Défense et illustration de la dissuasion nucléaire

8/2/2019 Dfense et illustration de la dissuasion nuclaire

1/31

vgl`gvl`g|!

bnlwhgmr|

u u u - a v | r v o r g e k g - n v e

Fvwmn rgvrvok| Horvg bg vgl`gvl`g io Anmborknm tnwv io Vgl gvl`g \rvorekwg

Bagm|g gr kiiw|rvorknm bg

io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg

M 47.64??

Oqgl ig |nwrkgm bg io Bieorknm owp oaaokvg| |rvorekwg|


2/31

BGAGM\G GR KIIW\RVORKNM BG IO BK\\WO\KNM MWLIGOKVG VGL@GVL@G\ !BNLWHGMR\ M47.64??

bkr gr bkaaw| tov io Anmborknm tnwv io Vgl`gvl`g \rvorekqwg65 vwg Bohg|hg 574?< TOVK\

K\\M : ?;117?71K\FM : ;506;???4?171

GOM : ;506;???4?171

UUU-AV\RVORGEKG-NVE 65) VWG BOHG\HG 574?


3/31


A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G


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5/31

A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G 7

BGAGM\G GR KIIW\RVORKNM BG IO

BK\\WO\KNM MWLIGOKVG

Ig| hk|g| gm low|g bg io bk||wo|knm nmr rnwjnwv| gpk|r- Hok| giig| |g hwirktikgmr bgtwk|io vgiomlg bw bfor |wv ig b|ovhghgmr mwliokvg gm 64456440 : ovrklig| bg io Fombgbg| _worvg gr kmkrkorkg| bw Mwligov \glwvkr{ Tvnjglr (Mwligov R`vgor Kmkrkorkg+ 3twfiklorknm| |wv iofnikrknm bg iKmrgvmorknmoi Km|rkrwrg anv \rvorgekl \rwbkg| gr bwLovmgekg Gmbnuhgmr anv Kmrgvmorknmoi Tgolg 3 iomlghgmr bw tvnjgr Einfoi Zgvn 3

bk|lnwv| tvnmnml Tvoewg tov H- Nfoho 3 gr |nwrkgm olrka bg qwgiqwg| bktinhorkg|morknmoig| (mnrohhgmr mnvekgmmg) kviombok|g gr `girkqwg lgrrg bgvmkvg o||k|rg tovig Lnhkr kmrgvmorknmoi bg io LvnkpVnweg+ owp rvoowp bg tiw|kgwv| nveomk|orknm| mnmenwgvmghgmroig| gr bg lgmrvg| bg vgl`gvl`g bom| lg bnhokmg-?

Tiw| qwg johok|) io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg |g rvnwg okm|k orroqwg io ank| tov ioeowl`g gr tov io bvnkrg - Owp ovewhgmr| rvobkrknmmgi| nttn|| bgtwk| inmerght| io bk||wo|knm (hnvoikr) ieoikr) lvbkfkikr+ |nmr b|nvhok| ojnwr| : bwmg tovr)igpk|rgmlg bg mnwgowp vk|qwg| aolg owpqwgi| io bk||wo|knm g|r jweg hnkm| tgvrkmgmrg(tvnikavorknm) rgvvnvk|hg+ gr bnmr ig| vk|qwg| jw|rkakgvokgmr) ikmgv|g) boiigv gv| igb|ovhghgmr 3 gr) bowrvg tovr lgiig boirgvmorkg| qwk |gvokgmr b|nvhok| tiw| lvbkfig|

(hn{gm| lnmgmrknmmgi|) bagm|g| omrkhk||kig|+- \{ ojnwrg io lnhtigpkaklorknm bwvlkr bg io Ewgvvg avnkbg) bnmr inwgvrwvg bg| ovl`kg| o vi bg| tvki| |nw|g|rkh| itnqwg-6

Ig rgprg qwk |wkr o tnwv fwr bg vtnmbvg lg| hk|g| gm low|g) qwk lnmlgvmgmr io ank|igaaklolkr) io iekrkhkr gr ig| bomegv| |wttn|| bg io bk||wo|knm-

? Qnkv tov gpghtig Uovb Uki|nm) R`g H{r` na Mwligov Bgrgvvgmlg ) R`g Mnmtvnikagvorknm Vgkgu) ni- ?7)m ) Tovk|) Nbkig Jolnf) 64??-


6/31


Ki gpk|rg bg fnmmg| vok|nm| bg tgm|gv qwg io bk||wo|knmmwliokvg o fgi gr fkgm anmlrknmm bgtwk| ?;27

Iovhg mwliokvg |g|r ovg gaaklolg lnhhg km|rvwhgmr bg tvgmrknmbg io ewgvvg

Ki g|r khtn||kfig) tov bakmkrknm) bg tvnwgv ow |gm| hor`horkqwg bw rgvhg igaaklolkrbg io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg) twk|qwg lgiiglk lnm|k|rg tvgmkv io ewgvvg- Rnwrgank|) igvglwi `k|rnvkqwg bnmr mnw| bk|tn|nm| b|nvhok|) twk|qwg lgrrg ovhg o r kmgmrg ki { otv| bg |nkpomrgbkp om|) tgvhgr brofikv qwgiqwg| aokr| qwk) tvk| gm|ghfig) |weevgmrqwg io bk||wo|knm o r gaaklolg-

Ki m{ o to| gw bg lnmaikr gmrvg evombg| twk||omlg| bgtwk| tv| bg 54 om|- Io r`|g

|ginm ioqwgiig lg|r iovhg mwliokvg tiwrr qwg ikmrgvbtgmbomlg lnmnhkqwg nwi`vkroeg bg| lnmaikr| hnmbkowp qwk o tv|gv io tokp bgtwk| ?;27 o r bagmbwg tovtiw|kgwv| owrgwv|) bnmr mnrohhgmr Jn`m Iguk| Eobbk|) Cgmmgr` Uoirz gr Hkl`ogi_wkmiom-< Nm tgwr { ojnwrgv wmg lnhtovok|nm `k|rnvkqwg) qwk hnmrvg qwg iof|gmlg bgewgvvg gmrvg evombg| twk||omlg| tgmbomr wmg ow||k inmewg bwvg g|r wm aokr wmkqwg bom|i`k|rnkvg bg| ror| hnbgvmg|- Ki { gm ookr gw wmg kmerokmg ow lnwv| bg| |nkpomrgbkpommg| qwk ookgmr |wkk io tokp bg Ug|rt`oikg (?120+- Gr bom| ig| |gtr blgmmkg| |wkomrig Lnmev| bg Qkgmmg (?0?7+) nm gm vglgm|g ow hnkm| |kp-2

Ki m{ o johok| gw bg lnmaikr nwgvr gmrvg ror| mwliokvg|-7 Owbgi bg lgrrg |khtiglnm|rororknm) bgwp rwbg| qwomrkrorkg| vlgmrg| nmr bhnmrv) |rork|rkqwg| `k|rnvkqwg|

iottwk) qwg io tn||g||knm bg iovhg mwliokvg tov bgwp obgv|okvg| vbwk|okr) rnwrg|l`n|g| eoig| tov okiigwv|) ig| vk|qwg| bwm oaavnmrghgmr bkvglr gmrvg gwp-1 Tov okiigwv|)iniwrknm bg io |krworknm gm O|kg bgtwk| ?;2; tgvhgr wmg lnhtovok|nm `k|rnvkqwgkmrvg||omrg- Io L`kmg) iKmbg gr ig Tock|rom |g |nmr forrw| gm ?;16) gm ?;17 gr gm ?;5?-Bgtwk| io lnm|rkrwrknm bg lg| rvnk| to{| gm twk||omlg| mwliokvg|) rnw| |g |nmr of|rgmw|bgmeoegv bg| ntvorknm| ovnrgvvg|rvg| khtnvromrg| lnmrvg ig rgvvkrnkvg bg iowrvg-

Owlwm to{| bk|tn|omr bg iovhg mwliokvg mo johok| r gmo k- Io tvntn|krknm |ginmioqwgiig io tn||g||knm bg iovhg mwliokvg g|r wmg o||wvomlg lnmrvg ikmo|knm bwrgvvkrnkvg bg iror qwk io brkgmr tgwr giig ow||k rvg rg|rg rvogv| ig| lvk|g| veknmoig|-K|voi ookr r gmo`k gm ?;20- Hok|) gm ?;5< (oinv| qwg ig to{| tn||bokr iovhg

mwliokvg gr qwg |g| nk|km| ig |ookgmr+) ig| anvlg| obgv|g| |g eovbvgmr bg tmrvgv lgbgvmkgv) gr |g ikhkrvgmr bikfvhgmr wmg naagm|kg bom| ig| rgvvkrnkvg| bk|twr| (\kmo)

< Qnkv mnrohhgmr Jn`m Iguk| Eobbk|) R`g Inme Tgolg) Mgu [nvc) Npanvb Wmkgv|kr{ Tvg||) ?;;4-2 Gm lnhtromr ig| lnmaikr| |wkomr| : ewgvvg avomlng|toemnig (?06


7/31



Eniom+-5 Lg|r bnml rnvr qwg ig| lvkrkqwg| bg io bk||wo|knm tvgmmgmr rhnkm io ewgvvgbw Ckttnwv lnhhg tvgwg bwmg kmgaaklolkr bg io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg-0 IKmbg |g|rvgrgmwg bgmeoegv wmg ntvorknm ho||kg lnmrvg ig Tock|rom gm ?;;4 (lvk|g bwLol`ghkvg+) ?;;; (lvk|g bg Coveki+) 6446 (ntvorknm Tovocvoh+ gr 6440 (tn|rHwhfok+)oinv| qwgiig iookr aokr gm ?;17 gr gm ?;5?- Ki gpk|rg wm owrvg gpghtig bg lvk|g tvk|g

rhnkm tov lgwp qwk lnmrg|rgmr io oikbkr `k|rnvkqwg bg io bk||wo|knm : lgiig bg|Hoinwkmg| (?;06+- Rnwrgank|) ki mg |oek||okr to| bw rgvvkrnkvg morknmoi fvkrommkqwg) hok|bwmg btgmbomlg bg io Lnwvnmmg (Fvkrk|` Bgtgmbgmr Rgvvkrnv{+ bnmr vkgm mkmbkqwokrqwgiig rokr lnwgvrg tov io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg-; Ki |gvokr gm nwrvg hoi gmw bg tvgmbvglg| bgwp lvk|g| rhnkm tnwv oaakvhgv qwg io bk||wo|knm iovekg) twk|qwg lgrrg bgvmkvg onlorknm lnwvkv bg| kmrvr| fkgm tiw| g||gmrkgi| tnwv ig tvnrglrgwv qwg bg rgi|rgvvkrnkvg|-?4 Tov gpghtig) ow rght| bg io Ewgvvg avnkbg) iOiighoemg rokr tiw|khtnvromrg tnwv ig| ror|Wmk| qwg Tnvrn Vkln-

Owlwm to{| gptiklkrghgmr tvnre tov wm tovotiwkg mwliokvg mo johok| aokrinfjgr bwmg orroqwg hkikrokvg ho||kg- Klk gmlnvg) io tvgwg bg igaaklolkr bg io

bk||wo|knm g|r kbghhgmr bkaaklkig ottnvrgv) hok| io bhnm|rvorknm tgwr rvg aokrg olnmrvovkn- Ig| ror|Wmk| |of|rkmvgmr bgmo`kv Lwfo gm ?;16) hok| m`|krvgmr to| gmo`kv io Evgmobg gm ?;0< nw iKvoc gm 644


8/31



|glnmb lnmaikr hnmbkoi) qwk o tnvr ow tovnp{|hg ikmbw|rvkoik|orknm bg io ewgvvg- Tnwvbg| owrgwv| rgi| qwg Vnfgvr Jgvk| nw Jn`m Hwgiigv) iovhg mwliokvg owvokr okm|k jnw wmvig hovekmoi bom| io tv|gvorknm bg io tokp ow lnwv| bg io bgwpkhg tovrkg bwPPhg |klig-?6 Nm o tw blvkvg ow||k iWmknm |nkrkqwg lnhhg wmg twk||omlg bw |rorwqwn) tgw b|kvgw|g bg tvgmbvg ig vk|qwg bwm lnmaikr gm Gwvntg-

Hok| lg| gptiklorknm| mg |nmr to| vgiighgmr |ork|aok|omrg|-

Iollvnk||ghgmr bw lnhhgvlg kmrgvmorknmoi tovrkv bg ?054 lg qwg inm o tovank|ottgi io tvghkvg hnmbkoik|orknm mookr to| ghtl` io Tvghkvg Ewgvvg hnmbkoig)lnmrvokvghgmr lg qwg|tvokgmr lgvrokm| owrgwv| bg itnqwg (io Evombg kiiw|knm bgMnvhom Omegii+- Ig |gmrkhgmr qwg lgiiglk |gvokr io bgv bg| bgv| ow w bg |nmrgvvkfig fkiom) gr io lnm|rvwlrknm bwm mnwgi nvbvg kmrgvmorknmoi (fo| |wv io \nlkr bg|Morknm|+ mookgmr to| mnm tiw| ghtl` io \glnmbg-?< Cgmmgr` Uoirz vottgiig qwg bom| wm hnmbg lnmgmrknmmgi) hhg ig| ignm| lkmeiomrg| gr rvoekqwg| |g |nmrhnmrvg| gprvonvbkmokvghgmr bkaaklkig| ottvgmbvg tnwv ig| ror| -?2 Wm owrvg gptgvr

ohvklokm |weevg qwg ig| ovewhgmr| lwirwvgi| |wvg|rkhgmr io bwvofkikr bg |{|rhg|bg oigwv| `k|rnvkqwghgmr lnmrkmegmr|) gr |nw|g|rkhgmr evoghgmr lgiig bw lovolrvglgmrvoi bg io lnhtrkrknm) bg io tgwv) bg ikmlgvrkrwbg) gr bw tnwnkv -?7 _womr iovewhgmr bg io bhnlvork|orknm) ikbgmlg ki mg rkgmr to| : itnqwg bg io Ewgvvgavnkbg) ig| tvkmlktowp obgv|okvg| bg| to{| nllkbgmrowp (qwk gwphhg| mrokgmr to|rnwjnwv| bhnlvorkqwg|+ rokgmr bg| vekhg| owrnvkrokvg|- Gmakm) vottginm| qwg ig mnhfvgbg lnmaikr| kmrgvmorknmowp mo lnhhgml bkhkmwgv qw io akm bg| ommg| ?;04- Griovhg mwliokvg mo to| ghtl` ig| evombg| twk||omlg| bkmrgvgmkv bom| bg| lnmaikr|hgwvrvkgv| (Lnvg) Qkgrmoh) Oae`omk|rom+-

Tgv|nmmg) fkgm |v) mg tgwr |onkv lg qwk |g |gvokr to|| |k wmg ewgvvg avnkbg mnm

mwliokvg |rokr bvnwig gm Gwvntg- Rnwrgank|) nm tgwr oomlgv ig |lmovkn |wkomr :|om| ovhg| mwliokvg|) ig| ror|Wmk| owvokgmr |om| bnwrg `|kr lnm|kbvofighgmr eovomrkv io |lwvkr bg iGwvntg) gr |gvokgmr hhg tgwrrvg vggmw| igwv k|niorknmmk|hg

?6 Qnkv mnrohhgmr Jn`m Hwgiigv) Vgrvgor avnh Bnnh|bo{- R`g Nf|nig|lgmlg na Hojnv Uov) Mgu [nvc) Fo|klFnnc|) ?;0;- Tnwv wmg mnrg kmrvg||omrg |wv ig vig tn||kfig bg io tvnkbgmlg gr |wvrnwr |wv lgiwk bg ieik|g(JgomTowi KK+ bom| ig lnmrgprg bg io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg) nkv Avomnk| @gk|fnwve) Io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg orgiig tv|gv io tokp > km Kfkb- (bkv-+)Ommwokvg |rvorekqwg gr hkikrokvg 6447) Tovk|) Gbkrknm| Nbkig Jolnf) 6447-

?< Lgvrokm| owrgwv| (Uovb Uki|nm) R`g H{r` na Mwligov Bgrgvvgmlg ) nt- lkr-+ lvnkgmr tnwnkv oomlgv qwg io\glnmbg ewgvvg hnmbkoig g|r io tvgwg bwm l`gl bg io bk||wo|knm hwrwgiig) lov ig| tvnroenmk|rg| bk|tn|okgmrbovhg| l`khkqwg|- Lgr ovewhgmr mo kbghhgmr owlwm |gm| : tgv|nmmg mo johok| tvrgmbw qwg ig| ovhg| l`khkqwg| tnwokgmr tv|gvgv io tokp- Ow bghgwvomr) igmrgmrg rolkrg |wv igwv mnmghtink ow lnwv| bw lnmaikr lnmanvrgtiwrr io inekqwg bg bk||wo|knm- (O lnmrvovkn) ig Jotnm wrkik|o bg| ovhg| l`khkqwg| lnmrvg io L`kmg) qwk mgm ookrto|-+ Qnkv \rgt`gm I- HlAoviomb) Tvgtovkme anv U`or Mggv Lohg: L`ghkloi omb Fkninekloi Uovaovg km UnvibUov KK ) Bgagm|g Omoi{|k|) ni- 6) m 6) jwkm ?;01-?2 Cgmmgr` M- Uoirz) Mwligov H{r`| omb Tnikrkloi Vgoikrkg| ) R`g Ohgvklom Tnikrkloi \lkgmlg Vgkgu) ni- 02)m


9/31


A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G ;

rvobkrknmmgi 3 gr |om| io tvnrglrknm ohvklokmg) io rgmrorknm tnwv Hn|lnw bg tnw||gv |g|tknm| |wv ig lnmrkmgmr owvokr |om| bnwrg r fgowlnwt tiw| anvrg-?1

Gr lnhhg ig bkr Hklògi _wkmiom) nm tgwr tvrgmbvg qwg iovhg mwliokvg o tv|gv iotokp |om| tn|rwigv wm b|kv lnm|romr bg io tovr bg Hn|lnw bg lnmqwvkv iGwvntg 3 ki

|waakr bg |weevgv qwg |k ig lnmaikr ovh mookr to| r |k homkag|rghgmr kmrnivofig) igaiwp gr ig vgaiwp bg io avklrknm owvokr tw rvg ev ogl hnkm| bg tvlowrknm) gr igeik||ghgmr rr nw rovb gv| io ewgvvg) io homkvg bg ?;?2 nw bg ?; ?0

Giig| mg ig |nmr to| mnm tiw| tnwv lg qwk lnmlgvmg ig| twk||omlg| veknmoig| : nm o bwhoi lvnkvg qwg ig| aolrgwv| tnikrkqwg|) lnmnhkqwg| gr lwirwvgi| hgmrknmm| tiw| òwrtwk||gmr gptikqwgv gwp |gwi| iof|gmlg bg ewgvvg lnmgmrknmmgiig hojgwvg khtikqwomrK|voi) iKmbg nw ig Tock|rom bgtwk| qwg lg| to{| tn||bgmr iovhg mwliokvg- ?;

Io bk||wo|knm o gw wm gaagr bg ikhkrorknm bg iohtigwv gr bg ikmrgm|kr bg| oaavnmrghgmr|gmrvg evomb| ror|: |k ig| lvk|g| gm Gwvntg) okm|k qwg ig| ewgvvg| gm O|kg gr ow Hn{gmNvkgmr mnmr to| bemv gm lnmaikr| hnmbkowp) lg|r |om| bnwrg gm evombg tovrkg evlg iovhg mwliokvg- Io tgwv bg io ewgvvg mwliokvg gr ig| tvlowrknm| tvk|g| tov ig|vg|tnm|ofig| bw rght| bg io Ewgvvg avnkbg tnwv vbwkvg ig| vk|qwg| boaavnmrghgmr bkvglrnmr r orrg|rg| tov wmg rwbg lniiglrkg qwk tvgmb ig lnmrvgtkgb bg| r`|g| bg Hwgiigv- 64\om| oiigv jw|qw tvrgmbvg qwg iornhg vgmb |oeg (gptvg||knm o||nlkg ow emvoiTnkvkgv+) wm omlkgm vg|tnm|ofig vw||g oaakvhg okm|k qwg ig| ovhg| mwliokvg| nmr r wm

anvhkbofig km|rvwhgmr lkkik|orgwv tnwv ig| ikrg| Sohvklokmg| gr |nkrkqwg|X- Giig|nmr tgvhk| btwvgv igwv| vome| bg| vobklowp gr bg| kbninewg|) gr giig| nmr vgmanvl iohokm bg| tvoehorkqwg| qwk lnm|kbvokgmr qwg igwv tvkmlktoi nfjglrka rokr bkrgv wmgewgvvg mwliokvg nw rnwr oaavnmrghgmr qwk ookr io tn||kfkikr bg bemvgv gm lnmaikrmwliokvg -6?

Io bk||wo|knm tgwr rvg lnm|kbvg) igprvhg) lnhhg wm fkgm lnhhwm bgi`whomkr- Giig o |om| bnwrg aolkikr io vlnmlkikorknm gmrvg io L`kmg gr ig| ror|Wmk|)nw io tokp gmrvg K|voi gr ie{trg- Gr ig| ror| mnm mwliokvg| gm nmr fmaklk- \om| io

?1 \wv lg r`hg nkv Johg| \lìg|kmegv) R`g Khtolr na Mwligov Ugotnm| nm @k|rnv{ ) R`g Uo|`kmernm_wovrgvi{) ni- ?1) m 2) owrnhmg ?;;64 Jn`m Iguk| Eobbk| gr oi- (bkv-+) Lnib Uov \rorg|hgm Lnmavnmr r`g Fnhf- Mwligov Bktinhol{ |kmlg ?;27) Mgu[nvc) Npanvb Wmkgv|kr{ Tvg||) ?;;;- Qnkv eoighgmr Jn`m E- @kmg| gr oi-) \nkgr Kmrgmrknm| ?;17?;07)HlIgom) R`g FBH Lnvtnvorknm) ?;;7-6? \gvegk Covoeomn) Mwligov Ugotnm| km r`g Hnbgvm Unvib ) km @ovnib Fvnum gr oi-) Mwligov Bk|ovhohgmr

omb Mnmtvnikagvorknm) Vgtnvr rn r`g Rvkiorgvoi Lnhhk||knm) m 12) 64?4) t- 17- Wm owrvg owrgwv tovig bwm ottvknk|ghgmr bg| evombg| twk||omlg| : Enbavkgb om Fgmr`gh om bgm Fgve`) R`g Rohkme na r`g EvgorMwligov Tnugv|) Tnikl{ Nwrinnc) Lovmgekg Gmbnuhgmr anv Kmrgvmorknmoi Tgolg) 644;-


10/31


A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G ?4

bk||wo|knm) ki g|r inkm brvg lgvrokm qwg iGwvntg owvokr tw |g vgiggv ow||k votkbghgmrotv| io ewgvvg) nw qwg iO|kg owvokr lnmmw ig hhg blniioeg lnmnhkqwg |tglrolwiokvgbom| ig| ommg| ?;;4- Ki g|r hhg |weev qwgiig o lnmrvkfw io akm bg io Ewgvvgavnkbg : giig owvokr aolkikr ig vgrvokr bg| rvnwtg| |nkrkqwg| bGwvntg lgmrvoig grnvkgmroig) gm lnm|rkrwomr wmg o||wvomlg lnmrvg io tgvrg bw eiolk| -66

Ow v|wiror) nm mg tgwr qwg |nw|lvkvg io tvntn|krknm bg Hkl`ogi N@ominm : Tgwrrvgig| ovhg| mwliokvg| mnmrgiig| lnmrvkfw qwg bg aonm hovekmoig io tv|gvorknm bgio tokp tov ig to|| (--+- Hok| ig| vg|tnm|ofig| tnikrkqwg| agvokgmr fkgm bg mg rg|rgv lgrrg

tvntn|krknm qwogl tvlowrknm -6


11/31


A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G ??

Lg| bgwp ovewhgmr| |nmr lnmrg|rofig|- (?+ Io igrrvg bw tv|kbgmr Fw|` aok|okrgaaglrkghgmr ror bg rvnk| |lmovkn|- Hok| lgrrg igrrvg qwg H- Ozkz ookrvgaw| bg tvgmbvg ookr r bnwfig bwm ogvrk||ghgmr nvoi |nigmmgi)rvom|hk| tov io nkp bg H- Focgv) qwk mg lnmlgvmokr) iwk) qwg ightink bovhg|

l`khkqwg| nw fkninekqwg|- Lgvrg|) ig \glvrokvg bror nqwokr gm|wkrg iohgmolg bwm l`omeghgmr bg vekhg) hok| ki |nw`okrokr ow||k) bg |nm tvntvgogw) iok||gv gmrgmbvg qwwmg vktn|rg mwliokvg rokr tn||kfig- Gr lgrogvrk||ghgmr ookr r bnwfi bg hgmolg| twfikqwg| aokrg| tov bowrvg|vg|tnm|ofig| bg iobhkmk|rvorknm ohvklokmg (mnrohhgmr H- L`gmg{+-61 (6+Ig| kmrgvvneornkvg| bg \obboh mg |nmr ewvg lnmokmlomr|) lov iomlkgm l`gabg iror kvockgm hgmr |nm kmrgvvneorgwv- IKvoq \wvg{ Evnwt o) gm gaagr)twfik bom| |nm vottnvr akmoi (6447+) io rvom|lvktrknm bwmg vwmknm bg|tvkmlktowp bkvkegomr| kvockgm|) boromr bw bfwr bg iommg ?;;?) bom| ioqwgiigki ottovor |om| bnwrg tn||kfig qwg \obboh ookr bnmm invbvg bg hgrrvg gmoigvrg ig| hn{gm| l`khkqwg| gr fkninekqwg| bw to{|) ogl tnwv lkfig|

tvkmlktoig| K|voi gr iOvofkg |onwbkrg- Gr vkgm mkmbkqwg) bom| io lnmgv|orknm)qwg ig| |gwig| lkvlnm|romlg| bom| ig|qwgiig| ki owvokr wrkik| lg| hn{gm|owvokgmr r io tvk|g bg Foebob nw ightink bovhg| mwliokvg|-65

Ki mg|r kbghhgmr to| tn||kfig bg bkvg ogl lgvrkrwbg qwg lg|r io bk||wo|knmmwliokvg (ohvklokmg gr.nw k|voikgmmg+ qwk o tgvhk| bkrgv ightinkbovhg| l`khkqwg| nw fkninekqwg| tov iKvoc- Hok| iwk bmkgv rnwr vig mg|ghfig to| lvbkfig-

Ig| eovomrkg| bg |lwvkr nmr lnmrvkfw ikhkrgv io tvnikavorknm mwliokvg- Ig vig bg|eovomrkg| bg |lwvkr lnhtvgmomr wmg bkhgm|knm mwliokvg ( tovotiwkg mwliokvg + bom|io tvgmrknm bg io tvnikavorknm |ghfig fkgm rofik-60 Gm Gwvntg) bom| ig| ommg| ?;24gr ?;74) tiw|kgwv| to{| ookgmr r rgmr| bg |g bnrgv bg iovhg mwliokvg) hok| {vgmnmlvgmr bgomr igmeoeghgmr ohvklokm bg bagmbvg ig lnmrkmgmr) { lnhtvk| tov bg|hn{gm| mwliokvg| : lg awr ig lo| bg io Mnveg) bg iOiighoemg) hok| ow||k bg io \wbg(qwk g|rkhokr fmaklkgv bwmg eovomrkg kmbkvglrg+- Gm O|kg) ig tovotiwkg mwliokvgohvklokm o tgvhk| bg vbwkvg lnm|kbvofighgmr io rgmrorknm mwliokvg ow Jotnm) gmLnvg bw \wb gr gm Ow|rvoikg- Fkgm kbghhgmr) lg| eovomrkg| mg |nmr to| anvlhgmr

mlg||okvg| ) gr mg |nmr to| rnwjnwv| |waak|omrg| ) tnwv ig vgmnmlghgmr owmwliokvg-6; Hok| lgio mgmig vkgm igwv khtnvromlg-

61 Qnkv Ukiikoh H- Ovckm) Loilwiorgb Ohfkewkr{: Mwligov Ugotnm| km r`g Ewia Uov ) R`g Uo|`kmernm_wovrgvi{) ni- ?;) m 2) owrnhmg ?;;1-65 Lgmrvoi Kmrgiikegmlg Oegml{) BLK \tglkoi Obk|gv Vgtnvr nm Kvoq| UHB) \obboh| Tgv|nmoi Kmnighgmrkm UHB Tiommkme ) Vgekhg \rvorgekl Kmrgmr Ommgp B) hov| 6447-60

Qnkv Fvwmn Rgvrvok|) \glwvkr{ O||wvomlg| omb r`g Awrwvg na Tvnikagvorknm ) km Johg| J- Ukvrz ! Tgrgv Ion{)Ngv r`g @nvkznm Tvnikagvorknm R`vgor|) \romanvb) \romanvb Wmkgv|kr{ Tvg||) 64??-6; Iovewhgmr g|r ooml tov Fgvv{ gr oi-) nt- lkr-) t-


12/31



Uovb Uki|nm gr ig bfor |wv ig fnhfovbghgmr bg| qkiig|

Ig bfor |wv igaaklolkr bg io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg o r vgk|kr tov wmgptgvr ohvklokm kmbtgmbomr) Uovb Uki|nm (qwk o vgw wmg khtnvromrgbnmorknm akmomlkvg bwm to{| mnvbkqwg+) bnmr ig| rvoowp `k|rnvkqwg|iohmgmr mnrohhgmr oomlgv qwg lgrrg gaaklolkr mg tgwr to| rvg o||wvg)lov ig fnhfovbghgmr bg| kiig| mg |waakr to| lnmliwvg klrnvkgw|ghgmr wmgewgvvg-


13/31


A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G ?


14/31


Romr ikhhnvoikr qwg ikiieoikr bg io bk||wo|knmmwliokvg vg|rgmr bk|lwrofig|

r`kqwg bg io bk||wo|knmIo lvkrkqwg bnvbvg r`kqwg bg io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg tnvrg |wv tiw|kgwv| tnkmr| bk|rkmlr|)qwk vglnwvgmr tgw nw tvnw ig| ihgmr| bg io r`nvkg bg io ewgvvg jw|rg (bk|rkmlrknm)mlg||kr) tvntnvrknmmoikr) grl-+-


15/31



Ig| lnm|qwgmlg| tiomrokvg| bwm lòmeg mwliokvg- Ig| hnbik|orknm| bg|gaagr| bwm lnmaikr mwliokvg) { lnhtvk| veknmoi (Kmbg.Tock|rom+) hgrrgmr gm gpgvewg iotn||kfkikr bg vtgvlw||knm| bohtigwv tiomrokvg |wv ig likhor (gr okm|k |wv io tvnbwlrknmoevklnig hnmbkoig+- Hok| ig |lmovkn bwmg ewgvvg mwliokvg hojgwvg g|r inkm brvg ig|gwi tn||kfig- _womr ig|loiobg owp gprvhg|) vk|qwg km`vgmr rnwr oaavnmrghgmr

hkikrokvg) giig mowvokr vkgm bkmkrofig hhg |k) inv|qwg ig| gmjgwp |nmr jw|rghgmrgprvhg|) giig bnkr rvg tn||kfig tnwv qwg io bk||wo|knm anmlrknmmg- Io tvnfofkikr bgig|loiobg owp gprvhg| mg|r johok| eoig zvn) hok| giig mg|r johok| mnm tiw| eoig ?44 '-24 Lg qwg inm |okr bg| gpgvlklg| lnmbwkr| owp ror|Wmk| gr gm Wmknm |nkrkqwgow rght| bg io Ewgvvg avnkbg hnmrvg bokiigwv| qwg ig| vg|tnm|ofig| tnikrkqwg| bg| bgwpto{| aok|okgmr tiwrr hnmrvg bg tvwbgmlg bom| ig|loiobg mwliokvg-

\gm |gvqkv nw ig| tgvbvg >

Ikbg |ginm ioqwgiig wm ror bnr bg lotolkr| mwliokvg| tnwvvokr rvglnmavnmr ow bkighhg bkr |gm |gvkv nw ig| tgvbvg (w|g r`gh nv in|g r`gh+)qwk g|r ow lwv bg mnhfvgwp |lmovkn| bg|loiobg) g|r lgr eovb bk|lwrofig-I`{tnr`|g mg tgwr fkgm |v rvg lovrg- Hok| giig |wttn|g (?+ |nkr qwg igto{| orroqwomr okr tvk| ig vk|qwg bwmg avottg nlorknm b|ovhomrg) lg qwk|gvokr |wklkbokvg aolg wm ror bnr bwmg lotolkr bg avottg gm |glnmb) grhhg rv| ò|ovbgwp aolg wm to{| qwk mgm g|r to| bnr) (6+ |nkr qwg ig to{|orroqw tvgmmg ig vk|qwg bg iomlgv |g| anvlg| mwliokvg| ow hnhgmr n ki g|rkmanvh bwmg |oig bg hk||kig| o||okiiomr|) |om| onkv io lgvrkrwbg qwg |g|anvlg| nmr rvg brvwkrg|- Giig vg|rg bnml gprvhg-

Ikhtn||kfkikr bg tnvrgv |glnwv| owp klrkhg|- Ig| vobkorknm| owrnwv bw tnkmrbkhtolr vgmbvokgmr bkaaklkig ioll| khhbkor owp |kmk|rv|) hok| to| khtn||kfig lnmbkrknm bg tnvrgv wmg rgmwg obqworg- Vottginm| qwg bom| ig lo| bwmg gptin|knm gmoirkrwbg hnbg mnvhoi bg tiomkaklorknm bg ightink bg iovhg ig| vgrnhfg|vobknolrkg| |gvokgmr kmgpk|romrg|-2?

Ikhtn||kfkikr bg |g bagmbvg lnmrvg ig| ovhg| mwliokvg|- Nwrvg qwg ig| bagm|g|omrkovkgmmg| nmr rnwjnwv| gpk|r) ig| tvnev| bg| bagm|g| omrkhk||kig| ikhkrgmr io

tnvrg bg lgr ovewhgmr-

24 \wv lg tnkmr nkv \kv Hklògi _wkmiom) R`g gr`kl| na mwligov bgrgvvgmlg: o lvkrkloi lnhhgmr nm r`g to|rnvoiigrrgv na r`g W\ lor`nikl| fk|`nt| ) R`gninekloi \rwbkg|) ni- 20) ?;05 3 Tkgvvg @o||mgv) Ig| gmjgwp r`kqwg| bgio bk||wo|knm mwliokvg : qworvg bfor| morknmowp ) km kfkb-) Io knigmlg gr io tokp- Bg io fnhfg ornhkqwg owmgrrn{oeg gr`mkqwg) Tovk|) Gbkrknm| G|tvkr) ?;;7 3 gr Gifvkbeg Lnif{) Cggtkme r`g Tgolg ) Akv|r R`kme|) Jomwov{64??-2? Lgvrokm| oomlgmr qwg ig| ovhg| mwliokvg| |nmr anmbohgmroighgmr mnm bk|lvkhkmomrg| gm vok|nm bgikhtn||kfkikr bg tvnkv ig| gmr| gr bnml ig| vgrnhfg| (nkv tov gpghtig Km|rkrwrg anv Iou omb Tgolg

(KMIOT+. Unvib Lnwvr Tvnjglr) Mwligov Ugotnm| gqwoi Uov Lvkhg| omb Lvkhg| oeokm|r @whomkr{ ) |krgKmrgvmgr bg iKMIOT) mnm bor+- Lgr ovewhgmr tgvb bg |o anvlg b| inv| qwg inm |g tiolg bom| ig lobvg bgtiomkaklorknm| rvobkrknmmgiig| (gptin|knm gm oirkrwbg |om| vgrnhfg| vobknolrkg|+-


16/31



anmb| |wv bg| lnm|rvwlrknm| kmrgiiglrwgiig| bk|lwrofig|

Anvlg g|r bg lnm|rorgv qwg io lvkrkqwg hnvoig bg io bk||wo|knm |ottwkg |wv wmglnm|rvwlrknm kmrgiiglrwgiig bk|lwrofig : io||khkiorknm bg lg tvkmlktg io bg|rvwlrknmhwrwgiig o||wvg gr ow fnhfovbghgmr ho||ka gr kmbk|lvkhkm bg| kiig| obgv|g|) lg|r

bkvg wmg inekqwg o||nlkg bg| rght| ioveghgmr vniw|- \om| rvg khtn||kfig) ig|lmovkn bwmg ewgvvg mwliokvg rnroig mg|r tiw| ewvg bolrwoikr- Ig| lnmaikr|mwliokvg| ig| hnkm| khtvnfofig| (Kmbg.Tock|rom) ror|Wmk|.L`kmg+ |gvokgmrlgvrokmghgmr fvga| gr owvokgmr tgw bg l`omlg| bkhtikqwgv bg| lgmrokmg| bg avottg|-

Nm vgrvnwg lgrrg khoeg gprvhg) rv| ovrkaklkgiig) bg iovhg mwliokvg bom| iok|lnm|wirorka bg io Lnwv kmrgvmorknmoig bg jw|rklg (la- kmavo-+) qwk bom| wm to||oegtovrklwikvghgmr evombkinqwgmr oaakvhg : igwv twk||omlg bg|rvwlrvklg (--+ mg tgwr rvglnmrgmwg mk bom| ig rght| mk bom| ig|tolg -26 Lgrrg oaakvhorknm twvghgmr v`rnvkqwgmo owlwm |gm|-

Owbgi) gr lg|r |om| bnwrg ig tiw| khtnvromr) nm owvo vgig qwg lg| lvkrkqwg|lnmlgvmgmr ightink t`{|kqwg bg iovhg (gp tn|r+) gr mnm io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg giighhg (gp omrg+- Bom| lg lobvg) ig tvnfihg bg io tvntnvrknmmoikr (la- kmavo-+ mg |g tn|gto| mlg||okvghgmr-2< Lnhhg ig vottgiig Cgmmgr` Uoirz) io bk||wo|knm mg|r to|lnmbkrknmmg tov io bg|rvwlrknm bg| kiig|- Io bk||wo|knm g|r fo|g |wv lg qwg inm tgwr

aokvg) mnm |wv lg qwg inm agvo -22

Lgvrg|) iovewhgmr mg lnmokml to| rnwjnwv| : ki |gvokr gm gaagr khhnvoi hhg bgtiomkakgv ightink bg iovhg |wv bg| kiig| 3 lgio nwbvokr bkvg gm gaagr tvgmbvg ig|tntwiorknm| gm nroeg - Hok| lgrrg bgvmkvg gptvg||knm) |nwgmr gmrgmbwg ow rght| bg ioEwgvvg avnkbg) g|r gm aokr giighhg hnvoighgmr bnwrgw|g : tgm|grnm |vkgw|ghgmr qwgig| tntwiorknm| nllkbgmroig| kokgmr lniiglrkghgmr gr qwnrkbkgmmghgmr) itnqwg) wmg|krworknm omoinewg lg qwgmbwvgmr ig| tgv|nmmg| gmigg| tov ig @gzfniio`) ig|Roikfom| nw Oi_obo >

O ikmgv|g) io bk||wo|knm) bom| io hg|wvg n giig o tnwv fwr bkrgv io ewgvvg) tgwr rvglnm|kbvg lnhhg iwm bg| hnbg| bg tvgmrknm bg| lnmaikr| ig| tiw| hnvowp qwk |nkgmr)twk|qwgiig mg mlg||krg to| ig vglnwv| io knigmlg t`{|kqwg- O rnwr ig hnkm| tgwrgiigtiokbgv io hnvoikr |wtvkgwvg bw v|wiror -27 Gm qwnk |gvokrki khhnvoi bg tvgmkv iohorvkoik|orknm) tov gpghtig) bwmg hgmolg fkninekqwg hojgwvg bnmr ig| gaagr|tnwvvokgmr rv| fkgm rvg rnwr ow||k gprvhg| gr kmbk|lvkhkm| tov io tvnhg||g bwmghgmolg mwliokvg >

Ig bvnkr gr io bk||wo|knm

Io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg |km|lvkrgiig) tnwv owromr) bom| ig lobvg mnvhoi bw bvnkr kmrgvmorknmoi vglnmmw > Io lnwrwhg o kmbk|lwrofighgmr oikb io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg- Lgiiglk o r tvorkqwg bgtwk| tiw|kgwv| bkzokmg| bommg| bkvglrghgmr tov ig| tvkmlktoig|

26 Lnwv kmrgvmorknmoig bg jw|rklg) Vglwgki bg| ovvr|) ok| lnm|wirorka| gr nvbnmmomlg|) Iklkr bg io hgmolg nw bgightink bovhg| mwliokvg|) Ok| lnm|wirorka) 0 jwkiigr ?;;1 SLKJ Vglwgki) tt- 661 |-X-2< Bom| ig Ikvg bg io Egm|g) Bkgw tvnhgr qwg Lom |gvo gme |gtr ank| |k inm orrgmrg |o kg- Nm tgwrlnm|kbvgv qwki |oekri bg io tvghkvg kiiw|rvorknm lnmmwg bg io mnrknm bg bk||wo|knm iovekg -22 Uoirz) nt- lkr-) t- 5


17/31



evombg| twk||omlg|) gr kmbkvglrghgmr tov ig| oiik| qwgiig| tvnregmr-21 Hok| qwkb bgigmrwgi ghtink bg iovhg >

Ovhg mwliokvg) iekrkhg bagm|g gr vgtv|okiig| ovhg|

Io iekrkhg bagm|g vgig bw bvnkr morwvgi- Iovrklig 7? bg io Lòvrg bg| Morknm|Wmkg|mg aokr qwg lnm|olvgv lg tvkmlktg- Ki tvlk|g qwowlwmg bk|tn|krknm bg io Lòvrg mg iwktnvrg orrgkmrg- Rvobkrknmmgiighgmr) inm lnm|kbvg qwg io iekrkhg bagm|g bnkr vg|tglrgvig| lvkrvg| bg mlg||kr gr bg tvntnvrknmmoikr-

Ig lvkrvg bg mlg||kr- Aolg wmg oevg||knm bg evombg ohtigwv qwgi| qwg |nkgmr ig|hn{gm| ghtin{| tov iobgv|okvg ig bagm|gwv tnwvvokr monkv bowrvg hn{gm bgv|k|rgv qwg bghtin{gv iovhg mwliokvg) |wvrnwr |ki g|r hkikrokvghgmr ig aokfig - Iolnmbkrknm bg mlg||kr tgwr bnml rvg vghtikg- Gm rnwr ror bg low|g) ig bvnkr mg |owvokrtvkgv wm ror bg |g bagmbvg ow hn{gm bovhg| mwliokvg| |ki |oek||okr bw |gwi hn{gmtnwv iwk bo||wvgv |o |wvkg : nm g|r bom| ig bnhokmg bg lg qwwm jweg bg io Lnwv

kmrgvmorknmoig bg jw|rklg o ottgi igplw|g of|niwrnkvg -

25

O igprvhg) inm tgwr bkvgqwg io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg g|r jw|rkakg tov io vg|tnm|ofkikr bg tvnregv - 20

Ig lvkrvg bg tvntnvrknmmoikr- Ig lvkrvg bg tvntnvrknmmoikr bnkr rvg gmrgmbw bom|bgwp ollgtrknm| :

Bg homkvg emvoig) ki |kemkakg qwg io anvlg bnkr rvg ikhkrg lg qwk g|r mlg||okvg tnwvvgtnw||gv ioevg||knm-2; Nm tgwr klk tvgmbvg igpghtig bg io \glnmbg ewgvvg hnmbkoig-Iohtigwv bg| hn{gm| wrkik|| tnwv okmlvg lnmrvg ig mozk|hg) ig ao|lk|hg grikhtvkoik|hg jotnmok| rokr lnm|kbvofig- Aowrki gm lnmliwvg tnwv owromr hhg |k igfnhfovbghgmr ho||ka bg| tntwiorknm| lkkig| rokr lgvrokmghgmr gplg||ka qwg ig lvkrvgbg tvntnvrknmmoikr mrokr to| vghtik >74 Vkgm mg bkr qwg bg| bnhhoeg| kmollgtrofig| |gvokgmr mlg||okvghgmr bk|tvntnvrknmm| ow vgeovb bg igmjgw bwlnmaikr : bom| ig lobvg bg io tiwtovr bg| bnlrvkmg| mwliokvg|) nm |g rvnwgvokr tovbakmkrknm bom| wmg |krworknm owp gmjgwp gprvhg| (gr qwk tnwvvokr hhg hgrrvg gm jgw io|wvkg bg| tntwiorknm| bw to{| bagm|gwv+-7?

21 O igprvhg) nm tgwv oaakvhgv qwg io tvnikavorknm o lnmanvr io iekrkhkr bg iovhg mwliokvg-25 LKJ) Iklkr bg ightink nw bg io hgmolg bghtink bg iovhg mwliokvg) Ntkmknm kmbkkbwgiig bg H- Ewkiiowhg)t- 6;?-20 Io v|niwrknm ?152 (6441+ bw Lnm|gki bg |lwvkr |g vavg ow bnlwhgmr akmoi bw \nhhgr hnmbkoi bg 6447)bom| igqwgi ki g|r tvlk| : Lg|r lòqwg ror qwki kmlnhfg bg tvnregv |g| tntwiorknm| bw emnlkbg) bg|

lvkhg| bg ewgvvg) bw mgrrn{oeg gr mkqwg gr bg| lvkhg| lnmrvg i`whomkr- Lgrrg vg|tnm|ofkikr lnm|k|rg mnrohhgmrbom| io tvgmrknm bg lg| lvkhg|) { lnhtvk| ikmlkrorknm ig| lnhhgrrvg) tov ig| hn{gm| mlg||okvg| gr ottvntvk| -2; LKJ) Vglwgki bg| ovvr|) ok| lnm|wirorka| gr nvbnmmomlg|) Oaaokvg bg| olrkkr| hkikrokvg| gr tovohkikrokvg| owMklovoewo gr lnmrvg lgiwklk (ror|Wmk| l- Mklovoewo+) 65 jwkm ?;01 SLKJ Vglwgki ?;01) t- ??6|-X-74 Lglk mgmig vkgm ow aokr qwg ig fnhfovbghgmr bikfv bg tntwiorknm| lkkig| (Oiighoemg) Jotnm+ rokrlgvrokmghgmr gplg||ka ow vgeovb bg| fwr| vgl`gvl`|-7? Io morwvg bg iobgv|okvg gr bg |nm tvnjgr gmrvgvokgmr eoighgmr gm ikemg bg lnhtrg- Lnhhg ig bkr Hklògi_wkmiom) N tiolgv gpolrghgmr) gmrvg lgmr gr lgmr| hkiiknm|) ig tnkmr bg fo|lwig gmrvg tvntnvrknmm grbk|tvntnvrknmm > Lg |gvokr wmg oiworknm bkaaklkig) btgmbomrg bwm jweghgmr qwk ovkgvokr evombghgmr |ginmig| lkvlnm|romlg|) rgiig| qwg io morwvg gr lg qwg inm lnmmor bw lnhtnvrghgmr bg ioevg||gwv - _wkmiom) nt- lkr-)t- ?;- Fkgm kbghhgmr) |k inm ollgtrg) lnhhg nm ig bk|okr ow rght| bg io Ewgvvg avnkbg) brvg tiwrr vnweg|qwg hnvr| ) owrvghgmr bkr) |k inm ollnvbg boomroeg bg tvkp bowrvg| oigwv| qwg io ikfgvr gr igpk|rgmlg bg

iror hgmol) ig jweghgmr bgkgmr bkaavgmr- \wv lg bfor nkv @o||mgv) nt- lkr- Ojnwrnm|) tnwv rvg lnhtigr) qwgig bfor mg tgwr |ovvrgv i) lov inm tgwr rvg vnweg gr hnvr : bom| wmg |nlkr rnroikrokvg) ig| vk|qwg|t`{|kqwg| tgwgmr rvg gprvhg|-


18/31



Tov okiigwv|) ig Tvnrnlnig m ? owp lnmgmrknm| bg Egmg bg ?;2; (nkv kmavo-+ |weevgqwg ig| bnhhoeg| lniiorvowp mg bnkgmr to| rvg gplg||ka| ow vgeovb bg ioomroeghkikrokvg orrgmbw- Ki g|r vok qwg bom| ikhhgm|g hojnvkr bg| |lmovkn|) igpgvlklg bwmgavottg mwliokvg gmrvomgvokr bg mnhfvgw|g| klrkhg| lniiorvoig| lnhhg tnwv rnwrfnhfovbghgmr bg evombg ohtigwv- \wv lg tnkmr) iovewhgmr g|r ig hhg : nm mg tgwr

to| oomlgv qwg bg rgi| bnhhoeg| lniiorvowp |gvokgmr mlg||okvghgmr |wtvkgwv| ioomroeg vgl`gvl`-

Io lnmbkrknm bg tvntnvrknmmoikr tgwr bnml giig ow||k rvg vghtikg-76

Ki lnmkgmr bg mnrgv ow bghgwvomr qwg) lnhhg ig vottgiig io LKJ) io L`ovrg bg| Morknm|Wmkg| mg lnhtnvrg owlwmg bk|tn|krknm |ginm ioqwgiig io iekrkhg bagm|g mg jw|rkakgvokrqwg bg| hg|wvg| mlg||okvg| gr tvntnvrknmmgiig|-7


19/31


A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G ?;

\wv ig lkfioeg bg| tntwiorknm| lkkig| gm romr qwg rgiig|) ig| lnmrvgovewhgmr| nmr bjr hgmrknmm| tiw| òwr- Ojnwrnm| qwg ig| ror|Wmk| nmr) io |wkrg bg io lnmliw|knm bwTvnrnlnig obbkrknmmgi m ? (owqwgi ki| mg |nmr to| tovrkg+) oaakvh twfikqwghgmr qwki|ofombnmmokgmr rnwrg |rvorekg bg lkfioeg bikfv bg| tntwiorknm| lkkig| gm romr qwgrgiig|- \oek||omr bg| bnhhoeg| lniiorvowp) ig Tvnrnlnig obbkrknmmgi m ? mkmrgvbkr qwg

ig| bnhhoeg| gplg||ka| ow vgeovb bg ioomroeg hkikrokvg orrgmbw- Nv nm |g |krwgvokr)tov bakmkrknm) bom| wm lnmaikr owp gmjgwp hojgwv|-

Gmakm) vottginm| qwg ig| twk||omlg| mwliokvg| qwk nmr |nw|lvkr ow Tvnrnlnig obbkrknmmgim ? mg inmr aokr qwogl io v|gvg gptiklkrg qwki mg |ottikqwg to| owp ovhg|mwliokvg| (lg qwk vg||nvr bokiigwv| bg ikmrgmrknm bg| menlkorgwv|+-75

Ig Bnlwhgmr akmoi bg io Lnmavgmlg bgpohgm bw RMT bg 64?4 voaakvhg io mlg||krtnwv rnw| ig| ror| bg vg|tglrgv gm rnwr rght| ig bvnkr kmrgvmorknmoi `whomkrokvg-70 Lglkvgkgmr khtiklkrghgmr vgjgrgv ikbg |ginm ioqwgiig ightink bg iovhg mwliokvg |gvokrmlg||okvghgmrlnmrvokvg lg bvnkr-

Iok| bg io Lnwv kmrgvmorknmoig bg jw|rklg

\wv lgrrg bkhgm|knm jwvkbkqwg) iok| vgmbw ig 0 jwkiigr ?;;1 tov io Lnwv kmrgvmorknmoig bgjw|rklg bnkr aokvg infjgr bwmg iglrwvg orrgmrkg- Gm gaagr) io Lnwv (o+ mg |g|r to|tvnmnmlg |wv io tvorkqwg bmnhhg tnikrkqwg bg bk||wo|knm ) (f+ |g|r vgrgmwgboaakvhgv qwg iwrkik|orknm bg| ovhg| mwliokvg| |gvokr gm rnwrg lkvlnm|romlg lnmrvokvgowp gpkegmlg| bw bvnkr kmrgvmorknmoi `whomkrokvg (giig wrkik|g igptvg||knm mg |ghfigewvg lnmlkikofig ) anvhwig tiwrr tvwbgmrg+) gr (l+) lnhhg nm ig |okr) mo twbrgvhkmgv qwg ightink nw io hgmolg bghtink bg iovhg mwliokvg |gvokr kiiklkrg gm bg|lkvlnm|romlg| gprvhg| bg iekrkhg bagm|g) inv|qwg io |wvkg hhg bg iror |gvokr gm

jgw-

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Nm tgwr okm|k |nwrgmkv qwg inkm bg biekrkhgv io bk||wo|knm) iok| bg io Lnwv o gm aokr fkgm bg| eovb| vòfkikrlgiiglk-

75 Io Lnmavgmlg bktinhorkqwg |wv io voaakvhorknm gr ig bginttghgmr bw bvnkr kmrgvmorknmoi `whomkrokvg (?;52?;55+ ookr liokvghgmr gpliw bw lòht bg |g| bikfvorknm| io qwg|rknm bg io iklkr bg iovhg mwliokvg-70

Lnmavgmlg bg| Tovrkg| lòveg bgpohkmgv ig Rvokr |wv io mnmtvnikavorknm bg| ovhg| mwliokvg| gm 64?4)Bnlwhgmr akmoi) MTR.LNMA-64?4.74 (Qni- K+) t- 64-7; LKJ) Iklkr bg io hgmolg nw bg ightink bovhg| mwliokvg|) nt- lkr-


20/31


Ig lnr bnttnvrwmkr bg io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg vg|rgoomroegwp

Ig| lnr| bg io bk||wo|knm vg|rgmr ollgtrofig|Ig| oomroeg| bg io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg bnkgmr rvg hg|wv| ow vgeovb bg |g| lnr|vgi| nw tnrgmrkgi|-

Lgvrokm| owrgwv| nmr ooml qwg ig| lvk|g| gr ig| oaavnmrghgmr| bg fo||g kmrgm|kr |g |nmrhhg hwirktik| bw aokr bg igpk|rgmlg bg io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg- Lg|r lg qwg inm oottgi ig tovobnpg bg io |rofkikrkm|rofkikr : wmg tiw| evombg |rofkikr ow mkgow bglnmaiklrwoikr ig tiw| ig o tnwv lnvniiokvg wmg tiw| evombg km|rofkikr ow mkgow ig tiw|fo|-14 Lg|r vok- Hok| mg|rlg to| wm tvkp vgiorkghgmr hnbg|rg >

Ki mg|r to| aowp bg bkvg qwg io brgmrknm bovhg| mwliokvg| tgwr kmlkrgv io

tvnikavorknm- Hok| i`k|rnkvg bg| tvnevohhg| mwliokvg| gm tovrklwikgv lgwp bg| kmerbgvmkvg| ommg| hnmrvg qwg lg|r |wvrnwr io |wtvknvkr lnmgmrknmmgiig bwmobgv|okvg tnrgmrkgi qwk ohmg wm to{| lnm|kbvgv intrknm mwliokvg- Okm|k)tovobnpoighgmr) wm hnmbg bom| igqwgi ig| to{| nllkbgmrowp mowvokgmr tiw| bovhg|mwliokvg| |gvokr wm hnmbg bom| igqwgi io tvnikavorknm owvokr bowromr tiw| bg l`omlg|bg |g bginttgv-1?

Wm owrvg lnr tnrgmrkgi bg io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg g|r ig vk|qwg bg bvotoeg nwbollkbgmr- Ig vk|qwg bwmg ewgvvg mwliokvg tov ollkbgmr o aokr infjgr bg mnhfvgw|g|vaigpknm| ow lnwv| bg io Ewgvvg avnkbg- Tiw| vlghhgmr) wmg lnig bg tgm|g kmlovmgmnrohhgmr tov ig| rvoowp rv| vkenwvgwp bg \lnrr \oeom (gr lgwp) tiw| rgl`mkqwg|) bg

Fvwlg Fiokv+ hgr iollgmr |wv ig| vk|qwg| km`vgmr| owp nveomk|orknm| lnhtigpg| grvkekbg| qwk evgmr ig| ov|gmowp mwliokvg|-16

Ki vg|rg tnwvromr qwg mnm |gwighgmr ki m{ o gw owlwmg gptin|knm mwliokvg (`nv| g||ok|+bgtwk| tv| bg |nkpomrgbkp om|) hok| ow||k) tnwv lg qwnm gm lnmmor twfikqwghgmr)qwowlwm iomlghgmr ollkbgmrgi nw mnm owrnvk|) owlwm ni bovhg) gr owlwm ollkbgmr|vkgwp (khtikqwomr wm beoeghgmr vobknolrka |kemkaklorka+ mo johok| r vtgvrnvk-Bk|tn|krka| gr tvnlbwvg| tgvhgrromr bg eovomrkv io |vgr gr io |lwvkr bg| ovhg| rokgmrlgvrg| vwbkhgmrokvg| ow rght| bg io Ewgvvg avnkbg 3 ki| |nmr owjnwvb`wk rv| iofnv|bom| ig| to{| nllkbgmrowp) gr tiwrr tgvaglrknmm|) tnwv lg qwg inm tgwr gm |onkv) bom|ig| mnwgowp ror| mwliokvg|- Tgv|nmmg mg tgwr kbghhgmr o||wvgv qwg lg| |{|rhg|

|gvnmr rnwjnwv| kmaokiikfig|) ki { owvo |om| bnwrg wm jnwv wm kmlkbgmr mwliokvg hojgwv 3hok| io tvnfofkikr qwwm rgi kmlkbgmr lnmbwk|g igptin|knm bwmg ovhg mwliokvg tovorkmakhg- Gr gm lg qwk lnmlgvmg io bk||wo|knm tvntvghgmr bkrg) ki g|r gvvnm bg loilwigv ig|vk|qwg| km`vgmr| lgiiglk lnhhg lgwp bwm |{|rhg rgl`mninekqwg lnhtigpg : giigvgtn|g anmbohgmroighgmr |wv bg| vok|nmmghgmr| `whokm|- Lgwplk mg |nmr to|

14 Lg tovobnpg ookr r |weev tov \kv Fo|ki @- Ikbbgii @ovr gm ?;72 gr anvhoik| tov Eigmm \m{bgv gm ?;1?-1?

Ig rgvvnvk|hg mwliokvg mg tgwr ewvg rvg lnm|kbv lnhhg wm vk|qwg homomr bg io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg-16 Qnkv mnrohhgmr \lnrr \oeom) R`g Ikhkr| na \oagr{- Nveomkzorknm|) Ollkbgmr|) omb Mwligov Ugotnm|)Tvkmlgrnm) Tvkmlgrnm Wmkgv|kr{ Tvg||) ?;;


21/31


A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G 6?

kmaokiikfig| : hok| lnhhg ig vottgiig Vnfgvr Jgvk|) ki mg aowr to| fgowlnwt bg vorknmoikrtnwv qwg io bk||wo|knm twk||g anmlrknmmgv-1


22/31



jnwvmoik|rkqwg gr mo ewvg bg vottnvr ogl io voikr-54 Tov bakmkrknm) mnw| mg |owvnm|johok| |k ig| ovhg| mwliokvg| owvokgmr gaaglrkghgmr r wrkik|g| inv| bg lg|mghgmr|) nw |k lgwp qwk owvokgmr tw { onkv vglnwv| owvokgmr vglwi io bgvmkvghkmwrg- Hok| ig| lvk|g| mwliokvg| hnmrvgmr qw bg rv| vovg| gplgtrknm| tv|) ig| tiw|òwr| vg|tnm|ofig| tnikrkqwg| ig| blkbgwv| bg bgvmkgv vg||nvr nmr rnwjnwv| r

gprvonvbkmokvghgmr tvwbgmr|-5? Egnveg _wg|rgv) iwm bg| tiw| akm| omoi{|rg| ohvklokm|bg io r`nvkg bg io bk||wo|knm) lnm|kbvg tov gpghtig) otv| gpohgm bg| lvk|g| bg ioEwgvvg avnkbg) qwg ig| hnrkorknm| bnvbvg r`kqwg gptikqwgmr ow tvghkgv l`ga iof|gmlgbghtink tov ig| ror|Wmk| bg iovhg mwliokvg inv|qwki| rokgmr gm |krworknm bghnmntnig-56 Bn ikbg bwm rofnw mwliokvg tvntn|g tov Mkmo Rommgmuoib (tnwvig| ror|Wmk|+ nw lgiig bwmg rvobkrknm bg mnmghtink |weevg tov R- Q- Towi (tnwvigm|ghfig bg| to{| bk|tn|omr bg lotolkr| mwliokvg|+-5< Ki mg|r to| gpoev bg bkvg qwgi`nvvgwv mwliokvg `klwig tov io lwirwvg tntwiokvg (vnhom|) akih|) fombg| bg||kmg|)bnlwhgmrokvg|) t`nrnevot`kg|+ o jnw wm vig bom| io lnm|nikborknm bg lg rofnw- 52

Ig vk|qwg bg ewgvvg mwliokvg tov ollkbgmr - _womr io ewgvvg mwliokvg tov

kmobgvromlg ) lg mg|r ewvg wm |lmovkn lvbkfig- Bg hwirktig| aow||g| oigvrg| bgiomlghgmr nmr gw ikgw rnwr ow inme bg io Ewgvvg avnkbg- Hok| lnmrvokvghgmr lgqwowrgwv| bg tnikrkqwgaklrknm gr hkikromr| bw b|ovhghgmr mwliokvg tgwgmr iok||gvlvnkvg) ki mgpk|rg owlwmg vok|nm bg tgm|gv qwwm tv|kbgmr ohvklokm nw vw||g okr johok|tw rvg |wv ig tnkmr bottw{gv |wv ig fnwrnm bw |khtig aokr bwmg oigvrg- Wm gpghtigtovhk bowrvg|) avqwghhgmr lkr tov ig| hkikromr| bw b|ovhghgmr : gm ?;;7) igiomlghgmr bwmg aw|g|nmbg mnvekgmmg ookr low| wmg vkrofig tomkqwg Hn|lnwtgmbomr qwgiqwg| `gwvg|) lov ig |{|rhg vw||g boigvrg oomlg) oinv| rv| bevob) ookr|kemoi qwki tnwokr |oekv bwm hk||kig-57 Ig tv|kbgmr Gir|kmg ookr r ogvrkbwvegmlg) gr io hoiigrrg mwliokvg iwk ookr r tv|gmrg- Tgwrrvg io Vw||kg orgiigobntr (lnmrvokvghgmr owp to{| nllkbgmrowp+ wmg bnlrvkmg bg iomlghgmr |wv oigvrg -

Hok| lvnkrnm |vkgw|ghgmr qwg Hn|lnw owvokr tw iomlgv wmg orroqwg mwliokvg |nw|tvrgprg qwwm nfjgr kmlnmmw ookr r ioml bgtwk| io Mnveg) gr oomr hhg bgvkakgv qwki |g bkvkegokr gv| ig rgvvkrnkvg morknmoi (lg qwk mrokr bokiigwv| to| ig lo|+ >_womr owp aow||g| oigvrg| bg io Ewgvvg avnkbg (ki { gm gwr tiw|kgwv| owp ror|Wmk| owbfwr bg| ommg| ?;04) tov gpghtig) bw aokr bgvvgwv| kmanvhorkqwg|+) giig| mnmr johok|lnmbwkr wm tv|kbgmr ohvklokm gmk|oegv wm rkv mwliokvg- Owp ror|Wmk|) wmg oigvrglnmlgvmomr wmg gmrwgiig avottg lnmrvg ig| ror|Wmk| bnkr rvg lnmakvhg tov bgwp

54 Io anvhwig o rnwrgank| ig hvkrg bg vottgigv kmntkmhgmr qwg bom| rnwr to{| hnbgvmg bnr bg lotolkr|

mwliokvg|) ki aowr bgwp bnker| tnwv ottw{gv |wv lòqwg fnwrnm rnwrg| ig| rotg| bg io lòmg bglnhhombghgmr- Ow Tock|rom) lg|r hhg tovank| rvnk| bnker| lgvrokm| gmbvnkr| bg io lòmg5? @gmv{ Ck||kmegv o vlghhgmr oaakvh qwki mg tnwokr to| |g |nwgmkv bwmg |gwig nllo|knm Sinv|qwki aok|okr

tovrkg bg iobhkmk|rvorknm ohvklokmgX n mnw| owvknm| tvk| bg| hg|wvg| qwk mnw| vottvnlòkgmr lnm|lkghhgmrbg io ewgvvg mwliokvg - Obbvg|| f{ @gmv{ O- Ck||kmegv ) km Egnveg T- \`wirz gr oi- (bkv-+) Bgrgvvgmlg: Kr|To|r omb Awrwvg) \romanvb) @nngv Wmkgv|kr{ Tvg||) 64??) t- 11-56 Egnveg @- _wg|rgv)Mwligov Hnmntni{) Tk|lorouo{) Rvom|olrknm Twfik|`gv|) 6444-5< Mkmo Rommgmuoib) R`g Mwligov Rofnn- R`g Wmkrgb \rorg| omb r`g Mnmw|g na Mwligov Ugotnm| |kmlg ?;27)Lohfvkbeg) Lohfvkbeg Wmkgv|kr{ Tvg||) 64453 R- Q- Towi) nt- lkr-52 Ig aokr qwg iovhg mwliokvg |nkr ow||k wm rnrgh bg ikbgmrkr morknmoig tgwr lnmbwkvg ig| ror| tv|gvgv ig rofnw |wv igwv ghtink-57

Lnhhg nm ig |okr) ki gpk|rg bom| bg rgi| lo| wmg tvnlbwvg kmrgvmorknmoig bg mnrkaklorknm) qwk gm ?;;7 ookr rvg|tglrg tov io Mnveg- Hok| ki |ghfig qwg lgiiglk |g |nkr tgvbwg itnqwg bom| ig| hombvg| bwmg fwvgowlvorkgvw||g oinv| gm tigkmg vnveomk|orknm-


23/31




24/31



Nwrvg ig lovolrvg kmrvkm|qwghgmr gaavo{omr bg| ovhg| mwliokvg|) b io vobknolrkkr)lg| bgvmkvg| bk|tn|gmr bornwr| khtnvromr|- Ki| |nmr bofnvb bnvbvg rgl`mkqwg :

Ki gpk|rg gmlnvg owjnwvb`wk wm bkaavgmrkgi |kemkaklorka gmrvg imgvekg beoeg tov ig|ovhg| lio||kqwg| gr ig| ovhg| mwliokvg|- \k inm gm lvnkr io ikrrvorwvg nwgvrg) imgvekg

bg| ovhg| mwliokvg| ig| hnkm| twk||omrg| |g hg|wvg gm lgmrokmg| bg rnmmg| bqwkoigmrRMR (


25/31



Ig| nfjglrka| gmrgvv|- Tnwv mgwrvoik|gv wmg km|roiiorknm gmrgvvg (tov gaagr bg lnwtioeg+)wmg ovhg lnmgmrknmmgiig bgvokr tmrvgv fgowlnwt tiw| gm tvnanmbgwv qwwmg ovhgmwliokvg) gr bom| bg mnhfvgwp lo| owbgi bg| ikhkrg| bg lg qwk g|r gmk|oegofigowjnwvb`wk-00 Lgvrg|) ightink bovhg| mwliokvg| tnwv brvwkvg bg rgi| nfjglrka| |g`gwvrgvokr wm tvnfihg fkgm kbgmrkak : ig| vgrnhfg| tnwvvokgmr rvg ho||kg| gm lo|

bg tmrvorknm tgw tvnanmbg) lg qwk tnwvvokr aokvg `|krgv wm vg|tnm|ofig tnikrkqwg- Hok|vottginm| wmg ank| gmlnvg qwg inm |g |krwg bom| wmg inekqwg bg bk||wo|knm gr mnmbghtink-0;

Lg| ornwr| |nmr gm|wkrg bnvbvg tnikrkqwg :

Wmg lohtoemg ho||kg gr |nwrgmwg bg fnhfovbghgmr tnwvvokr) bom| bg mnhfvgw|g|lkvlnm|romlg|) onkv wm gaagrt`{|kqwg qwkoigmr lgiwk bg tiw|kgwv| ovhg| mwliokvg|-Hok|) lnhhg nm io bkr tiw| òwr) ki g|r inkm brvg olqwk| qwg ig| ntkmknm| nllkbgmroig||wttnvrgvokgmr bo||k|rgv wmg rgiig lohtoemg bg fnhfovbghgmr lnmgmrknmmgitvninmeg bnmr ig bvnwighgmr |gvokr k|kfig kmerqworvg `gwvg| |wv kmerqworvg io

rik|knm gr |wv Kmrgvmgr-;4

Nm o tw nkv inv| bg| kmrgvgmrknm| nllkbgmroig| vlgmrg|(Cn|nn) Oaeòmk|rom) Kvoc) \wbIkfom) Ikf{g+ qwg ig| hbko| gr ig| tntwiorknm||khtorkgmrokgmr rv| votkbghgmr gr |wttnvrokgmr hoi ig| bnhhoeg| lniiorvowp low||tov ig| gvvgwv| bg fnhfovbghgmr) hhg inv| bntvorknm| ikhkrg|- (Bg lg aokr) ig| veig|bgmeoeghgmr |nmr |nwgmr rv| lnmrvokemomrg|-+ \om| lnhtrgv ig| gmrwgiig|vgtv|okiig| tov bg| hn{gm| o|{hrvkqwg| (rgvvnvk|hg) orroqwg| l{fgvmrkqwg|+ qwktnwvvokgmr rvg |khwiromhgmr lnmbwkrg| tov wm obgv|okvg hhg gm evombg bkaaklwir|wv ig tiom hkikrokvg-

Wm lnmaikr tgwr rvg eoemofig gm r`nvkg) hok| to| gm tvorkqwg 3 gr hhg bom| ig||krworknm| bg |wtvknvkr kbgmrg |wv ig totkgv) ik||wg bwmg ewgvvg lnmgmrknmmgiig g|r

inkm brvg o||wvg-;?

Lnhhg ig vottgiig Cgmmgr` Uoirz) io lnmbwkrg bg| ewgvvg| oglbg| hn{gm| lio||kqwg| g|r bggmwg rgiighgmr lnhtigpg qwg ik||wg bg lgiig|lk g|rbggmwg gprvhghgmr bkaaklkig tvbkvg -;6

Hhg gaagr| t`{|kqwg| vgl`gvl`| qwkoigmr|) iovhg mwliokvg naavg ow tnwnkvtnikrkqwg io qwo|klgvrkrwbg bg nkv |g| nfjglrka| brvwkr| gm wm rght| rv| ikhkr-Iobgv|okvg mg tgwr tovkgv mk |wv ig aokr qwg ig| tntwiorknm| nllkbgmroig| mg|wttnvrgvokgmr to| wmg lohtoemg bg fnhfovbghgmr) |wv |o tvntvg lotolkr vktn|rgv bghomkvg o|{hrvkqwg tgmbomr wmg rgiig lohtoemg) nw |wv ig| kmlgvrkrwbg| |wv ik||wg bwlnmaikr km`vgmrg| rnwr gmeoeghgmr lnmgmrknmmgi-

_womr io hgmolg bwm lòmeghgmr bg vekhg ) ig| bkaaklwir| ohvklokmg| gm Kvocinmr |om| bnwrg boiwg tnwv ow hnkm| wmg emvorknm-

00 L`vk|rnt`gv Anvb) Lnmgmrknmoi Vgtiolghgmr na Mwligov Ugotnm| ) Mgu Tovobkeh| Anvwh) ?; blghfvg64?4 3 gr Gifvkbeg O- Lnif{) U`{ Ug \`nwib \rwb{ Bggintkme Mwligov Govr` Tgmgrvornv| Omb U`{ R`g{ Ovg

Olrwoii{ \rofkikzkme) Anvgkem Tnikl{ Vg|govl` Km|rkrwrg) hok 64??-0; Nm bkr qwg ig| vg|tnm|ofig| mnvblnvgm| ollnvbokgmr) bom| ig| ommg| 6444) fgowlnwt borrgmrknm owptvnevohhg| ohvklokm| bg |{|rhg| bovhg| tmrvomr| (F1???)Vnfw|r Mwligov Govr` Tgmgrvornv+-;4 Oomr hhg iomghgmr bg| mnwgiig| rgl`mninekg| bg ikmanvhorknm gr bg io lnhhwmklorknm) Lovi Fwkibgvaok|okr io vaigpknm |wkomrg : wmg |nlkr tgwr lnmrkmwgv anmlrknmmgv otv| onkv tgvbw bkp nw lgmr kiig| |wvwmg tvknbg bg qwgiqwg| hnk| nw bg qwgiqwg| ommg|) hok| to| |k giig ig| tgvb bw jnwv ow igmbghokm - Lovi @-Fwkibgv) R`g Awrwvg na Mwligov Bgrgvvgmlg) R`g VOMB Lnvtnvorknm) ?;;?-;? Qnkv N@ominm) nt- lkr-) tt- 1715-;6 Uoirz) nt lkr-) t- 5


26/31



Ig| niwrknm| rgl`mninekqwg| tvk|kfig| bom| ig bnhokmg lnmgmrknmmgi mnmr ewvgbg l`omlg bg vgmbvg lgrrg ovewhgmrorknm nf|nirg-;< Lnhhg ig vottgiig wm gptgvrohvklokm) ig| anvlg| lio||kqwg| vg|rgvnmr igmrg| io hnfkik|orknm gr ow btinkghgmr gr ightink) gr igwv wrkik|orknm lnmbwkr |nwgmr bg| lnmaikr| tvninme| gr |omeiomr| -;2\wv ig tiom rgl`mkqwg) wm owrvg gptgvr lnhtovg ig vghtiolghgmr bw mwliokvg lnhhg

wmg lnwvfg o|{htrnrkqwg : tnwv hgmolgv ig| r{tg| bnfjglrka| hgmrknmm| lkbg||w|) igbak bgkgmr gprvonvbkmokvghgmr bkaaklkig vgiggv-;7 Ig| hn{gm| bg avottg tvlk|g grvotkbg rv| evombg bk|romlg mg l`omegvnmr to| anmbohgmroighgmr lgrrg bnmmg- Gm6442) wm evnwtg bg rvooki bwBgagm|g \lkgmlg Fnovbookr lnmliw qwg ig| ror|Wmk| mgtnwvvokgmr to| bk|tn|gv) gm 64


27/31


Ig lòmeghgmr bg lnmrgprg |rvorekqwg mgmig vkgmowp gvrw| bg io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg

Io bk||wo|knm vg|rg wrkigGm obhgrromr qwg io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg okr r gaaklolg aolg wmg hgmolg hojgwvg)tgwrgiig onkv io hhg gaaklolkr bom| ig lnmrgprg |rvorekqwg olrwgi >

Ig lovolrvg tiw| ikhkr bg io tiwtovr bg| hgmolg| mgmig vkgm ikmrvr bg iobk||wo|knm tnwv evgv lgvrokmg| bgmrvg giig| : io mnrknm borrgkmrg owp kmrvr| krowp(gptvg||knm mnrohhgmr ghtin{g tov io Avomlg) ig Vn{owhgWmk gr ig| ror|Wmk|+ ornwjnwv| r fgowlnwt tiw| ioveg qwg lgiig bg |wvkg bw to{|-

\om| iovhg mwliokvg) ig| to{| nllkbgmrowp |gvokgmr fgowlnwt hnkm| gmlikm| kmrgvgmkv hkikrokvghgmr tnwv bagmbvg igwv| kmrvr| lnmrvg bg| twk||omlg| veknmoig|

bnrg| bg hn{gm| bg bg|rvwlrknm bg ho||g- Gr khoekmnm| wm km|romr qwg io Ikf{g okrtnwv|wkk otv| 644< |nm tvnevohhg mwliokvg : ig| Nllkbgmrowp owvokgmrki| tvk| igvk|qwg boekv hkikrokvghgmr tnwv tvgmkv wm lovmoeg Fgmeòzk gm iof|gmlg bgeovomrkg lnmrvg wm lòmroeg mwliokvg ikf{gm >

Ig| obgv|okvg| tnrgmrkgi| bg| to{| nllkbgmrowp tgwgmr onkv bg| |{|rhg| bg oigwv|bkaavgmr| bg| mrvg|) gr igpgvlklg bg io bk||wo|knm mg |gvo to| aolkig k|k| bg lg|to{|- Hok| ki mgpk|rg owlwmg vok|nm bg tgm|gv qwg lgwplk |nkgmr kvvorknmmgi| -IKvoc) iKvom) ig Tock|rom) io Lnvg bw Mnvb gr io L`kmg nmr hnmrv qwki| lnhtvgmokgmrtovaokrghgmr io inekqwg bg bk||wo|knm tov hgmolg bg vgtv|okiig|-

Io lwirwvg |rvorekqwg bg lgvrokm| vekhg| |w|lgtrkfig| brvg lnmlgvm| owjnwvb`wk tovio bk||wo|knm mwliokvg bg| to{| nllkbgmrowp (Kvom vniwrknmmokvg) L`kmg tntwiokvg)Lnvg bw Mnvb+ o hnmrv ow lnwv| bg igwv `k|rnkvg) qwki| tnwokgmr) rnwr owromr qwgiWV\\ (nw bowrvg| rgi| qwg ig Qkgrhkm`+) |wttnvrgv wm rv| evomb mnhfvg bg klrkhg|ow lnwv| bwm lnmaikr- Aolg bg rgi| vekhg|) wmg bk||wo|knm hgmoomr ig| lgmrvg| bgtnwnkv obgv|g| mg|r to| |gwighgmr wm l`nkp hnvoi : lg|r ow||k wm l`nkp vorknmmgi-

\k owlwmg hgmolg hojgwvg mg |ghfig |g tvnakigv i`nvkznm) wm to{| tovrgmokvg tgwrrv| votkbghgmr |g rvom|anvhgv gm obgv|okvg : igpghtig bg io Ikf{g g|r i tnwv mnw|ig vottgigv-

\oek||omr bg io hgmolg l`khkqwg gr fkninekqwg tnwomr rvg gpgvlg tov lgvrokmg|twk||omlg| veknmoig|) igptvkgmlg bg io Ewgvvg bw Eniag (?;;?+) hgmrknmmg tiw| òwr)|ghfig kmbkqwgv qwg iovhg mwliokvg tgwr fgi gr fkgm jnwgv wm vig bk||wo|ka- Tiw|kgwv|to{|) bnmr io Avomlg) ig| ror|Wmk| gr iKmbg) lnm|kbvgmr gptiklkrghgmr qwwmg orroqwgfkninekqwg) mnrohhgmr) tnwvvokr gmrvgv bom| ig lòht bg io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg-;0(Hklògi N@ominm mo to| rnvr bg bkvg qwwmg vktn|rg mwliokvg wmg orroqwgfkninekqwg tnwvvokr) rgl`mkqwghgmr) rvg gaaglrwg bwmg homkvg qwk |gvokr tiw|`whokmg qwg lgrrg orroqwg fkninekqwg -;;+

;0 Nm tgwr |nwrgmkv qwg ig vig bg io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg aolg owp hgmolg| mnm mwliokvg| g|r iekrkh tov ig

iomeoeg bg iOvrklig QK bw Rvokr bg mnmtvnikavorknm) qwk ikg ig b|ovhghgmr mwliokvg ow b|ovhghgmr emvoigr lnhtigr-;; N@ominm) nt- lkr-) t- 1?-


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Aolg ow rgvvnvk|hg) io bk||wo|knm mwliokvg tgwr jnwgv wm vig) lgvrg| hkmgwv hok| mnmmeikegofig : ki |oekr bg tvgmkv io horvkoik|orknm bw |lmovkn bom| igqwgi wm rorrgmrgvokr bg lnmrnwvmgv io bk||wo|knm gm |gm tvgmomr wm obgv|okvg tov bg| hn{gm|rgvvnvk|rg|) gr mnm tov wmg orroqwg hkikrokvg bkvglrg- Lg vig o r lnmakvh lg| bgvmkvg|ommg| tov ig| ror|Wmk|) io Avomlg) gr ig Vn{owhgWmk-?44

Gmakm) iovhg mwliokvg lnmrkmwg bg fnvmgv i`nvkznm bg| lvk|g| gmrvg evombg| twk||omlg|-Io Vw||kg mg |gm |gvokr tvnfofighgmr to| tvk|g io Envekg |k lgiiglk ookr r tiolg|nw| ig tovotiwkg mwliokvg ohvklokm) gr |g |gvokr tgwrrvg oomlg jw|qw Rfkik||k owikgw bg |g ikhkrgv bg| rgvvkrnkvg| bk|twr| bOfc`ozkg gr bN||rkg bw |wb gm iof|gmlgbg rnwrg volrknm ohvklokmg- Ig| ror|Wmk|) qwomr gwp) owvokgmr tgwrrvg gmeoe wmglnmavnmrorknm bkvglrg ogl Hn|lnw-

Nm bkr tovank| qwg ig| ntkmknm| twfikqwg| mg |wttnvrgvokgmr to| ightink bg iovhgmwliokvg gr qwg ig| tvg||knm| |wv ig| bkvkegomr| nllkbgmrowp tgmbomr wmg lvk|g evog)bom| ioqwgiig ig| kmrvr| krowp tnwvvokgmr rvg hk| gm low|g) |gvokgmr khhgm|g| ow

tnkmr qwg lgwplk twk||gmr |gm rvnwgv owrnbk||wob| - Iovewhgmr mg|r to| |om|oigwv) hok| ki vgmlnmrvg rvnk| nfjglrknm| : (?+ io kewgwv bg io volrknm bg| tntwiorknm|nllkbgmroig| wmg orroqwg ho||kg mg bnkr to| rvg |nw|g|rkhg) lnhhg nm io w tovgpghtig owp ror|Wmk| otv| Tgovi @ovfnv nw otv| ig ?? |gtrghfvg 3 (6+ wmg vktn|rgmwliokvg) lnmrvokvghgmr wmg vktn|rg lnmgmrknmmgiig) |gvokr qwo|khgmr km|romromg) grmg |gvokr bnml to| |nwhk|g owp tvg||knm| bg| ntkmknm| lnhhg ig tgwr rvg wmglohtoemg hkikrokvg tvninmeg 3 (+) qwg (6+ ig bagm|gwv okr iolotolkr bkbgmrkakgv ioevg||gwv ogl |waak|ohhgmr bg lgvrkrwbg) gr qwg (


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A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G 6;

iwrkik|orknm bg lgrrg ovhg- Wmg lvk|g mwliokvg veknmoig okew lnmbwkvokr lgvrokmghgmr ikmrgvgmrknm khhbkorg bg| evombg| twk||omlg| lnhhg nm io w gm ?;;; gr gm 6446gm O|kg bw |wb nkvg) |k iovhg mwliokvg ookr bj r ghtin{g) igwv khtiklorknmhkikrokvg- Ig vk|qwg bg hnmrg owp gprvhg| mg|r johok| mwi : hok| ki g|r lgvrokmghgmrhnkm| anvr qwki mg irokr tov ig to||-

Ig| tvnev| bg io tvlk|knm gr bw vgm|gkemghgmr nmr lnmbwkr) bom| tiw|kgwv| to{|) iobntrknm bg tnikrkqwg| bg lkfioeg tiw| akmg|) qwk hgrrgmr iollgmr |wv ig| lgmrvg| bgtnwnkv tiwrr qwg |wv ig| kiig| gr okm|k ofombnmmgv igwv| ovhg| ig| tiw| twk||omrg|-?4?Gr ig| ror| nllkbgmrowp) qwk fmaklkgmr bwmg |wtvknvkr lnmgmrknmmgiig |wv io tiwtovrbg igwv| obgv|okvg|) nmr tw ofombnmmgv rnwrg rgmrorknm bg nkv iovhg mwliokvg lnhhgwm hn{gm bg toiikgv bg| baklkgmlg| hkikrokvg|) gr okm|k v|gvgv io bk||wo|knm bg| lkvlnm|romlg| gprvhg| bg iekrkhg bagm|g (gptvg||knm wrkik|g) nm |gm |nwkgmr)bom| iok| bg io Lnwv kmrgvmorknmoig bg jw|rklg bg ?;;1+- Ig bginttghgmr bg|bagm|g| omrkhk||kig| o eoighgmr bom| lg |gm|-?46

Bom| ig hhg rght|) ig| rgl`mkqwg| bg anvoeg |nmr bggmwg| bg tiw| gm tiw| gaaklolg| grofnvbofig| : igmanwk||ghgmr bg| km|roiiorknm| |gm|kfig| g|r wmg rgmbomlg inwvbg : lglkvgmanvlg ioomroeg lnhtovorka bg| ovhg| mwliokvg|-

Iovewhgmr |ginm igqwgi wm bkvkegomr tnikrkqwg `|krgvokr owjnwvb`wk vglnwvkv iovhgmwliokvg gm vok|nm bg| tvg||knm| qwk mg homqwgvokgmr to| |wvrnwr bom| wmg |nlkr nikmanvhorknm g|r `klwig gm tgvhomgmlg gr ohtikakg tov io lkvlwiorknm khhbkorg bg|khoeg| |gpgvlgv lnmrvg iwk tgwr rvg vgrnwvm- Gm gaagr) lnhhg nm io bkr tiw| `owr)wmg vktn|rg mwliokvg) giig) |gvokr qwo|kkm|romromg gr mg |gvokr bnml to| |nwhk|g owptvg||knm| bg| ntkmknm| lnhhg ig tgwr rvg wmg lohtoemg hkikrokvg tvninmeg 3 ojnwrnm|qwg io tntwiorknm bw to{| orroqw mg |gvokr to| io bgvmkvg gpkegv bg| vgtv|okiig|-

_womr ow vk|qwg bg hk|g gm low|g bgomr io jw|rklg kmrgvmorknmoig (ovewhgmr tovank|gmrgmbw bom| ig| hkikgwp |rvorekqwg| nllkbgmrowp+) nm tgwr bnwrgv qwg lgio twk||g aokvgvglwigv wm vg|tnm|ofig tnikrkqwg bnmr ig to{| kgmbvokr) tov bakmkrknm) bg |wfkv wmgoevg||knm hojgwvg (nwrvg qwg lg bgvmkgv vg|rgvokr tvnfofighgmr kmorroqwofig bom| |nmtvntvg to{|+-

Gmakm) wm owrvg bg| lnr| tn||kfig| bg io bk||wo|knm io hwirktiklorknm bg|oaavnmrghgmr| bg fo||g kmrgm|kr (la- |wtvo-+ tnwvvokr onkv bkhkmw : ig mnhfvg bglnmaikr| o fok|| bg hnkrk bgtwk| ?;;4-?4


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A N M B O R K N M tnwv io V G L @ G V L @ G \ R V O R E K _ W G


31/31


Bom| ig| blgmmkg| qwk kgmmgmr) iovhg mwliokvg mg tnwvvo lnmrkmwgv jnwgv wm vighojgwv bom| io tv|gvorknm bg io tokp gr bg| qwkikfvg| kmrgvmorknmowp qwow tvkp bwmgorrgmrknm tnvrg rnw| ig| aolrgwv| |w|lgtrkfig| bg rnwl`gv igaaklolkr gr io iekrkhkrbg io bk||wo|knm : bk|lnwv| twfikl) bfor tnikrkqwg) tnikrkqwg| bg lkfioeg) |lwvkr bg|ov|gmowp gr bg| horkvg|) lnmrvig bg io tvnikavorknm) grl- Bowromr tiw| qwg ig| khoeg|

b@kvn|`kho gr lgiig| bg| g||ok| mwliokvg| bom| iorhn|t`vg nmr fkgmrr lnhhgmlgv |g|rnhtgv bg io hhnkvg lniiglrkg-?47 Ki mg|r to| khtn||kfig qwg iovhg mwliokvgtgvbg) ogl ig rght|) bg |nm lovolrvg rgvvkakomr 3 ig tovobnpg wirkhg bw rofnw |wvightink bg iovhg mwliokvg |gvokr qwki akmk||g tov emvgv |o tvntvg meorknm-?41

?47 Lnhhg ig |weevg Avomnk| @gk|fnwve) \k ig KKKhg Vgkl` gr io \`no` anmr rnwjnwv| `nvvgwv) qwg vgrkgmrnmbg io ewgvvg avnkbg > Io evk|okiig bw lnhhwmk|hg gr iof|gmlg bg rnwr vlkr vgiighgmr bvohorkqwg- Hhg iolvk|g bg| aw|g| bg Lwfo g|r wmg tgwv kvrwgiig : tgv|nmmg mgm g|r hnvr) tgv|nmmg mgm o |nwaagvr bom| |ol`okv- Ig vlkr bg io bk||wo|knm g|r vnb tov inwfik bwmg ewgvvg avnkbg) qwk aokr akewvg bwmg hnvmg tiokmg |om|forokiig bg Uorgvinn - Avomnk| @gk|fnwve) Iogmkv kmlgvrokm bg io bk||wo|knm ) nt- lkr-) t- ?7

Défense et illustration de la dissuasion nucléaire

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