Deducing Allophonic Rules Part 2 Supplementary Readings Introduction and Review Fricatives in German Fricatives in Southern Congo Deducing Allophonic Rules Part 2
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Deducing Allophonic RulesPart 2
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Supplementary Readings
The following readings have been posted to the Moodlecourse site:
I Contemporary Linguistics: Chapter 3 (pp. 70-77,84-86)
I Language Files: Chapter 3.5 (pp. 127-133)
The following reading (on Moodle) isn’t essential, but youmight find it helpful:
I Language Instinct: Chapter 6 (153-189)
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Supplementary Readings
The following readings have been posted to the Moodlecourse site:
I Contemporary Linguistics: Chapter 3 (pp. 70-77,84-86)
I Language Files: Chapter 3.5 (pp. 127-133)
The following reading (on Moodle) isn’t essential, but youmight find it helpful:
I Language Instinct: Chapter 6 (153-189)
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
A Core Fact of Human Language
Fact of Central Interest:Languages can differ over whether two phones are allophonesof the same phoneme.
Example 1:
I In English, [t] / [th] are allophones of the same phoneme (/t/).
I In Thai, [t] / [th] are allophones of different phonemes.
Example 2:
I In English, long vowels (V:) and short vowels (V) are allophonesof the same phoneme (short vowel).
I In Kikuyu, a long vowels (V:) and a short vowels (V) areallophones of different phonemes.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Solving the Analytic ProblemThe Question This Raises:How do you tell whether [X] and [Y] are allophones of thesame phoneme?
First Main Sub-Task:Determine if there are minimal pairs for [X] and [Y].
I If there are, STOP!I [X] and [Y] are allophones of different phonemes.
I If there aren’t, move on to Second Main Sub-Task.
Second Main Sub-Task:Determine if there is a rule deriving [X] and [Y] from thesame phoneme.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Solving the Analytic ProblemThe Question This Raises:How do you tell whether [X] and [Y] are allophones of thesame phoneme?
First Main Sub-Task:Determine if there are minimal pairs for [X] and [Y].
I If there are, STOP!I [X] and [Y] are allophones of different phonemes.
I If there aren’t, move on to Second Main Sub-Task.
Second Main Sub-Task:Determine if there is a rule deriving [X] and [Y] from thesame phoneme.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Solving the Analytic ProblemSubsequent Question:But, how do we determine whether such a rule exists?
The Overarching Logic:We want to determine which of the following is true:
1. There’s a rule that requires /X/ to be pronounced as [Y] insome environment Z.
2. There’s a rule which requires /Y/ to be pronounced as [X]in some environment Z.
If (1) is true, then...I There should be an environment Z where we only find [Y]
(never [X])
If (2) is true, then...I There should be an environment Z where we only find [X]
(never [Y])
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Solving the Analytic ProblemSubsequent Question:But, how do we determine whether such a rule exists?
The Overarching Logic:We want to determine which of the following is true:
1. There’s a rule that requires /X/ to be pronounced as [Y] insome environment Z.
2. There’s a rule which requires /Y/ to be pronounced as [X]in some environment Z.
If (1) is true, then...I There should be an environment Z where we only find [Y]
(never [X])
If (2) is true, then...I There should be an environment Z where we only find [X]
(never [Y])
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Solving the Analytic ProblemSubsequent Question:But, how do we determine whether such a rule exists?
The Overarching Logic:We want to determine which of the following is true:
1. There’s a rule that requires /X/ to be pronounced as [Y] insome environment Z.
2. There’s a rule which requires /Y/ to be pronounced as [X]in some environment Z.
If (1) is true, then...I There should be an environment Z where we only find [Y]
(never [X])
If (2) is true, then...I There should be an environment Z where we only find [X]
(never [Y])
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Solving the Analytic ProblemSubsequent Question:But, how do we determine whether such a rule exists?
The Overarching Logic:So, we now want to determine which of these is true:
1. There is an environment Z where we only find [Y] (andnever [X])
2. There is an environment Z where we only find [X] (andnever [Y])
Figuring this out can be broken down into fourmanageable steps...
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Solving the Analytic ProblemSecond Main Sub-Task:Determine if there is a rule deriving [X] and [Y] from thesame phoneme.
I Step 1:Determine the environments of [X] and [Y].
I Step 2:For each environment, look for similarities between the sounds.
I Step 3:See if any environments are unique to [X] or [Y].
I Step 4:If there’s an environment unique to [X] or [Y], write the rulederiving that allophone in that environment.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Solving the Analytic ProblemSecond Main Sub-Task:Determine if there is a rule deriving [X] and [Y] from thesame phoneme.
I Step 1:Determine the environments of [X] and [Y].
I Step 2:For each environment, look for similarities between the sounds.
I Step 3:See if any environments are unique to [X] or [Y].
I Step 4:If there’s an environment unique to [X] or [Y], write the rulederiving that allophone in that environment.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Solving the Analytic ProblemSecond Main Sub-Task:Determine if there is a rule deriving [X] and [Y] from thesame phoneme.
I Step 1:Determine the environments of [X] and [Y].
I Step 2:For each environment, look for similarities between the sounds.
I Step 3:See if any environments are unique to [X] or [Y].
I Step 4:If there’s an environment unique to [X] or [Y], write the rulederiving that allophone in that environment.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Solving the Analytic ProblemSecond Main Sub-Task:Determine if there is a rule deriving [X] and [Y] from thesame phoneme.
I Step 1:Determine the environments of [X] and [Y].
I Step 2:For each environment, look for similarities between the sounds.
I Step 3:See if any environments are unique to [X] or [Y].
I Step 4:If there’s an environment unique to [X] or [Y], write the rulederiving that allophone in that environment.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Solving the Analytic ProblemSecond Main Sub-Task:Determine if there is a rule deriving [X] and [Y] from thesame phoneme.
I Step 1:Determine the environments of [X] and [Y].
I Step 2:For each environment, look for similarities between the sounds.
I Step 3:See if any environments are unique to [X] or [Y].
I Step 4:If there’s an environment unique to [X] or [Y], write the rulederiving that allophone in that environment.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Solving the Analytic ProblemSecond Main Sub-Task:Determine if there is a rule deriving [X] and [Y] from thesame phoneme.
Rule of Thumb for Writing Rules:If there are two allophones [X] and [Y], and only [X] appears inenvironment Z, the rule is: “/Y/ is pronounced as [X] in Z”
Notation for Writing Rules
I / X / → [ Y ] / A“/X/ is pronounced as [Y] when preceding A”.
I / X / → [ Y ] / A“/X/ is pronounced as [Y] when following A”.
I / X / → [ Y ] / A B“/X/ is pronounced as [Y] when following A and preceding B.”
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Fricatives in GermanKey Fact:German has two fricative phones that don’t exist inEnglish.
I [ç] : voiceless oral palatal fricativeI [x] : voiceless oral velar fricative
Some Illustrative Words:[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Question:In German, are [x] and [ç] allophones of the same phoneme?
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Fricatives in GermanKey Fact:German has two fricative phones that don’t exist inEnglish.
I [ç] : voiceless oral palatal fricativeI [x] : voiceless oral velar fricative
Some Illustrative Words:[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Question:In German, are [x] and [ç] allophones of the same phoneme?
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
First Main Sub-Task: Minimal PairsKey Fact:German has two fricative phones that don’t exist inEnglish.
I [ç] : voiceless oral palatal fricativeI [x] : voiceless oral velar fricative
Some Illustrative Words:[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
First Main Sub-TaskDetermine if there are minimal pairs for [x] and [ç].
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
First Main Sub-Task: Minimal PairsKey Fact:German has two fricative phones that don’t exist inEnglish.
I [ç] : voiceless oral palatal fricativeI [x] : voiceless oral velar fricative
Some Illustrative Words:[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Result:I There are no minimal pairs for [x] and [ç].I So, on to Second Main Sub-Task...
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Second Main Sub-Task: Find the RuleDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Second Main Sub-Task:Determine if there is a rule deriving [x] and [ç] from the samephoneme.
I Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and [ç].
I Step 2:Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
I Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [x] or [ç] .
I Step 4:If there’s an environment unique to one phone, write out the rule.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Second Main Sub-Task: Find the RuleDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Second Main Sub-Task:Determine if there is a rule deriving [x] and [ç] from the samephoneme.
I Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and [ç].
I Step 2:Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
I Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [x] or [ç] .
I Step 4:If there’s an environment unique to one phone, write out the rule.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Second Main Sub-Task: Find the RuleDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Second Main Sub-Task:Determine if there is a rule deriving [x] and [ç] from the samephoneme.
I Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and [ç].
I Step 2:Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
I Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [x] or [ç] .
I Step 4:If there’s an environment unique to one phone, write out the rule.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Second Main Sub-Task: Find the RuleDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Second Main Sub-Task:Determine if there is a rule deriving [x] and [ç] from the samephoneme.
I Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and [ç].
I Step 2:Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
I Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [x] or [ç] .
I Step 4:If there’s an environment unique to one phone, write out the rule.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Second Main Sub-Task: Find the RuleDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Second Main Sub-Task:Determine if there is a rule deriving [x] and [ç] from the samephoneme.
I Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and [ç].
I Step 2:Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
I Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [x] or [ç] .
I Step 4:If there’s an environment unique to one phone, write out the rule.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and [ç].
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A]
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
I The phones that precede [ç]: [I] [d] [l] [e] #
I The phones that follow [ç]: # [@] [e]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and [ç].
I The phones that precede [x]:
[u] [o] [A]
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
I The phones that precede [ç]: [I] [d] [l] [e] #
I The phones that follow [ç]: # [@] [e]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and [ç].
I The phones that precede [x]: [u]
[o] [A]
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
I The phones that precede [ç]: [I] [d] [l] [e] #
I The phones that follow [ç]: # [@] [e]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and [ç].
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o]
[A]
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
I The phones that precede [ç]: [I] [d] [l] [e] #
I The phones that follow [ç]: # [@] [e]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and [ç].
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A]
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
I The phones that precede [ç]: [I] [d] [l] [e] #
I The phones that follow [ç]: # [@] [e]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and [ç].
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A]
I The phones that follow [x]:
# [@] [t]
I The phones that precede [ç]: [I] [d] [l] [e] #
I The phones that follow [ç]: # [@] [e]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and [ç].
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A]
I The phones that follow [x]: #
[@] [t]
I The phones that precede [ç]: [I] [d] [l] [e] #
I The phones that follow [ç]: # [@] [e]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and [ç].
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A]
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@]
[t]
I The phones that precede [ç]: [I] [d] [l] [e] #
I The phones that follow [ç]: # [@] [e]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and [ç].
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A]
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
I The phones that precede [ç]: [I] [d] [l] [e] #
I The phones that follow [ç]: # [@] [e]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and [ç].
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A]
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
I The phones that precede [ç]:
[I] [d] [l] [e] #
I The phones that follow [ç]: # [@] [e]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and [ç].
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A]
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
I The phones that precede [ç]: [I]
[d] [l] [e] #
I The phones that follow [ç]: # [@] [e]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and [ç].
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A]
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
I The phones that precede [ç]: [I] [d]
[l] [e] #
I The phones that follow [ç]: # [@] [e]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and [ç].
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A]
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
I The phones that precede [ç]: [I] [d] [l]
[e] #
I The phones that follow [ç]: # [@] [e]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and [ç].
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A]
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
I The phones that precede [ç]: [I] [d] [l] [e]
#
I The phones that follow [ç]: # [@] [e]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and [ç].
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A]
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
I The phones that precede [ç]: [I] [d] [l] [e] #
I The phones that follow [ç]: # [@] [e]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and [ç].
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A]
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
I The phones that precede [ç]: [I] [d] [l] [e] #
I The phones that follow [ç]:
# [@] [e]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and [ç].
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A]
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
I The phones that precede [ç]: [I] [d] [l] [e] #
I The phones that follow [ç]: #
[@] [e]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and [ç].
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A]
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
I The phones that precede [ç]: [I] [d] [l] [e] #
I The phones that follow [ç]: # [@]
[e]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and [ç].
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A]
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
I The phones that precede [ç]: [I] [d] [l] [e] #
I The phones that follow [ç]: # [@] [e]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 2: Find Commonalities in the SoundsDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 2:Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A]
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
I The phones that precede [ç]: [I] [d] [l] [e] #
I The phones that follow [ç]: # [@] [e]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 2: Find Commonalities in the SoundsDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 2:Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A]All Back Vowels!
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
I The phones that precede [ç]: [I] [d] [l] [e] #
I The phones that follow [ç]: # [@] [e]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 2: Find Commonalities in the SoundsDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 2:Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A]All Back Vowels!
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]Nothing in Common
I The phones that precede [ç]: [I] [d] [l] [e] #
I The phones that follow [ç]: # [@] [e]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 2: Find Commonalities in the SoundsDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 2:Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A]All Back Vowels!
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]Nothing in Common
I The phones that precede [ç]: [I] [d] [l] [e] #Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [ç]: # [@] [e]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 2: Find Commonalities in the SoundsDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 2:Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A]All Back Vowels!
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]Nothing in Common
I The phones that precede [ç]: [I] [d] [l] [e] #Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [ç]: # [@] [e]Nothing in Common
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 3: See if an Environment is UniqueDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [x] or [ç] .
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A]All Back Vowels!
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]Nothing in Common
I The phones that precede [ç]: [I] [d] [l] [e] #Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [ç]: # [@] [e]Nothing in Common
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 3: See if an Environment is UniqueDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [x] or [ç] .(Look at the environ’s where the phones share a feature in common.)
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A]All Back Vowels!
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]Nothing in Common
I The phones that precede [ç]: [I] [d] [l] [e] #Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [ç]: # [@] [e]Nothing in Common
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 3: See if an Environment is UniqueDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [x] or [ç] .(Look at the environ’s where the phones share a feature in common.)
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A]All Back Vowels!
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 3: See if an Environment is UniqueDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [x] or [ç] .(Look at the corresponding environ. for the other phone.)
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A]All Back Vowels!
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 3: See if an Environment is UniqueDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [x] or [ç] .(Look at the corresponding environ. for the other phone.)
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A]All Back Vowels!
I The phones that precede [ç]: [I] [d] [l] [e] #
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 3: See if an Environment is UniqueDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [x] or [ç] .(See if the feature shared in [x]’s environ. can be found in [ç]’s)
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A]All Back Vowels!
I The phones that precede [ç]: [I] [d] [l] [e] #
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 3: See if an Environment is UniqueDistribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [x] or [ç] .(See if the feature shared in [x]’s environ. can be found in [ç]’s)
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A]All Back Vowels!
I The phones that precede [ç]: [I] [d] [l] [e] #No Back Vowels!
Only [x] is preceded by back vowels!
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 4: Write the Rule!Distribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 4:If there’s an environ. unique to one allophone, write the rule!
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A]All Back Vowels!
I The phones that precede [ç]: [I] [d] [l] [e] #No Back Vowels!
Only [x] is preceded by back vowels!
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 4: Write the Rule!Distribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 4:If there’s an environ. unique to one allophone, write the rule!
Only [x] is preceded by back vowels!
Rule of Thumb (for Writing Rules):If there are two allophones [X] and [Y], and only [X] appears inenvironment Z, the rule is: “/Y/ is pronounced as [X] in Z”
The Rule:/ç/ is pronounced as [x] when preceded by a back vowel
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 4: Write the Rule!Distribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 4:If there’s an environ. unique to one allophone, write the rule!
Only [x] is preceded by back vowels!
Rule of Thumb (for Writing Rules):If there are two allophones [X] and [Y], and only [X] appears inenvironment Z, the rule is: “/Y/ is pronounced as [X] in Z”
The Rule:/ç/ is pronounced as [x] when preceded by a back vowel
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 4: Write the Rule!Distribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 4:If there’s an environ. unique to one allophone, write the rule!
Only [x] is preceded by back vowels!
Rule of Thumb (for Writing Rules):If there are two allophones [X] and [Y], and only [X] appears inenvironment Z, the rule is: “/Y/ is pronounced as [X] in Z”
The Rule:/ç/ is pronounced as [x] when preceded by a back vowel
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Step 4: Write the Rule!Distribution of [x] and [ç] in German:
[bux] ‘book’ [kux@n] ‘cake’[mIç] ‘me’ [mIlç] ‘milk’[kox@n] ‘to cook’ [feç@r] ‘fan’[bAx] ‘brook’ [nAxt] ‘night’[medç@n] ‘girl’ [çemi] ‘chemist’
Step 4:If there’s an environ. unique to one allophone, write the rule!
Only [x] is preceded by back vowels!
Rule of Thumb (for Writing Rules):If there are two allophones [X] and [Y], and only [X] appears inenvironment Z, the rule is: “/Y/ is pronounced as [X] in Z”
The Rule In Formal Notation:
/ç/ → [x] / Back-V(“/ç/ is pronounced as [x] when following a back vowel”)
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGermanTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives inSouthern Congo
Summing Up
Question:In German, are [x] and [ç] allophones of the same phoneme?
Answer:Yes. They are allophones of the same phoneme (/ç/)
I The Rule:/ç/ → [x] / Back-V
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives in Southern CongoIn ‘Southern Congo’, there are four fricatives found in English:
I [s] : voiceless oral alveolar fricative
I [z] : voiced oral alveolar fricative
I [S] : voiceless oral alveopalatal fricative
I [Z] : voiced oral alveopalatal fricative
Some Illustrative Words:[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Questions:
I Are [s] and [S] allophones of the same phoneme?
I Are [z] and [Z] allophones of the same phoneme?
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives in Southern CongoIn ‘Southern Congo’, there are four fricatives found in English:
I [s] : voiceless oral alveolar fricative
I [z] : voiced oral alveolar fricative
I [S] : voiceless oral alveopalatal fricative
I [Z] : voiced oral alveopalatal fricative
Some Illustrative Words:[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Questions:
I Are [s] and [S] allophones of the same phoneme?
I Are [z] and [Z] allophones of the same phoneme?
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Fricatives in Southern CongoIn ‘Southern Congo’, there are four fricatives found in English:
I [s] : voiceless oral alveolar fricative
I [z] : voiced oral alveolar fricative
I [S] : voiceless oral alveopalatal fricative
I [Z] : voiced oral alveopalatal fricative
Some Illustrative Words:[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Questions:
I Are [s] and [S] allophones of the same phoneme?
I Are [z] and [Z] allophones of the same phoneme?
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
First Main Sub-Task: Minimal PairsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
First Main Sub-Task:I Determine if there are minimal pairs for [s] and [S].I Determine if there are minimal pairs for [z] and [Z].
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
First Main Sub-Task: Minimal PairsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
First Main Sub-Task:I Determine if there are minimal pairs for [s] and [S].
I Result: There are none.I Determine if there are minimal pairs for [z] and [Z].
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
First Main Sub-Task: Minimal PairsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
First Main Sub-Task:I Determine if there are minimal pairs for [s] and [S].
I Result: There are none.I Determine if there are minimal pairs for [z] and [Z].
I Result: There are none.
So, on to Second Main Sub-Task:...
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
First Main Sub-Task: Minimal PairsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
First Main Sub-Task:I Determine if there are minimal pairs for [s] and [S].
I Result: There are none.I Determine if there are minimal pairs for [z] and [Z].
I Result: There are none.
So, on to Second Main Sub-Task:...
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Second Main Sub-Task: Find the RuleSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Second Main Sub-Task:I Determine if there is a rule deriving [s] and [S] from the same
phoneme.I Determine if there is a rule deriving [z] and [Z] from the same
phoneme.
Let’s now do each one at a time...
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Second Main Sub-Task: Find the RuleSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Second Main Sub-Task:I Determine if there is a rule deriving [s] and [S] from the same
phoneme.I Determine if there is a rule deriving [z] and [Z] from the same
phoneme.
Let’s now do each one at a time...
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Second Main Sub-Task: Find the RuleSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Second Main Sub-Task:Determine if there is a rule deriving [s] and [S] from the samephoneme.
I Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S].
I Step 2:Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
I Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [s] or [S] .
I Step 4:If there’s an environment unique to one phone, write out the rule.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Second Main Sub-Task: Find the RuleSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Second Main Sub-Task:Determine if there is a rule deriving [s] and [S] from the samephoneme.
I Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S].
I Step 2:Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
I Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [s] or [S] .
I Step 4:If there’s an environment unique to one phone, write out the rule.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Second Main Sub-Task: Find the RuleSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Second Main Sub-Task:Determine if there is a rule deriving [s] and [S] from the samephoneme.
I Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S].
I Step 2:Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
I Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [s] or [S] .
I Step 4:If there’s an environment unique to one phone, write out the rule.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Second Main Sub-Task: Find the RuleSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Second Main Sub-Task:Determine if there is a rule deriving [s] and [S] from the samephoneme.
I Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S].
I Step 2:Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
I Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [s] or [S] .
I Step 4:If there’s an environment unique to one phone, write out the rule.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Second Main Sub-Task: Find the RuleSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Second Main Sub-Task:Determine if there is a rule deriving [s] and [S] from the samephoneme.
I Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S].
I Step 2:Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
I Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [s] or [S] .
I Step 4:If there’s an environment unique to one phone, write out the rule.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Second Main Sub-Task: Find the RuleSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Second Main Sub-Task:Determine if there is a rule deriving [z] and [Z] from the samephoneme.
I Step 1: Determine the environments of [z] and [Z].
I Step 2:Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
I Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [z] or [Z] .
I Step 4:If there’s an environment unique to one phone, write out the rule.
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S].
I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n]
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]
I The phones that precede [S]: # [o]
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S].
I The phones that precede [s]:
[a] [e] [n]
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]
I The phones that precede [S]: # [o]
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S].
I The phones that precede [s]: [a]
[e] [n]
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]
I The phones that precede [S]: # [o]
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S].
I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e]
[n]
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]
I The phones that precede [S]: # [o]
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S].
I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n]
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]
I The phones that precede [S]: # [o]
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S].
I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n]
I The phones that follow [s]:
[u] [o] [e]
I The phones that precede [S]: # [o]
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S].
I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n]
I The phones that follow [s]: [u]
[o] [e]
I The phones that precede [S]: # [o]
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S].
I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n]
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o]
[e]
I The phones that precede [S]: # [o]
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S].
I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n]
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]
I The phones that precede [S]: # [o]
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S].
I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n]
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]
I The phones that precede [S]:
# [o]
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S].
I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n]
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]
I The phones that precede [S]: #
[o]
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S].
I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n]
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]
I The phones that precede [S]: # [o]
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S].
I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n]
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]
I The phones that precede [S]: # [o]
I The phones that follow [S]:
[i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S].
I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n]
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]
I The phones that precede [S]: # [o]
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [z] and [Z].
I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] #
I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]
I The phones that precede [Z]: # [a] [n]
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [z] and [Z].
I The phones that precede [z]:
[e] [n] #
I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]
I The phones that precede [Z]: # [a] [n]
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [z] and [Z].
I The phones that precede [z]: [e]
[n] #
I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]
I The phones that precede [Z]: # [a] [n]
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [z] and [Z].
I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n]
#
I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]
I The phones that precede [Z]: # [a] [n]
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [z] and [Z].
I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] #
I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]
I The phones that precede [Z]: # [a] [n]
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [z] and [Z].
I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] #
I The phones that follow [z]:
[u] [w] [e]
I The phones that precede [Z]: # [a] [n]
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [z] and [Z].
I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] #
I The phones that follow [z]: [u]
[w] [e]
I The phones that precede [Z]: # [a] [n]
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [z] and [Z].
I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] #
I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w]
[e]
I The phones that precede [Z]: # [a] [n]
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [z] and [Z].
I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] #
I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]
I The phones that precede [Z]: # [a] [n]
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [z] and [Z].
I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] #
I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]
I The phones that precede [Z]:
# [a] [n]
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [z] and [Z].
I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] #
I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]
I The phones that precede [Z]: #
[a] [n]
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [z] and [Z].
I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] #
I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]
I The phones that precede [Z]: # [a]
[n]
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [z] and [Z].
I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] #
I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]
I The phones that precede [Z]: # [a] [n]
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [z] and [Z].
I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] #
I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]
I The phones that precede [Z]: # [a] [n]
I The phones that follow [Z]:
[i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 1: Determine the environments of [z] and [Z].
I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] #
I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]
I The phones that precede [Z]: # [a] [n]
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 2: Find Commonalities in the SoundsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 2:Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n]
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]
I The phones that precede [S]: # [o]
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 2: Find Commonalities in the SoundsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 2:Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n]
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]
I The phones that precede [S]: # [o]
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 2: Find Commonalities in the SoundsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 2:Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n]Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]
I The phones that precede [S]: # [o]
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 2: Find Commonalities in the SoundsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 2:Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n]Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]All are Vowels!
I The phones that precede [S]: # [o]
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 2: Find Commonalities in the SoundsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 2:Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n]Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]All are Vowels!
I The phones that precede [S]: # [o]Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 2: Find Commonalities in the SoundsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 2:Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n]Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]All are Vowels!
I The phones that precede [S]: # [o]Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]All are [i]!
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 2: Find Commonalities in the SoundsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 2:Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] #
I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]
I The phones that precede [Z]: # [a] [n]
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 2: Find Commonalities in the SoundsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 2:Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] #Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]
I The phones that precede [Z]: # [a] [n]
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 2: Find Commonalities in the SoundsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 2:Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] #Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]Nothing in Common
I The phones that precede [Z]: # [a] [n]
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 2: Find Commonalities in the SoundsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 2:Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] #Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]Nothing in Common
I The phones that precede [Z]: # [a] [n]Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 2: Find Commonalities in the SoundsSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 2:Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] #Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]Nothing in Common
I The phones that precede [Z]: # [a] [n]Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]All are [i]!
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 3: See if an Environment is UniqueSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [s] or [S] .
I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n]Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]All are Vowels!
I The phones that precede [S]: # [o]Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]All are [i]!
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 3: See if an Environment is UniqueSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [s] or [S] .(Look at the environ’s where the phones share a feature in common.)
I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n]Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]All are Vowels!
I The phones that precede [S]: # [o]Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]All are [i]!
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 3: See if an Environment is UniqueSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [s] or [S] .(Look at the environ’s where the phones share a feature in common.)
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]All are Vowels!
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]All are [i]!
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 3: See if an Environment is UniqueSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [s] or [S] .(Look at the corresponding environ. for the other phone)
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]All are Vowels!
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]All are [i]!
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 3: See if an Environment is UniqueSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [s] or [S] .(See if the feature shared in [s]’s environ. can be found in [S]’s)
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]All are Vowels!
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]All are [i]!
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 3: See if an Environment is UniqueSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [s] or [S] .(See if the feature shared in [s]’s environ. can be found in [S]’s)
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]All are Vowels!
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]All are [i]!
Vowels can also follow [S]...
So it isn’t true that only [s] can be found before vowels...So there really isn’t an environment that is unique to [s]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 3: See if an Environment is UniqueSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [s] or [S] .(See if the feature shared in [s]’s environ. can be found in [S]’s)
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]All are Vowels!
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]All are [i]!
Vowels can also follow [S]...So it isn’t true that only [s] can be found before vowels...
So there really isn’t an environment that is unique to [s]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 3: See if an Environment is UniqueSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [s] or [S] .(See if the feature shared in [s]’s environ. can be found in [S]’s)
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]All are Vowels!
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]All are [i]!
Vowels can also follow [S]...So it isn’t true that only [s] can be found before vowels...So there really isn’t an environment that is unique to [s]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 3: See if an Environment is UniqueSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [s] or [S] .(See if the feature shared in [S]’s environ. can be found in [s]’s)
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]All are Vowels!
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]All are [i]!
Only [S] can be followed by [i]!
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 3: See if an Environment is UniqueSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [s] or [S] .(See if the feature shared in [S]’s environ. can be found in [s]’s)
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]All are Vowels!
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]All are [i]!
Only [S] can be followed by [i]!
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 3: See if an Environment is UniqueSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [z] or [Z] .
I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] #Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]Nothing in Common
I The phones that precede [Z]: # [a] [n]Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]All are [i]!
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 3: See if an Environment is UniqueSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [z] or [Z] .(Look at the environ’s where the sounds have something in common.)
I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] #Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]Nothing in Common
I The phones that precede [Z]: # [a] [n]Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]All are [i]!
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 3: See if an Environment is UniqueSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [z] or [Z] .(Look at the environ’s where the sounds have something in common.)
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]All are [i]!
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 3: See if an Environment is UniqueSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [z] or [Z] .(Look at the corresponding environ. for the other phone.)
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]All are [i]!
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 3: See if an Environment is UniqueSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [z] or [Z] .(Look at the corresponding environ. for the other phone.)
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]All are [i]!
I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 3: See if an Environment is UniqueSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [z] or [Z] .(See if the feature shared in [Z]’s environ. can be found in [z]’s)
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]All are [i]!
I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]
Only [Z] can be followed by [i]!
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 3: See if an Environment is UniqueSome Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [z] or [Z] .(See if the feature shared in [Z]’s environ. can be found in [z]’s)
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]All are [i]!
I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]
Only [Z] can be followed by [i]!
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 4: Write the Rule!Some Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 4:If there’s an environment unique to one phone, write the rule!
Only [S] can be followed by [i]!Only [Z] can be followed by [i]!
Rule of Thumb (for Writing Rules):If there are two allophones [X] and [Y], and only [X] appears inenvironment Z, the rule is: “/Y/ is pronounced as [X] in Z”
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 4: Write the Rule!Some Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 4:If there’s an environment unique to one phone, write the rule!
Only [S] can be followed by [i]!Only [Z] can be followed by [i]!
Rule of Thumb (for Writing Rules):If there are two allophones [X] and [Y], and only [X] appears inenvironment Z, the rule is: “/Y/ is pronounced as [X] in Z”
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 4: Write the Rule!Some Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 4:If there’s an environment unique to one phone, write the rule!
Only [S] can be followed by [i]!Only [Z] can be followed by [i]!
Rule of Thumb (for Writing Rules):If there are two allophones [X] and [Y], and only [X] appears inenvironment Z, the rule is: “/Y/ is pronounced as [X] in Z”
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 4: Write the Rule!Some Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 4:If there’s an environment unique to one phone, write the rule!
/s/ is pronounced as [S] when followed by [i]Only [Z] can be followed by [i]!
Rule of Thumb (for Writing Rules):If there are two allophones [X] and [Y], and only [X] appears inenvironment Z, the rule is: “/Y/ is pronounced as [X] in Z”
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 4: Write the Rule!Some Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 4:If there’s an environment unique to one phone, write the rule!
/s/ is pronounced as [S] when followed by [i]/z/ is pronounced as [Z] when followed by [i]
Rule of Thumb (for Writing Rules):If there are two allophones [X] and [Y], and only [X] appears inenvironment Z, the rule is: “/Y/ is pronounced as [X] in Z”
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 4: Write the Rule!Some Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 4:If there’s an environment unique to one phone, write the rule!
The Rules:/s/ is pronounced as [S] when followed by [i]/z/ is pronounced as [Z] when followed by [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Step 4: Write the Rule!Some Illustrative Words:
[Zima] ‘stretch’ [SioTe] ‘all’[kasu] ‘emaciation’ [nselele] ‘termite’[kunezulu] ‘heaven’ [aZimola] ‘alms’[nzwetu] ‘our’ [lolonZi] ‘to wash’[kesoka] ’to be cut’ [NkoSi] ‘lion’[zevo] ‘then’ [zeNga] ‘cut’
Step 4:If there’s an environment unique to one phone, write the rule!
The Rules (in Formal Notation):/s/ → [S] / [i]/z/ → [Z] / [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Summing Up
Questions:I Are [s] and [S] allophones of the same phoneme?I Are [z] and [Z] allophones of the same phoneme?
Answers:I [s] and [S] are allophones of the same phoneme (/s/).I [z] and [Z] are allophones of the same phoneme (/z/).
The Rules:I /s/ → [S] / [i]
I /z/ → [Z] / [i]
DeducingAllophonic Rules
Part 2
SupplementaryReadings
Introduction andReview
Fricatives inGerman
Fricatives inSouthern CongoTask 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Summing Up
Questions:I Are [s] and [S] allophones of the same phoneme?I Are [z] and [Z] allophones of the same phoneme?
Answers:I [s] and [S] are allophones of the same phoneme (/s/).I [z] and [Z] are allophones of the same phoneme (/z/).
The Rules:I /s/ → [S] / [i]
I /z/ → [Z] / [i]