resulting depends on the
laceration and the degree of rupture of the fibers. The swelling
may become in4urious to the overlying tissues, and therefore, rest,
elevation and compression should be utili&ed until healing has
occurred.-prain of the 4oint results from its movement beyond its
physiological limits in the direction of e!tension, fle!ion,
abduction and adduction.'s a consequence the articular and
periarticular tissues suffer a certain amount of bruising or
laceration. The ligaments in particular are sub4ected to
distortion.#-Open 5ound: -Definition: -In4ury and break in the
continuity of the skin or mucous membrane leading to disruption of
that tissue to a variable degree and e!posure of the underlying
soft tissues to contaminationClassification: - 1-Incised 5ound:
-Causes: --harp cutting instruments, such as knives, scalpels,
fragments of glass, a sharp piece of metal or occasionally
wire.Symptoms: -3-,ape formation (the e!tent of gaping depending
upon the nature, the elasticity and tension of the surrounding
tissues#5- .egular edges and there is comparatively less in4ury to
cells7-It bleeds freely and may be painful8-Its length is greater
than depth9-If the edges are in apposition and the wound is
protected from infection it heals by first intention2-L"cer"ted
5ounds: -' lacerated wound is caused by blunt ob4ects such as
machinery tools, wheels, stones ... etc. The edges of the wound arc
irregular. -ometimes the skin may be more or less e!tensively
in4ured and it may be lifted over a wide area from underlying
tissues. *emorrhage is relatively insignificant or absent with
presence of clot. )sually dirt or foreign bodies are
present.-/unctured or st"% 5ounds: -(unctured wounds are caused by
sharp pointed ob4ects like nails, pins, needles, hooks and
fragments of glass .... etc. They have a relatively small orifice
and its depth is longer than its length. Infection or foreign
particles might have been carried deep into the wound. The orifice
is inadequate for drainage like punctured wounds on
foot.6-/enetr"tin$ 5ounds: -These are deep wounds communicating
body cavities like abdomen thora!, 4oints, trachea ... etc. The
wound has an entrance but no e!it.!-/erfor"tin$ 5ounds: -'
perforating wound has two openings, one of entrance and the other
of e!it*owever, the term perforating wounds and penetrating wounds
are sometimes used synonymously.7-Guns)ot 5ounds: -These are
produced by various types of fire arms. The point of entrance of
the bullet is marked by a small opening on the skin but the course
of the bullet in deeper tissues e!hibits more e!tensive damage. The
wound is a combination of lacerated, punctured, penetrating, or
perforating wounds.8-/oisoned 5ounds: -These wounds are
characteri&ed by the deposition of mineral or vegetable
poison9-En.enomed 5ounds: -These wounds are characteri&ed by
deposition of venom. These comprise snake, scorpion and bees bites
or other insects.:-;irulent 5ounds: -These wounds are
characteri&ed by the deposition of virulent microorganisms as
in case of rabies, anthra! or tuberculosis. The bite of rabied
animal may be considered as a punctured wound that contains the
virulent saliva of the infected animal (with rabies virusD and thus
termedvirulent wound, 3@5., or 9@> circle. It is the most famous
used type.6-2oc+ needle 02e".y %ound %odied1: -The needle resembles
hock.C-Cl"ssific"tion "ccordin$ to t)e point "nd t)e s)"ft:
-1-Con.ention"l cuttin$ or con.ention"l s)"rp needle: -The point is
sharp with the cutting edge being provided at the concave
surface.2-(e.erse cuttin$ or re.erse s)"rp needle: -The same as
above but the cutting edge is provided on the conve! surface to
minimi&e cutting ofthe tissue.-T"per cut needle: -The point is
cutting but the body is round.6-Non-cuttin$ needle 0round needle1:
-The point is round and the body is oval, and it causes minimal
traumati&ation of tissue.7-#lunt point needle 0Et)i$u"rd %lunt
t"perpoint1: -The tip of point is blunt.8-Sp"tul"ted needle: -This
type of needle has wide body in relation to the length of the
needle and it has two cuttingedges.II-Suture m"teri"ls-uture
materials are those filaments used to suture the edges of the wound
to permit healing.They should maintain their strength until the
wound has healed, have minimal tissue reaction, notfavorable for
bacteria growth, non-capillary, non-allergic, non-carcinogenic,
easily handled, withgood knot security, and cheap. )nfortunately,
ideal suture material has not been found yet andsurgeon should be
familiar with advantages and disadvantages of suture material to be
used.A-A%sor%"%le suture m"teri"ls: -1-Sur$ic"l c"t$ut: -It is a
popular cheap suture material of collagen obtained from the
submucosa of sheep or serosaof beef intestine, sterili&ed by
gamma radiation and preserved in >9: alcohol, and can?t be
re-sterili&ed.
(laincatgutlosesitsstrengthrapidly(7-=days#andsoitcan?tbeusedincertainregions.
Chromic catgut is obtained by e!posure of plain catgut to chromium
salts, that increasesstrength of the filaments, decreases tissue
reaction, and prolongs duration of absorption (3B-5Bdays#. .ate of
absorption increases when the diameter of the filaments is small,if
the suturee!posed to gastric en&ymes, if infection is present,
and when the region has great blood supply.'s the knot-holding
ability decreases when the suture material is wet, the ends should
be leftslightly longer to minimi&e the chance of knot untying.
*owever, this type of suture material is aprotein and has high
tissue reaction when compared with synthetic forms.2-Coll"$en: -It
is a natural suture material related somewhat to catgut, and
obtained from the fle!or tendons ofsteers. It is smoother, causes
less inflammation than catgut, more uniform than catgut, has less
fray tendency, and used mainly in ophthalmic surgery.-/oly$lycolic
"cid 0De-on D 1 "nd /oly$"l"ctin cmfrom the wound edge of the right
side and drawn B.8 cm from the edge in the same side, then it
passes to the left side (in the same level# then it penetrates B.8
cm from the wound edge and drawn B.> cm from the edge. 't the
left side and with a lower level (B.8 cm# the needle is inserted
B.> cm from the edge and drawn B.8 cm, then it passes to the
right side and inserted B.8 cm from the edge and drawn B.> cm.
Two lines of suture material can be seen parallel to the wound (one
on each side#.-Interruptin$ in.ertin$ m"ttress suture: -This
pattern is similar to the hori&ontal mattress suture. The
needle is inserted B.9 cm from thewound edge parallel to the wound,
penetrates muscularis, and passes downward for B.9 cm, thendrawn.
't the same level where the needle is drawn (but on the other side
of the wound# theneedle is reinserted B.9 cm from the wound edge,
penetrates muscularis, and passes upward, thendrawn at the same
level of the 3st bite. Two lines of suture material can be seen
perpendicular onthe wound, parallel to each other?s, and of the
same length.6-Cus)in$ suture: -It resembles inverting mattress
suture but it is performed in continuous manner, and the mucosa is
not involved. The needle is inserted B.8 cm from the wound edge and
passes parallel to the wound for B.8 cm and drawn, and then it
passes to the other side at the same level and re insertedin a
manner similar to subcuticular suture.7-Connell suture: -It
resemblescushingsuture, but theneedlepassesall intestinal layers,
sothepossibilityofcontamination is higher.8-Sc)emiedenFs suture:
-It is an inverting suture pattern that doesn?t involve the mucosa.
-titches are brought throughfrom inside the gut into the muscularis
and drawn from the serosa.9-Simple interrupted suture: -It
involvesthemucosaandcanbeperformedintwomanners,
eithersimpleinterruptedthatdoesn?t interfere with circulation, or
crushing manner that interferes with blood supply.:-G"m%ee suture:
-In this pattern, the needle is inserted B.9 cm from the edge of
one side into the serosa and drawn form the mucosa, then it passes
to the mucosa of the same side and drawn from the submucosa, then
it passes to the submucosa of the other side, and drawn from the
mucosa, then passes from the mucosa to the serosa.rganic mercury
compounds act as disinfectants by liberating mercury ions
asthiomersolates for wounds, skin, and instruments%-Sil'er
salts*ilver nitrate is an astringent that can be used for corneal
ulcersC-Co++er salts/opper sulfate 8 can be used as astringent
fungicidal and germicidalD-1inc salts?ike 1inc sulfate, 1inc o6ide,
and 1inc chloride--Arsenical
saltsperatingtablesshouldbecleansedaftereach operation with
germicidal solution2)-7uckets should be carefully cleansed and
disinfected2(-ed %y lo5ered sensiti.ity to e-tern"l stimuli 5it)
diminis)ed motor response to suc) stimuliG3-Anesthetic agent: -It
is t)e su%st"nce t)"t produces controll"%le loss of consciousness
"nd "%sence of motor response to no-ious stimuliG4-Analgesic agent:
-It is t)e su%st"nce t)"t tempor"rily "%olis)es "5"reness of
p"in5-Local analgesic: -It is " su%st"nce t)"t 5)en "pplied to t)e
ner.e endin$s or ner.e fi%ers, tempor"rily pre.ents t)e conduction
of impulses %y t)e ner.e, %y interference 5it) tr"nsmission of
impulses concerned 5it) "ppreci"tion of p"inG6-Local analgesia: -It
is t)e loss of sens"tion in " limited "re" of t)e %ody7-egional
analgesia: -It is insensi%ility in " l"r$e "re" of t)e %ody, or it
is " process t)rou$) 5)ic) cert"in re$ion ret"ined
insensi%le!-"arcotic agent: -It is t)e su%st"nce t)"t produces
insensi%ility, or stupor %orderin$ upon it, "nd simple stimuli li+e
noise c"n only produce tempor"ry p"rti"l "rous"lG Accordin$ly "ll
"nest)etic "$ents "re n"rcotic %ut m"ny n"rcotics "re not
"nest)eticsG#-$%¬ic agent: -It is " n"rcotic "$ent t)"t
produces sleepin$, 5)ic) is " st"te of p)ysiolo$ic"l
unconsciousness, from 5)ic) t)e "nim"l c"n e"sily %e "5"+ened %y
5ide ."riety of stimuliG1'-(edati)e: -It is " n"rcotic "$ent t)"t
c"n %e used to c"lm " ner.ous, e-cited, or .icious "nim"l, "nd
t)ese dru$s c"use dro5sinessG11-Ataractic or tran*uili+er: -It is
su%st"nce t)"t produces sed"tion 5it)out dro5sinessGAI*S O!
ANEST2ESIA: -1-2um"nity point of .ie5 li+e pre.ention of p"in
durin$ sur$ic"l interference2-Cre"tion of " s"fe st"te under 5)ic)
t)e sur$eon "nd "ssist"nts c"n 5or+EAA*INATION O! T2E ANI*AL: -T)e
$ener"l condition of t)e "nim"l s)ould %e e."lu"ted "nd recorded
prior to "nest)esi" "nd sur$ery, includin$ )istory, temper"ture,
pulse r"te, "nd respir"tion r"te etcGGGG/(E/A(ATION O! ANI*AL !O(
ANEST2ESIA: -1-!"stenin$ 26 )ours prior to oper"tion2-!luid t)er"py
"ccordin$ to "nim"l st"te-/re"nest)etic medic"tion "ccordin$ to t)e
n"ture of "nest)esi", sur$ery, "nd "nim"l speciesT@/ES O!
ANEST2ESIA: -I-Su%st"nces )".e selecti.e tr"nsient p"r"lytic "ction
on sensory ner.esI-1-Loc"l "n"l$esi"I-1-A-Surf"ce "pplic"tion
I-1-A-i-Topic"l "pplic"tionI-1-A-ii-Intr"-syno.i"l "n"l$esi"I-1-#-
Intr"-derm"l "nd Su%cut"neous infiltr"tion "n"l$esi"I-1-#-i-Intr"
or su%-derm"l infiltr"tionI-1-#-ii-Line"r infiltr"tion
"n"l$esi"I-1-#-iii-!ield %loc+ "n"l$esi" I-1-#-iii-1-Cup
s)"peI-1-#-iii-2-In.erted-L %loc+ I-1-#-iii--(in$ %loc+2-(e$ion"l
"n"l$esi" 2-A-/erineur"l ner.e %loc+2-A-i-/erip)er"l ner.e
%loc+2-A-ii-/"r".erte%r"l ner.e %loc+2-#-Spin"l ner.e
%loc+2-#-i-Epidur"l "n"l$esi"2-#-i-1-C"ud"l
epidur"l2-#-i-2-Se$ment"l lum%"r epidur"l2-#-ii-Intr"t)ec"l
"n"l$esi" or su% "r"c)noidII-Sed"tion, n"rcosis, "nd pre-"nest)etic
medic"tionII-1-In com%in"tion 5it) loc"l or re$ion"l
"n"l$esi"II-2-In "d?unction to $ener"l "nest)esi"III-Su%st"nces
)".e depress"nt p"r"lytic "ction on t)e cns producin$ pro$ressi.e
loss of consciousness "nd .olunt"ry motor function 0$ener"l
"nest)esi"1III-1-#y in)"l"tion 0.ol"tile "nest)esi"1III-2-#y
intr".enous in?ectionIII--#y com%in"tion of t)e mentioned types
5it) or 5it)out premedit"tionGENE(AL CONSIDE(ATIONS IN SELECTING
ANEST2ETIC *ET2OD:1-N"ture "nd m"$nitude of t)e oper"tion: -Loc"l
infiltr"tion is sufficient for simple interferences li+e incision
of superfici"l "%scess or neopl"sm, or c"str"tion in imm"ture
"nim"lsG 2o5e.er some simple sur$ic"l oper"tions c"nHt %e performed
%y loc"l infiltr"tion "s " result of se.ere fi%rosis, temper"ment
of t)e "nim"l, or se.erity "nd intensity of sur$ic"l
procedureG2-Site of oper"tion: -/resence of some critic"l
structures in .icinity of site of oper"tion m"y render loc"l
infiltr"tion insufficient "s t)e mo.ement of t)e "nim"l m"y
end"n$er )is life, "nd t)e e-"mple is t)e sur$ery for
retrop)"ryn$e"l "%scessG-Dur"tion of oper"tion: -T)e dur"tion of
oper"tion "ffects t)e c)oice of "nest)etic met)od, especi"lly 5)en
"doptin$$ener"l "nest)esi"G S)ort-dur"tion, simple dent"l
oper"tions, c"n %e performed %y usin$ ultr"-s)ort "ctin$
%"r%itur"tes, 5)ile lon$er interferences c"n %e performed %y usin$
lon$er-"ctin$ %"r%itur"tes 5it) loc"l "n"l$esi", or in)"l"tion
"nest)esi"G/re-"nest)etic medic"tion s)ould %e considered 5)en t)e
oper"tion is " m"?or oper"tion 5it) lon$ dur"tion "nd it is
reBuired t)"t t)e "nim"l rem"in Buite for se.er"l )ours "fter
sur$eryG /re-"nest)etic medic"tions not only reduce t)e "mount of
"nest)etic "$ent "nd incre"se dur"tion of "nest)esi", %ut "lso
control undesir"%le effect of some "nest)etics li+e
s"li."tionG6-Species "nd %reed of "nim"l: -Not only si>e "nd
temper"ment of t)e "nim"l "ffect t)e c)oice of "nest)etic met)od,
%ut "lso t)e "n"tomy "nd p)ysiolo$y of some species "ffect t)"t
c)oiceG Gener"lly t)e l"r$er si>e "nim"ls )".e $re"ter
difficulties "nd d"n$ers in induction "nd m"inten"nce of $ener"l
"nest)esi"G T)e s"fe s"tisf"ctory met)ods for $ener"l "nest)esi" in
pets m"y %e unsuit"%le for l"r$e "nim"ls, especi"lly for )e".y
.i$orous one, "s t)e upset of locomotor coordin"tion "nd prolon$ed
recum%ency m"y ent"il ris+sGNot "ll species re"ct to dru$s in t)e
s"me m"nner, "s )orse m"y %e e-cited 5)en "dministered
su%-"nest)etic dose of %"r%itur"te, "nd c"t m"y %ecome m"ni"c 5)en
$i.en l"r$e dose of morp)ineGIncre"sed suscepti%ility for to-icity
%y "nest)esi" "ffected %y t5o m"in f"ctors, t)e &rolonged
,asting0predisposes to depletion of li.er $lyco$en "nd reduced
deto-ic"tion c"p"city of non-.ol"tile "nest)etic "$ents1, "nd
disease condition 0to-emi" predisposes to de$ener"tion of
p"renc)ym"tous or$"ns "s li.er le"din$ to reduction of its
deto-ic"tion c"p"city, "lso to-emic "nim"l seems to need sm"ller
dose1GA-T)e 2orse: -T)e "nim"l s)ould %e "deBu"tely restr"ined to
ensure s"fety of t)e .eterin"ri"n "nd t)e "nim"l )imselfG C"stin$
met)ods of conscious "nim"l fri$)tenin$ "nd e-pose )im to in?ury,
"ccordin$ly, m"ny muscle p"r"ly>in$ dru$s c"n %e sued to induce
c"stin$ 5it)out end"n$erin$ t)e "nim"lGT)e possi%ility of %loc+in$
of m"ny perip)er"l ner.es s)ould %e considered, "nd on usin$
"nest)etic met)od t)"t is "ssoci"ted 5it) slo5 reco.ery,
.eterin"ri"ns )".e to ensure t)"t t)is reco.ery period 5ill %e free
from e-citementGSome sed"ti.es "nd non-.ol"tile "nest)etics "re
precluded from use in )orse, "s t)ey donHt )".e some reBuirements
li+eI t)e "%ility of t)e "nim"l to rise to )is feet soon "fter
sur$eryI "nd "t t)e outside 5it)in 1-2 )ours 5it) stron$ enou$)
locomotor po5er "nd coordin"tion to pre.ent t)e "nim"l from
f"llin$G#-(umin"nts: -Gener"lly t)ey "re unsuit"%le c"ndid"te for
in)"l"tion "nest)esi" unless endotr"c)e"l tu%e is used, %ut under
field condition, li$)t $ener"l "nest)esi" %y intr".enous in?ection
)"s s"tisf"ctory resultsG 2o5e.er t)e simpler re$ion"l "n"l$esic
tec)niBues in t)is species "nd side effects of $ener"l "nest)esi"
m"+e re$ion"l "nest)esi" more popul"r in t)ese speciesGC-T)e Do$:
-Gener"l "nest)esi" )"s " )i$) de$ree of perfection in t)is species
t)"t m"+e t)is met)od so popul"r for .eterin"ri"ns not only for
sur$ery %ut "lso for e-"min"tion procedures in t)e "nim"lG Some
%reeds )".e %r"c)icep)"lic s+ull predisposin$ t)em to "sp)y-i" "s "
result ofrel"-"tion of ?"5 muscles durin$ $ener"l "nest)esi" "nd
"ccordin$ly endotr"c)e"l tu%e s)ould %e considered on inducin$
$ener"l "nest)esi" in suc) %reedsGD-T)e C"t: -C"t is " difficult
su%?ect to %e "nest)eti>ed Buietly "nd s"fely "s restr"int
pro.o+es .iolent stru$$lin$G Accordin$ly c"t s)ould %e )"ndled
Buietly 5it) minim"l restr"int t)en $ener"l "nest)esi" c"n %e
induced %y slo5 intr".enous %"r%itur"teG(eferences: 2"ll, CG4G "nd
Cl"r+e, 3G4G 01 hours.3-)nna+s paste Ninc o!ide 39 gm, gelatine 39
gm, glycerine 79 gm, and water 79 ml. 5-agnesium sulfate 7-%oric
acid paste8-2aolin poultice 2aolin, glycerine, aconite, and
water./I-'nti-inflammatoryC -3-CorticoidsC --They are drugs used
for acute noninfectious inflammatory conditions to relief pain and
swelling,and to reduce fibrosis.)sesC -3-.elief of post surgical
pain and swelling, in combination with antibiotics as they lower
immunity.5-.elief of pain due to tenosynovitis, splint, or bucked
shin, by local in4ection.7-.elief of pain and swelling, and lower
fibrosis, when in4ected parenteraly, in combination with cast for
treatment of tendosynovitis.8-.elief of pain during acute arthritis
by intra articular in4ection, in combination with hyaluronic acid,
and must be preceded by radiographs to ensure absence of chip
fracture. This must be performed under aseptic condition and with
compression. It acts on synovial membrane, allowing recovery of
cellular function, reduction of synovial volume, and increasing its
viscosity.-ide effectsC -3-6owering immunity. 'nd predispose to
infection, so it must be used with antibiotics.5-0istruction of
articular cartilage. 7-asking signs of inflammation.8-.apid relief
of pain leading to early forcing of the animal to work and
destruction of affected 4oint, so it should be associated with
rest.ContraindicationsC -3-0uring degenerative arthritis or
reparable fracture of the 4oint.5-In4ection of long acting
corticoid (for 4oint only# into soft tissue as it causes tissue
calcification.7-infection. 8-Counterirritation.9-Chip fracture of
4oint as it masks signs of inflammation, relieves pain, and causes
more destruction of the 4oint by deminerali&ation of bone
fragment and erosion of the cartilage, and increases incidence of
post surgical infection.5-AonsteroidalC -a-$luni!in meglumin.
b-'cetyl salicylic acid (aspirin#c-Indomethacine. d-0iclophinac
sodium.Treatment of chronic inflammationC -Counter irritantC --It
is used to change sub-acute or chronic inflammatory process to a
more acute form in the hope that resolution will occur when the
acute inflammation heals. This occurs via induction of local
hyperemia, increasing blood supply, with subsequent attraction of
more o!ygen, nutrition, and "%Cs for repair of inflamed area, and
resorption of e!udates.3-.ubefacientC --They increase circulation
leading to redness and mild heat, and it should be repeated once or
twice daily as it has temporary relief. It can be used to relief
pain during muscular or 4oint soreness. It has many terms like
iodine ointment, ichthyol, liniments, tightener, brace, and sweat,
with very little difference among them. '-Iodine ointment and
Ichthyol ointmentC -%-6inimentC -i-Camphor and cottonseed oil
ii-Camphor and soap liniment iii-Terpentine oiliv-Chloroform
linimentC -6iniments contain one or more of essential (volatile#
oils, their use on limbs can produce considerable edema and skin
soreness, their blistering effect increases when applied under
bandage, and if the reaction is severe or neglected scars and
denuded areas can result.C-TightenerC --It is any combination of
drugs used to aid removal of edema or synovia of a 4oint capsule or
tendon sheath, so that the tendons are more palpable. The effect is
related to massage and bandage rather than being related to the
drug itself.-Tincture of belladonna 8o&, tannic acid powder
5o&, menthol crystals 5o&, camphor crystals 3o&,and
alcohol q.s.3qt. It shouldn+t be applied over skin soreness, and
should be applied daily and covered with cotton and bandage for 9
days.0--weatC --It is drug used to induce accumulation of moister
over skin, and most products have alcohol can induce such effect.
It must be used under plastic wrapping, oiled silk, or wa!ed
paper.i-'lcohol ii-'lcohol and glycerin1-%raceC --It is a mi!ture
of drugs that used routinely following workouts (at night#, with
massage and compression bandage, to prevent filling of 4oint
capsule or tendon sheath.5-%listers or /esicantsC --It is used for
subacute or chronic inflammation to produce blistering and
inflammation down thesubcutaneous tissue. ,enerally it is
ineffective painful method, especially for bone conditions like
e!ostosis.'-.ed iodide (%iniodide# of mercury and Cantharides
(-panish fly#C -)sesC -3-Chronic inflammation of 4oints 5-Chronic
bone conditions7-Tendonitis, synovitis, or tendosynovitis
8-(ointing of abscess,eneral roles of applicationC -3-Clipping hair
5-.ubbing for 9 minutes 7--hould be removed after >-58 hours.
8-'pplication of petroleum 4elly at the periphery (recautionsC
-3-Cross tying to prevent licking 5-0on+t use it for young
animals.7--houldn+t be used on medial aspect of the thigh 8-Iodide
interferes with interpretation of radiographs. ContraindicationsC
-3-'cute inflammatory conditions 5-9 CA=S-S: -1-Heriditary: -(-Ae:
-The incidence of fracture is higher in young animals, and heavy
animals0-Se.: -3uringse6ual intercourse,
femalesaremoresusceptibletopelvicfracture, whilemales are more
susceptible to fracture of hind limb2->*teritional: -?ow calcium
and phosphorus, high vitamin at*re of land: -,racture is less
fre;uent on soft land and its incidence increases on slipary or
hardlands8-Ani#al te#+er: -,racture is less fre;uent in calm
animals and more fre;uent in vicious animalsB-Ani#al condition and
diseases: -/ancer or skinniness predisposes to fracture
Symptoms:I-L&CAL SI9>S: -1-Pain, restlessness, and laying
down $-*welling&-,unctionimpairment)-