DBMS .

• DBMS

https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Database trigger Triggers in DBMS

1 Below follows a series of descriptions of how some popular DBMS support triggers.


Database 1960s Navigational DBMS

1 The introduction of the term database coincided with the availability of direct-access storage (disks and drums) from the mid-1960s onwards. The term represented a contrast with the tape-based systems of the past, allowing shared interactive use rather than daily batch processing. The Oxford English dictionary cites

a 1962 report by the System Development Corporation of California as the first to use the term "data-base" in a specific technical sense.



1 As computers grew in speed and capability, a number of general-

purpose database systems emerged; by the mid-1960s there were a

number of such systems in commercial use



1 The Codasyl approach was based on the "manual" navigation of a linked data set which was formed into a

large network



1 IBM also had their own DBMS system in 1968, known as IMS


Database 1970s relational DBMS

1 Edgar Codd worked at IBM in San Jose, California, in one of their offshoot offices that was primarily involved in the development of hard disk systems. He was unhappy with the navigational model of the Codasyl approach,

notably the lack of a "search" facility. In 1970, he wrote a number of papers that outlined a new approach to database construction that eventually culminated in the groundbreaking A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared

Data Banks.



1 Data may be freely inserted, deleted and edited in these tables, with the DBMS doing whatever maintenance

needed to present a table view to the application/user.



1 The relational model also allowed the content of the database to evolve without constant rewriting of links

and pointers



1 For instance, a common use of a database system is to track

information about users, their name, login information, various addresses

and phone numbers



1 Linking the information back together is the key

to this system



1 Just as the navigational approach would require programs to loop in

order to collect records, the relational approach would require loops to

collect information about any one record



1 Codd's paper was picked up by two people at Berkeley, Eugene Wong and Michael

Stonebraker



1 IBM itself did one test implementation of the relational

model, PRTV, and a production one, Business System 12, both now

discontinued. Honeywell wrote MRDS for Multics, and now there are two

new implementations: Alphora Dataphor and Rel. Most other DBMS

implementations usually called relational are actually SQL DBMSs.



1 In 1970, the University of Michigan began development of the MICRO Information

Management System based on D.L. Childs' Set-Theoretic Data model. Micro was used to manage very large data sets by the US

Department of Labor, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and researchers from the

University of Alberta, the University of Michigan, and Wayne State University. It ran on IBM mainframe computers using the Michigan Terminal System. The system remained in

production until 1998.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Database Late-1970s SQL DBMS

1 IBM started working on a prototype system loosely based on Codd's

concepts as System R in the early 1970s



1 Stonebraker went on to apply the lessons from INGRES to develop a new database, Postgres, which is

now known as PostgreSQL. PostgreSQL is often used for global

mission critical applications (the .org and .info domain name registries use it as their primary data store, as do many large companies and financial

institutions).https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html


1 In Sweden, Codd's paper was also read and Mimer SQL was developed from the

mid-1970s at Uppsala University. In 1984, this project was consolidated into an independent enterprise. In the early 1980s, Mimer introduced transaction

handling for high robustness in applications, an idea that was

subsequently implemented on most other DBMS.



1 Another data model, the entity-relationship model, emerged in 1976 and gained popularity for database

design as it emphasized a more familiar description than the earlier relational model. Later on, entity-

relationship constructs were retrofitted as a data modeling

construct for the relational model, and the difference between the two

have become irrelevant.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Object database - Comparison with RDBMSs

1 Another benefit of an OODBMS is that it can be programmed with small

procedural differences without affecting the entire system



1 Objects don't require assembly and disassembly saving coding time and

execution time to assemble or disassemble objects.



1 Better concurrency control - a hierarchy of objects may be

locked.



1 Works well for distributed

architectures.



1 Less code required when applications are object

oriented.



1 Support for RDBMS is more certain and change is less

likely to be required.


Distributed database - Homogeneous DDBMS

1 In a homogeneous distributed database all sites have identical software and are aware

of each other and agree to cooperate in processing user requests. Each site

surrenders part of its autonomy in terms of right to change schema or software. A

homogeneous DDBMS appears to the user as a single system. The homogeneous system is

much easier to design and manage. The following conditions must be satisfied for

homogeneous database:



1 The operating system used, at each location must be same or

compatible.[according to whom?][further explanation needed]



1 The data structures used at each

location must be same or compatible.



1 The database application (or DBMS) used at each location must be same or compatible.


Distributed database - Heterogeneous DDBMS

1 On heterogeneous system, translations are required to allow communication between different

sites (or DBMS)


Database management system - General-purpose and special-purpose DBMSs

1 A common example is an email system: email systems are designed

to optimize the handling of email messages, and do not need

significant portions of a general-purpose DBMS functionality.



1 Database designers and database administrators interact with the

DBMS through dedicated interfaces to build and maintain the

applications' databases, and thus need some more knowledge and understanding about how DBMSs operate and the DBMSs' external interfaces and tuning parameters.



1 General-purpose databases are usually developed by one

organization or community of programmers, while a different group builds the applications that use it. In

many companies, specialized database administrators maintain databases, run reports, and may

work on code that runs on the databases themselves (rather than in

the client application).https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Database management system - 1960s Navigational DBMS

1 The Codasyl approach was based on the manual navigation of a linked data set which was formed into a

large network


Database management system - 1960s Navigational DBMS

1 International Business Machines|IBM also had their own DBMS system in 1968, known as

IMS


Database management system - 1970s relational DBMS

1 Edgar Codd worked at International Business Machines|IBM in San Jose, California, in one of their offshoot

offices that was primarily involved in the development of hard disk

systems







1 Linking the information back together is the key

to this system




model, PRTV, and a production one, Business System 12, both now discontinued. Honeywell wrote

Multics Relational Data Store|MRDS for Multics, and now there are two new implementations: Dataphor|

Alphora Dataphor and Rel (DBMS)|Rel. Most other DBMS




1 In 1970, the University of Michigan began development of the MICRO

Information Management SystemWilliam Hershey and Carol Easthope, , Spring Joint Computer

Conference, May 1972 in ACM SIGIR Forum, Volume 7, Issue 4 (December

1972), pp


Database management system - Late-1970s SQL DBMS


concepts as IBM System R|System R in the early 1970s



1 Stonebraker went on to apply the lessons from INGRES to develop a new database, Postgres, which is

now known as PostgreSQL. PostgreSQL is often used for global

mission critical applications (the .org and .info domain name registries use it as their primary data store, as do many large companies and financial

institutions).https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html


1 In Sweden, Codd's paper was also read and Mimer SQL was developed

from the mid-1970s at Uppsala University. In 1984, this project was

consolidated into an independent enterprise. In the early 1980s, Mimer introduced transaction handling for high robustness in applications, an

idea that was subsequently implemented on most other DBMS.


Databases - 1970s relational DBMS


Management SystemWilliam Hershey and Carol Easthope,

[https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B4t_NX-QeWDYNmVhYjAwMWMtYzc3ZS00YjI0LWJhMjgtZTYyODZmNmFkNThh A set theoretic data structure and retrieval language], Spring Joint

Computer Conference, May 1972 in ACM SIGIR Forum, Volume 7, Issue 4 (December

1972), pp


Object-relational database - Comparison to RDBMS

1 An RDBMS might commonly involve SQL

statements such as these:



1 Id CHAR(12) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,



1 FirstName VARCHAR(32) NOT

NULL,



1 Most SQL databases allow the crafting of custom function

(computer science)|functions, which would allow the query to appear as:



1 In an object-relational database, one might see something like this, with

user-defined data-types and expressions such as BirthDay():



1 Id Cust_Id NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,



1 The object-relational model can offer another advantage in that the database can make use of the

relationships between data to easily collect related records. In an address book application, an additional table would be added to the ones above to hold zero or more addresses for each customer. Using a traditional RDBMS,

collecting information for both the user and their address requires a

join:



1 FROM Customers C join Addresses A ON A.Cust_Id=C.Id

-- the join



1 The same query in an object-relational database appears

more simply:



1 WHERE C.address.city=New York -- the linkage is 'understood' by the ORDB


RDBMS

1 A 'relational database management system' ('RDBMS') is a database

management system (DBMS) that is based on the relational model as introduced by Edgar F. Codd|E. F.

Codd, of IBM's IBM Almaden Research Center|San Jose Research Laboratory. Many popular databases

currently in use are based on the relational database model.


RDBMS

1 RDBMSs have become since the 1980s a predominant choice for the

storage of information in new databases used for financial records,

manufacturing and logistical information, personnel data, and

much more


RDBMS - Historical usage of the term

1 The term relational database was invented

by E



1 * Present the data to the user as relation (database)|relations (a

presentation in tabular form, i.e. as a collection of table (database)|tables with each table consisting of a set of

rows and columns);



1 * Provide relational operators to manipulate the data in

tabular form.



1 The first system sold as an RDBMS was Multics Relational Data Store, first sold in

1978



1 The most popular definition of an RDBMS is a product that presents a view of data as a collection of rows and columns, even if it is not based

strictly upon Relational model|relational theory. By this definition,

RDBMS products typically implement some but not all of Codd's 12 rules.



1 For clarification, they often refer to some RDBMSs as Truly-Relational Database Management Systems

(TRDBMS), naming others Pseudo-Relational Database Management

Systems (PRDBMS).



1 As of 2009, most commercial relational DBMSes employ SQL as their query language. Alternative

query languages have been proposed and implemented, notably the pre-1996 implementation of Berkeley

Ingres QUEL.


Virtuoso Universal Server - Kubl RDBMS

1 The Kubl Object-relational database|ORDBMS was one of a list of

Relational database management system|relational database systems with roots in Finland. This list also

includes MySQL, InnoDB, and solidDB|Solid RDBMS/Solid

Technologies.



1 As is the case with most technology products, key personnel behind

OpenLink Virtuoso, InnoDB, and Solid Technologies|Solid share periods of professional overlap that provide

noteworthy insight into the history of database technology development in

Finland



1 Later, Orri Erling worked with VIA International, the developer of

VIA/DRE in designing a Lisp (programming language)|LISP based Object-oriented programming|object-oriented data access layer atop the company's Database management

system|DBMS product. The core development team of VIA, following the company's demise in 1992, went on to found Solid Technologies under

the direction of Artturi Tarjanne.



1 Heikki Tuuri worked at Solid Technologies|Solid for a while before

starting his own database development project which became

InnoDB (acquired by Oracle Corporation|Oracle in 2005).



1 Orri Erling started his own DBMS development work in 1994, which was to become Kubl



1 A free trial version of Kubl was made available for download on November 7, 1996.



1 Kubl was marketed as a high performance lightweight database for embedded software|embedded use; the development aim was to achieve top scores in Transactions

Per Second tests.[ http://sal.linet.gr.jp/H/1/KUBL.html]

Pricing of the product was especially favorable to Linux users with a Linux

license priced at $199.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html


1 Kubl became the cornerstone of OpenLink Virtuoso, after the

technology paths of Kingsley Uyi Idehen and Orri Erling crossed in

1998, leading to the acquisition of Kubl by OpenLink Software.


Persistence (computer science) - Database management systems (DBMSs)

1 DBMSs use a combination of the dirty writes and transaction journaling

techniques mentioned above. They provide not only persistence but also

other services such as queries, auditing and access control.


Distributed database management system - Homogeneous DDBMS

1 *The Operating System used, at each location must be same

or compatible.



1 *The data structures used at each

location must be same or compatible.



1 *The database application (or DBMS) used at each location must be same or compatible.


Distributed database management system - Heterogeneous DDBMS

1 On heterogeneous system, translations are required to allow communication between different

sites (or DBMS)


Array DBMS

1 Array database management systems (DBMSs) provide Database

management system|database services specifically for array data structure|arrays (also called Raster

graphics|raster data), that is: homogeneous collections of data items (often called pixels, voxels,

etc.), sitting on a regular grid of one, two, or more dimensions.


Array DBMS

1 Often arrays are used to represent sensor, simulation, image, or statistics data.


Array DBMS

1 Such arrays tend to be Big data|Big Data, with single objects frequently

ranging into Terabyte and soon Petabyte sizes; for example, today’s

earth and space observation archives typically grow by Terabytes a day.


Array DBMS - Overview

1 In the same style as standard Database Management System|

database systems do on sets, Array DBMSs offer scalable, flexible storage and flexible retrieval/manipulation on

arrays of (conceptually) unlimited size.



1 As in practice arrays never appear standalone, such an array model normally is embedded into some overall data model, such as the

relational model.



1 Some systems implement arrays as an analogy to tables, some introduce

arrays as an additional attribute type.



1 Management of arrays requires novel techniques, particularly due to the

fact that traditional database tuples and objects tend to fit well into a

single database page - a unit of disk access on server, typically 4 kB -

while array objects easily can span several media.



1 The prime task of the array storage manager is to give fast access to large arrays and sub-

arrays.



1 To this end, arrays get partitioned, during insertion, into so-called tiles or chunks of convenient size which then act as units of access during

query evaluation.



1 Array DBMSs offer Data Manipulation Language|query languages giving

Declarative programming|declarative access to such arrays, allowing to create, manipulate, search, and

delete them.



1 Like with, e.g., SQL, expressions of arbitrary complexity can be built on top of a set of core array operations.



1 Due to the extensions made in the data and query model, Array DBMSs sometimes are subsumed under the NoSQL category, in the sense of not

only SQL.



1 Query Query optimization|optimization and Parallel computing|

parallelization are important for achieving scalability; actually, many array operators lend themselves well

towards parallel evaluation, by processing each tile on separate

nodes or cores.



1 Important application domains of Array DBMSs include Earth, Space, Life, and Social sciences, as well as the related commercial applications (such as Oil exploration|hydrocarbon exploration in industry and OLAP in

business).



1 The variety occurring can be observed, e.g., in geo data where 1-D environmental sensor time series, 2-D satellite images, 3-D x/y/t image time series and x/y/z geophysics

data, as well as 4-D x/y/z/t climate and ocean data can be found.


Array DBMS - History and Status

1 The Relational database|relational data model, which is prevailing

today, does not directly support the array paradigm to the same extent

as sets and tuples. International Organization for Standards|ISO SQL lists an array-valued attribute type,

but this is only one-dimensional, with almost no operational support, and

not usable for the #Application_Domains|application

domains of Array DBMSs.



1 Another option is to resort to Binary large object|BLOBs (binary large

objects) which are the equivalent to files: byte strings of (conceptually) unlimited length, but again without any query language functionality,

such as multi-dimensional subsetting.



1 First significant work in going beyond BLOBs has been established with PICDMS.Chock, M., Cardenas, A.,

Klinger, A.: Database structure and manipulation capabilities of a picture

database management system (PICDMS). IEEE ToPAMI, 6(4):484-492,

1984 This system offers the precursor of a 2-D array query

language, albeit still procedural and without suitable storage support.



1 A first declarative query language suitable for multiple dimensions and with an algebra-based semantics has

been published by Peter Baumann (computer scientist)|Baumann,

together with a scalable architecture.Baumann, P.: [

http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/journals/vldb/vldb3.html#Baum

ann94 On the Management of Multidimensional Discrete Data]



1 Another array database language, constrained to 2-D, has been

presented by Marathe and Salem.Marathe, A., Salem, K.: A

language for manipulating arrays. Proc. VLDB’97, Athens, Greece,

August 1997, pages 46 - 55



1 Seminal theoretical work has been accomplished by Libkin et al.;Libkin,

L., Machlin, R., Wong, L.: A query language for multidimensional

arrays: design, implementation and optimization techniques. Proc. ACM SIGMOD’96, Montreal, Canada, pp.

228 - 239 in their model, called NCRA, they extend a nested

relational calculus with multidimensional arrays; among the results are important contributions on array query complexity analysis.



1 A map algebra, suitable for 2-D and 3-D spatial raster data, has been

published by Mennis et al.Mennis, J., Viger, R., Tomlin, C.D.: Cubic Map

Algebra Functions for Spatio-Temporal Analysis. Cartography and

Geographic Information Science 32(1)2005, pp. 17 - 32



1 In terms of Array DBMS implementations, the rasdaman

system has the longest implementation track record of n-D

arrays with full query support.



1 Oracle Spatial|Oracle GeoRaster offers chunked storage of 2-D raster maps, albeit without SQL integration.



1 TerraLib is an open-source GIS software that extends object-

relational DBMS technology to handle spatio-temporal data types; while

main focus is on vector data, there is also some support for rasters.



1 Starting with version 2.0, Postgis|PostGIS embeds raster support for 2-

D rasters; a special function offers declarative raster query functionality.



1 SciQL is an array query language being added to the MonetDB DBMS. Michael_Stonebraker#SciDB|SciDB is a more recent initiative to establish array database support. Like SciQL, arrays are seen as an equivalent to tables, rather than a new attribute type as in rasdaman and PostGIS.



1 For the special case of Sparse matrix|sparse data, OLAP data cubes are well established; they store cell

values together with their location - an adequate compression technique in face of the few locations carrying valid information at all - and operate

with SQL on them.



1 As this technique does not scale in density, standard databases are not

used today for dense data, like satellite images, where most cells

carry meaningful information; rather, proprietary ad-hoc implementations

prevail in scientific data management and similar situations. Hence, this is where Array DBMSs

can make a particular contribution.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html


1 Generally, Array DBMSs are an

emerging technology


Array DBMS - Concepts

1 When adding arrays to databases, all facets of database design need to be

reconsidered - ranging from conceptual modeling (such as

suitable operators) over storage management (such as management

of arrays spanning multiple media) to query processing (such as efficient

processing strategies).


Array DBMS - Conceptual Modeling

1 Formally, an array A is given by a (total or partial) function A: X → V where X, the domain

is a d-dimensional integer interval for some dsource lang=sql/sourcesource

lang=sql/sourcesource lang=sql/sourcesource lang=sql/sourcesource lang=sql/sourcesource lang=sql/sourcesource lang=sql/sourcesource lang=sql/sourcesource lang=sql/sourcesource

lang=sql/source foreseen is the [Open_Geospatial_Consortium |Open Geospatial

Consortium] (OGC) Coverage data|coverage model.


Array DBMS - Standardization

1 Many communities have established data exchange formats, such as Hierarchical Data Format|HDF,

Netcdf|NetCDF, and Tagged Image File Format|TIFF.



1 A de facto standard in the Earth Science communities is Opendap|

OPeNDAP, a data transport architecture and protocol. While this

is not a database specification, it offers important components that characterize a database system, such as a conceptual model and client/server implementations.



1 A declarative geo raster query language, Web Coverage Processing

Service (WCPS), has been standardized by the Open Geospatial

Consortium (OGC).


Database - General-purpose and special-purpose DBMSs

1 Database designers and database administrators interact with the

DBMS through dedicated interfaces to build and maintain the

applications' databases, and thus need some more knowledge and understanding about how DBMSs operate and the DBMSs' external interfaces and tuning parameters.


Database - General-purpose and special-purpose DBMSs

1 General-purpose databases are usually developed by one

organization or community of programmers, while a different group builds the applications that use it. In

many companies, specialized database administrators maintain databases, run reports, and may

work on code that runs on the databases themselves (rather than in

the client application).https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Database - 1960s, navigational DBMS

1 The Codasyl approach was based on the manual navigation of a linked data set which was formed into a

large network


Database - 1970s, relational DBMS

1 Edgar Codd worked at IBM in San Jose, California, in one of their

offshoot offices that was primarily involved in the development of hard

disk systems








model, PRTV, and a production one, Business System 12, both now discontinued. Honeywell wrote

Multics Relational Data Store|MRDS for Multics, and now there are two new implementations: Dataphor|

Alphora Dataphor and Rel (DBMS)|Rel. Most other DBMS



Database - Late 1970s, SQL DBMS


concepts as System R in the early 1970s


Oracle RDBMS

1 The 'Oracle Database' (commonly referred to as 'Oracle RDBMS' or simply as 'Oracle') is an object-

relational database management system produced and marketed by

Oracle Corporation.


Oracle RDBMS

1 Larry Ellison and his friends, former co-workers Bob Miner and Ed Oates,

started the consultancy Software Development Laboratories (SDL) in 1977. SDL developed the original

version of the Oracle software. The name Oracle comes from the code-

name of a Central Intelligence Agency|CIA-funded project Ellison had worked on while previously

employed by Ampex.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Oracle RDBMS - Partitioning

1 Newer versions of the database can also include a Partition (database)|partitioning feature: this allows the

partitioning of tables based on different set of keys. Specific

partitions can then be easily added or dropped to help manage large

data sets.


Oracle RDBMS - Corporate/technical timeline

1 * 1977: Larry Ellison and friends founded Software Development Laboratories (SDL).



1 * 1978: Oracle Version 1, written in assembly language, runs on PDP-11

under RSX, in 128K of memory. Implementation separates Oracle code and user code. Oracle V1 is

never officially released. http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/p

rofit/p27anniv-timeline-151918.pdf



1 (RSI) and introduced its product Oracle V2 as an early relational

database system - often cited as the first commercially sold RDBMS



1 * 1982: RSI in its turn changed its name, becoming known as Oracle

Corporation,[ http://www.oracle.com/oramag/profit/

07-may/p27anniv_timeline.pdf Oracle.com] to align itself more closely with its flagship product.



1 * 1983: The company released Oracle version 3, which it had re-written using the C (programming

language)|C programming language and which supported Commit (data management)|COMMIT and Rollback

(data management)|ROLLBACK functionality for transactions. Version

3 extended platform support from the existing Digital Equipment

Corporation|Digital VAX/VMS systems to include Unix environments.



1 * 1984: Oracle Corporation released Oracle version 4, which supported

consistency model|read-consistency. In October it also released the first

Oracle for the IBM PC.



1 * 1985: Oracle Corporation released Oracle version 5, which supported the client–server model—a sign of networks becoming more widely

available in the mid-1980s.



1 * 1986: Oracle version 5.1 started supporting distributed computing|distributed queries.



1 * 1988: Oracle RDBMS version 6 came out with support for PL/SQL embedded within Oracle Forms v3

(version 6 could not store PL/SQL in the database proper), row-level lock (computer science)|locking and hot

backups.Compare [ http://www.oracle.com/oramag/profit/

07-may/p27anniv_timeline.pdf Oracle.com]



1 * 1989: Oracle Corporation entered the application software|application-products market and developed its Enterprise resource planning|ERP

product, (later to become part of the Oracle E-Business Suite), based on

the Oracle relational database.



1 * 1992: Oracle version 7 appeared with support for referential integrity,

stored procedures and database trigger|triggers.



1 * 1997: Oracle Corporation released version 8, which supported Object-

oriented programming|object-oriented development and multimedia applications.



1 * 1999: The release of Oracle8i aimed to provide a database inter-operating better with the Internet

(the i in the name stands for Internet). The Oracle8i database incorporated a native Java Virtual

Machine|Java virtual machine (Oracle JVM, also known as Aurora).



1 * 2000: Oracle E-Business Suite 11i pioneers integrated enterprise application software



1 * 2001: Oracle9i went into release with 400 new features, including the

ability to read and write XML documents. 9i also provided an option for Oracle RAC, or Real

Application Clusters, a computer cluster|computer-cluster database,

as a replacement for the Oracle Parallel Server (OPS) option.



1 * 2003: Oracle Corporation released Oracle Database 10g, which

supported regular expressions. (The g stands for grid; emphasizing a

marketing thrust of presenting 10g as grid computing ready.)



1 * 2006: Oracle Corporation announces Unbreakable Linux and

acquires i-flex



1 * 2007: Oracle Database 10g release 2 sets a new World Record TPC-H 3000 GB benchmark (computing)|

benchmark result



1 * 2007: Oracle Corporation released Oracle Database 11g for Linux and for Microsoft

Windows.



1 * 2008: Oracle Corporation acquires

BEA Systems.



1 * 2010: Oracle Corporation acquires Sun Microsystems.



1 * 2011: Oracle Corporation acquires web content management system FatWire

Software.



1 * 2011: On October 18, Oracle Corporation acquires Endeca

Technologies Inc. faceted search engine software vendor.



1 for Linux, Solaris (Operating System)|Solaris and Microsoft

Windows|Windows. (The c stands for cloud.)


Oracle RDBMS - Version numbering

1 With the Oracle RDBMS 10g release, Oracle Corporation began using the 10g label in all versions of its major products, although some sources

refer to Oracle Applications Release 11i as Oracle 11i



1 Major database-related products and some of their versions include:



1 * Oracle Application Server 10g (also known as Oracle AS 10g): a

Middleware (distributed applications)|middleware product;



1 * Oracle Applications Release 11i (aka Oracle e-Business Suite, Oracle Financials or Oracle 11i): a software suite|suite of business applications;



1 * Oracle Developer Suite 10g (9.0.4);



1 * JDeveloper|Oracle JDeveloper 10g: a Java (programming language)|Java

integrated development environment;



1 Since version 2, Oracle's Relational database management system|

RDBMS release numbering has used the following codes:



1 * Oracle9i Database Release 1: 9.0.1.0–

9.0.1.5 (patch (computing)|

Patchset )https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html


1 The version-numbering syntax within each release follows the pattern: major.maintenance.application-

server.component-specific.platform-specific.



1 The [ http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B14117_01/server.101/b10739/dba.htm#sthref3

5 Oracle Database Administrator's Guide] offers further information on

Oracle release numbers.


Oracle RDBMS - Host platforms

1 Prior to releasing Oracle 9i in 2001, Oracle Corporation ported its

database product to a wide variety of platforms. Subsequently Oracle Corporation consolidated on a

smaller range of operating-system platforms.



1 , Oracle Corporation supported the following Operating Systems and

hardware platforms for Oracle Database 11g (11.2.0.2.0):[

http://www.oracle.com/pls/db112/portal.portal_db?selected=11 Oracle

Database Online Documentation 11g Release 2 (11.2)]



1 In 2011, Oracle Corporation announced the availability of Oracle Database Appliance, a pre-built, pre-

tuned, highly available clustered database server built using two SunFire X86 servers and direct

attached storage.



1 Some Oracle Enterprise edition databases running on certain Oracle-supplied hardware

can utilize



1 Hybrid Columnar Compression for more efficient

storage.


Rel (DBMS)

1 'Rel' is an open source true relational model|relational database management system that

implements a significant portion of Christopher J. Date|Chris Date and Hugh Darwen's D (data language

specification)|Tutorial D query language.


Rel (DBMS)

1 Primarily intended for teaching purposes, Rel is written in the Java

(programming language)|Java programming language.


General-purpose DBMS

1 A 'database' is an organized collection of Data (computing)|data. The data are typically organized to

model relevant aspects of reality in a way that supports processes requiring this information. For

example, modeling the availability of rooms in hotels in a way that supports finding a hotel with

vacancies.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

General-purpose DBMS

1 A database is not generally Software portability|portable across different

DBMSs, but different DBMSs can interoperate by using Technical

standard|standards such as SQL and ODBC or JDBC to allow a single

application to work with more than one database.


General-purpose DBMS - 1980s, object-oriented

1 This allows for relations between data to be relations to objects and

their attributes and not to individual fields.Development of an object-oriented DBMS; Portland, Oregon, United States; Pages: 472 – 482;

1986; ISBN 0-89791-204-7 The term object-relational impedance

mismatch described the inconvenience of translating between

programmed objects and database tables


General-purpose DBMS - Research

1 Database technology has been an active research topic since the

1960s, both in academia and in the research and development groups of

companies (for example IBM Research). Research activity includes

Database theory|theory and development of prototypes. Notable research topics have included Data

model|models, the atomic transaction concept and related concurrency control techniques,

query languages and query optimization methods, RAID, and

more.


General-purpose DBMS - Research

1 The database research area has several dedicated academic journals (for example, ACM Transactions on Database Systems-TODS, Data and Knowledge Engineering-DKE) and

annual Academic conference|conferences (e.g., Association for

Computing Machinery|ACM SIGMOD, ACM Symposium on Principles of

Database Systems|PODS, VLDB, IEEE ICDE).https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

General-purpose DBMS - Models

1 A database model is a type of data model that determines the logical

structure of a database and fundamentally determines in which

manner data can be stored, organized, and manipulated. The

most popular example of a database model is the relational model (or the

SQL approximation of relational), which uses a table-based format.



1 Common logical data models for

databases include:



1 * Entity–attribute–value model



1 An object-relational database combines the two related

structures.



1 Physical data models include:



1 * Multidimensional database|

Multidimensional model



1 * Multivalue model


General-purpose DBMS - Materialized views

1 Often storage redundancy is employed to increase performance. A common example is storing materialized views, which consist of frequently needed external views or query

results. Storing such views saves the expensive computing of them each time they are needed. The downsides of materialized

views are the overhead incurred when updating them to keep them synchronized with their original updated database data,

and the cost of storage redundancy.


General-purpose DBMS - Replication

1 Occasionally a database employs storage redundancy by database objects replication (with one or more copies) to increase data

availability (both to improve performance of simultaneous multiple end-user accesses to a

same database object, and to provide resiliency in a case of partial failure of a

distributed database). Updates of a replicated object need to be synchronized across the

object copies. In many cases the entire database is replicated.


General-purpose DBMS - Migration

1 Typically a DBMS vendor provides tools to help importing databases from other popular

DBMSs.


Strozzi NoSQL (RDBMS)

1 Its file name NoSQL merely reflects the fact that it does not express its

queries using Structured Query Language; the NoSQL RDBMS is

distinct from the circa-2009 general concept of NoSQL|NoSQL databases,

which are typically non-relational, unlike the NoSQL RDBMS


Strozzi NoSQL (RDBMS) - Construction

1 NoSQL uses the operator-stream paradigm, where a number of

operators perform a unique function on the passed data. The stream used is supplied by the UNIX input/output redirection system so that over the

Pipeline (Unix)|pipe system, the result of the calculation can be

passed to other operators. As UNIX pipes run in memory, it is a very efficient way of implementation.



1 NoSQL, with development led by Carlo Strozzi, is the latest and

perhaps the most active in a line of implementations of the stream-

operator database design originally described by Evan Shaffer, Rod

Manis, and Robert Jorgensen in a 1991 Unix Review article and an [ http://www.rdb.com/lib/4gl.pdf

associated paper]https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html


1 The concept was originally described in a 1991 Unix Review article, and

later expanded in a paper (see reference above), as well as in the

book, Unix Relational Database Management



1 NoSQL is written mostly in interpretive languages, slowing actual process execution, but its ability to use ordinary pipes and filesystems means that it can be

extremely fast for many applications when using RAM filesystems or

heavily leveraging pipes, which are mostly memory-based in many

implementations.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Strozzi NoSQL (RDBMS) - Philosophy

1 # Complexity: Most commercial database products are often too

costly for minor projects, and free databases are too complex. They also do not have the shell-level

approach that NoSQL has.



1 ## Data: The data from NoSQL can be easily ported to other types of

machines, like Macintoshes or Windows computers, since tables

exist as simple ASCII text and can be easily read from or redirected to files

at any point in processing.



1 ## Software: NoSQL can run on any UNIX machine that has the Perl and the AWK programming languages installed, and perhaps even on the Cygwin UNIX-like environment for

Microsoft Windows.



1 # Unlimited: NoSQL has zero one infinity rule | no arbitrary limits, like a

data field size, column number, or file size limit, and can principally

work where other products cannot. (The number of columns in a table

may actually be limited to 32,768 by some implementations of the AWK1

programming language).



1 # Usability: With its straight forward and logical concept, NoSQL can easily be used by non-computer

people. For instance, rows of data are selected with the 'row' operator,

columns with the 'column' operator.



1 In contrast to other RDBMS, NoSQL has the full power of UNIX during

application development and usage


PowerBuilder - RDBMS Interfaces

1 PowerBuilder offers native interfaces to all major databases, as well as ODBC and OLE DB|OLE-DB, in the

Enterprise version. There are many connectivity options that allow

performance monitoring and tuning, such as:



1 Due to the information about the database schema (such as primary key information) that are stored in PowerBuilder's data dictionary, the code required to implement data display and browsing is greatly

simplified, because the dictionary information allows generation of the appropriate SQL behind the scenes.

Here is a sample PowerBuilder update script:



1 PowerBuilder supports the following ways of

interacting with a database:



1 DataWindow: this is the simplest approach, relying on automatically generated SQL.



1 ;Embedded SQL: Embedded SQL supports SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE and cursors. This option is used when the developer desires

more control than is available with the DataWindow option. Example:



1 ;Dynamic SQL: This is a form of parameterized SQL, where the user builds a string that may optionally have bind variables. Dynamic SQL may be used to create cursors as

well.


Correlation database - Storage in RDBMS

1 The record-based structure used in an RDBMS stores data in with

elements of the row most near each other. Variations like Index

(database)|clustered indexing may change the sequence of the rows,

but all rows, columns and values will be stored as in the table. The above

table might be stored as:


Correlation database - Storage in RDBMS

1 12222,ABC Corp,Minneapolis,MN;19434,A1

Mfg,Duluth,MN;20523,JJ Inc,St. Paul,MN


Correlation database - Storage in CDBMS

1 In the VBS structure used in a CDBMS, each unique value is stored

once and given an abstract (numeric) identifier, regardless of the number of occurrences or locations in the

original data set. The original dataset is then constructed by referencing

those logical identifiers. The correlation index may resemble the storage below. Note that the value MN which occurs multiple times in

the data above is only included once. As the amount of repeat data grows,

this benefit multiplies.



1 1:12222,2:19434,3:20523,4:ABC Corp,5:A1 Mfg,6:JJ

Inc,7:Minneapolis,8:Duluth,9:St.Paul,10:MN



1 The records in our example table

above can then be expressed as:



1 However, in a traditional RDBMS this normalization process requires work in the form of table configuration,

stored procedures, and SQL statements



1 This correlation process is similar to what occurs in a text-search oriented Inverted

index.


Database management systems - 1970s, relational DBMS





1972), pp


Database tuning - DBMS tuning

1 DBMS tuning refers to tuning of the DBMS and the configuration of the

memory and processing resources of the computer running the DBMS. This is typically done through configuring the DBMS, but the resources involved

are shared with the host system.



1 Tuning the DBMS can involve setting the recovery interval (time needed to

restore the state of data to a particular point in time), assigning Parallel computing|parallelism (the breaking up of work from a single

query into tasks assigned to different processing resources), and

Communications protocol|network protocols used to communicate with

database consumers.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html


1 Memory is allocated for data, Query plan|execution plans, procedure cache, and



1 Processing resources are sometimes assigned to specific activities to improve Concurrency (computer

science)|concurrency. On a Server (computing)|server with eight

processors, six could be reserved for the DBMS to maximize available

processing resources for the database.


DBMS - Terminology and overview

1 Formally, database refers to the data themselves and supporting data structures.



1 Databases are created to operate large quantities of information by inputting, storing, retrieving, and

managing that information. Databases are set up so that one set

of software programs provides all users with access to all the data.



1 A database management system (DBMS) is a suite of computer

software providing the interface between users and a database or databases. Because they are so

closely related, the term database when used casually often refers to

both a DBMS and the data it manipulates.



1 Outside the world of professional information technology, the term

database is sometimes used casually to refer to any collection of data

(perhaps a spreadsheet, maybe even a card index). This article is

concerned only with databases where the size and usage

requirements necessitate use of a database management

system.Jeffrey Ullman 1997: First course in database systems,

Prentice–Hall Inc., Simon Schuster, Page 1, ISBN 0-13-861337-0.



1 The interactions catered for by most existing DBMSs fall into four main groups:



1 * 'Data definition' – Defining new data structures for a database,

removing data structures from the database, modifying the structure of

existing data.



1 * 'Update' – Inserting, modifying, and deleting

data.



1 * 'Retrieval' – Obtaining information either for end-user queries and

reports or for processing by applications.



1 * 'Administration' – Registering and monitoring users, enforcing data

security, monitoring performance, maintaining data integrity, dealing

with concurrency control, and recovering information if the system

fails.



1 A DBMS is responsible for maintaining the integrity and

security of stored data, and for recovering information if the system

fails.



1 Both a database and its DBMS conform to the principles of a particular database

model.Tsitchizris, D. C. and F. H. Lochovsky (1982). Data Models.

Englewood-Cliffs, Prentice–Hall. Database system refers collectively to the database

model, database management system, and database.Beynon-Davies P. (2004).

Database Systems 3rd Edition. Palgrave, Basingstoke, UK. ISBN 1-4039-1601-2



1 Since DBMSs comprise a significant Economy|economical market,

computer and storage vendors often take into account DBMS

requirements in their own development plans.



1 Databases and DBMSs can be categorized according to the

database model(s) that they support (such as relational or XML), the type(s) of computer they run on

(from a server cluster to a mobile phone), the query language(s) used to access the database (such as SQL

or XQuery), and their internal engineering, which affects

performance, scalability, resilience, and security.


DBMS - History

1 With the data progress in technology in the areas of processors, computer

memory, computer storage and computer networks, the sizes,

capabilities, and performance of databases and their respective DBMSs have grown in orders of

magnitudes.


DBMS - History

1 The development of database technology can be divided into three

eras based on data model or structure: navigational database|

navigational, (Turing Award Lecture 1973) SQL/relational database|

relational, and post-relational. The two main early navigational data

models were the Hierarchical database model|hierarchical model, epitomized by IBM's IMS system, and the Codasyl model (Network model),

implemented in a number of products such as IDMS.


DBMS - History

1 It was not until the mid-1980s that computing hardware became

powerful enough to allow relational systems (DBMSs plus applications) to

be widely deployed


DBMS - History

1 Object databases were invented in the 1980s to overcome the

inconvenience of object-relational impedance mismatch, which led to

the coining of the term post-relational but also development of hybrid object-relational databases.


DBMS - History

1 The next generation of post-relational databases in the 2000s became known as

NoSQL databases, introducing fast key-value stores and document-oriented

databases. A competing next generation known as NewSQL databases attempted new implementations that retained the

relational/SQL model while aiming to match the high performance of NoSQL compared

to commercially available relational DBMSs.


DBMS - 1970s, relational DBMS

1 In 1970, the University of Michigan began development of the MICRO

Information Management SystemWilliam Hershey and Carol

Easthope, [https://docs.google.com/open?

id=0B4t_NX-QeWDYNmVhYjAwMWMtYzc3ZS00YjI0LWJhMjgtZTYyODZmNmFkNThh A

set theoretic data structure and retrieval language], Spring Joint

Computer Conference, May 1972 in ACM SIGIR Forum, Volume 7, Issue 4

(December 1972), pp


DBMS - 1980s, on the desktop

1 The 1980s ushered in the age of Desktop Computer|desktop

computing


DBMS - Examples

1 One way to classify databases involves the type of their contents,

for example: Bibliographic database|bibliographic, document-text,

statistical, or multimedia objects. Another way is by their application

area, for example: accounting, music compositions, movies, banking,

manufacturing, or insurance. A third way is by some technical aspect, such as the database structure or interface type. This section lists a

few of the adjectives used to characterize different kinds of

databases.


DBMS - Examples

1 * An in-memory database is a database that primarily resides in

main memory, but is typically backed-up by non-volatile computer

data storage


DBMS - Examples

1 * An active database includes an event-driven architecture which can

respond to conditions both inside and outside the database. Possible uses

include security monitoring, alerting, statistics gathering and

authorization. Many databases provide active database features in

the form of database triggers.


DBMS - Examples

1 * A cloud database relies on Cloud computing|cloud technology. Both the database and most of its DBMS reside remotely, in the cloud, while its applications are both developed

by programmers and later maintained and utilized by

(application's) end-users through a web browser and Open APIs.


DBMS - Examples

1 * Data warehouses archive data from operational databases and often from

external sources such as market research firms


DBMS - Examples

1 * A deductive database combines logic programming with a relational database, for example by using the

Datalog language.


DBMS - Examples

1 * A distributed database is one in which both the data and the DBMS span multiple

computers.


DBMS - Examples

1 * A document-oriented database is designed for storing, retrieving, and

managing document-oriented, or semi structured data, information. Document-oriented databases are

one of the main categories of NoSQL databases.


DBMS - Examples

1 * An embedded database system is a DBMS which is tightly integrated with an application software that requires access to stored data in such a way that the DBMS is hidden from the

application’s end-users and requires little or no ongoing maintenance.Graves, Steve. [

http://www.embedded-computing.com/articles/id/?2020 COTS Databases For Embedded Systems], Embedded Computing Design

magazine, January 2007. Retrieved on August 13, 2008.


DBMS - Examples

1 *'End-user databases' consist of data developed by individual end-users. Examples of these are collections of

documents, spreadsheets, presentations, multimedia, and other

files. Several products exist to support such databases. Some of them are much simpler than full

fledged DBMSs, with more elementary DBMS functionality.


DBMS - Examples

1 * A federated database system comprises several distinct databases, each with its own DBMS. It is handled as a single database by a federated

database management system (FDBMS), which transparently

integrates multiple autonomous DBMSs, possibly of different types (in

which case it would also be a heterogeneous database system),

and provides them with an integrated conceptual view.


DBMS - Examples

1 * Sometimes the term multi-database is used as a synonym to federated database, though it may

refer to a less integrated (e.g., without an FDBMS and a managed

integrated schema) group of databases that cooperate in a single

application


DBMS - Examples

1 * A graph database is a kind of NoSQL database that uses Graph (data structure)|graph structures

with nodes, edges, and properties to represent and store information.

General graph databases that can store any graph are distinct from

specialized graph databases such as triplestores and network database

model|network databases.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

DBMS - Examples

1 * In a hypertext or hypermedia database, any word or a piece of text representing an object, e.g., another piece of text, an article, a picture, or

a film, can be hyperlinked to that object. Hypertext databases are particularly useful for organizing

large amounts of disparate information. For example, they are

useful for organizing online encyclopedias, where users can

conveniently jump around the text. The World Wide Web is thus a large

distributed hypertext database.


DBMS - Examples

1 *A knowledge base (abbreviated 'KB', 'kb' or ΔArgumentation in Artificial

Intelligence by Iyad Rahwan, Guillermo R. Simari) is a special kind

of database for knowledge management, providing the means

for the computerized collection, organization, and Information

retrieval|retrieval of knowledge. Also a collection of data representing problems with their solutions and

related experiences.


DBMS - Examples

1 * A mobile database can be carried on or synchronized from a mobile computing

device.


DBMS - Examples

1 * Operational databases store detailed data about the operations of an organization


DBMS - Examples

1 * A parallel database seeks to improve performance through

Parallel computing|parallelization for tasks such as loading data, building

indexes and evaluating queries.


DBMS - Examples

1 ::The major parallel DBMS architectures which are induced by the underlying Computer hardware|

hardware architecture are:


DBMS - Examples

1 ::* 'Shared memory#In hardware|Shared memory architecture', where multiple processors share the main

memory space, as well as other data storage.


DBMS - Examples

1 ::* 'Shared disk architecture', where each processing unit (typically

consisting of multiple processors) has its own main memory, but all units

share the other storage.


DBMS - Examples

1 ::* 'Shared nothing architecture', where each processing unit has its

own main memory and other storage.


DBMS - Examples

1 * Probabilistic databases employ fuzzy logic to draw inferences from imprecise data.


DBMS - Examples

1 * Real-time databases process transactions fast enough for the

result to come back and be acted on right away.


DBMS - Examples

1 * A spatial database can store the data with multidimensional features.

The queries on such data include location based queries, like Where is

the closest hotel in my area?.


DBMS - Examples

1 * A temporal database has built-in time aspects, for example a temporal data model and a temporal version of SQL. More specifically the temporal aspects usually include valid-time

and transaction-time.


DBMS - Examples

1 * A terminology-oriented database builds upon an object-oriented

database, often customized for a specific field.


DBMS - Examples

1 Most established DBMSs now support unstructured data in various ways,

and new dedicated DBMSs are emerging.


DBMS - Languages

1 Database languages are special-purpose languages, which do one or more of the

following:


DBMS - Languages

1 * Data definition language – defines data types and the relationships among them


DBMS - Languages

1 * Data manipulation language – performs tasks such as inserting,

updating, or deleting data occurrences


DBMS - Languages

1 * Query language – allows searching for information and computing derived

information


DBMS - Languages

1 Database languages are specific to a particular data model. Notable examples

include:


DBMS - Languages

1 The standards have been regularly enhanced since and is supported

(with varying degrees of conformance) by all mainstream

commercial relational DBMSs.


DBMS - Languages

1 * OQL is an object model language standard (from the Object Data

Management Group). It has influenced the design of some of the newer query languages like JDOQL

and EJB QL.


DBMS - Languages

1 * XQuery is a standard XML query language implemented by XML

database systems such as MarkLogic and eXist, by relational databases with XML capability such as Oracle

and DB2, and also by in-memory XML processors such as Saxon XSLT|

Saxon.


DBMS - Languages

1 A database language may also

incorporate features like:


DBMS - Languages

1 * DBMS-specific Configuration and

storage engine management


DBMS - Languages

1 * Computations to modify query results, like counting, summing,

averaging, sorting, grouping, and cross-referencing


DBMS - Languages

1 * Constraint enforcement (e.g. in an automotive database, only allowing one

engine type per car)


DBMS - Languages

1 * Application programming interface version of the query language, for programmer

convenience


DBMS - Other

1 Other DBMS features might

include:


DBMS - Other

1 * Graphics component for producing graphs and charts, especially in a data warehouse

system


DBMS - Other

1 *'Query optimizer' – Performs query optimization on every query to

choose for it the most efficient query plan (a partial order (tree) of operations) to be executed to

compute the query result. May be specific to a particular storage

engine.


DBMS - Other

1 * Tools or hooks for database design, application programming, application

program maintenance, database performance analysis and monitoring,

database configuration monitoring, DBMS hardware configuration (a DBMS and related database may span computers, networks, and storage units) and related database

mapping (especially for a distributed DBMS), storage allocation and database layout

monitoring, storage migration, etc.


Database Management - 1970s, relational DBMS





1972), pp


ORDBMS

1 An 'object-relational database' ('ORD'), or 'object-relational database management system' ('ORDBMS'), is

a database management system (DBMS) similar to a relational

database, but with an object-oriented database model: objects, classes and inheritance are directly supported in database schemas and in the query language. In addition, just as with pure relational systems, it supports extension of the data model with custom data type|data-types and

method (computer science) |methods.


ORDBMS

1 In object-relational databases, the approach is essentially that of relational databases: the

data resides in the database and is manipulated collectively with queries in a query language; at the other extreme are

OODBMSes in which the database is essentially a persistent object store for software written in an object-oriented

programming language, with a programming API for storing and retrieving objects, and little or no specific support for querying.


ORDBMS - Overview

1 Whereas traditional RDBMS or SQL-DBMS products focused on the

efficient management of data drawn from a limited set of data-types

(defined by the relevant language standards), an object-relational

DBMS allows software developers to integrate their own types and the

methods that apply to them into the DBMS.


ORDBMS - Overview

1 'Complex data' creation in most SQL ORDBMSs is based on preliminary

schema definition via the user-defined type (UDT)


ORDBMS - Overview

1 In object-oriented programming|object-oriented programming (OOP), object behavior is described through

the methods (object functions)


ORDBMS - History

1 Object-relational database management systems grew out of research that occurred in

the early 1990s


ORDBMS - History

1 By the next decade, PostgreSQL had become a commercially viable

database, and is the basis for several current products that maintain its

ORDBMS features.


ORDBMS - History

1 Computer scientists came to refer to these products as object-relational database management systems or ORDBMSs.There was, at the time, a

dispute whether the term was coined by Michael Stonebraker of Illustra or

Won Kim of UniSQL.


ORDBMS - History

1 Many of the ideas of early object-relational database efforts have largely become incorporated into SQL|SQL:1999 via

structured types. In fact, any product that adheres to the object-oriented aspects of

SQL:1999 could be described as an object-relational database management product. For

example, IBM's IBM DB2|DB2, Oracle database, and Microsoft SQL Server, make claims to support this technology and do so

with varying degrees of success.


List of GIS software - Spatial DBMS

1 * Spatial Query Server|Boeing's Spatial Query Server ndash; Spatially enables Sybase ASE.



1 * IBM DB2|DB2 ndash; Allows spatial querying and storing of most spatial data types.



1 * Informix ndash; Allows spatial querying and storing of most spatial data types.



1 * MySQL ndash; Allows spatial querying and storing of most spatial data types.



1 * Microsoft SQL Server (2008 and later) ndash; The latest player in the

market of storing and querying spatial data. GIS products such as MapInfo and Cadcorp SIS can read and edit this data while ESRI and others are expected to be able to read and edit this data within the

next few months.



1 * Oracle Spatial ndash; Product allows users to perform complex geographic operations and store common spatial data types in a native Oracle environment. Most

commercial GIS packages can read and edit spatial data stored in this

way.



1 * PostGIS ndash; A mature set of

extensions to the free PostgreSQL

database.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html


1 * Teradata Geospatial|Teradata ndash; Teradata geospatial allows

storage and spatial analysis on location-based data which is stored using native geospatial data-types

within the Teradata database.


Micro DBMS

1 The 'MICRO Information Management System' was the first-large scale set-theoretic database management system to be used in

production.[https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B4t_NX-

QeWDYNmVhYjAwMWMtYzc3ZS00YjI0LWJhMjgtZTYyODZmNmFkNThh A

set theoretic data structure and retrieval language (PDF)], William R


Micro DBMS

1 Implementation of MICRO began in 1970 as part of the Labor Market

Information System (LMIS) project at the University of Michigan's Institute

of Labor and Industrial Relations (ILIR)


Micro DBMS

1 MICRO runs under the Michigan Terminal System (MTS), the

interactive time-sharing system developed at the University of

Michigan that runs on IBM System/360 Model 67, System/370,

and compatible mainframe computers.[http://babel.hathitrust.or

g/cgi/pt?view=image;size=100;id=mdp.3901

5014920717;page=root;seq=5 Chapter 6: MICRO in Introduction to database management systems on MTS], Rick Rilio, User Guide Series,

Computing Center, University of Michigan, March 1986, pages 147-

189 MICRO provides a query language, a database directory, and

a data dictionary to create an interface between the user and the

very efficient proprietary Set-Theoretic Data Structure (STDS) software developed by the Set-Theoretic Information Systems

Corporation (STIS) of Ann Arbor, Michigan


Micro DBMS

1 MICRO permits users with little programming experience to define, enter, interrogate, manipulate, and

update collections of data in a relatively unstructured and unconstrained environment


Data Base - 1960s, navigational DBMS

1 As computers grew in speed and capability, a number of general-

purpose database systems emerged; by the mid-1960s a number of such systems had come into commercial

use



1 The CODASYL approach relied on the manual navigation of a linked data set which was formed into a large network. Applications could find

records by one of three methods:



1 #Use of a primary key (known as a CALC key, typically implemented by hashing)



1 #Scanning all the records in a sequential

order



1 Later systems added B-Trees to provide alternate access paths. Many

CODASYL databases also added a very straightforward query language. However, in the final tally, CODASYL

was very complex and required significant training and effort to

produce useful applications.



1 International Business Machines|IBM also had their own DBMS in 1968,

known as IBM Information Management System|Information

Management System (IMS)


Data Base - 1970s, relational DBMS

1 Edgar F


Data Base - 1970s, relational DBMS





1972), pp


Data Base - Late 1970s, SQL DBMS

1 Another data model, the entity–relationship model, emerged in 1976 and gained popularity for database

design as it emphasized a more familiar description than the earlier relational model. Later on, entity–

relationship constructs were retrofitted as a data modeling

construct for the relational model, and the difference between the two

have become irrelevant.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Database management program - General-purpose and special-purpose DBMSs

1 how to find the required database in sufficient coding level of all clients in

such an aspirant data viewing objects .


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