Definition of translation

DEFINITION OF TRANSLATION

PROCESS OF TRANSLATING

DEFINITION AND PROCESS

DEFINITION

Translation is the replacement of textual material in one

language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another

language (TL). (Catford, 1965)

Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another

language in the way that the author intended the text.

(Newmark, 1988: 5)


Translation is studying the lexicon, grammatical structure,

communication situation, and cultural context of the

source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its

meaning, and then reconstructing this same meaning

using lexicon and grammatical structure which are

appropriate in the receptor language and its cultural

context. (Larson, 1984: 3)


ORIGINAL TEXT (source language)

ANALYZING DRAFTING

REVISINGTRANSLATION TEXT

(target language)FINALIZING

PROCESS OF TRANSLATING


MAIN PURPOSES OF ANALYZING

Learning the stylistic scale

(degree of language)

Learning the readership

(age, education, gender)

Understandingwhat it is about

(by reading)


Stylistic Scale (Degree of Formality)

Official

Formal

Neutral

Informal

Colloquialism

Slang

Taboo

(Newmark, 1988)


Official

The consumption of any nutriment is categorically prohibited

in this establishment

Formal

You are requested not to consume food in this establishment

Neutral

Eating is not allowed here


Informal

Please don’t eat here

Colloquialism

You can’t feed your face here

Slang

Lay off the nosh

Taboo

Lay off the fucking nosh


STYLISTIC SCALE and TRANSLATION

Official

Formal

Neutral

Informal

Colloquialism

Slang

Taboo

Official

Formal

Neutral

Informal

Colloquialism

Slang

Taboo

Degree of Formality

target language(translation text)

source language(original text)


THE APPROACHES TO ANALYZING(how do we start translating)

(Newmark, 1988: 21)

You start translating sentence by sentence, for say the first paragraph or

chapter, to get the feel and the tone of the text, and then you

deliberately sit back, review the position, and read the rest of the SL

text. (when you trust your intuition)

You read the whole text two or three times, and find the intention,

register, tone, mark the difficult words and passages and start

translating only when you have taken your bearings. (when you trust your

power of analysis)


ANALYZING DRAFTING REVISING FINALIZING

Understanding & identifying

10 PERCENT 40 PERCENTS 40 PERCENTS 10 PERCENT

general reproduction accuracy naturalness

Time Management

METAPHOR and SIMILE

METAPHOR AND SIMILE

METAPHOR and SIMILE

DEFINITION

A figure of speech used to replace normal or literal language in order help

others understand or enjoy the message.

--- The substitution of one idea or object with another ---

METAPHOR and SIMILE

KINDS OF METAPHOR

Dead Metaphor

Living Metaphor

METAPHOR and SIMILE

Dead Metaphor

A metaphor which has lost its poetic meaning and not considered as

figurative language any longer due to its frequent use

examples:

economic wheel – giant step - etc

Living Metaphor

Considered as figurative language and still contains poetic meaning

ex:

An angry sky - You are a rose among thorns - etc.

METAPHOR and SIMILE

STRATEGIES TO TRANSLATE METAPHOR

1. Translation of metaphor by reproducing the same image

2. Translation of metaphor by replacing the image in SL

with a standard image in TL

3. Translation of metaphor or simile by sense

4. Translation of metaphor by metaphor or simile plus

sense

5. Translation of metaphor by simile

METAPHOR and SIMILE

1. TRANSLATION OF METAPHOR BY REPRODUCING THE

SAME IMAGE

laut cinta langkah raksasa

sea of love giant step

roda perekonomian

economic wheel

sinar harapan

ray of hope

METAPHOR and SIMILE

economic growth

pertumbuhan ekonomi

stony silence angry sky

kebisuan yang membatu langit yang marah

Omar Mochtar is the lion of the desert

Omar Mochtar adalah singa padang pasir

King Richard, the lion heart

Raja Richard, si hati singa

METAPHOR and SIMILE

Tubuh manusia adalah laboratorium hidup

Human body is a living laboratory

Jakarta adalah jantung Indonesia.

Jakarta is the heart of Indonesia

Experience is the best teacher.

Pengalaman adalah guru terbaik

Jerusalem is the city of God.

Yerusalem adalah kota Tuhan

METAPHOR and SIMILE

2. TRANSLATION OF METAPHOR

BY REPLACING THE IMAGE IN SL WITH THE STANDARD

IMAGE IN TL

Your car has wings

Lari mobilmu seperti setan

Mobilmu kencang bagaikan terbang

METAPHOR and SIMILE

3. TRANSLATION OF METAPHOR OR SIMILE BY SENSE

Jerussalem is the city of God

Yerusalem adalah tempat Tuhan menurunkan sebagian wahyu

dan nabiNya.

Time has wings.

Waktu berlalu begitu cepat

METAPHOR and SIMILE

Bagai pungguk merindukan bulan.

Dreaming the impossible thing.

Dia ular berbisa.

He’s very dangerous.

The best advice is found on the pillow.

Setelah tidur nyenyak semalaman, mungkin kita akan

mendapatkan jawaban dari persoalan kita

METAPHOR and SIMILE

The pen is mightier than the sword.

Tulisan dan kata-kata memiliki pengaruh yang lebih besar dari pada senjata dan perang

Stolen fruit is the sweetest.

Sesuatu yang dilarang itu sangat menggoda

An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

Makanan yang sehat menjauhkan kita dari penyakit.

METAPHOR and SIMILE

4. TRANSLATION OF METAPHOR by METAPHOR OR SIMILE

PLUS SENSE

Jerussalem is the city of God

Yerusalem adalah kota Tuhan, karena di tempat inilah Tuhan

menurunkan sebagian wahyu dan nabi-Nya. Yerusalem

dianggap sebagai tempat yang sangat suci oleh umat Yahudi,

Kristen, dan Islam.

METAPHOR and SIMILE

Time has wings.

Waktu bagai memiliki sayap, berlalu begitu cepat.

Dia ular berbisa.

He’s a snake. He’s very dangerous

METAPHOR and SIMILE

5. TRANSLATION OF METAPHOR BY SIMILE

Time has wings

Waktu bagaikan memiliki sayap

METAPHOR and SIMILE

S I M I L E

Tempat ini seperti kuburan.

This place is just like a graveyard

Engkau laksana bintang.

You are like a star

Mohammad Ali, dance like a butterfly, sting like a bee.

Mohammad Ali, menari bagai kupu-kupu, menyengat bagai lebah

METAPHOR and SIMILE

THE DIFFERENCE BEETWEN METAPHOR AND SIMILE

Metaphor is an equation while Simile is an approximation

Metaphor

A wire is a road for electrons

Simile

A good book is like a good meal

Cloud is like cotton candy

S H I F T

TRANSPOSITION AND MODULATION

SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)

S H I F T(TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)

“Transposition is a translation procedure involving a change

in the grammar from SL to TL”(Newmark, 1988: 85)

“Modulasi melibatkan pergeseran makna karena terjadi

perubahan perpektif dan sudut pandang”(Machali, 2000: 69)


SHIFT 1(transposition)

A shift from singular into plural (plural into singular)

bunga-bunga : flowers

banyak rumah : many houses

tiga mobil : three cars

sepasang celana : a pair of trousers


SHIFT 2-AA structural change that involves word-position in phrase

1 - 2 - 3

3 - 2 - 1

rumah - bercat merah - yang besar

big - red - house


long - dark - hair

rambut - hitam pekat - yang panjang

splendid ancient electric train

kereta api listrik kuno yang sangat bagus(Machali, 2000)


phrase with adverb

1 – 2 – 3

3 – 1 - 2

highly - recommended - system

sistem - yang sangat - direkomendasikan


Shift 2-B

A structural change that involves word-position in sentence

Isu tentang HAM sudah kami bahas semenjak lima tahun yang lalu.

We have been discussing the issue of human rights since five years ago

Buku ini harus kamu baca

You must read the book


Shift 3 a change in part of speech

noun + noun noun + noun adverb + verb

verb + noun adj + noun verb + adj


mesin pembunuh

killing machine

bahan kimia chemical material

partai politik political party

...is categorically prohibited.

…dikategorikan terlarang.


in sentence

…… for the pursuit of happiness.

…untuk meraih/ mengejar kebahagiaan.


SHIFT 4 from explicit into implicit

(implicit into explicit)

Pria yang berdiri di sana itu adalah paman saya

The man (who is) standing there is my uncle.

implicit

The man standing there is my uncle


SHIFT 5from clause into particular type of phrase

(phrase into clause) – (phrase with adjective verb)

bayi yang menangis binatang yang berpikir

crying baby thinking animal

burung yang berkicau

singing bird

Jendral yang senantiasa tersenyum

Smiling General


SHIFT 6from word into phrase or clause

(clause into word)

cozy

suasana nyaman, hangat, dan akrab

incommunicado

kondisi terputus komunikasi dengan dunia luar

interchangeability

kondisi bisa saling dipertukarkan


SHIFT 7(modulation)

specific meaning general meaning

padi : rice

gabah: rice

beras : rice

nasi : rice

kakak : brother, sister

adik: : brother, sister

SHIFT OR TRANSPOSITIONNAD MODULATION

paklek : paman : uncle

pakde : paman : uncle

assassinate : membunuh

murder : membunuh

kill : membunuh

anggur : grape

anggur : wine

mendengar : listen

mendengar : hear


SHIFT 8(modulation)

coining a new term for a series of word

train : berlatih

training : pelatihan

trainer : pelatih

trainee : peserta pelatihan

KINDS OF TRANSLATION

&

KINDS OF TEXT

KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT

KINDS OF TRANSLATION

1. Literal translation

2. Communicative/ dynamic/ idiomatic translation

3. Free translation


Literal Translation

Aku ingin berdansa denganmu

I want to dance with you

Suaramu begitu indah

Your voice is so beautiful



Ada sejumlah anak laki-laki sedang menunggu di luar

There are a number of boys waiting outside

Dia tidak percaya kalau hantu itu ada

He doesn’t believe that ghosts exist

Suharto telah meninggal dunia dengan tenang

Suharto has peacefully passed away

Bersatu kita teguh, bercerai kita runtuh

United we stand, divided we fall.


Saya tidak tahu bagaimana dengan orang lain, tapi ketika

saya masih muda dan berumur 20-an, saya takut pada

pernikahan.

I don’t know with other people, but when I was young and about

20’s, I was afraid of marriage.

Kami bangsa Indonesia dengan ini menyatakan

kemerderkaan Indonesia.

We the people of Indonesia herewith to proclaim the

independence of Indonesia


Pemindahan penduduk asli Amerika dari bagian timur Sungai

Mussissipi pertama kali diusulkan Presiden Thomas

Jefferson.

The relocation of the American natives from eastern Mississipi

River was firstly proposed by President Thomas Jefferson.

Burung laut Artik pernah lama berada di urutan teratas

sebagai burung dengan jarak migrasi terpanjang.

Artic seagulls (sea-birds) have long been on the top rank as the

bird with the longest distance of migration.


Communicative/ Dynamic/ Idiomatic(Communicative : Newmark) (Dynamic : Nida) (Idiomatic : Larsen)

Omong-omong

By the way

Tidak bisa!

Nggak mungkinlah!

No way!

Yang benar saja

Give me a break


Sangat baik!

Never better!

Ini hal yang sangat gampang.

It’s a piece of cage.

Awas kaca!

Glass. Don’t touch!

Fragile!

Ayo, ambil keputusan bung!

Tetapkan pilihanmu!

Make up your mind man!


Aquos, unmistakably Japanese

Aquos, produk Jepang yang sempurna

Untuk saat ini namaku tak perlu kusebut

I don’t think I have to mention my name right know.

My name is not important right now.

Pamannya adalah warga banteng

His uncle is the member of PDIP


COMPARING LITERAL TRANSLATION WITH

COMMUNICATIVE-DYNAMIC-IDIOMATIC

• When do we use literal translation?

• When do we use communicative or dynamic

translation?


When literal translation is strongly suggested.

You are what you read.

Kamu adalah apa yang kamu baca.(literal)

Apa yang kamu baca itu akan menunjukkan siapa dirimu

sebenarnya.(communicative)


When communicative & dynamic translation

is strongly suggested and highly recommended

It’s a piece of cage

Ini sepotong kue

Ini hal yang sangat gampang

Awas kaca!

Beware of glass!

Glass. Don’t touch!

Dia masih kosong

She’s still empty

She has no boyfriend


Aquos, unmistakably Japanese

Aquos, produk Jepang yang tak bisa salah.

Aquos, produk Jepang yang sempurna

Untuk saat ini namaku tak perlu kusebut

For this time my name is not necessary to mention

I don’t think I have to mention my name right know

My name is not important right now.

Pamanya adalah anggota banteng

His uncle is the member of buffalo

His uncle is the member of PDIP


“It is not easy to consistently translate idiomatically. A

translator may express some parts of his translation (words,

phrases, clauses, sentences) in very natural forms (idiomatic,

dynamic, communicative), and then in other parts fall back into a

literal form”

(Larsen, 1984: 17)

(Italic letter is addition)


A paragraph

Sentence 1 Sentence 2

Sentence 3 Sentence 4

Sentence 5

(Sentence 1)translated by literal translation

(Sentence 2)translated by communicative/ dyn/ idio

(sentence 3)translated by literal

(Sentence 5)Translated by communicative/ dynamic/ idiomatic

(Sentence 4)translated by literal


KINDS OF TEXT

(BASED ON THE FUCNTION)

EXPRESSIVE TEXT

INFORMATIVE TEXT

VOCATIVE TEXT


EXPRESSIVE FUNCTION

Emphasizing : author centered, personal use, self-oriented, creative, subjective, etc

Used in : poetry, speech, novel, drama, popular writing, etc.

Translation : mostly dynamic & communicative translation

INFORMATIVE FUNCTION

Emphasizing : the content the text, extra-linguistic information, etc

Used in : news, reports, agreement, academic writing, science and technology, etc

Translation : literal & dynamic/ communicative

VOCATIVE FUNCTION

Emphasizing : the readership, persuade readers to act as expected by the author/ writer, etc

Used in : advertising, propaganda, campaign, announcement, instruction, regulation, etc.

Translation : mostly literal

COLLOCATION

COLLOCATION

DEFINITION

Semantically arbitrary restrictions which do not follow logically from the

propositional meaning of a word

(Baker, 1992: 47)

Habitual co-occurrence of individual lexical items(Newmark, 1988)

Kolokasi merupakan kombinasi tetap beberapa kata dimana makna

masing-masing kata pembentuknya pada dasarnya dipertahankan(Simatupang, 1999: 57)

COLLOCATION

COMMON COLLOCATION

• verb plus noun

• noun plus adjective

• noun plus noun

• verb plus adverb

COLLOCATION

Example:

verb and noun

The verb “pay” collocates with noun:

“attention” in “to pay attention”

“respect” in “to pay respect”

“visit” in “to pay a visit”

COLLOCATION

The verb “deliver” collocates with noun:

• speech in “to deliver a speech”

• news in “to deliver news”

• blow in “to deliver a blow”

• verdict in “to deliver a verdict”

• baby in “to deliver a baby”

COLLOCATION

When two words collocate, the relationship can hold between

all or several of their various forms, combined in any

grammatically acceptable order. (Baker, 1992: 47)

“achieve” and “aim”

achieving aims

aims having been achieved

achievable aims

the achievement of an aim

COLLOCATION

COLLOCATION AND TRANSLATION

Where there is an accepted collocation in the source

language, the translator must find and use its

equivalent in the target language if it exists.

COLLOCATION

verb and noun

SOURCE TEXT

- melakukan perjalanan

- membantu kelahiran

- melakukan kunjungan

- menghasilkan uang

- menciptakan perdamaian

- memandu orketra

- minum obat

- makan waktu

- melakukan usaha

TRANSLATION BASED ON

LITERAL MEANING

TRANSLATION BASED ON

COLLOCATION

- do a trip

- assist a baby-birth

- do a visit

- generate money

- create peace

- guide an orchestra

- drink medicine

- eat time

- do a effort

- make a trip

- deliver a baby

- pay a visit

- make (earn) money

- make peace

- conduct an orchestra

- take medicine

- take time

- make an effort

COLLOCATION

verb plus noun

- mengalami kecelakaan

- mengejar bus

- memberikan putusan

- mencurahkan perhatian

- menyampaikan pidato

- etc

- experience an accident

- pursue a bus

- give a verdict

- give attention

- present a speech

- etc

- have an accident

- catch a bus

- deliver a verdict

- pay attention

- deliver a speech

- etc

COLLOCATION

NOUN PLUS NOUN

• pencipta perdamaian

• pecahnya perang

• meletusnya perang

• dampak rumahkaca

• penyakit mental

• etc

peace-creator

the break of war

the eruption of war

greenhouse impact

mental disease

etc

peace-maker

the outbreak of war

the outbreak of war

greenhouse-effect

mental illness

etc

COLLOCATION

NOUN AND ADJECTIVE

tinggi

tall man high mountain

COLLOCATION

lebat

dense forest ---------- heavy/ hard rain

tebal

thick wood ---------- dense fog

cepat

quick response --- fast car --- rapid progress

COLLOCATION

rusak

broken chair damaged item

jauh

far sight long distance

kuat

strong motivation powerful engine

COLLOCATION

VERB AND ADVERB

sangat

highly recommend - strongly suggest

etc

CONNOTATION

AMBIGUITY - NEOLOGISM

Connotation – Ambiguity – Neologism - Jargon

WHAT IS CONNOTATION

“An aura of ideas and feelings suggested by lexical words”.

(Newmark, 1988)

Connotation is what you think of when you hear a word.

It is the images, feelings, and thoughts that accompany

words. (answer.yahoo.com)


KINDS CONNOTATION

Positive Connotation

Neutral Connotation

Negative Connotation


Synonymy

Positiveconnotation

Neutral connotation

Negativeconnotation


Single meaning with different connotation

POSITIVE

Slim/ Slender

Afro-America

Wafat/ Gugur

Jenazah

NEUTRAL

Thin

Black

Meninggal

Mayat

NEGATIVE

Skinny

Negro

Mampus

Bangkai


flower beauty

rose beauty

lily beauty

rainbow beauty

moon beauty

horse strength

buffalo strength

lion bravery

tiger bravery

eagle bravery

CONNOTATION AND ASSOCIATION


snake unseen danger

wolf slyness

chicken coward

worm weakness

donkey stupidity

panda cute

sofa comfort

candle enlightening

castle wealthy

fly happiness

fly speed

etc

CONNOTATION AND ASSOCIATION


cultural connotation and association

Indonesian

tikus : corruptor

banteng : political party

beringin : political party

ayam : pseudonymous prostitute

etc


Connotation and Translation

original text(source language)

translation text(target language)

Positive

Neutral

Negative

Positive

Neutral

Negative


TRANSLATING WITH EQUIVALENT CONNOTATION

ramping/ langsing : slim

kurus : thin

kurus kering : skinny

kerempeng : skinny


AMBIGUITY

Anak dokter yang cantik itu.

The chicken is ready to eat.

Flying planes can be dangerous.

Hunting lions can be dangerous.


NEOLOGISM

Neologism is newly coined lexical units or existing lexical units that

acquire a new sense.

(Newmark, 1988: 140)

A neologism is a word, term, or phrase that has been recently created (or

"coined"), often to apply to new concepts, to synthesize pre-existing

concepts, or to make older terminology sound more contemporary.

Neologisms are especially useful in identifying invention, new

phenomena, or old ideas that have taken on a new cultural context.

(wikipedia.org)


Neologism

e-mail

eco-friendly

supernova

global-warming

greenhouse-effect

black hole

Agrowisata

jagawana

etc


NEOLOGISM AND TRANSLATION(how to translate neologism)

Loan word (transference)e-mail emailsupernova supernovabiogas biogas

naturalizationbiotechnology bioteknologitelevision televisi

word by wordglobal-warming pemanasan globalgreenhouse-effect dampak rumah kacablack hole lubang hitam

Definition of translation

Documents

simile metaphor

simile dead metaphor

process definition translation

process translation

source language text

sl text

translation of metaphorby

figurative language