Débora

Puc- Unidade C. EucarísticoPuc- Unidade C. EucarísticoCurso de Letras- ênfase em inglês Curso de Letras- ênfase em inglês Disciplina: Morfossintaxe e Disciplina: Morfossintaxe e processamento do texto/ 5ºperíodoprocessamento do texto/ 5ºperíodoProfessora: Rosana Espírito SantoProfessora: Rosana Espírito SantoAluna: Débora C. da C. AlmeidaAluna: Débora C. da C. AlmeidaRevisão de conteúdo gramatical da língua Revisão de conteúdo gramatical da língua inglesainglesa

Tópicos: Tópicos:

A) Nouns A) Nouns

B) PronounsB) Pronouns

C) Determiners C) Determiners

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NOUNSNOUNSWHAT IS A NOUN?WHAT IS A NOUN? A noun is a word used to name a A noun is a word used to name a

person, animal, place, thing, and person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea.abstract idea.

A noun can function in a sentence as A noun can function in a sentence as a subject, a direct object, an indirect a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, a subject complement, an object, a subject complement, an object complement, an appositive, an object complement, an appositive, an adjective or an adverb. adjective or an adverb.

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DETECTIVE ; LETTERDETECTIVE ; LETTER

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BOY ; FLOWER BOY ; FLOWER (SUNFLOWER)(SUNFLOWER)

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CHILD ; CHEERCHILD ; CHEER

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BAKER; CAKEBAKER; CAKE

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CHILDREN ; RIO DE JANEIRO CHILDREN ; RIO DE JANEIRO

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SMILE; SMILE; UMBRELLA; UMBRELLA;

WATER;WATER;TOOTH TOOTH

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PLURAL NOUNSPLURAL NOUNS A regra geral para a formação do A regra geral para a formação do

plural é acrescentar um plural é acrescentar um -S -S ao ao singular:singular:

book/ booksbook/ booksgirl / girlsgirl / girlsday / days day / days 

table / tablestable / tables

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Os substantivos terminados em Os substantivos terminados em --oo, , -ch-ch, , -sh-sh, , -ss-ss, , -x-x e e -z  -z formam o formam o plural acrescentando-se o sufixo plural acrescentando-se o sufixo --

eses:: hero / heroeshero / heroes

tomato / tomatoestomato / tomatoeschurch / churcheschurch / churcheswatch / watcheswatch / watchesbrush / brushes brush / brushes (pincel)(pincel) wish / wishes wish / wishes glass / glassesglass / glassesbox / boxesbox / boxesbuzz / buzzes buzz / buzzes (zumbido)(zumbido)topaz / topazes (topaz / topazes (topázio)topázio)

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Palavras estrangeiras ou formas Palavras estrangeiras ou formas abreviadas em abreviadas em -o-o fazem o plural  fazem o plural

emem -s -s piano/pianospiano/pianos

photo/photosphoto/photosportfolio/portfoliosportfolio/portfolios

radio/radiosradio/radiossolo/solos solo/solos 

soprano/sopranossoprano/sopranostango/tangos tango/tangos 

virtuoso/virtuososvirtuoso/virtuosos

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Os substantivos terminados em Os substantivos terminados em --yy, precedidos de consoante, , precedidos de consoante, perdem o perdem o -y-y e recebem  e recebem -ies-ies

country/ countriescountry/ countries

family/ familiesfamily/ familiesfly/ fliesfly/ flies

lady/ ladies lady/ ladies story/ storiesstory/ stories

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Os substantivos abaixo terminados Os substantivos abaixo terminados em em -f-f ou  ou -fe-fe perdem essas letras e  perdem essas letras e

recebem recebem -ves -ves  half/halves half/halves (metade)(metade)

knife/knives knife/knives (faca)(faca)  leaf/leaves leaf/leaves (folhas)(folhas)life/lives life/lives (vida)(vida)loaf/loaves (loaf/loaves (pãopão))self/selves self/selves (a própria pessoa)(a própria pessoa)

(feixe) (feixe) sheaf/sheavessheaf/sheaves(estante) (estante) shelf/shelvesshelf/shelves

(ladrão) (ladrão) thief/thievesthief/thieves(esposa)(esposa) wife/wives  wife/wives (lobo) (lobo) wolf/wolveswolf/wolves

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Todos os demais substantivos Todos os demais substantivos terminados emterminados em -f  -f ou ou -fe-fe fazem  fazem

o plural em o plural em -s-s: : 

chief/chiefs chief/chiefs (chefe)(chefe)cliff/clipffs cliff/clipffs (penhasco)(penhasco)roof/roofs roof/roofs (telhado)(telhado)

fife/fifes fife/fifes (pífaro)(pífaro)strife/strifes strife/strifes (briga)(briga)

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Alguns substantivos passam por Alguns substantivos passam por mudanças de vários tipos: mudanças de vários tipos:

IRREGULAR PLURALIRREGULAR PLURAL PERSON – PEOPLEPERSON – PEOPLE CHILD – CHILDRENCHILD – CHILDREN TOOTH – TEETHTOOTH – TEETH MOUSE – MICE (CAMUNDONGO)MOUSE – MICE (CAMUNDONGO) OX – OXEN (BOI)OX – OXEN (BOI) GOOSE – GEESE (GANSO)GOOSE – GEESE (GANSO) ANALYSIS – ANALYSESANALYSIS – ANALYSES MAN - MEN MAN - MEN

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Com substantivos compostos, Com substantivos compostos, pluralizamos o seu componente pluralizamos o seu componente

principal:  principal:  brother-in-law /brothers-in-law brother-in-law /brothers-in-law

(CUNHADO)(CUNHADO) errand-boy /errand-boys errand-boy /errand-boys

(MENSAGEIRO)(MENSAGEIRO) godfather /godfathersgodfather /godfathers (PADRINHO) (PADRINHO) maidservant /maidservants maidservant /maidservants

(CRIADA(CRIADA)) stepdaughter/stepdaughter/stepdaughters stepdaughters

(ENTEADA)(ENTEADA)       

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Substantivos de origem Substantivos de origem estrangeira (gregos ou latinos) estrangeira (gregos ou latinos) mantêm seus plurais originais: mantêm seus plurais originais:

Alumnus/Alumnus/alumni (ex- aluno)alumni (ex- aluno) Analysis/analyses (análise)Analysis/analyses (análise) Axis/axes (eixo)Axis/axes (eixo) Bacillus/bacilli (bacilo)Bacillus/bacilli (bacilo) Bacterium/bacteria (bactéria)Bacterium/bacteria (bactéria) Basis/bases (base)Basis/bases (base) Crisis/crises (crise)Crisis/crises (crise)

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Alguns substantivos Alguns substantivos apresentam a mesma forma apresentam a mesma forma para o singular e o plural: para o singular e o plural:

Sheep /Sheep /carneiro(s)carneiro(s) species / species / espécie(s)espécie(s) fish* / fish* / peixe(s)peixe(s) salmon /salmon /salmão(ões) salmão(ões) series /series /série(s)série(s)

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Alguns substantivos, por conter Alguns substantivos, por conter a idéia de um grande número a idéia de um grande número

ou porque indicam que a ou porque indicam que a entidade é composta de duas entidade é composta de duas

partes iguais, são somente partes iguais, são somente usados no plural:usados no plural:

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Binoculars- binóculoBinoculars- binóculo

Cattle- gadoCattle- gado

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Glasses- Glasses- óculosóculos

Jeans- jeans Jeans- jeans

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Police- Police- políciapolícia

Scales- Scales- balançabalança

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Scissors- Scissors- tesouratesoura

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Há, porém, uma tendência em Há, porém, uma tendência em pluralizar palavras de origem pluralizar palavras de origem

estrangeira com o plural estrangeira com o plural inglês: inglês: 

Stadium/Stadium/stadiums stadiums (estádio)(estádio)   Terminus/Terminus/terminusesterminuses (término) (término) Memorandum/Memorandum/memorandumsmemorandums

(memorando)(memorando) Dogma/dogmasDogma/dogmas (dogmas) (dogmas)

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The The highlightedhighlighted words in the words in the following sentences are all following sentences are all

nouns:nouns:1.1. Late last Late last yearyear our  our neighboursneighbours bought  bought

a a goatgoat..2.2. Portia WhitePortia White was an  was an opera singeropera singer..3.3. The The bus inspectorbus inspector looked at all  looked at all

the the passengers' passespassengers' passes..4.4. According to According to PlutarchPlutarch, ,

the the librarylibrary at  at AlexandriaAlexandria was  was destroyed in 48 B.C.destroyed in 48 B.C.

5.5. PhilosophyPhilosophy is of little  is of little comfortcomfort to  to the the starvingstarving..

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Countable Nouns and Countable Nouns and uncountableuncountable

A noun can be countable or uncountable;A noun can be countable or uncountable; COUNTABLE:COUNTABLE:

I eat a banana every day.I eat a banana every day.

I like bananas.I like bananas. Banana is a countable noun.Banana is a countable noun. A countable noun can be singular (banana) A countable noun can be singular (banana)

or plural (bananas).or plural (bananas). We can use numbers with countable We can use numbers with countable

nouns. So we can say ‘ one banana’, ‘two nouns. So we can say ‘ one banana’, ‘two bananas” etc. bananas” etc.

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Examples of nouns Examples of nouns usually countable: usually countable:

Kate was singing Kate was singing a a songsong..

There’sThere’s a a nice nice beachbeach near here.near here.

Do you have Do you have aa ten- ten-pound pound notenote??

It wasn’t your fault. It It wasn’t your fault. It was was an accidentan accident..

There are no There are no batteriesbatteries in the radio.in the radio.

We haven’t got enough We haven’t got enough cups.cups.

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Non-Countable Nouns:Non-Countable Nouns:I eat I eat ricerice every day. every day.I like I like ricerice.. RiceRice is an is an

uncountable noun.uncountable noun. An uncountable An uncountable

noun has only one noun has only one form (form (ricerice).).

We cannot use We cannot use numbers with numbers with uncountable nouns. uncountable nouns. We cannot say “one We cannot say “one rice”, “two rices” rice”, “two rices” etc.etc.

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Examples of nouns Examples of nouns usually uncountable:usually uncountable: Kate was listening to Kate was listening to

(some) (some) musicmusic.. There’s There’s sandsand in my in my

shoes. (areia)shoes. (areia) Do you have any Do you have any

moneymoney?? It wasn’t your fault. It It wasn’t your fault. It

was bad was bad luckluck.. There is no There is no electricityelectricity

in this house.in this house. We haven’t got We haven’t got

enough enough waterwater..

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MORE EXAMPLES OF MORE EXAMPLES OF COUNTABLE AND COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE:UNCOUNTABLE:

COUNTABLE: car, book, train, elephant, COUNTABLE: car, book, train, elephant, two books, ten dogs, etc.two books, ten dogs, etc.

UNCOUNTABLE: air, coffee, water, UNCOUNTABLE: air, coffee, water, money, rice, strength, light, etc.money, rice, strength, light, etc.

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PRONOUNSPRONOUNS

1.1. SUBJECTIVE PRONOUNSSUBJECTIVE PRONOUNS

2.2. OBJECTIVE PRONOUNSOBJECTIVE PRONOUNS

3.3. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVESPOSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

4.4. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNSPOSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

5.5. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNSREFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

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1. Subject Pronouns/ 2. Object 1. Subject Pronouns/ 2. Object Pronouns/ 3. Possessive Pronouns/ 3. Possessive

AdjectivesAdjectivesI me myI me my

you you your you you your

He him his He him his

She her herShe her her

It it itsIt it its

We us ourWe us our

You you your You you your

They them theirThey them their

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1. Subjective 1. Subjective Pronouns:Pronouns: Sempre terão a função de sujeito.Sempre terão a função de sujeito. e.g. e.g. TomTom phoned Jane yesterday. phoned Jane yesterday.

HeHe

The boysThe boys travelled last week. travelled last week.

TheyThey

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2. Objective PronounsMe- She wants to take me to Me- She wants to take me to

Miami.Miami.

You- I need to visit you tomorrow.You- I need to visit you tomorrow.

Him- She likes to cook for him.Him- She likes to cook for him.

Her- I have to say this her.Her- I have to say this her.

It- I need to wash it.It- I need to wash it.

Us- They like to help us.Us- They like to help us.

You- I want to write to you.You- I want to write to you.

Them- I need to know them betterThem- I need to know them better

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Objective Pronouns

Sempre terão a função de objeto.Sempre terão a função de objeto. e.g. e.g. JaneJane wrote wrote TomTom a lettera letter when he when he

was was

She She him him itit

abroad.abroad.

The girlsThe girls talk to talk to their neighbors every every

They They them them

day.day.

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3. Possessive Adjectives3. Possessive Adjectives Sempre irão acompanhar um Sempre irão acompanhar um

substantivo.substantivo.

MY- MY- MEU.MEU.

YOUR- YOUR- SEU SEU

HIS- HIS- SEU (DELE) SEU (DELE)

HER- HER- SEU (DELA) SEU (DELA)

ITS- ITS- SEU (NEUTRO) SEU (NEUTRO)

OUR- OUR- NOSSO NOSSO

YOUR- YOUR- SEUS (DE VOCÊS) SEUS (DE VOCÊS)

THEIR- THEIR- SEUS (DELES) SEUS (DELES)

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Possessive AdjectivesPossessive Adjectives

MY- MY- MEU I like my car.MEU I like my car.

YOUR- YOUR- SEU You start your class.SEU You start your class.

HIS- HIS- SEU (DELE) He reads his book.SEU (DELE) He reads his book.

HER- HER- SEU (DELA) She lives with her SEU (DELA) She lives with her mother.mother.

ITS- ITS- SEU (NEUTRO) It has its problems.SEU (NEUTRO) It has its problems.

OUR- OUR- NOSSO We stay with our NOSSO We stay with our children. children.

YOUR- YOUR- SEUS (DE VOCÊS) You prefer your city.SEUS (DE VOCÊS) You prefer your city.

THEIR- THEIR- SEUS (DELES) They open their store.SEUS (DELES) They open their store.

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4. Possessive Pronouns and 4. Possessive Pronouns and 5. Reflexive Pronouns:5. Reflexive Pronouns:

Mine MyselfMine Myself

Yours YoursefYours Yoursef

His Himself His Himself

Hers HerselfHers Herself

Its ItselfIts Itself

Ours OurselfOurs Ourself

Yours YourselfYours Yourself

Theirs ThemselfTheirs Themself

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4. Possessive 4. Possessive Pronouns:Pronouns: Sempre irão substituir um substantivo.Sempre irão substituir um substantivo. e.g. e.g. MyMy school is traditional, school is traditional, hershers is is

traditional, too.traditional, too.

HerHer bike is brand-new, bike is brand-new, minemine is is brand-new, too.brand-new, too.

Is that pen Is that pen yoursyours? Yes, it’s ? Yes, it’s minemine..

Those sweets aren’t Those sweets aren’t oursours. They . They must be must be theirstheirs..

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5. Reflexive and Emphasizing 5. Reflexive and Emphasizing Pronouns:Pronouns: REFLEXIVEREFLEXIVE: :

aparecem sempre aparecem sempre apósapós o verbo o verbo concordando com o concordando com o sujeito da oração.sujeito da oração.

e.g. Daisy cut e.g. Daisy cut herselfherself with a with a blade. (blade: blade. (blade: lâmina)lâmina)

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The boys blame The boys blame themselvesthemselves for that mistake. for that mistake.

(blame: repreender, responsabilizar)(blame: repreender, responsabilizar)

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EmphasizersEmphasizers: : aparecem aparecem antesantes do do verbo ou no verbo ou no finalfinal da da oração.oração.

e.g. Ie.g. I myself myself wash all wash all dishes or I wash all dishes or I wash all the dishes the dishes myselfmyself..

Tom Tom himselfhimself prepared the meal or prepared the meal or Tom prepared the Tom prepared the meal meal himselfhimself. .

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NOTA:NOTA: Sempre que forem precedidos da Sempre que forem precedidos da

preposição preposição byby, esses pronomes indicam , esses pronomes indicam que a pessoa praticou a ação sozinha que a pessoa praticou a ação sozinha por conta própriapor conta própria, podendo ser , podendo ser sustituídos pela palavra sustituídos pela palavra alonealone..

e.g. Jane works e.g. Jane works by herselfby herself at the shop. at the shop.

The dog found the way home The dog found the way home by by itselfitself. .

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GENITIVE CASEGENITIVE CASEUsed to indicate possessionUsed to indicate possession

Mary’s car.Mary’s car.

The girls’ school.The girls’ school.

My cousin’s house.My cousin’s house.

Cervantes’ novels.Cervantes’ novels.

Alice’s sister.Alice’s sister.

My cousins’ restaurant.My cousins’ restaurant.

Rui Barbosa’s square.Rui Barbosa’s square.

The moon’s lightThe moon’s light

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DETERMINERSDETERMINERS Nouns are often preceded by the Nouns are often preceded by the

words words thethe, , aa, or , or anan. . These words are called DETERMINERS. These words are called DETERMINERS. They indicate the kind of reference They indicate the kind of reference

which the noun has. The which the noun has. The determinerdeterminer the the is known as the  is known as the DEFINITE ARTICLE. DEFINITE ARTICLE.

It is used before both singular and It is used before both singular and plural nouns: plural nouns: Singular/PluralSingular/Plural

the the taxi taxi the the taxistaxisthe the paper paper the the paperspapersthe the apple apple the the applesapples

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The determiner The determiner aa (or  (or anan, when the , when the following noun begins with a vowel) is following noun begins with a vowel) is the INDEFINITE ARTICLE. It is used the INDEFINITE ARTICLE. It is used when the noun is singular:  when the noun is singular:    

aa taxi   taxi  aa paper   paper  anan apple apple

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The articles The articles thethe and  and a/ana/an are the  are the most common determiners, but most common determiners, but

there are many others:  there are many others:  

any any taxi  taxi  that that question  question  those those apples  apples  

this this paper  paper  some some apple  apple  

whatever whatever taxi  taxi  whichever whichever taxitaxi

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Many determiners express Many determiners express quantity:  quantity:  

all all examples  examples  both both parents  parents  many many people  people  each each person  person  every every night  night  

several several computers  computers  few few excuses  excuses  

enough enough water  water  no no escapeescape

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Numerals and DeterminersNumerals and Determiners Numerals are determiners when they appear Numerals are determiners when they appear

before a noun. In this position, cardinal before a noun. In this position, cardinal numerals express quantity:  numerals express quantity:    

one one book  book  two two books  books  

twentytwenty books books In the same position, ordinal numerals express In the same position, ordinal numerals express

sequence:  sequence:    

first first impressions  impressions  second second chance  chance  

third third prizeprize

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The subclass of ordinals includes a set of The subclass of ordinals includes a set of words which are not directly related to words which are not directly related to numbers (as numbers (as first first is related is related to to oneone, , secondsecond is related to  is related to twotwo, etc). , etc).

These are called general ordinals, and These are called general ordinals, and they includethey include last last, , latterlatter,,nextnext, , previousprevious, , and and subsequentsubsequent. These words also . These words also function as determiners:  function as determiners:    

next week  last orders  

previous engagement  subsequent developments

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  When they do not come before a noun, When they do not come before a noun, as we've already seen, numerals are a as we've already seen, numerals are a subclass of nouns. And like nouns, they subclass of nouns. And like nouns, they can take determiners:  can take determiners:    

the two the two of us  of us  the firstthe first of many of many

They can even have numerals as They can even have numerals as determiners before them:  determiners before them:    

five twosfive twos are ten are ten In this example, In this example, twostwos is a plural noun  is a plural noun

and it has the determiner and it has the determiner five five before before it.  it.  

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The The general general

determinerdeterminers are:s are:

the indefinite articles : the indefinite articles : a, an a, an a fewa few

a little a little all all another another anyany

both both each each either either enough enough everyevery

few few fewer fewer less less little little manymanymore more most most muchmuch

neither neither no no other other several several some some 

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For example:For example: ""AA man sat under  man sat under anan umbrella.“ umbrella.“ ““Have you got Have you got anyany English books that  English books that

I could have?“I could have?“ ““There is There is enoughenough food to feed  food to feed

everyone.“everyone.“

You use general determiners to talk You use general determiners to talk about people or things without saying about people or things without saying exactly who or what they are.exactly who or what they are.

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BIBLIOGRAFIA:BIBLIOGRAFIA: http://www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca/

hypergrammar/nouns.html Murphy, Raymond. English Grammar Murphy, Raymond. English Grammar

um Use, third edition, Cambridge.um Use, third edition, Cambridge. Imagens retiradas do Google.Imagens retiradas do Google. Coleção Pitpagoras 2000; livro 1 de Coleção Pitpagoras 2000; livro 1 de

Inglês- Ensino Médio. Inglês- Ensino Médio.