INTRODUCTION Surveying is the technique and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional position of points and the distances and angles between them. These points are usually on the surface of the Earth, and they are often used to establish land maps and boundaries for ownership or governmental purposes. Mine surveying is a branch of mining science and technology. It includes all measurements, calculations and mapping which serve the purpose of ascertaining and documenting information at all stages from prospecting to exploitation and utilizing mineral deposits both by surface and underground working. The following are the principal activities of Mine surveying: The interpretation of the geology of mineral deposits in relation to the economic exploitation thereof The investigation and negotiation of mineral mining rights Making and recording, and calculations of mine surveying measurements Mining cartography Investigation and prediction of effects of mine working on the surface and underground strata Mine planning in the context of local environment and subsequent rehabilitation The activities involve: The location, structure, configuration, dimensions and characteristics of the mineral deposits and of the adjoining rocks and overlying strata. The assessment of mineral reserves and the economics of their exploitation The acquisition, sale, lease and management of mineral properties Providing the basis of the planning, direction and control of mine workings to ensure economical and safe mining operations
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INTRODUCTION
Surveying is the technique and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional position of points and the distances and angles between them. These points are usually on the surface of the Earth, and they are often used to establish land maps and boundaries for ownership or governmental purposes.
Mine surveying is a branch of mining science and technology. It includes all measurements, calculations and mapping which serve the purpose of ascertaining and documenting information at all stages from prospecting to exploitation and utilizing mineral deposits both by surface and underground working.
The following are the principal activities of Mine surveying:
The interpretation of the geology of mineral deposits in relation to the economic exploitation thereof
The investigation and negotiation of mineral mining rights Making and recording, and calculations of mine surveying measurements Mining cartography Investigation and prediction of effects of mine working on the surface and
underground strata Mine planning in the context of local environment and subsequent rehabilitation
The activities involve:
The location, structure, configuration, dimensions and characteristics of the mineral deposits and of the adjoining rocks and overlying strata. The assessment of mineral reserves and the economics of their exploitation
The acquisition, sale, lease and management of mineral properties Providing the basis of the planning, direction and control of mine workings to ensure
economical and safe mining operations The study of rock and ground movements caused by mining operations, their
prediction, and the precautions and remedial treatment of subsidence damage Assisting in planning and rehabilitation of land affected by mineral operations and
collaborating with local government planning authorities
As a mining engineer, one must have a conceptual knowledge about various aspects of surveying. The intent of the survey camp is to provide practical experience in mine surveying.
ABOUT CAMP
Survey camp was conducted for about ten days from 20th January 2011 to 29th January 2011 in the PVK 5 incline of SINGARENI COLLIERIES COMPANY LIMITED (SCCL).There we conducted four experiments and visited the underground and opencast mines in the leisure time.
SINGARENI COLLIERIES COMPANY LIMITEDThe Singareni Collieries Company Ltd is one of the major Government Companies in
the mining field in India. PVK 5incline of SCCL is situated near by Kothagudem area. PVK 5 incline is located 10Km away from Kothagudem, which is located 175KM north-east from khammam (AP). The cost of extracting per tonne of coal was quite high compared with other mines so they stopped mining operations in this incline and now the mine has been abandoned and before of the closure of this incline it has been maintained for the vocational trainees.
DESCRIPTION OF SURVEY EQUIPMENT
A brief description of about all the survey equipments used in the survey camp is enlisted below
DUMPY LEVEL
The dumpy level is the simplest form of levelling instrument consisting of two main parts: the tribrach and the telescope. The tribrach has three foot screws which are used to give the telescope the required horizontal line-of-sight. The instrument has a vertical axis, around which the telescope can be rotated to sight to a staff. No other adjustment is possible between the telescope and the tribrach.
The level is fitted with a long sensitive bubble tube attached to the top of the telescope which enables the line-of-sight (line of collimation), as defined by the cross hairs, to form a horizontal line which is perpendicular to the direction of gravity at that point. The levelling of this tubular bubble is carried out by manipulating the three foot screws.
There is also a smaller tubular bubble, which is perpendicular to the longer bubble and hence the line-of-sight of the telescope. This bubble provides the instrument with an additional adjustment in the direction perpendicular to the telescope's line-of-sight. Levelling the cross bubble reduces the cross-axis tilt.
In a dumpy level, there is only one axis of rotation - the vertical axis. The initial levelling of the dumpy level must be done very carefully. Any adjustment of the foot screws between sightings to the staff alters the height of the line-of-sight.
THEODOLITE
The essential components of theodolite are: A telescope which can rotate or transit through 360° about a transverse horizontal
axis.
The bearings for this horizontal or trunnion axis are mounted in two vertical pillars or standards. The standards are mounted on a horizontal upper plate.
The upper plate rotates through 360° about a vertical axis; the bearing for the vertical axis is mounted in a lower horizontal plate.
Rotation of the upper plate about the vertical axis is known as traversing the instrument. The horizontal plates can be levelled by means of three foot screws located beneath the lower
Plate.
Fig 3: Theodolite
PARTS OF THEODOLITE TelescopeIt has an eyepiece and internal focusing for the telescope itself. The same precautions for
focusing the eyepiece and eliminating parallax should be applied.
Vertical Scale (or Vertical Circle)The vertical circle is a full 360° scale. It is mounted within one of the standards with its
centre co-linear with the trunnion axis. It is used to measure the angle between the line of sight (collimation axis) of the telescope and the horizontal. This is known as the vertical angle. The side of the instrument where the standard containing the scale is found is referred to as the face of the instrument.
Vertical Clamp and Tangent ScrewIn order to hold the telescope at a particular vertical angle a vertical clamp is provided.
This is located on one of the standards and its release will allow free transiting of the telescope. When clamped, the telescope can be slowly transited using another fine adjustment screw known as the vertical tangent screw.
Upper Plate
The upper plate is the base on which the standards and vertical circle are placed. Rotation of the upper plate about a vertical axis will also cause the entire telescope assembly to rotate in an identical manner. For the instrument to be in correct adjustment it is therefore necessary that the upper plate must be perpendicular to the vertical axis and parallel to the trunnion axis. Also, before the instrument is used, the upper plate must be "levelled". This is achieved by adjustment of three foot screws and observing a precise tube bubble. This bubble is known as the plate bubble and is placed on the upper plate.
The Lower PlateThe lower plate is the base of the whole instrument. It houses the foot screws and the
bearing for the vertical axis. It is rigidly attached to the tripod mounting assembly and does not move.
Horizontal Scale (or Horizontal Circle)The horizontal circle is a full 3600 scale. It is often placed between the upper and lower
plates with its centre co-linear with the vertical axis. It is capable of full independent rotation about the trunnion axis so that any particular direction may be arbitrarily set to read zero. It is used to define the horizontal direction in which the telescope is sighted. Therefore a horizontal angle measurement requires two horizontal scale readings taken by observing two different targets. The difference between these readings will be the horizontal angle subtended by the two targets at the theodolite station.
The Upper Horizontal Clamp and Tangential Screw.The upper horizontal clamp is provided to clamp the upper plate to the horizontal circle.
Once the clamp is released the instrument is free to traverse through 360° around the horizontal circle. When clamped, the instrument can be gradually transited around the circle by use of the upper horizontal tangent screw. It is the upper clamp and tangent screw which are used during a sequence or "round" of horizontal angle measurements.
The Lower Horizontal Clamp and Tangent Screw.The lower horizontal clamp is provided to clamp the horizontal circle to the lower plate.
Once the clamp is released the circle is free to rotate about the vertical axis. When clamped, the horizontal circle can be gradually rotated using the lower-horizontal tangent screw. The lower clamp and tangent screw must only be used at the start of a sequence or "round" of horizontal angle measurements to set the first reading to zero.
LEVELLING STAFF
A level staff, also called levelling rod, is a graduated wooden or aluminum rod, the use of which permits the determination of differences in elevation. Levelling rods can be one piece, but many are sectional and can be shortened for storage and transport or lengthened for use. Aluminum rods may adjust length by telescoping sections inside each other, while wooden rod sections are attached to each other with sliding connections or slip joints.
There are many types of rods, with names that identify the form of the graduations and other characteristics. Markings can be in imperial or metric units. Some rods are graduated on only one side while others are marked on both sides. If marked on both sides, the markings can be identical or, in some cases, can have imperial units on one side and metric on the other.
To traverse along the inclined roadway and to complete the traverse from the given bench mark -B.M. = ( 804923.7145, 3176098.99 ).
To calculate the co-ordinates of the station points .
INSTRUMENTS USED :
Theodolite ( 1 nos.)
50m tape ( 1 nos.)
Tripod stand ( 1 nos.)
Arrows ( 5 nos. )
Ranging rod ( 1 nos.)
Prismatic compass ( 1 nos.)
PROCEDURE ;
1) Initially a prismatic compass is set up on the stand is placed at a back sight point. Placing the ranging rod at bench mark the incoming bearing(N 47°30' E) is calculated . now the theodolite is set over the stand and placed on the bench mark point, the ground point is transferred and the instrument leveled.
2) The theodolite is back sighted to B.M and a ranging rod is placed at a distance which is measured using a tape, and the ranging rod is sighted till we bisect it with the vertical cross hair. In this operation we et the clockwise included angle.
3) This procedure is followed till we reach the 9th level and traverse back to the surface and join at the bench mark to close the traverse.
4) Using the clockwise included angle the outgoing bearing is calculated and the partial co-ordinates are calculated. As a result of which the final co-ordinates of the station point is calculated.
FORMUALS USED :
OUTGOING BEARING = INCOMING BEARING + CLOCKWISE INCLUDED +/- 180°
Partial co-ordinates = ( L cosθ, L sinθ ),
Where L is the horizontal length.
EX - NO : 2SURFACE LEVELLING
DATE: 23/1/ 2011
AIM :
I. To calculate the reduced levels of various station points and to complete the traverse
from the given bench mark -B.M. = (+ 850.149m).
INSTRUMENTS USED :
I. Dumpy level ( 1 nos.)
II. 50m tape ( 1 nos.)
III. Dumpy level stand ( 1 nos.)
IV. Arrows ( 5 nos. )
V. Leveling staff ( 1 nos.)
PROCEDURE :
I. The dumpy level is placed at a station point between the bench mark and the next
station point along the traverse. At the bench mark, a leveling staff is placed and the