Dean Acheson signs the NATO treaty in Washington on April 4, 1949, as Harry Truman and British Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin look on. George Kennan rejected.

Dean Acheson signs the NATO

treaty in Washington on April 4, 1949, as

Harry Truman and British Foreign

Secretary Ernest Bevin look on.

George Kennan rejected the

militarization of “containment”.

EVIDENCE OF STALIN’S PLAN FOR WORLD DOMINATION?

1. The Greek Civil War of 1946/47.2. April 1947: A strike at the Renault Plant near Paris

gains the support of the French Communist Party and leads to the fall of the Popular Front Government.

3. Chinese Civil War, 1947/48: The sudden victory of the Communists over the Nationalists leads to conspiracy theories in Washington.

4. Communist takeover in Czechoslovakia, February 1948.

5. June 1948: Soviet Blockade of Berlin, which leads to the Berlin Airlift.

Only ONE of these five events actually took place on Stalin’s orders….

All debate in Washington about

Soviet intentions ended when North Korea

invaded South Korea in June 1950, but Dean

Acheson had declared publicly in January 1950 that the U.S.

“defensive perimeter” did NOT include South Korea (see Gaddis, pp.

41-3).

When U.S. troops reached the Yalu River in October 1950, 300,000 Communist Chinese troops intervened

U.S. troops retreating in 1951. The USA lost 36,515 men killed in what was technically a “UN police action.”

General Douglas MacArthur was dismissed by Trumanin 1951 after publicly advocating the use of nuclear weapons.

Sixteen of these B-29s were shot down by “North Korean” fighter

planes that were actually Soviet.

THE IRON CURTAIN IN EUROPE

INITIAL POSTWAR ELECTION RESULTS (1945-49)

COUNTRY Com. Soc. Lib.Chr.-Dem.

Other

France 27% 24% 6% 25% 18%

Italy 19% 20% 6% 35% 20%

West Germany

6% 29% 12% 31% 22%

In 1948 Charles de Gaulle founded a secularist, nationalist party for moderate conservatives that

gradually absorbed the French Christian Democrats.

Founding Fathers of Christian Democracy, the EU, & NATO:

Alcide de Gasperi (1881-1954): Italian

prime minister, 1945-53

Konrad Adenauer

(1876-1967): West German

chancellor, 1949-1962

Robert Schuman (1886-1963): French prime

minister, 1948, & foreign minister,

1948-53

The Schuman Plan for the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), published in May 1950,

was devised by JEAN MONNET (1888-1979)

1919-23: Deputy Secretary

General of the League of Nations;

1924-39: Liquor exporter,

international financier;

1940-45: Trusted advisor of

Churchill, de Gaulle, & FDR;

first president of the ECSC, 1952-

55

THE LIBERAL ARCHITECTS OF WELFARE CAPITALISM

Sir William Beveridge declared war on

poverty in 1942

John Maynard Keynes

(1883-1946) championed

full employment

Ludwig Erhard promised

“Prosperity for Everyone” as

German economics minister

“NATO: His Comrades,

our Allies” (West Germany,

1955/56)

Adenauer and Italy’s prime minister, Antonio Segni, signing the Treaty of Rome on March 24,

1957, to create the European Economic Community

STEPS TOWARD INTEGRATION1952: European

Coal & Steel Community

1958: Common Market (EEC)

1962: Common Agricultural Policy1979: European

parliament elected1992: All non-tariff barriers removed1999: Monetary

union

AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH OF GDP

COUNTRY 1870-1913

1913-1950

1950-1960

1960-1970

1979-1985

France 1.6% 0.7% 4.6% 5.8% 1.3%

Germany 2.9% 1.2% 7.8%* 4.8%* 1.6%*

U.K. 2.2% 1.7% 2.7% 2.8% 1.2%

Italy 1.4% 1.3% 5.8% 5.7%

USA 4.3% 2.9% 3.2% 4.3% 2.2%

Sweden 2.4% 2.0% 4.4% 4.5%

* Refers solely to West Germany.

Walter Ulbricht founded the pro-SovietGerman Democratic Republic in 1949

The Foundation of Independence and Prosperity"

(GDR, 1952)

Demonstrations by 500,000 workers in East Germany were suppressed by Soviet tanks on June 17, 1953,

with 70 killed.

Nikita Khrushchev (Soviet leader, 1953-64) denounced Stalin’s “cult of personality” in a closed

meeting of the 20th Congress of the CPSU in February 1956 but was shocked when anti-Stalinist riots broke

out in Poland and Hungary

In Budapest a popular uprising

brought Imre Nagy to power in

late October 1956, but Soviet tanks “restored order”

in early November.

Americans were shocked when the USSR launched the world’s first orbital satellite, Sputnik 1, on October 4,

1957.

Nikita Khrushchev denounces Gary Powers & his U-2, May 1960

Khrushchev also wooed the Cuban revolutionaryFidel Castro, who came to power in 1958

JFK authorized the landing of 1,300 Cuban exiles armed by the CIA to land at the Bay of Pigs in

April 1961

Ninety were killed and most of the rest captured

after three days of fighting.

Khrushchev responded by sending troops and nuclear-armed missiles to Cuba (surveillance photo from October 1962)

Nuclear deterrence required a warning interval(Polaris submarines had just begun

deployment in 1960)

The range of Soviet

missiles deployed or about to be deployed;

there would be no

warning from a strike by

them…

President Kennedy announces the blockade ofCuba to the American people on October 22, 1962

The U.S.S. Barry intercepts a Soviet freighter, October 1962

Soviet freighter with missiles on deck

THE RESOLUTION OF THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS, OCTOBER 1962

Khrushchev offers privately on October 26 to remove his missiles in exchange for a U.S. promise not to invade Cuba, but Radio Moscow proclaims on Oct. 27 that the U.S. must also remove its missiles from Turkey.JFK formally accepts the first proposal and sends his brother to Ambassador Dobrynin with a secret assurance that U.S. missiles would be removed from Turkey in 4 or 5 months.October 28: Radio Moscow broadcasts a pledge by Khrushchev to remove the missiles from Cuba. JFK responds with a public pledge to respect Cuba’s borders.Soon thereafter, the USA replaced its Jupiter missiles based in Turkey with Polaris submarines off the coast.