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Getting Started
Chapter One
DAVID M. KROENKE and DAVID J. AUER
DATABASE CONCEPTS, 3rd Edition
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Chapter Objectives
Identify the purpose and scope of this book
Know the potential problems with lists
Understand the reasons for using a database
Understand how related tables avoid theproblems of lists
Learn the components of database system
Learn the elements of a database
Learn the purpose of the database
management system (DBMS) Understand the functions of a database
application
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Purpose of a Database
The purpose of a database is to
keep track of things
Unlike a list or spreadsheet, a
database may store information that
is more complicated than a simple
list
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Problems with Lists:
Redundancy In a list, each row is intended to
stand on its own. As a result, thesame information may be entered
several times For Example: A list of Projects may
include the Project Managers Name,ID, and Phone Extension. If a
particular person is managing 10projects, his/her information would haveto be entered 10 times
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Problems with Lists:
Multiple Themes
In a list, each row may containinformation on more than one theme.
As a result, needed information may
appear in the lists only if informationon other themes is also present
For Example: A list of Projects mayinclude Project Manager information
(Name, ID, and Phone Extension) andProject information (Name, ID,StartDate, Budget) in the same row.
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List Modification Issues
Redundancy and multiple themes
create modification problems
Deletion problems Update problems
Insertion problems
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List Modification Issues
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Addressing the Information
Complexities
Relational databasesare designed toaddress many of the information
complexity issues
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Relational Databases
A relational database stores information in
tables. Each informational topic is stored
in its own table
In essence, a relational database willbreak-up a list into several parts. One
part for each theme in the list
A Project List would be divided into a
CUSTOMER Table, a PROJECT Table,
and a PROJECT_MANAGER Table
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Putting the Pieces Back
Together
In our relational database we broke apartour list into several tables. Somehow thetables must bejoinedback together
In a relational database, tables are joinedtogether using the value of the data
If a PROJECT has a CUSTOMER, theCustomer_ID is stored as a column in the
PROJECT table. The value stored in thiscolumn can be used to retrieve specificcustomer information from theCUSTOMER table
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Sounds like
More Work, Not Less A relational database is more complicated
than a list
However, a relational database minimizes
data redundancy, preserves complexrelationships among topics, and allows for
partial data
Furthermore, a relational database
provides a solid foundation for user forms
and reports
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Relational Database Example
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A Relational Database Solves
the Problems of Lists
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Structured Query Language
(SQL)
Structured Query Language (SQL) isan international standard for creating,
processing and querying database
and their tables
Many database applications use SQL
to retrieve, format, report, insert,
delete, and/or modify data for users
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SQL Example
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SQL Example (Continued)
SELECT CUSTOMER.CustomerName, CUSTOMER.Phone,
COURSE.CourseDate, ENROLLMENT.AmountPaid,
COURSE.Course, COURSE.Fee
FROM CUSTOMER, ENROLLMENT, COURSE
WHERE CUSTOMER.CustomerNumber
= ENROLLMENT.CustomerNumber
AND
COURSE.CourseNumber
= ENROLLMENT.CourseNumber;
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SQL Example (continued)
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Database Systems
The four components of a databasesystemare:
Users
Database Application
Database Management System
(DBMS)
Database
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Components of a Database
System
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Users
A user of a database system will
Use a database application to track
things
Use forms to enter, read, delete and
query data
Produce reports
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The Database
A database is a self-describingcollectionofrelatedrecords
Self-describing
The database itself contains thedefinition of its structure
Metadata is data describing the
structure of the database data Tables within a relational database are
related to each other
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Database Management
System (DBMS)
A database management system
(DBMS) serves as an intermediary
between database applications and
the database
The DBMS manages and controls
database activities
The DBMS creates, processes and
administers the databases it controls
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Functions of a DBMS
Create databases
Create tables
Create supporting structures
Read database data Modify database data (insert, update, delete)
Maintain database structures
Enforce rules
Control concurrency Provide security
Perform backup and recovery
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Referential Integrity
Constraints The DBMS will enforce many constraints
Referential integrity constraints ensure
that the values of a column in one table
are valid based on the values in anothertable
If a 5 was entered as a CustomerID in the
PROJECT table, a Customer having a
CustomerID value of 5 must exist in theCUSTOMER table
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Database Applications
A database application is a set of
one or more computer programs that
serves as an intermediary between
the user and the DBMS
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Functions of Database
Applications
Create and process forms
Process user queries
Create and process reports Execute application logic
Control database applications
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Personal Database Systems
Personal database systems typically:
Have one application
Have only a few tables
Are simple in design
Involve only one computer
Support one user at a time
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Personal Database Systems
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Enterprise-class
Database Systems
Enterprise-Class database systems
typically:
Support several users simultaneously
Include more than one application
Involve multiple computers
Are complex in design
Have many tables
Have many databases
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Organizational Database
Systems
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Commercial DBMS
Products
Example Desktop DBMS Products
Microsoft Access
Example Organizational DBMSProducts
Microsofts SQL Server
Oracles Oracle MySQL ABs MySQL
IBMs DB2
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Getting Started
End of Presentation on Chapter One
DAVID M. KROENKE and DAVID J. AUER
DATABASE CONCEPTS, 3rd Edition