Decision making and problem solving tristan f. m agtalapa

Decision Making and Problem Solving 1

Prepared by:Tristan F. MagtalapaMA-Educ. Mngt

Decision Making andProblem Solving

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Problem is a situation which should concern somebodyIt refers to a situation, condition, or issues which makes it difficult to achieve a desired goal, objective or purpose“Under the Gun “problems stress and very short time, sometimes it is urgent sudden event where a decision or an action needs to be takenA significant difference between what actually is and what is desired

What is Problem?

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A problem exist when an individual becomes aware of such differenceA problem is sometimes a puzzle, a target once achieved, an intellectual satisfaction is obtainedA problem are unresolved state of uncertainty and conflictsDecision to makeA problem simply could be emotion, a very worrisome situation for you, but may not be considered a problem to others

What is Problem?

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Causes of the problem?

PeopleResourcesEnvironmentProcesses, procedures and rulesVocabulary/terminology/concepts

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What is Problem Solving?

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Tool

It is a tool because it can help you solve an immediate problem or to achieve a goal.

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Skill It is a skill because once you have learnt it you can use it repeatedly.

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Process It is also a process because it involves taking a number of steps, as follows.

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Problem Solving

in Steps

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Problem Solving

Step 1Define the Problem

What is the problem and why is it happening?

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Step 1

Gathering InformationConsider these questions:

• What is the problem?• Is it my problem?• Can I solve it? Is it worth solving?• Is this the real problem, or merely a

symptom of a larger one?• If this is an old problem, what's wrong

with the previous solution?

Define the Problem

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• Does it need an immediate solution, or can it wait?

• Is it likely to go away by itself?• Can I risk ignoring it?• Does the problem have ethical

dimensions?• What conditions must the solution satisfy?• Will the solution affect something that

must remain unchanged?

Step 1

Define the Problem

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Problem Solving

Define the

Problem

Goals

Challenges

Opportunities

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Problem Solving

Step 1Define the Problem

What is the problem and why is it happening?

Step 2Develop a Plan

What are we going to do?

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Step 2

Develop a Plan

This is your Action PlanDuring this stage you will generate a range of possible courses of action, but with little attempt to evaluate them at this stage.Plan should be many

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Prioritize the problems:If you discover that you are looking at several related problems, then prioritize which ones you should address first.Note the difference between "important" and "urgent" problems. Often, what we consider to be important problems to consider are really just urgent problems. Important problems deserve more attention. For example, if you're continually answering "urgent" phone calls, then you've probably got a more "important" problem and that's to design a system that screens and prioritizes your phone calls.

Develop a Plan

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Plan Should be:

Develop a Plan

S y s t e m a ti c

M e a s u r a b l e

A tt a i n a b l e

R e a l i s ti c

T i m e B o u n d

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Problem Solving

Step 1Define the Problem

What is the problem and why is it happening?

Step 2Develop a Plan

What are we going to do?

Step 3Implement the Plan

Carry out the intervention

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This stage involves accepting and carrying out the chosen course of action.Implementation means acting on the chosen solution. During implementation more problems may arise especially if identification or structuring of the original problem was not carried out fully.Step-by-step process or actions for solving the problem

Implement the Plan

Step 3

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Problem Solving

Step 1Define the Problem

What is the problem and why is it happening?

Step 2Develop a Plan

What are we going to do?

Step 3Implement the Plan

Carry out the intervention

Step 4Evaluate the Plan

Did our plan work?

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Step 4

Evaluate the Plan

The last stage is about reviewing the outcomes of problem solving over a period of time, including seeking feedback as to the success of the outcomes of the chosen solution.The final stage of problem solving is concerned with checking that the process was successful. This can be achieved by monitoring and gaining feedback from people affected by any changes that occurred. It is good practice to keep a record of outcomes and any additional problems that occurred.

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Characteristics of a difficult problem

Transparency

Polytely

Complexity

Dynamics

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Problem-Solving Strategies

Abstraction: solving the problem in a model of the system before applying it to the real systemAnalogy: using a solution that solves an analogous problemBrainstorming: (especially among groups of people) suggesting a large number of solutions or ideas and combining and developing them until an optimum solution is foundDivide and conquer: breaking down a large, complex problem into smaller, solvable problemsHypothesis testing: assuming a possible explanation to the problem and trying to prove (or, in some contexts, disprove) the assumption

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Lateral thinking: approaching solutions indirectly and creativelyMeans-ends analysis: choosing an action at each step to move closer to the goalMethod of focal objects: synthesizing seemingly non-matching characteristics of different objects into something newMorphological analysis: assessing the output and interactions of an entire systemProof: try to prove that the problem cannot be solved. The point where the proof fails will be the starting point for solving it

Problem-Solving Strategies

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Reduction: transforming the problem into another problem for which solutions existResearch: employing existing ideas or adapting existing solutions to similar problemsRoot cause analysis: identifying the cause of a problemTrial-and-error: testing possible solutions until the right one is found

Problem-Solving Strategies

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Problem-Solving Methodologies

APS (Applied Problem Solving)

OODA loop (observe, orient,

decide, and act)

PDCA (plan–do–check–act)

RPR Problem Diagnosis (rapid

problem resolution)

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Common barriers to problem solving

Confirmation bias

Mental set first articulated by

Abraham Luchins

Functional fixedness

Unnecessary constraints

Irrelevant information

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Decision Making and Problem Solving

Decision Making

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Decision-making can be regarded as the cognitive process resulting in the selection of a belief or a course of action among several alternative possibilities. Every decision-making process produces a final choice that may or may not prompt action.

Decision-making is the study of identifying and choosing alternatives based on the values and preferences of the decision maker.

Decision-making is one of the central activities of management and is a huge part of any process of implementation.

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Decision-making can also be regarded as a problem-solving activity terminated by a solution deemed to be satisfactory.

Decision Making

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Rational and Irrational Decision Making

Rational Decision MakingDecisions based on facts or reason and not on

emotions or feeling listing the advantages and disadvantages of each

option

Irrational Decision Makingnot thinking clearly, not able to use reasons or

good judgment

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Two Broad Categories of Decision Making

Group Decision Making TechniquesIndividual Decision Making Techniques

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Group Decision Making Techniques

Consensus decision-making tries to avoid "winners" and "losers".

Voting-based methods. Delphi method Dotmocracy

• is a facilitation method that relies on the use of special forms called Dotmocracy Sheets to allow large groups to collectively brainstorm and recognize agreement on an unlimited number of ideas they have authored.

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Individual Decision Making

Pros and cons

Simple Prioritization

Preference trees

Flipism

Opportunity Cost

Bureaucratic

Participative Decision Making

Use of a structured decision-making method

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Decision-Making Steps

Establishing community Perception Interpretation

Judgment Motivation

Action

Reflection in action

Reflection on action

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Palm Brown Decision Making Process

Decision Making

Outline your goal and outcome

Gather data

Develop alternatives

List pros and cons of each alternative

Make the decision

Immediately take action

to implement it

Learn from and reflect

on the decision

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Trust in the Lord with all your heart, and do not lean on your own understanding. In all your ways acknowledge him, and he will make straight your paths.

Proverbs 3:5-6

Decision Making

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Thank You for Listening