Definition: "Motivation is defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. Motivation is what causes us to act, whether.

MOTIVATIONMOTIVATION

DR: AMIR EL-FIKY.DR: AMIR EL-FIKY.

Definition:Definition:

"Motivation is defined as the process that

initiates, guides and maintains goal-

oriented behaviors. Motivation is what

causes us to act, whether it is getting a

glass of water to reduce thirst or

reading a book to gain knowledge."

- Motives can be innate or acquired. - Innate motives are characterized by

being: 1-Universal: found in all members of the

species. 2-Permanent: Found (active or inactive) all

the time. 3-Present since birth. However, the separation between innate

motive and other motive is not very well delineated.

I- Biological Motives: I- Biological Motives:

- - Such as hunger, thirst, sleep,

temperature, pain and sex .

- Have their origin in the physiological

state of the body.

- These motives can be aroused by

changes of the balanced or homeostatic

levels of body processes.

General drives, like biological drives, are

inborn. Unlike biological drives, they do not

appear to operate on the principle of

homeostasis.

Three general drives of particular interest are:

1. The curiosity drive

2. The activity drive.

3. The affectional drive.

- These are motives mainly stimulated and

perpetuated by social stimuli and habits.

- These are mostly learned motives that

involve other people.

- One way to look at acquired motives is to

think of them as somewhat stable,

persistent behavioral tendencies.

1. Need for achievement.2. Need for autonomy.3. Need for order.4. Need for affiliation.5. Need for dominance.6. Need for exhibition.7. Need for aggression.

Sigmund Freud, the father of

psychoanalysis, believed that motives can

be unconscious.

Freud asserted that there is a force in the

mind called repression.

The two kinds of motives that tend to be

repressed are forbidden sexual desires

and forbidden aggressive urges.

Psychologist Abraham Maslow first

introduced his concept of a hierarchy of

needs in his 1943 paper "A Theory of Human

Motivation".

This hierarchy suggests that people are

motivated to fulfill basic needs before

moving on to other needs.

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