David Hume an Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals

8/12/2019 David Hume an Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals

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AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING THE PRINCIPLES OF MORALS

BY DAVID HUME

A 1912 REPRINT OF THE EDITION OF 1777

INFORMATION ABOUT THIS E-TEXT EDITION

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR0S ADVERTISEMENT

CONTENTS PAGE


APPENDIX

AUTHOR0S ADVERTISEMENT4

M&( f (he +*#$3#+!e& '$, *e'&$#$%& 3$('#$e, #$ (h#& !./e

:F($(e< V!./e II4 f (he +&(h./.& e,#(#$ f H./e0& "*6&

+.5!#&he, #$ 1777 '$, 3$('#$#$% 5e&#,e& (he +*e&e$( ENQUIRY A

DISSERTATION ON THE PASSIONS '$, AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN

UNDERSTANDING4 A *e+*#$( f (h#& !'((e* (*e'(#&e h'& '!*e',

'++e'*e, #$ The Re!#%#$ f S3#e$3e L#5*'* =NO4 >?@;

"e*e +.5!#&he, #$ ' "*6 #$ (h*ee !./e& 3'!!e, A TREATISE OF

HUMAN NATURE< A "*6 "h#3h (he A.(h* h', +*e3(e, 5ef*e he



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CONTENTS PAGE

I4 Of (he Ge$e*'! P*#$3#+!e& f M*'!&

II4 Of Be$e!e$3e

III4 Of .&(#3e

IV4 Of P!#(#3'! S3#e(

V4 h U(#!#( P!e'&e&

VI4 Of Q.'!#(#e& U&ef.! ( O.*&e!e&



VII4 Of Q.'!#(#e& I//e,#'(e! A%*ee'5!e ( O.*&e!e&

VIII4 Of Q.'!#(#e& I//e,#'(e! A%*ee'5!e ( O(he*&

IX4 C$3!.&#$

APPENDIX4

I4 C$3e*$#$% M*'! Se$(#/e$(

II4 Of Se!f-!e

III4 S/e F'*(he* C$&#,e*'(#$& "#(h Re%'*, ( .&(#3e

IV4 Of S/e Ve*5'! D#&+.(e&


SECTION I4

OF THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF MORALS4

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/e$4 The $! 5e3( f *e'&$#$% #& ( ,#&3e* (he

3#*3./&('$3e& $ 5(h &#,e& "h#3h '*e 3//$ ( (he&e .'!#(#e&

( 5&e*e (h'( +'*(#3.!'* #$ "h#3h (he e&(#/'5!e .'!#(#e& '%*ee

$ (he $e h'$, '$, (he 5!'/e'5!e $ (he (he* '$, (he$3e (

*e'3h (he f.$,'(#$ f e(h#3& '$, f#$, (h&e .$#e*&'!

+*#$3#+!e& f*/ "h#3h '!! 3e$&.*e * '++*5'(#$ #& .!(#/'(e!

,e*#e,4 A& (h#& #& ' .e&(#$ f f'3( $( f '5&(*'3( &3#e$3e

"e 3'$ $! e)+e3( &.33e&& 5 f!!"#$% (he e)+e*#/e$('! /e(h,

'$, ,e,.3#$% %e$e*'! /')#/& f*/ ' 3/+'*#&$ f +'*(#3.!'*



#$&('$3e&4 The (he* &3#e$(#f#3 /e(h, "he*e ' %e$e*'! '5&(*'3(

+*#$3#+!e #& f#*&( e&('5!#&he, '$, #& 'f(e*"'*,& 5*'$3he, .(

#$( ' '*#e( f #$fe*e$3e& '$, 3$3!.&#$& /' 5e /*e +e*fe3(

#$ #(&e!f 5.( &.#(& !e&& (he #/+e*fe3(#$ f h./'$ $'(.*e '$,

#& ' 3//$ &.*3e f #!!.&#$ '$, /#&('6e #$ (h#& '& "e!! '& #$

(he* &.5e3(&4 Me$ '*e $" 3.*e, f (he#* +'&&#$ f* h+(he&e&

'$, &&(e/& #$ $'(.*'! +h#!&+h '$, "#!! he'*6e$ ( $

'*%./e$(& 5.( (h&e "h#3h '*e ,e*#e, f*/ e)+e*#e$3e4 I( #& f.!!

(#/e (he &h.!, '((e/+( ' !#6e *ef*/'(#$ #$ '!! /*'!

,#&.#&#(#$& '$, *ee3( ee* &&(e/ f e(h#3& h"ee* &.5(!e

* #$%e$#.& "h#3h #& $( f.$,e, $ f'3( '$, 5&e*'(#$4

e &h'!! 5e%#$ .* e$.#* $ (h#& he', 5 (he 3$&#,e*'(#$ f

(he &3#'! #*(.e& Be$e!e$3e '$, .&(#3e4 The e)+!#3'(#$ f

(he/ "#!! +*5'5! %#e .& '$ +e$#$% 5 "h#3h (he (he*& /' 5e

'33.$(e, f*4

SECTION II4

OF BENEVOLENCE4



PART I4

I( /' 5e e&(ee/e, +e*h'+& ' &.+e*f!..& ('&6 ( +*e (h'(

(he 5e$e!e$( * &f(e* 'ffe3(#$& '*e e&(#/'5!e '$, "he*ee*

(he '++e'* e$%'%e (he '++*5'(#$ '$, %,-"#!! f /'$6#$,4 The

e+#(he(& SOCIABLE GOOD-NATURED HUMANE MERCIFUL GRATEFUL

FRIENDLY GENEROUS BENEFICENT * (he#* e.#'!e$(& '*e 6$"$

#$ '!! !'$%.'%e& '$, .$#e*&'!! e)+*e&& (he h#%he&( /e*#(

"h#3h HUMAN NATURE #& 3'+'5!e f '(('#$#$%4 he*e (he&e '/#'5!e

.'!#(#e& '*e '((e$,e, "#(h 5#*(h '$, +"e* '$, e/#$e$(

'5#!#(#e& '$, ,#&+!' (he/&e!e& #$ (he %, %e*$/e$( *

.&ef.! #$&(*.3(#$ f /'$6#$, (he &ee/ ee$ ( *'#&e (he

+&&e&&*& f (he/ '5e (he *'$6 f HUMAN NATURE '$, /'6e (he/

'++*'3h #$ &/e /e'&.*e ( (he ,##$e4 E)'!(e, 3'+'3#(

.$,'.$(e, 3.*'%e +*&+e*.& &.33e&& (he&e /' $! e)+&e '

he* * +!#(#3#'$ ( (he e$ '$, #!!-"#!! f (he +.5!#3< 5.( '&

&$ '& (he +*'#&e& '*e ',,e, f h./'$e '$, 5e$ef#3e$( "he$

#$&('$3e& '*e ,#&+!'e, f !e$#( (e$,e*$e&& * f*#e$,&h#+ e$

#(&e!f #& &#!e$( * #$& (he %e$e*'! #3e f '++*5'(#$ '$,

'++!'.&e4

he$ Pe*#3!e& (he %*e'( A(he$#'$ &('(e&/'$ '$, %e$e*'! "'& $

h#& ,e'(h-5e, h#& &.**.$,#$% f*#e$,& ,ee/#$% h#/ $"



#$&e$&#5!e 5e%'$ ( #$,.!%e (he#* &**" f* (he#* e)+#*#$%

+'(*$ 5 e$./e*'(#$% h#& %*e'( .'!#(#e& '$, &.33e&&e& h#&

3$.e&(& '$, #3(*#e& (he .$.&.'! !e$%(h f h#&

',/#$#&(*'(#$ '$, h#& $#$e (*+h#e& e*e3(e, e* (he e$e/#e& f

(he *e+.5!#34 YOU FORGET 3*#e& (he ,#$% he* "h h', he'*,

'!! YOU FORGET THE MOST EMINENT OF MY PRAISES HILE YOU DELL

SO MUCH ON THOSE VULGAR ADVANTAGES IN HICH FORTUNE HAD A

PRINCIPAL SHARE4 YOU HAVE NOT OBSERVED THAT NO CITIEN HAS EVER

YET ORNE MOURNING ON MY ACCOUNT4 :P!.(4 #$ Pe*#3!e;

I$ /e$ f /*e *,#$'* ('!e$(& '$, 3'+'3#( (he &3#'! #*(.e&

5e3/e #f +&&#5!e &(#!! /*e e&&e$(#'!! *e.#&#(e (he*e

5e#$% $(h#$% e/#$e$( #$ (h'( 3'&e ( 3/+e$&'(e f* (he "'$(

f (he/ * +*e&e*e (he +e*&$ f*/ .* &ee*e&( h'(*e, '& "e!!

'& 3$(e/+(4 A h#%h '/5#(#$ '$ e!e'(e, 3.*'%e #& '+( &'&

C#3e* #$ !e&& +e*fe3( 3h'*'3(e*& ( ,e%e$e*'(e #$( '

(.*5.!e$( fe*3#(4 The /*e &3#'! '$, &f(e* #*(.e& '*e (he*e

3h#ef! ( 5e *e%'*,e,4 The&e '*e '!"'& %, '$, '/#'5!e :C#34

,e Off#3##& !#54 I;4

The +*#$3#+'! ','$('%e "h#3h .e$'! ,#&3e*& #$ (he e)(e$&#e

3'+'3#( f (he h./'$ &+e3#e& #& (h'( #( *e$,e*& .* 5e$e!e$3e

'!& /*e e)(e$&#e '$, %#e& .& !'*%e* ++*(.$#(#e& f

&+*e',#$% .* 6#$,! #$f!.e$3e (h'$ "h'( '*e #$,.!%e, ( (he

#$fe*#* 3*e'(#$ :S'(4 XV4 19 '$, &e4;4 I( /.&( #$,ee, 5e

3$fe&&e, (h'( 5 ,#$% %, $! 3'$ ' /'$ (*.! e$ (he



','$('%e& f 5e#$% e/#$e$(4 H#& e)'!(e, &('(#$ f #(&e!f 5.(

(he /*e e)+&e& h#/ ( ,'$%e* '$, (e/+e&(4 H#& &!e +*e*%'(#e

#& ( 'ff*, &he!(e* ( #$fe*#*& "h *e+&e (he/&e!e& .$,e*

h#& 3e* '$, +*(e3(#$4

B.( I f*%e( (h'( #( #& $( / +*e&e$( 5.&#$e&& ( *e3//e$,

%e$e*&#( '$, 5e$e!e$3e * ( +'#$( #$ (he#* (*.e 3!.*&

'!! (he %e$.#$e 3h'*/& f (he &3#'! #*(.e&4 The&e #$,ee,

&.ff#3#e$(! e$%'%e ee* he'*( $ (he f#*&( '++*ehe$&#$ f

(he/ '$, #( #& ,#ff#3.!( ( '5&('#$ f*/ &/e &'!! f

+'$e%*#3 '& f(e$ '& (he 33.* #$ ,#&3.*&e * *e'&$#$%4 B.(

.* 5e3( he*e 5e#$% /*e (he &+e3.!'(#e (h'$ (he +*'3(#3'!

+'*( f /*'!& #( "#!! &.ff#3e ( *e/'*6 ="h'( "#!! *e',#! I

5e!#ee 5e '!!"e,@ (h'( $ .'!#(#e& '*e /*e #$(#(!e, ( (he

%e$e*'! %,-"#!! '$, '++*5'(#$ f /'$6#$, (h'$ 5e$ef#3e$3e '$,

h./'$#( f*#e$,&h#+ '$, %*'(#(.,e $'(.*'! 'ffe3(#$ '$, +.5!#3

&+#*#( * "h'(ee* +*3ee,& f*/ ' (e$,e* &/+'(h "#(h (he*&

'$, ' %e$e*.& 3$3e*$ f* .* 6#$, '$, &+e3#e&4 The&e "he*ee*

(he '++e'* &ee/ ( (*'$&f.&e (he/&e!e& #$ ' /'$$e* #$( e'3h

5eh!,e* '$, ( 3'!! f*(h #$ (he#* "$ 5eh'!f (he &'/e

f'.*'5!e '$, 'ffe3(#$'(e &e$(#/e$(& "h#3h (he e)e*( $ '!!

'*.$,4

PART II4



e /' 5&e*e (h'( #$ ,#&+!'#$% (he +*'#&e& f '$ h./'$e

5e$ef#3e$( /'$ (he*e #& $e 3#*3./&('$3e "h#3h $ee* f'#!& ( 5e

'/+! #$&#&(e, $ $'/e! (he h'++#$e&& '$, &'(#&f'3(#$

,e*#e, ( &3#e( f*/ h#& #$(e*3.*&e '$, %, ff#3e&4 T h#&

+'*e$(& "e '*e '+( ( &' he e$,e'*& h#/&e!f 5 h#& +#.&

'(('3h/e$( '$, ,.(e.& 3'*e &(#!! /*e (h'$ 5 (he 3$$e)#$& f

$'(.*e4 H#& 3h#!,*e$ $ee* fee! h#& '.(h*#( 5.( "he$ e/+!e,

f* (he#* ','$('%e4 #(h h#/ (he (#e& f !e '*e 3$&!#,'(e,

5 5e$ef#3e$3e '$, f*#e$,&h#+4 The (#e& f f*#e$,&h#+ '++*'3h

#$ ' f$, 5&e*'$3e f e'3h 5!#%#$% ff#3e ( (h&e f !e

'$, #$3!#$'(#$4 H#& ,/e&(#3& '$, ,e+e$,'$(& h'e #$ h#/ ' &.*e

*e&.*3e '$, $ !$%e* ,*e', (he +"e* f f*(.$e 5.( & f'* '&

&he e)e*3#&e& #( e* h#/4 F*/ h#/ (he h.$%* *e3e#e f, (he

$'6e, 3!(h#$% (he #%$*'$( '$, &!(hf.! &6#!! '$, #$,.&(*4

L#6e (he &.$ '$ #$fe*#* /#$#&(e* f +*#,e$3e he 3hee*&

#$#%*'(e& '$, &.&('#$& (he &.**.$,#$% "*!,4

If 3$f#$e, ( +*#'(e !#fe (he &+he*e f h#& '3(##( #&

$'**"e* 5.( h#& #$f!.e$3e #& '!! 5e$#%$ '$, %e$(!e4 If e)'!(e,

#$( ' h#%he* &('(#$ /'$6#$, '$, +&(e*#( *e'+ (he f*.#( f

h#& !'5.*&4

A& (he&e (+#3& f +*'#&e $ee* f'#! ( 5e e/+!e, '$, "#(h



&.33e&& "he*e "e ".!, #$&+#*e e&(ee/ f* '$ $e /' #( $(

(he$3e 5e 3$3!.,e, (h'( (he .(#!#( *e&.!(#$% f*/ (he &3#'!

#*(.e& f*/& '( !e'&( ' PART f (he#* /e*#( '$, #& $e

&.*3e f (h'( '++*5'(#$ '$, *e%'*, & .$#e*&'!! +'#, (

(he/

he$ "e *e3//e$, ee$ '$ '$#/'! * ' +!'$( '& USEFUL '$,

BENEFICIAL "e %#e #( '$ '++!'.&e '$, *e3//e$,'(#$ &.#(e, (

#(& $'(.*e4 A& $ (he (he* h'$, *ef!e3(#$ $ (he 5'$ef.!

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(he &e$(#/e$( f 'e*&#$4 The ee #& +!e'&e, "#(h (he +*&+e3(

f 3*$-f#e!,& '$, !',e, #$e-'*,& h*&e& %*'8#$% '$, f!36&

+'&(.*#$%< 5.( f!#e& (he #e" f 5*#'*& '$, 5*'/5!e& 'ff*,#$%

&he!(e* ( "!e& '$, &e*+e$(&4

A /'3h#$e ' +#e3e f f.*$#(.*e ' e&(/e$( ' h.&e "e!!

3$(*#e, f* .&e '$, 3$e$#e$3 #& & f'* 5e'.(#f.! '$, #&

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he*e &e$&#5!e ( /'$ e)3e!!e$3#e& "h#3h e&3'+e +e*&$& #%$*'$(

'$, .$#$&(*.3(e,4

C'$ '$(h#$% &(*$%e* 5e &'#, #$ +*'#&e f ' +*fe&&#$ &.3h '&

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"he$ "e (*e'( h#& *,e* '& .&e!e&& * +e*$#3#.& ( /'$6#$,



The h#&(*#'$ e).!(& #$ ,#&+!'#$% (he 5e$ef#( '*#&#$% f*/ h#&

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3$&e.e$3e& '&3*#5e, ( h#& /'$$e* f 3/+&#(#$4

I$ %e$e*'! "h'( +*'#&e #& #/+!#e, #$ (he &#/+!e e+#(he( USEFUL

h'( *e+*'3h #$ (he 3$(*'*

Y.* G,& &'& C#3e* :De N'(4 De*4 !#54 #4; #$ ++&#(#$ (

(he E+#3.*e'$& 3'$$( .&(! 3!'#/ '$ "*&h#+ * ',*'(#$

"#(h "h'(ee* #/'%#$'* +e*fe3(#$& . /' &.++&e (he/ e$,"e,4

The '*e (('!! .&e!e&& '$, #$'3(#e4 Ee$ (he E%+(#'$& "h/

. & /.3h *#,#3.!e $ee* 3$&e3*'(e, '$ '$#/'! 5.( $ '33.$(

f #(& .(#!#(4

The &3e+(#3& '&&e*( :Se)(4 E/+4 ',*e*&.& M'(h4 !#54 ###4;

(h.%h '5&.*,! (h'( (he *#%#$ f '!! *e!#%#.& "*&h#+ "'&

,e*#e, f*/ (he .(#!#( f #$'$#/'(e 5e3(& '& (he &.$ '$,

/$ ( (he &.++*( '$, "e!!-5e#$% f /'$6#$,4 Th#& #& '!& (he

3//$ *e'&$ '&&#%$e, 5 h#&(*#'$& f* (he ,e#f#3'(#$ f

e/#$e$( he*e& '$, !e%#&!'(*& :D#,4 S#34 +'&&#/4;4

T +!'$( ' (*ee ( 3.!(#'(e ' f#e!, ( 5e%e( 3h#!,*e$

/e*#(*#.& '3(& '33*,#$% ( (he *e!#%#$ f *'&(e*4

I$ '!! ,e(e*/#$'(#$& f /*'!#( (h#& 3#*3./&('$3e f +.5!#3

.(#!#( #& ee* +*#$3#+'!! #$ #e" '$, "he*ee* ,#&+.(e& '*#&e



e#(he* #$ +h#!&+h * 3//$ !#fe 3$3e*$#$% (he 5.$,& f

,.( (he .e&(#$ 3'$$( 5 '$ /e'$& 5e ,e3#,e, "#(h %*e'(e*

3e*('#$( (h'$ 5 '&3e*('#$#$% $ '$ &#,e (he (*.e #$(e*e&(&

f /'$6#$,4 If '$ f'!&e +#$#$ e/5*'3e, f*/ '++e'*'$3e& h'&

5ee$ f.$, ( +*e'#! '& &$ '& f'*(he* e)+e*#e$3e '$, &.$,e*

*e'&$#$% h'e %#e$ .& .&(e* $(#$& f h./'$ 'ff'#*& "e

*e(*'3( .* f#*&( &e$(#/e$( '$, ',.&( '$e" (he 5.$,'*#e& f

/*'! %, '$, e#!4

G##$% '!/& ( 3//$ 5e%%'*& #& $'(.*'!! +*'#&e, 5e3'.&e #(

&ee/& ( 3'** *e!#ef ( (he ,#&(*e&&e, '$, #$,#%e$(< 5.( "he$ "e

5&e*e (he e$3.*'%e/e$( (he$3e '*#&#$% ( #,!e$e&& '$,

,e5'.3he* "e *e%'*, (h'( &+e3#e& f 3h'*#( *'(he* '& '

"e'6$e&& (h'$ ' #*(.e4

T*'$$#3#,e * (he '&&'&&#$'(#$ f .&.*+e*& '$, ++*e&&#e

+*#$3e& "'& h#%h! e)(!!e, #$ '$3#e$( (#/e& 5e3'.&e #( 5(h

f*ee, /'$6#$, f*/ /'$ f (he&e /$&(e*& '$, &ee/e, ( 6ee+ (he

(he*& #$ '"e "h/ (he &"*, * +#$'*, 3.!, $( *e'3h4 B.(

h#&(* '$, e)+e*#e$3e h'#$% &#$3e 3$#$3e, .& (h'( (h#&

+*'3(#3e #$3*e'&e& (he e'!.& '$, 3*.e!( f +*#$3e& '

T#/!e$ '$, ' B*.(.& (h.%h (*e'(e, "#(h #$,.!%e$3e $ '33.$(

f (he +*e.,#3e& f (he#* (#/e& '*e $" 3$&#,e*e, '& e*

#/+*+e* /,e!& f* #/#('(#$4

L#5e*'!#( #$ +*#$3e& #& *e%'*,e, '& ' /'*6 f 5e$ef#3e$3e 5.(



"he$ #( 33.*& (h'( (he h/e! 5*e', f (he h$e&( '$,

#$,.&(*#.& #& f(e$ (he*e5 3$e*(e, #$( ,e!#3#.& 3'(e& f*

(he #,!e '$, (he +*,#%'! "e &$ *e(*'3( .* hee,!e&& +*'#&e&4

The *e%*e(& f ' +*#$3e f* h'#$% !&( ' ,' "e*e $5!e '$,

%e$e*.&< 5.( h', he #$(e$,e, ( h'e &+e$( #( #$ '3(& f

%e$e*&#( ( h#& %*ee, 3.*(#e*& #( "'& 5e((e* !&( (h'$

/#&e/+!e, 'f(e* (h'( /'$$e*4

L.).* * ' *ef#$e/e$( $ (he +!e'&.*e& '$, 3$e$#e$3e& f

!#fe h', $( !$% 5ee$ &.++&e, (he &.*3e f ee* 3**.+(#$

#$ %e*$/e$( '$, (he #//e,#'(e 3'.&e f f'3(#$ &e,#(#$

3##! "'*& '$, (he (('! !&& f !#5e*(4 I( "'& (he*ef*e

.$#e*&'!! *e%'*,e, '& ' #3e '$, "'& '$ 5e3( f ,e3!'/'(#$

( '!! &'(#*#&(& '$, &ee*e /*'!#&(&4 Th&e "h +*e *

'((e/+( ( +*e (h'( &.3h *ef#$e/e$(& *'(he* (e$, ( (he

#$3*e'&e f #$,.&(* 3##!#( '$, '*(& *e%.!'(e '$e" .* MORAL

'& "e!! '& POLITICAL &e$(#/e$(& '$, *e+*e&e$( '& !'.,'5!e *

#$$3e$( "h'( h', f*/e*! 5ee$ *e%'*,e, '& +e*$#3#.& '$,

5!'/e'5!e4

U+$ (he "h!e (he$ #( &ee/& .$,e$#'5!e THAT $(h#$% 3'$

5e&(" /*e /e*#( $ '$ h./'$ 3*e'(.*e (h'$ (he &e$(#/e$( f

5e$e!e$3e #$ '$ e/#$e$( ,e%*ee '$, THAT ' PART '( !e'&( f

#(& /e*#( '*#&e& f*/ #(& (e$,e$3 ( +*/(e (he #$(e*e&(& f

.* &+e3#e& '$, 5e&(" h'++#$e&& $ h./'$ &3#e(4 e 3'** .*

#e" #$( (he &'!.('* 3$&e.e$3e& f &.3h ' 3h'*'3(e* '$,



,#&+&#(#$ '$, "h'(ee* h'& & 5e$#%$ '$ #$f!.e$3e '$,

f*"'*,& & ,e&#*'5!e '$ e$, #& 5ehe!, "#(h 3/+!'3e$3 '$,

+!e'&.*e4 The &3#'! #*(.e& '*e $ee* *e%'*,e, "#(h.( (he#*

5e$ef#3#'! (e$,e$3#e& $* #e"e, '& 5'**e$ '$, .$f*.#(f.!4 The

h'++#$e&& f /'$6#$, (he *,e* f &3#e( (he h'*/$ f

f'/#!#e& (he /.(.'! &.++*( f f*#e$,& '*e '!"'& 3$&#,e*e, '&

(he *e&.!( f (he#* %e$(!e ,/#$#$ e* (he 5*e'&(& f /e$4

H" 3$&#,e*'5!e ' PART f (he#* /e*#( "e .%h( ( '&3*#5e (

(he#* .(#!#( "#!! 5e((e* '++e'* f*/ f.(.*e ,#&.#&#(#$&

:F($(e< Se3(4 III4 '$, IV4; '& "e!! '& (he *e'&$ "h (h#&

3#*3./&('$3e h'& &.3h ' 3//'$, e* .* e&(ee/ '$, '++*5'(#$4

:F($(e< Se3(4 V4;

SECTION III4

OF USTICE4

PART I4



THAT .&(#3e #& .&ef.! ( &3#e( '$, 3$&e.e$(! (h'( PART f

#(& /e*#( '( !e'&( /.&( '*#&e f*/ (h'( 3$&#,e*'(#$ #( ".!,

5e ' &.+e*f!..& .$,e*('6#$% ( +*e4 Th'( +.5!#3 .(#!#( #& (he

SOLE *#%#$ f .&(#3e '$, (h'( *ef!e3(#$& $ (he 5e$ef#3#'!

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#( ,#, 3.!, 3$(#$.e & !$% '& ( /e*#( (he '++e!!'(#$ f '

STATE /' .&(! 5e ,.5(e,4 Me$ '*e $e3e&&'*#! 5*$ #$ '

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#*(.e4

PART II4

If "e e)'/#$e (he PARTICULAR !'"& 5 "h#3h .&(#3e #& ,#*e3(e,

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&e+'*'(#$ '*e &.3h '& 3'$ 5e&( 5e 3$(*#e, ( &e*e f'*(he*

(he #$(e*e&(& f &3#e(4

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'$, e&('5!#&h +e'3e '$, &e3.*#( '/$% /'$6#$,< H#& /&( 5#.&

(h.%h( ".!, 5e ( '&&#%$ (he !'*%e&( +&&e&&#$& ( (he /&(

e)(e$&#e #*(.e '$, %#e ee* $e (he +"e* f ,#$% %,

+*+*(#$e, ( h#& #$3!#$'(#$4 I$ ' +e*fe3( (he3*'3 "he*e '

5e#$% #$f#$#(e! #$(e!!#%e$( %e*$& 5 +'*(#3.!'* !#(#$&

(h#& *.!e ".!, 3e*('#$! h'e +!'3e '$, /#%h( &e*e ( (he

"#&e&( +.*+&e&< B.( "e*e /'$6#$, ( e)e3.(e &.3h ' !'" & %*e'(

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,#&&!.(#$ f &3#e( /.&( 5e (he #//e,#'(e 3$&e.e$3e4

F'$'(#3& /' &.++&e THAT DOMINION IS FOUNDED ON GRACE '$, THAT

SAINTS ALONE INHERIT THE EARTH 5.( (he 3##! /'%#&(*'(e e*

.&(! +.(& (he&e &.5!#/e (he*#&(& $ (he &'/e f(#$% "#(h

3//$ *55e*& '$, (e'3he& (he/ 5 (he &ee*e&( ,#&3#+!#$e (h'(

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&3#e( /' e( 5e f.$, #$ +*'3(#3e (('!! +e*$#3#.& '$,

,e&(*.3(#e4

Th'( (he*e "e*e RELIGIOUS f'$'(#3& f (h#& 6#$, #$ E$%!'$,

,.*#$% (he 3##! "'*& "e !e'*$ f*/ h#&(* (h.%h #( #&

+*5'5!e (h'( (he 5#.& TENDENCY f (he&e +*#$3#+!e& e)3#(e,

&.3h h*** #$ /'$6#$, '& &$ 5!#%e, (he ,'$%e*.& e$(h.&#'&(&

( *e$.$3e * '( !e'&( 3$3e'! (he#* (e$e(&4 Pe*h'+& (he

LEVELLERS "h 3!'#/e, '$ e.'! ,#&(*#5.(#$ f +*+e*( "e*e '



6#$, f POLITICAL f'$'(#3& "h#3h '*&e f*/ (he *e!#%#.&

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(h'( $'(.*e #& & !#5e*'! ( /'$6#$, (h'( "e*e '!! he* +*e&e$(&

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ee$ /&( f (he 3/f*(& f !#fe $* ".!, ee* 5e !#'5!e (

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f*'/e '$, 3$&(#(.(#$ f h#& 5,4 I( /.&( '!& 5e 3$fe&&e,

(h'( "he*ee* "e ,e+'*( f*/ (h#& e.'!#( "e *5 (he +* f

/*e &'(#&f'3(#$ (h'$ "e ',, ( (he *#3h '$, (h'( (he &!#%h(

%*'(#f#3'(#$ f ' f*#!.& '$#( #$ $e #$,##,.'!

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%e$e*'! #,e' f (he .(#!#( f (h#& +*#$3#+!e4

B.( h#&(*#'$& '$, ee$ 3//$ &e$&e /' #$f*/ .& (h'(

h"ee* &+e3#.& (he&e #,e'& f PERFECT e.'!#( /' &ee/ (he

'*e *e'!! '( 5((/ IMPRACTICABLE '$, "e*e (he $( & ".!,



5e e)(*e/e! PERNICIOUS ( h./'$ &3#e(4 Re$,e* +&&e&&#$& ee*

& e.'! /e$0& ,#ffe*e$( ,e%*ee& f '*( 3'*e '$, #$,.&(* "#!!

#//e,#'(e! 5*e'6 (h'( e.'!#(4 O* #f . 3he36 (he&e #*(.e&

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(he "h!e 3//.$#(4 The /&( *#%*.& #$.#&#(#$ ( #&

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(he /&( &ee*e .*#&,#3(#$ ( +.$#&h '$, *e,*e&& #(4 B.(

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'!! +"e* $e'*! ( ' !ee! '& "e!! '& +*+e*(4

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f'!&e (h.%h &+e3#.& '$, /.&( &e'*3h f* (h&e *.!e& "h#3h

'*e $ (he "h!e /&( USEFUL '$, BENEFICIAL4 V.!%'* &e$&e '$,

&!#%h( e)+e*#e$3e '*e &.ff#3#e$( f* (h#& +.*+&e "he*e /e$ %#e

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'33/+!#&h/e$(& Th'( (he +*+e*( .%h( '!& ( ,e&3e$, (

3h#!,*e$ '$, *e!'(#$& f* (he &'/e USEFUL +.*+&e Th'( #( /'

5e '!#e$'(e, 5 3$&e$( #$ *,e* ( 5e%e( (h'( 3//e*3e '$,

#$(e*3.*&e "h#3h #& & BENEFICIAL ( h./'$ &3#e( A$, (h'(

'!! 3$(*'3(& '$, +*/#&e& .%h( 3'*ef.!! ( 5e f.!f#!!e, #$

*,e* ( &e3.*e /.(.'! (*.&( '$, 3$f#,e$3e 5 "h#3h (he %e$e*'!

INTEREST f /'$6#$, #& & /.3h +*/(e,

E)'/#$e (he "*#(e*& $ (he !'"& f $'(.*e '$, . "#!! '!"'&

f#$, (h'( "h'(ee* +*#$3#+!e& (he &e( .( "#(h (he '*e &.*e

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f* ee* *.!e "h#3h (he e&('5!#&h (he 3$e$#e$3e '$,

$e3e&&#(#e& f /'$6#$,4 A 3$3e&&#$ (h.& e)(*(e, #$ ++&#(#$

( &&(e/& h'& /*e '.(h*#( (h'$ #f #( h', 5ee$ /',e #$

+*&e3.(#$ f (he/4

h'( (he* *e'&$ #$,ee, 3.!, "*#(e*& ee* %#e "h (h#& /.&(

5e MINE '$, (h'( YOURS &#$3e .$#$&(*.3(e, $'(.*e &.*e! $ee*

/',e '$ &.3h ,#&(#$3(#$ The 5e3(& "h#3h *e3e#e (h&e

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#$(e*e&(& f &3#e( 3'$ f*/ (he 3$$e)#$4

S/e(#/e& (he #$(e*e&(& f &3#e( /' *e.#*e ' *.!e f .&(#3e

#$ ' +'*(#3.!'* 3'&e 5.( /' $( ,e(e*/#$e '$ +'*(#3.!'* *.!e

'/$% &ee*'! "h#3h '*e '!! e.'!! 5e$ef#3#'!4 I$ (h'( 3'&e



(he &!#%h(e&( '$'!%#e& '*e !'#, h!, f #$ *,e* ( +*ee$(

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3$$e)#$& f (he #/'%#$'(#$4

De& '$ $e &3*.+!e #$ e)(*'*,#$'* 3'&e& ( #!'(e '!!

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!'"< A!! (he* +'*(#3.!'* !'"& '*e &.5*,#$'(e ( #( '$,

,e+e$,e$( $ #(< A$, #f #$ (he COMMON 3.*&e f (h#$%& (he 5e

f!!"e, '$, *e%'*,e, #( #& $! 5e3'.&e (he +.5!#3 &'fe( '$,

#$(e*e&( COMMONLY ,e/'$, & e.'! '$, #/+'*(#'! '$

',/#$#&(*'(#$4

S/e(#/e& 5(h UTILITY '$, ANALOGY f'#! '$, !e'e (he !'"& f

.&(#3e #$ (('! .$3e*('#$(4 Th.& #( #& h#%h! *e.#&#(e (h'(

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+.*+&e #( #& #/+&&#5!e f* *e'&$ '!$e ( ,e(e*/#$e4 CIVIL

LAS he*e &.++! (he +!'3e f (he $'(.*'! CODE '$, '&&#%$

,#ffe*e$( (e*/& f* +*e&3*#+(#$ '33*,#$% ( (he ,#ffe*e$(

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:F($(e< P*#$3#+#'4 L#54 ###4;4

SECTION IV4

OF POLITICAL SOCIETY4

H', ee* /'$ &.ff#3#e$( SAGACITY ( +e*3e#e '( '!! (#/e& (he

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f +&#(#e !'" "he*e $'(.*'! .&(#3e #& f #(&e!f ' &.ff#3#e$(

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(h'( 6#$, "h#3h '*e +!'#$! 3'!3.!'(e, f* (he ADVANTAGE f

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+'*3h/e$( #f (he "e*e $( f.$, 5 e)+e*#e$3e ( h'e SOME

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SECTION V4

HY UTILITY PLEASES4

PART I4

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* !#6e +*#$3#+!e&4

SECTION VI4

OF QUALITIES USEFUL TO OURSELVES4

PART I4

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f /'$$e*& '$, 5eh'#.*4 Be&#,e& DISCRETION CAUTION

ENTERPRISE INDUSTRY ASSIDUITY FRUGALITY ECONOMY GOOD-SENSE

PRUDENCE DISCERNMENT 5e&#,e& (he&e e$,"/e$(& I &' "h&e

e* $'/e& f*3e '$ '"'! f (he#* /e*#( (he*e '*e /'$ (he*&

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*ef.&e (he (*#5.(e f +*'#&e '$, '++*5'(#$4 TEMPERANCE

SOBRIETY PATIENCE CONSTANCY PERSEVERANCE FORETHOUGHT

CONSIDERATENESS SECRECY ORDER INSINUATION ADDRESS PRESENCE

OF MIND QUICKNESS OF CONCEPTION FACILITY OF EXPRESSION (he&e

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PART II4

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'!! (he G*ee6&4 :F($(e< CUM ALACRIBUS SALTU CUMM VELOCIBUS

CURSU CUM VALIDIS RECTE CERTABATA4 S'!!.&( '+., Ve%e(4; A !#6e

+*'#&e #& %#e$ ( P/+e $e f (he %*e'(e&( f (he R/'$&4

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SECTION VII4



OF QUALITIES IMMEDIATELY AGREEABLE TO OURSELVES4

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&#(.'(#$ f h#& "$ /#$, #$ (h#& +'*(#3.!'* VIRTUE I LOVE &'&

he ITHOUT AUSTERITY< PLEASURE ITHOUT EFFEMINACY< AND LIFE

ITHOUT FEARING ITS END4 :F($(e< 00'#/e !' e*(. &'$&

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:F($(e< C'+4 94;4

ERE I A!e)'$,e* &'#, P'*/e$# I OULD ACCEPT OF THESE OFFERS

MADE BY DARIUS4 SO OULD I TOO *e+!#e, A!e)'$,e* ERE I

PARMENIO4 Th#& &'#$% #& ',/#*'5!e &'& L$%#$.& f*/ ' !#6e

+*#$3#+!e4 :F($(e< I,e/4;

GO 3*#e& (he &'/e he* ( h#& &!,#e*& "he$ (he *ef.&e, (

f!!" h#/ ( (he I$,#e& GO TELL YOUR COUNTRYMEN THAT YOU LEFT

A!e)'$,e* COMPLETING THE CONQUESTOF THE ORLD4 0A!e)'$,e*0 &'#,

(he P*#$3e f C$,e "h '!"'& ',/#*e, (h#& +'&&'%e 0'5'$,$e,

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'%'#$&( he* $./e*.& '$, #/+!'3'5!e e$e/#e&4 MYSELF *e+!#e& &he

MYSELF I SAY AND IT IS ENOUGH4 B#!e'. .&(! *e3//e$,& (h#&



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+!e'&e f*/ /*e (h'$ $e 3'.&e * +*#$3#+!e4 N( ( /e$(#$ (h'(

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f #(4

SECTION VIII4

OF QUALITIES IMMEDIATELY AGREEABLE TO OTHERS4

:F($(e< I( #& (he $'(.*e '$, #$,ee, (he ,ef#$#(#$ f



#*(.e (h'( #( #& A QUALITY OF THE MIND AGREEABLE TO OR APPROVED

OF BY EVERY ONE HO CONSIDERS OR CONTEMPLATES IT4 B.( &/e

.'!#(#e& +*,.3e +!e'&.*e 5e3'.&e (he '*e .&ef.! ( &3#e(

* .&ef.! * '%*ee'5!e ( (he +e*&$ h#/&e!f (he*& +*,.3e #(

/*e #//e,#'(e! "h#3h #& (he 3'&e "#(h (he 3!'&& f #*(.e&

he*e 3$&#,e*e,4;

AS (he /.(.'! &h36& #$ SOCIETY '$, (he ++&#(#$& f #$(e*e&(

'$, &e!f-!e h'e 3$&(*'#$e, /'$6#$, ( e&('5!#&h (he !'"& f

USTICE #$ *,e* ( +*e&e*e (he ','$('%e& f /.(.'! '&&#&('$3e

'$, +*(e3(#$< #$ !#6e /'$$e* (he e(e*$'! 3$(*'*#e(#e& #$

COMPANY f /e$0& +*#,e '$, &e!f-3$3e#( h'e #$(*,.3e, (he

*.!e& f G, M'$$e*& * P!#(e$e&& #$ *,e* ( f'3#!#('(e (he

#$(e*3.*&e f /#$,& '$, '$ .$,#&(.*5e, 3//e*3e '$,

3$e*&'(#$4 A/$% "e!!-5*e, +e+!e ' /.(.'! ,efe*e$3e #&

'ffe3(e, 3$(e/+( f (he*& ,#&%.#&e, '.(h*#( 3$3e'!e,

'((e$(#$ %#e$ ( e'3h #$ h#& (.*$ '$, '$ e'& &(*e'/ f

3$e*&'(#$ /'#$('#$e, "#(h.( ehe/e$3e "#(h.( #$(e**.+(#$

"#(h.( e'%e*$e&& f* #3(* '$, "#(h.( '$ '#*& f

&.+e*#*#(4 The&e '((e$(#$& '$, *e%'*,& '*e #//e,#'(e!

AGREEABLE ( (he*& '5&(*'3(e, f*/ '$ 3$&#,e*'(#$ f .(#!#(

* 5e$ef#3#'! (e$,e$3#e&< (he 3$3#!#'(e 'ffe3(#$ +*/(e

e&(ee/ '$, e)(*e/e! e$h'$3e (he /e*#( f (he +e*&$ "h

*e%.!'(e& h#& 5eh'#.* 5 (he/4

M'$ f (he f*/& f 5*ee,#$% '*e '*5#(*'* '$, 3'&.'! 5.( (he



(h#$% e)+*e&&e, 5 (he/ #& &(#!! (he &'/e4 A S+'$#'*, %e& .( f

h#& "$ h.&e 5ef*e h#& %.e&( ( &#%$#f (h'( he !e'e& h#/

/'&(e* f '!!4 I$ (he* 3.$(*#e& (he !'$,!*, "'!6& .( !'&(

'& ' 3//$ /'*6 f ,efe*e$3e '$, *e%'*,4

B.( #$ *,e* ( *e$,e* ' /'$ +e*fe3( GOOD COMPANY he /.&( h'e

#( '$, I$%e$.#( '& "e!! '& %, /'$$e*&4 h'( "#( #& #( /'

$( 5e e'& ( ,ef#$e 5.( #( #& e'& &.*e! ( ,e(e*/#$e (h'( #(

#& ' .'!#( #//e,#'(e! AGREEABLE ( (he*& '$, 3//.$#3'(#$%

$ #(& f#*&( '++e'*'$3e ' !#e! '$, &'(#&f'3(#$ ( ee*

$e "h h'& '$ 3/+*ehe$&#$ f #(4 The /&( +*f.$,

/e('+h&#3& #$,ee, /#%h( 5e e/+!e, #$ e)+!'#$#$% (he '*#.&

6#$,& '$, &+e3#e& f "#( '$, /'$ 3!'&&e& f #( "h#3h '*e $"

*e3e#e, $ (he &!e (e&(#/$ f ('&(e '$, &e$(#/e$( /#%h(

+e*h'+& 5e *e&!e, #$( /*e %e$e*'! +*#$3#+!e&4 B.( (h#& #&

&.ff#3#e$( f* .* +*e&e$( +.*+&e (h'( #( ,e& 'ffe3( ('&(e '$,

&e$(#/e$( '$, 5e&("#$% '$ #//e,#'(e e$/e$( #& ' &.*e &.*3e

f '++*5'(#$ '$, 'ffe3(#$4

I$ 3.$(*#e& "he*e /e$ +'&& /&( f (he#* (#/e #$ 3$e*&'(#$

'$, #&#(& '$, '&&e/5!#e& (he&e COMPANIONABLE .'!#(#e& & (

&+e'6 '*e f h#%h e&(#/'(#$ '$, f*/ ' 3h#ef +'*( f +e*&$'!

/e*#(4 I$ 3.$(*#e& "he*e /e$ !#e ' /*e ,/e&(#3 !#fe '$,

e#(he* '*e e/+!e, #$ 5.&#$e&& * '/.&e (he/&e!e& #$ '

$'**"e* 3#*3!e f '3.'#$('$3e (he /*e &!#, .'!#(#e& '*e

3h#ef! *e%'*,e,4 Th.& I h'e f(e$ 5&e*e, (h'( '/$% (he



F*e$3h (he f#*&( .e&(#$& "#(h *e%'*, ( ' &(*'$%e* '*e IS HE

POLITE HAS HE IT I$ .* "$ 3.$(* (he 3h#ef +*'#&e 5e&("e,

#& '!"'& (h'( f ' GOOD-NATURED SENSIBLE FELLO4

I$ 3$e*&'(#$ (he !#e! &+#*#( f ,#'!%.e #& AGREEABLE ee$

( (h&e "h ,e&#*e $( ( h'e '$ &h'*e #$ (he ,#&3.*&e< he$3e

(he (e!!e* f !$% &(*#e& * (he +/+.& ,e3!'#/e* #& e*

!#((!e '++*e, f4 B.( /&( /e$ ,e&#*e !#6e"#&e (he#* (.*$ #$

(he 3$e*&'(#$ '$, *e%'*, "#(h ' e* e#! ee (h'(

LOQUACITY "h#3h ,e+*#e& (he/ f ' *#%h( (he '*e $'(.*'!! &

e'!.& f4

The*e #& ' &*( f h'*/!e&& LIARS f*e.e$(! ( 5e /e( "#(h #$

3/+'$ "h ,e'! /.3h #$ (he /'*e!!.&4 The#* .&.'! #$(e$(#$

#& ( +!e'&e '$, e$(e*('#$ 5.( '& /e$ '*e /&( ,e!#%h(e, "#(h

"h'( (he 3$3e#e ( 5e (*.(h (he&e +e+!e /#&('6e e)(*e/e!

(he /e'$& f +!e'&#$% '$, #$3.* .$#e*&'! 5!'/e4 S/e

#$,.!%e$3e h"ee* ( !#$% * f#3(#$ #& %#e$ #$ HUMOROUS

&(*#e& 5e3'.&e #( #& (he*e *e'!! '%*ee'5!e '$, e$(e*('#$#$%

'$, (*.(h #& $( f '$ #/+*('$3e4

E!.e$3e %e$#.& f '!! 6#$,& ee$ %, &e$&e '$, &.$,

*e'&$#$% "he$ #( *#&e& ( '$ e/#$e$( ,e%*ee '$, #& e/+!e,

.+$ &.5e3(& f '$ 3$&#,e*'5!e ,#%$#( '$, $#3e ,#&3e*$/e$(

'!! (he&e e$,"/e$(& &ee/ #//e,#'(e! '%*ee'5!e '$, h'e ' /e*#(

,#&(#$3( f*/ (he#* .&ef.!$e&&4 R'*#( !#6e"#&e "h#3h & /.3h



e$h'$3e& (he +*#3e f ee* (h#$% /.&( &e( '$ ',,#(#$'! '!.e

$ (he&e $5!e ('!e$(& f (he h./'$ /#$,4

M,e&( /' 5e .$,e*&(, #$ ,#ffe*e$( &e$&e& ee$ '5&(*'3(e,

f*/ 3h'&(#( "h#3h h'& 5ee$ '!*e', (*e'(e, f4 I( &/e(#/e&

/e'$& (h'( (e$,e*$e&& '$, $#3e( f h$.* (h'( '++*ehe$&#$ f

5!'/e (h'( ,*e', f #$(*.&#$ * #$.* ("'*,& (he*& (h'(

P.,* "h#3h #& (he +*+e* %.'*,#'$ f ee* 6#$, f #*(.e '$,

' &.*e +*e&e*'(#e '%'#$&( #3e '$, 3**.+(#$4 B.( #(& /&(

.&.'! /e'$#$% #& "he$ #( #& ++&e, ( IMPUDENCE '$, ARROGRANCE

'$, e)+*e&&e& ' ,#ff#,e$3e f .* "$ .,%e/e$( '$, ' ,.e

'((e$(#$ '$, *e%'*, f* (he*&4 I$ .$% /e$ 3h#ef! (h#&

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(he e)3e&& $ (he f*/e* &#,e '$, 3'.&e& .& ( *e%'*, "#(h '

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'& e&(ee/#$% (he ,'$%e* !e&& f f'!!#$% #$( '$ #3#.& e)(*e/e



f (h'( $'(.*e4 I( #& (h.& #$ 3.$(*#e& "he*e /e$0& 5,#e& '*e

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(he /&( .&.'! ,efe3(4 Be#$% & f(e$ &(*.36 "#(h #$&('$3e& f

$e &+e3#e& f ,ef*/#( /e$ (h#$6 (he 3'$ $ee* 6ee+ '( (

%*e'( ' ,#&('$3e f*/ #( '$, "#&h '!"'& ( h'e ' !e'$#$% (

(he ++&#(e &#,e4 I$ !#6e /'$$e* "e*e (he ,* +e$e, ( &e!f-

+*'#&e '$, "e*e M$('#%$e0& /')#/ 5&e*e, (h'( $e &h.!, &'

'& f*'$6! I HAVE SENSE I HAVE LEARNING I HAVE COURAGE

BEAUTY OR IT '& #( #& &.*e "e f(e$ (h#$6 & "e*e (h#& (he

3'&e I &' ee* $e #& &e$&#5!e (h'( &.3h ' f!, f

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"h '&6e, h#/ "h/ he e&(ee/e, (he f#*&( %e$e*'! f (he '%e THE

MARQUIS OF SPINOLA &'#, he IS THE SECOND4 Th.%h #( #&

5&e*'5!e (h'( (he &e!f-+*'#&e #/+!#e, #& he*e 5e((e* #/+!#e,

(h'$ #f #( h', 5ee$ ,#*e3(! e)+*e&&e, "#(h.( '$ 3e* *

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OCCASION BEEN GUILTY OF THAT CRIME BY NO MEANS *e+!#e, (he

(he*4 AND CAN YOU THEN IMAGINE 3*#e, (he he* (h'( I+h#3*'(e&

OULD BE GUILTY :F($(e< Q.#$3(#!4 !#54 4 3'+4 124;--I$

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'*e $(h#$% 5.( &/'!!e* #3e& '$, (h#& f'.!( 3'$ h'e $ (he*

*#%#$ (h'$ (he .$e'& &e$&'(#$ "h#3h #( e)3#(e& #$ (he*& "e

/' #$ (h#& #$&('$3e &ee/#$%! & (*##'! 3!e'*! ,#&3e* (he

*#%#$ f /*'! ,#&(#$3(#$& '5.( "h#3h (he !e'*$e, h'e

#$!e, (he/&e!e& #$ &.3h /'8e& f +e*+!e)#( '$, e***4

B.( 5e&#,e& '!! (he AGREEABLE .'!#(#e& (he *#%#$ f "h&e

5e'.( "e 3'$ #$ &/e ,e%*ee e)+!'#$ '$, '33.$( f* (he*e

&(#!! *e/'#$& &/e(h#$% /&(e*#.& '$, #$e)+!#3'5!e "h#3h

3$e& '$ #//e,#'(e &'(#&f'3(#$ ( (he &+e3('(* 5.( h" *

"h * f* "h'( *e'&$ he 3'$$( +*e(e$, ( ,e(e*/#$e4 The*e #&

' /'$$e* ' %*'3e '$ e'&e ' %e$(ee!$e&& '$ I-6$"-$(-"h'(



"h#3h &/e /e$ +&&e&& '5e (he*& "h#3h #& e* ,#ffe*e$( f*/

e)(e*$'! 5e'.( '$, 3/e!#$e&& '$, "h#3h h"ee* 3'(3he& .*

'ffe3(#$ '!/&( '& &.,,e$! '$, +"e*f.!!4 A$, (h.%h (h#&

MANNER 5e 3h#ef! ('!6e, f #$ (he +'&&#$ 5e("ee$ (he &e)e&

"he*e (he 3$3e'!e, /'%#3 #& e'&#! e)+!'#$e, e( &.*e! /.3h f

#( +*e'#!& #$ '!! .* e&(#/'(#$ f 3h'*'3(e*& '$, f*/& $

#$3$&#,e*'5!e +'*( f +e*&$'! /e*#(4 Th#& 3!'&& f

'33/+!#&h/e$(& (he*ef*e /.&( 5e (*.&(e, e$(#*e! ( (he

5!#$, 5.( &.*e (e&(#/$ f ('&(e '$, &e$(#/e$( '$, /.&( 5e

3$&#,e*e, '& ' +'*( f e(h#3& !ef( 5 $'(.*e ( 5'ff!e '!! (he

+*#,e f +h#!&+h '$, /'6e he* &e$&#5!e f he* $'**"

5.$,'*#e& '$, &!e$,e* '3.#&#(#$&4

e '++*e f '$(he* 5e3'.&e f h#& "#( +!#(e$e&& /,e&(

,e3e$3 * '$ '%*ee'5!e .'!#( "h#3h he +&&e&&e& '!(h.%h he

5e $( f .* '3.'#$('$3e $* h'& ee* %#e$ .& '$

e$(e*('#$/e$( 5 /e'$& f (he&e '33/+!#&h/e$(&4 The #,e' "h#3h

"e f*/ f (he#* effe3( $ h#& '3.'#$('$3e h'& '$ '%*ee'5!e

#$f!.e$3e $ .* #/'%#$'(#$ '$, %#e& .& (he &e$(#/e$( f

'++*5'(#$4 Th#& +*#$3#+!e e$(e*& #$( '!! (he .,%e/e$(& "h#3h

"e f*/ 3$3e*$#$% /'$$e*& '$, 3h'*'3(e*&4

SECTION IX4



CONCLUSION4

PART I4

IT /' .&(! '++e'* &.*+*#&#$% (h'( '$ /'$ #$ & !'(e '$ '%e

&h.!, f#$, #( *e.#&#(e ( +*e 5 e!'5*'(e *e'&$#$% (h'(

Pe*&$'! Me*#( 3$&#&(& '!(%e(he* #$ (he +&&e&&#$ f /e$('!

.'!#(#e& USEFUL * AGREEABLE ( (he PERSON HIMSELF * (

OTHERS4 I( /#%h( 5e e)+e3(e, (h'( (h#& +*#$3#+!e ".!, h'e

33.**e, ee$ ( (he f#*&( *.,e .$+*'3(#&e, e$.#*e*& 3$3e*$#$%

/*'!& '$, 5ee$ *e3e#e, f*/ #(& "$ e#,e$3e "#(h.( '$

'*%./e$( * ,#&+.('(#$4 h'(ee* #& '!.'5!e #$ '$ 6#$, &

$'(.*'!! 3!'&&e& #(&e!f .$,e* (he ,##&#$ f USEFUL *

AGREEABLE (he UTILE * (he DULCE (h'( #( #& $( e'& ( #/'%#$e

"h "e &h.!, ee* &ee6 f.*(he* * 3$&#,e* (he .e&(#$ '& '

/'((e* f $#3e *e&e'*3h * #$.#*4 A$, '& ee* (h#$% .&ef.! *

'%*ee'5!e /.&( +&&e&& (he&e .'!#(#e& "#(h *e%'*, e#(he* ( (he

PERSON HIMSELF * ( OTHERS (he 3/+!e(e ,e!#$e'(#$ *

,e&3*#+(#$ f /e*#( &ee/& ( 5e +e*f*/e, '& $'(.*'!! '& '

&h'," #& 3'&( 5 (he &.$ * '$ #/'%e #& *ef!e3(e, .+$ "'(e*4

If (he %*.$, $ "h#3h (he &h'," #& 3'&( 5e $( 5*6e$ '$,

.$ee$ $* (he &.*f'3e f*/ "h#3h (he #/'%e #& *ef!e3(e,



,#&(.*5e, '$, 3$f.&e, ' .&( f#%.*e #& #//e,#'(e! +*e&e$(e,

"#(h.( '$ '*( * '((e$(#$4 A$, #( &ee/& ' *e'&$'5!e

+*e&./+(#$ (h'( &&(e/& '$, h+(he&e& h'e +e*e*(e, .*

$'(.*'! .$,e*&('$,#$% "he$ ' (he* & &#/+!e '$, 5#.&

3.!, & !$% h'e e&3'+e, (he /&( e!'5*'(e e)'/#$'(#$4

B.( h"ee* (he 3'&e /' h'e f'*e, "#(h +h#!&+h #$ 3//$

!#fe (he&e +*#$3#+!e& '*e &(#!! #/+!#3#(! /'#$('#$e, $* #& '$

(he* (+#3 f +*'#&e * 5!'/e ee* *e3.**e, ( "he$ "e e/+!

'$ +'$e%*#3 * &'(#*e '$ '++!'.&e * 3e$&.*e f h./'$ '3(#$

'$, 5eh'#.*4 If "e 5&e*e /e$ #$ ee* #$(e*3.*&e f

5.&#$e&& * +!e'&.*e #$ ee* ,#&3.*&e '$, 3$e*&'(#$ "e

&h'!! f#$, (he/ $"he*e e)3e+( (he &3h!& '( '$ !&& .+$

(h#& &.5e3(4 h'( & $'(.*'! f* #$&('$3e '& (he f!!"#$%

,#'!%.e Y. '*e e* h'++ "e &h'!! &.++&e $e ( &'

',,*e&&#$% h#/&e!f ( '$(he* (h'( . h'e %#e$ .* ,'.%h(e*

( C!e'$(he&4 He #& ' /'$ f h$.* '$, h./'$#(4 Ee* $e "h

h'& '$ #$(e*3.*&e "#(h h#/ #& &.*e f FAIR '$, KIND (*e'(/e$(4

:F($(e< Q.'!#(#e& .&ef.! ( (he*&4; I 3$%*'(.!'(e . (

&'& '$(he* $ (he +*/#&#$% e)+e3('(#$& f (h#& &$-#$-!'"

"h&e '&&#,..& '++!#3'(#$ ( (he &(., f (he !'"& "h&e .#36

+e$e(*'(#$ '$, e'*! 6$"!e,%e 5(h f /e$ '$, 5.&#$e&&

+*%$&(#3'(e (he %*e'(e&( h$.*& '$, ','$3e/e$(4 :F($(e<

Q.'!#(#e& .&ef.! ( (he +e*&$ h#/&e!f4; Y. &.*+*#&e /e *e+!#e&

' (h#*, "he$ . ('!6 f C!e'$(he& '& ' /'$ f 5.&#$e&& '$,

'++!#3'(#$4 I /e( h#/ !'(e! #$ ' 3#*3!e f (he %'e&( 3/+'$



'$, he "'& (he e* !#fe '$, &.! f .* 3$e*&'(#$< & /.3h

"#( "#(h %, /'$$e*& & /.3h %'!!'$(* "#(h.( 'ffe3('(#$ &

/.3h #$%e$#.& 6$"!e,%e & %e$(ee!! ,e!#e*e, I h'e $ee*

5ef*e 5&e*e, #$ '$ $e4 :F($(e< Q.'!#(#e& #//e,#'(e!

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f.*(h #f . 6$e" h#/ /*e f'/#!#'*!4 Th'( 3hee*f.!$e&& "h#3h

. /#%h( *e/'*6 #$ h#/ #& $( ' &.,,e$ f!'&h &(*.36 .( 5

3/+'$< #( *.$& (h*.%h (he "h!e (e$* f h#& !#fe '$,

+*e&e*e& ' +e*+e(.'! &e*e$#( $ h#& 3.$(e$'$3e '$,

(*'$.#!!#( #$ h#& &.!4 He h'& /e( "#(h &ee*e (*#'!&

/#&f*(.$e& '& "e!! '& ,'$%e*& '$, 5 h#& %*e'($e&& f /#$, "'&

&(#!! &.+e*#* ( '!! f (he/ :F($(e< Q.'!#(#e& #//e,#'(e!

'%*ee'5!e ( (he +e*&$ h#/&e!f;4 The #/'%e %e$(!e/e$ "h#3h .

h'e he*e ,e!#$e'(e, f C!e'$(he& 3*#e, I #& (h'( f

'33/+!#&he, /e*#(4 E'3h f . h'& %#e$ ' &(*6e f (he +e$3#!

( h#& f#%.*e '$, . h'e .$'"'*e& e)3ee,e, '!! (he +#3(.*e&

,*'"$ 5 G*'(#'$ * C'&(#%!#$e4 A +h#!&+he* /#%h( &e!e3( (h#&

3h'*'3(e* '& ' /,e! f +e*fe3( #*(.e4

A$, '& ee* .'!#( "h#3h #& .&ef.! * '%*ee'5!e ( .*&e!e& *

(he*& #& #$ 3//$ !#fe '!!"e, ( 5e ' +'*( f +e*&$'!

/e*#( & $ (he* "#!! ee* 5e *e3e#e, "he*e /e$ .,%e f

(h#$%& 5 (he#* $'(.*'! .$+*e.,#3e, *e'&$ "#(h.( (he

,e!.&#e %!&&e& f &.+e*&(#(#$ '$, f'!&e *e!#%#$4 Ce!#5'3

f'&(#$% +e$'$3e /*(#f#3'(#$ &e!f-,e$#'! h./#!#( &#!e$3e

&!#(.,e '$, (he "h!e (*'#$ f /$6#&h #*(.e& f* "h'( *e'&$



'*e (he ee*"he*e *ee3(e, 5 /e$ f &e$&e 5.( 5e3'.&e (he

&e*e ( $ /'$$e* f +.*+&e $e#(he* ','$3e ' /'$0& f*(.$e #$

(he "*!, $* *e$,e* h#/ ' /*e '!.'5!e /e/5e* f &3#e(

$e#(he* .'!#f h#/ f* (he e$(e*('#$/e$( f 3/+'$ $*

#$3*e'&e h#& +"e* f &e!f-e$/e$( e 5&e*e $ (he

3$(*'* (h'( (he 3*&& '!! (he&e ,e&#*'5!e e$,& &(.+#f (he

.$,e*&('$,#$% '$, h'*,e$ (he he'*( 5&3.*e (he f'$3 '$, &.*

(he (e/+e*4 e .&(! (he*ef*e (*'$&fe* (he/ ( (he ++&#(e

3!./$ '$, +!'3e (he/ #$ (he 3'('!%.e f #3e& $* h'& '$

&.+e*&(#(#$ f*3e &.ff#3#e$( '/$% /e$ f (he "*!, ( +e*e*(

e$(#*e! (he&e $'(.*'! &e$(#/e$(&4 A %!/ h'#*-5*'#$e,

e$(h.&#'&( 'f(e* h#& ,e'(h /' h'e ' +!'3e #$ (he 3'!e$,'*

5.( "#!! &3'*3e! ee* 5e ',/#((e, "he$ '!#e #$( #$(#/'3 '$,

&3#e( e)3e+( 5 (h&e "h '*e '& ,e!#*#.& '$, ,#&/'! '&

h#/&e!f4

I( &ee/& ' h'++#$e&& #$ (he +*e&e$( (he* (h'( #( e$(e*& $(

#$( (h'( .!%'* ,#&+.(e 3$3e*$#$% (he DEGREES f 5e$e!e$3e *

&e!f-!e "h#3h +*e'#! #$ h./'$ $'(.*e ' ,#&+.(e "h#3h #&

$ee* !#6e! ( h'e '$ #&&.e 5(h 5e3'.&e /e$ "h h'e ('6e$

+'*( '*e $( e'&#! 3$#$3e, '$, 5e3'.&e (he +he$/e$' "h#3h

3'$ 5e +*,.3e, $ e#(he* &#,e '*e & ,#&+e*&e, & .$3e*('#$

'$, &.5e3( ( & /'$ #$(e*+*e('(#$& (h'( #( #& &3'*3e!

+&&#5!e '33.*'(e! ( 3/+'*e (he/ * ,*'" f*/ (he/ '$

,e(e*/#$'(e #$fe*e$3e * 3$3!.&#$4 I( #& &.ff#3#e$( f* .*

+*e&e$( +.*+&e #f #( 5e '!!"e, "h'( &.*e! "#(h.( (he



%*e'(e&( '5&.*,#( 3'$$( 5e ,#&+.(e, (h'( (he*e #& &/e

5e$e!e$3e h"ee* &/'!! #$f.&e, #$( .* 5&/ &/e &+'*6 f

f*#e$,&h#+ f* h./'$ 6#$, &/e +'*(#3!e f (he ,e 6$e',e, #$(

.* f*'/e '!$% "#(h (he e!e/e$(& f (he "!f '$, &e*+e$(4 Le(

(he&e %e$e*.& &e$(#/e$(& 5e &.++&e, ee* & "e'6 !e( (he/ 5e

#$&.ff#3#e$( ( /e ee$ ' h'$, * f#$%e* f .* 5, (he /.&(

&(#!! ,#*e3( (he ,e(e*/#$'(#$& f .* /#$, '$, "he*e ee*(h#$%

e!&e #& e.'! +*,.3e ' 3! +*efe*e$3e f "h'( #& .&ef.! '$,

&e*#3e'5!e ( /'$6#$, '5e "h'( #& +e*$#3#.& '$, ,'$%e*.&4 A

MORAL DISTINCTION (he*ef*e #//e,#'(e! '*#&e& ' %e$e*'!

&e$(#/e$( f 5!'/e '$, '++*5'(#$ ' (e$,e$3 h"ee* f'#$( (

(he 5e3(& f (he $e '$, ' +*+*(#$'5!e 'e*&#$ ( (h&e f

(he (he*4 N* "#!! (h&e *e'&$e*& "h & e'*$e&(! /'#$('#$

(he +*e,/#$'$( &e!f#&h$e&& f h./'$ 6#$, 5e '$ "#&e

&3'$,'!#8e, '( he'*#$% f (he "e'6 &e$(#/e$(& f #*(.e #/+!'$(e,

#$ .* $'(.*e4 O$ (he 3$(*'* (he '*e f.$, '& *e', (

/'#$('#$ (he $e (e$e( '& (he (he* '$, (he#* &+#*#( f &'(#*e

=f* &.3h #( '++e'*& *'(he* (h'$ f 3**.+(#$@ $'(.*'!! %#e&

*#&e ( 5(h +#$#$& "h#3h h'e #$,ee, ' %*e'( '$, '!/&( '$

#$,#&&!.5!e 3$$e)#$ (%e(he*4

A'*#3e '/5#(#$ '$#( '$, '!! +'&&#$& .!%'*! (h.%h

#/+*+e*! 3/+*#&e, .$,e* (he ,e$/#$'(#$ f SELF-LOVE '*e

he*e e)3!.,e, f*/ .* (he* 3$3e*$#$% (he *#%#$ f /*'!&

$( 5e3'.&e (he '*e ( "e'6 5.( 5e3'.&e (he h'e $( ' +*+e*

,#*e3(#$ f* (h'( +.*+&e4 The $(#$ f /*'!& #/+!#e& &/e



&e$(#/e$( 3//$ ( '!! /'$6#$, "h#3h *e3//e$,& (he &'/e 5e3(

( %e$e*'! '++*5'(#$ '$, /'6e& ee* /'$ * /&( /e$ '%*ee

#$ (he &'/e +#$#$ * ,e3#&#$ 3$3e*$#$% #(4 I( '!& #/+!#e&

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'!! /'$6#$, '$, *e$,e* (he '3(#$& '$, 3$,.3( ee$ f (he

+e*&$& (he /&( *e/(e '$ 5e3( f '++!'.&e * 3e$&.*e

'33*,#$% '& (he '%*ee * ,#&'%*ee "#(h (h'( *.!e f *#%h( "h#3h

#& e&('5!#&he,4 The&e (" *e.#&#(e 3#*3./&('$3e& 5e!$% '!$e (

(he &e$(#/e$( f h./'$#( he*e #$&#&(e, $4 The (he* +'&&#$&

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f '$ %e$e*'! &&(e/ '$, e&('5!#&he, (he* f 5!'/e *

'++*5'(#$4

he$ ' /'$ ,e$/#$'(e& '$(he* h#& ENEMY h#& RIVAL h#&

ANTAGONIST h#& ADVERSARY he #& .$,e*&(, ( &+e'6 (he !'$%.'%e

f &e!f-!e '$, ( e)+*e&& &e$(#/e$(& +e3.!#'* ( h#/&e!f '$,

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he 5e&("& $ '$ /'$ (he e+#(he(& f VICIOUS * ODIOUS *

DEPRAVED he (he$ &+e'6& '$(he* !'$%.'%e '$, e)+*e&&e&

&e$(#/e$(& #$ "h#3h he e)+e3(& '!! h#& '.,#e$3e '*e ( 3$3.*

"#(h h#/4 He /.&( he*e (he*ef*e ,e+'*( f*/ h#& +*#'(e '$,

+'*(#3.!'* &#(.'(#$ '$, /.&( 3h&e ' +#$( f #e" 3//$ (

h#/ "#(h (he*& he /.&( /e &/e .$#e*&'! +*#$3#+!e f (he

h./'$ f*'/e '$, (.3h ' &(*#$% ( "h#3h '!! /'$6#$, h'e '$



'33*, '$, &/+h$4 If he /e'$ (he*ef*e ( e)+*e&& (h'( (h#&

/'$ +&&e&&e& .'!#(#e& "h&e (e$,e$3 #& +e*$#3#.& ( &3#e(

he h'& 3h&e$ (h#& 3//$ +#$( f #e" '$, h'& (.3he, (he

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3$3.*&4 h#!e (he h./'$ he'*( #& 3/+.$,e, f (he &'/e e!e/e$(&

'& '( +*e&e$( #( "#!! $ee* 5e "h!! #$,#ffe*e$( ( +.5!#3

%, $* e$(#*e! .$'ffe3(e, "#(h (he (e$,e$3 f 3h'*'3(e*& '$,

/'$$e*&4 A$, (h.%h (h#& 'ffe3(#$ f h./'$#( /' $( %e$e*'!!

5e e&(ee/e, & &(*$% '& '$#( * '/5#(#$ e( 5e#$% 3//$ (

'!! /e$ #( 3'$ '!$e 5e (he f.$,'(#$ f /*'!& * f '$-

%e$e*'! &&(e/ f 5!'/e * +*'#&e4 O$e /'$0& '/5#(#$ #& $(

'$(he*0& '/5#(#$ $* "#!! (he &'/e ee$( * 5e3( &'(#&f

5(h 5.( (he h./'$#( f $e /'$ #& (he h./'$#( f ee* $e

'$, (he &'/e 5e3( (.3he& (h#& +'&&#$ #$ '!! h./'$ 3*e'(.*e&4

B.( (he &e$(#/e$(& "h#3h '*#&e f*/ h./'$#( '*e $( $! (he

&'/e #$ '!! h./'$ 3*e'(.*e& '$, +*,.3e (he &'/e '++*5'(#$ *

3e$&.*e 5.( (he '!& 3/+*ehe$, '!! h./'$ 3*e'(.*e& $* #&

(he*e '$ $e "h&e 3$,.3( * 3h'*'3(e* #& $( 5 (he#* /e'$&

'$ 5e3( ( ee* $e f 3e$&.*e * '++*5'(#$4 O$ (he

3$(*'* (h&e (he* +'&&#$& 3//$! ,e$/#$'(e, &e!f#&h

5(h +*,.3e ,#ffe*e$( &e$(#/e$(& #$ e'3h #$,##,.'! '33*,#$%

( h#& +'*(#3.!'* &#(.'(#$ '$, '!& 3$(e/+!'(e (he %*e'(e*

+'*( f /'$6#$, "#(h (he .(/&( #$,#ffe*e$3e '$, .$3$3e*$4

hee* h'& ' h#%h *e%'*, '$, e&(ee/ f* /e f!'((e*& / '$#(

"hee* e)+*e&&e& 3$(e/+( /*(#f#e& '$, ,#&+!e'&e& /e 5.( '& /



$'/e #& 6$"$ 5.( ( ' &/'!! +'*( f /'$6#$, (he*e '*e fe" "h

3/e "#(h#$ (he &+he*e f (h#& +'&&#$ * e)3#(e $ #(&

'33.$( e#(he* / 'ffe3(#$ * ,#&%.&(4 B.( #f . *e+*e&e$( '

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#$ '$ '%e f (he "*!, I &$ 3'** / ee ( (he +e*$#3#.&

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5e #$ (h#& !#%h( "h!! #$,#ffe*e$( ( /e4 h'( #& 5e$ef#3#'!

( &3#e( * ( (he +e*&$ h#/&e!f /.&( &(#!! 5e +*efe**e,4 A$,

ee* .'!#( * '3(#$ f ee* h./'$ 5e#$% /.&( 5 (h#&

/e'$& 5e *'$6e, .$,e* &/e 3!'&& * ,e$/#$'(#$ e)+*e&&#e f

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h'( /*e (he*ef*e 3'$ "e '&6 ( ,#&(#$%.#&h (he &e$(#/e$(&

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PART II4

H'#$% e)+!'#$e, (he /*'! APPROBATION '((e$,#$% /e*#( * #*(.e

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OBLIGATION ( #( '$, ( #$.#*e "he(he* ee* /'$ "h h'& '$

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"#!! #e!, ( e***& "h#3h '*e &'!.('* '$, ADVANTAGEOUS4

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&+'*e (he/&e!e& '!! (he +'#$& "h#3h (he f(e$ ('6e #$

*e3//e$,#$% (he&e ,.(#e&4 T "h'( +.*+&e 3!!e3( '*%./e$(& (

e#$3e (h'( (e/+e*'$3e #& ','$('%e.& '$, (he e)3e&&e& f

+!e'&.*e h.*(f.! "he$ #( '++e'*& (h'( (he&e e)3e&&e& '*e $!

,e$/#$'(e, &.3h 5e3'.&e (he '*e h.*(f.! '$, (h'( #f (he

.$!#/#(e, .&e f &(*$% !#.*& f* #$&('$3e $ /*e #/+'#*e,

he'!(h * (he f'3.!(#e& f /#$, '$, 5, (h'$ (he .&e f '#* *

"'(e* #( ".!, $( 5e ' "h#( /*e #3#.& * 5!'/e'5!e

I( &ee/& e.'!! &.+e*f!..& ( +*e (h'( (he COMPANIONABLE

#*(.e& f %, /'$$e*& '$, "#( ,e3e$3 '$, %e$(ee!$e&& '*e

/*e ,e&#*'5!e (h'$ (he 3$(*'* .'!#(#e&4 V'$#( '!$e "#(h.(

'$ (he* 3$&#,e*'(#$ #& ' &.ff#3#e$( /(#e ( /'6e .& "#&h

f* (he +&&e&&#$ f (he&e '33/+!#&h/e$(&4 N /'$ "'& ee*

"#!!#$%! ,ef#3#e$( #$ (h#& +'*(#3.!'*4 A!! .* f'#!.*e& he*e

+*3ee, f*/ 5', e,.3'(#$ "'$( f 3'+'3#( * ' +e*e*&e '$,

.$+!#'5!e ,#&+&#(#$4 .!, . h'e .* 3/+'$ 3e(e,

',/#*e, f!!"e, *'(he* (h'$ h'(e, ,e&+#&e, '#,e, C'$ '$



$e &e*#.&! ,e!#5e*'(e #$ (he 3'&e A& $ e$/e$( #& &#$3e*e

"#(h.( &/e *efe*e$3e ( 3/+'$ '$, &3#e( & $ &3#e( 3'$

5e '%*ee'5!e * ee$ (!e*'5!e "he*e ' /'$ fee!& h#& +*e&e$3e

.$"e!3/e '$, ,#&3e*& '!! '*.$, h#/ &/+(/& f ,#&%.&( '$,

'e*&#$4

B.( "h #$ (he %*e'(e* &3#e( * 3$fe,e*'3 f /'$6#$, &h.!,

$( (he 3'&e 5e (he &'/e '& #$ +'*(#3.!'* 3!.5& '$, 3/+'$#e&

h #& #( /*e ,.5(f.! (h'( (he e$!'*%e, #*(.e& f h./'$#(

%e$e*&#( 5e$ef#3e$3e '*e ,e&#*'5!e "#(h ' #e" f h'++#$e&&

'$, &e!f-#$(e*e&( (h'$ (he !#/#(e, e$,"/e$(& f #$%e$.#( '$,

+!#(e$e&& A*e "e '++*ehe$&#e !e&( (h&e &3#'! 'ffe3(#$&

#$(e*fe*e #$ ' %*e'(e* '$, /*e #//e,#'(e ,e%*ee (h'$ '$ (he*

+.*&.#(& "#(h +*#'(e .(#!#( '$, 3'$$( 5e %*'(#f#e, "#(h.(

&/e #/+*('$( &'3*#f#3e f h$.* '$, ','$('%e If & "e '*e

5.( #!!-#$&(*.3(e, #$ (he $'(.*e f (he h./'$ +'&&#$& '$, '*e

/*e #$f!.e$3e, 5 e*5'! ,#&(#$3(#$& (h'$ 5 *e'! ,#ffe*e$3e&4

h'(ee* 3$(*',#3(#$ /' .!%'*! 5e &.++&e, 5e("ee$ (he

SELFISH '$, SOCIAL &e$(#/e$(& * ,#&+&#(#$& (he '*e *e'!! $

/*e ++&#(e (h'$ &e!f#&h '$, '/5#(#.& &e!f#&h '$, *ee$%ef.!

&e!f#&h '$, '#$4 I( #& *e.#&#(e (h'( (he*e 5e '$ *#%#$'!

+*+e$&#( f &/e 6#$, #$ *,e* ( 5e ' 5'&#& ( &e!f-!e 5

%##$% ' *e!#&h ( (he 5e3(& f #(& +.*&.#( '$, $$e /*e f#(

f* (h#& +.*+&e (h'$ 5e$e!e$3e * h./'$#(4 The %,& f

f*(.$e '*e &+e$( #$ $e %*'(#f#3'(#$ * '$(he*< (he /#&e* "h



'33./.!'(e& h#& '$$.'! #$3/e '$, !e$,& #( .( '( #$(e*e&( h'&

*e'!! &+e$( #( #$ (he %*'(#f#3'(#$ f h#& ''*#3e4 A$, #( ".!,

5e ,#ff#3.!( ( &h" "h ' /'$ #& /*e ' !&e* 5 ' %e$e*.&

'3(#$ (h'$ 5 '$ (he* /e(h, f e)+e$&e &#$3e (he .(/&(

"h#3h he 3'$ '(('#$ 5 (he /&( e!'5*'(e &e!f#&h$e&& #& (he

#$,.!%e$3e f &/e 'ffe3(#$4

N" #f !#fe "#(h.( +'&&#$ /.&( 5e '!(%e(he* #$&#+#, '$,

(#*e&/e !e( ' /'$ &.++&e (h'( he h'& f.!! +"e* f /,e!!#$%

h#& "$ ,#&+&#(#$ '$, !e( h#/ ,e!#5e*'(e "h'( '++e(#(e *

,e&#*e he ".!, 3h&e f* (he f.$,'(#$ f h#& h'++#$e&& '$,

e$/e$(4 Ee* 'ffe3(#$ he ".!, 5&e*e "he$ %*'(#f#e, 5

&.33e&& %#e& ' &'(#&f'3(#$ +*+*(#$e, ( #(& f*3e '$,

#!e$3e 5.( 5e&#,e& (h#& ','$('%e 3//$ ( '!! (he

#//e,#'(e fee!#$% f 5e$e!e$3e '$, f*#e$,&h#+ h./'$#( '$,

6#$,$e&& #& &"ee( &/(h (e$,e* '$, '%*ee'5!e #$,e+e$,e$( f

'!! f*(.$e '$, '33#,e$(&4 The&e #*(.e& '*e 5e&#,e& '((e$,e,

"#(h ' +!e'&#$% 3$&3#.&$e&& * *e/e/5*'$3e '$, 6ee+ .& #$

h./.* "#(h .*&e!e& '& "e!! '& (he*& "h#!e "e

*e('#$ (he '%*ee'5!e *ef!e3(#$ f h'#$% ,$e .* +'*( ("'*,&

/'$6#$, '$, &3#e(4 A$, (h.%h '!! /e$ &h" ' e'!.& f .*

&.33e&& #$ (he +.*&.#(& f ''*#3e '$, '/5#(#$ e( '*e "e

'!/&( &.*e f (he#* %,-"#!! '$, %, "#&he& & !$% '& "e

+e*&ee*e #$ (he +'(h& f #*(.e '$, e/+! .*&e!e& #$ (he

e)e3.(#$ f %e$e*.& +!'$& '$, +.*+&e&4 h'( (he* +'&&#$ #&



(he*e "he*e "e &h'!! f#$, & /'$ ','$('%e& .$#(e, '$ '%*ee'5!e

&e$(#/e$( ' +!e'&#$% 3$&3#.&$e&& ' %, *e+.('(#$ B.( f

(he&e (*.(h& "e /' 5&e*e /e$ '*e f (he/&e!e& +*e(( /.3h

3$#$3e, $* '*e (he ,ef#3#e$( #$ (he#* ,.( ( &3#e(

5e3'.&e (he ".!, $( "#&h ( 5e %e$e*.& f*#e$,! '$, h./'$e

5.( 5e3'.&e (he , $( fee! (he/&e!e& &.3h4

T*e'(#$% #3e "#(h (he %*e'(e&( 3'$,.* '$, /'6#$% #( '!!

+&&#5!e 3$3e&&#$& "e /.&( '36$"!e,%e (h'( (he*e #& $( #$

'$ #$&('$3e (he &/'!!e&( +*e(e)( f* %##$% #( (he +*efe*e$3e

'5e #*(.e "#(h ' #e" f &e!f-#$(e*e&( e)3e+( +e*h'+& #$

(he 3'&e f .&(#3e "he*e ' /'$ ('6#$% (h#$%& #$ ' 3e*('#$

!#%h( /' f(e$ &ee/ ( 5e ' !&e* 5 h#& #$(e%*#(4 A$, (h.%h

#( #& '!!"e, (h'( "#(h.( ' *e%'*, ( +*+e*( $ &3#e(

3.!, &.5&#&( e( '33*,#$% ( (he #/+e*fe3( "' #$ "h#3h h./'$

'ff'#*& '*e 3$,.3(e, ' &e$&#5!e 6$'e #$ +'*(#3.!'* #$3#,e$(&

/' (h#$6 (h'( '$ '3( f #$#.#( * #$f#,e!#( "#!! /'6e '

3$&#,e*'5!e ',,#(#$ ( h#& f*(.$e "#(h.( 3'.&#$% '$

3$&#,e*'5!e 5*e'3h #$ (he &3#'! .$#$ '$, 3$fe,e*'34 Th'(

HONESTY IS THE BEST POLICY /' 5e ' %, %e$e*'! *.!e 5.( #&

!#'5!e ( /'$ e)3e+(#$& '$, he #( /' +e*h'+& 5e (h.%h(

3$,.3(& h#/&e!f "#(h /&( "#&,/ "h 5&e*e& (he %e$e*'! *.!e

'$, ('6e& ','$('%e f '!! (he e)3e+(#$&4 I /.&( 3$fe&& (h'(

#f ' /'$ (h#$6 (h'( (h#& *e'&$#$% /.3h *e.#*e& '$ '$&"e* #(

".!, 5e ' !#((!e ,#ff#3.!( ( f#$, '$ "h#3h "#!! ( h#/ '++e'*

&'(#&f'3(* '$, 3$#$3#$%4 If h#& he'*( *e5e! $( '%'#$&( &.3h





5e("ee$ (he .$5.%h( &'(#&f'3(#$ f 3$e*&'(#$ &3#e(

&(., ee$ he'!(h '$, (he 3//$ 5e'.(#e& f $'(.*e 5.( '5e

'!! (he +e'3ef.! *ef!e3(#$ $ $e0& "$ 3$,.3( "h'(

3/+'*#&$ I &' 5e("ee$ (he&e '$, (he fee*#&h e/+(

'/.&e/e$(& f !.).* '$, e)+e$&e The&e $'(.*'! +!e'&.*e&

#$,ee, '*e *e'!! "#(h.( +*#3e 5(h 5e3'.&e (he '*e 5e!" '!!

+*#3e #$ (he#* '(('#$/e$( '$, '5e #( #$ (he#* e$/e$(4

APPENDIX I4

CONCERNING MORAL SENTIMENT

IF (he f*e%#$% h+(he&#& 5e *e3e#e, #( "#!! $" 5e e'& f*

.& ( ,e(e*/#$e (he .e&(#$ f#*&( &('*(e, :FOOTNOTE< Se3(4 14;

3$3e*$#$% (he %e$e*'! +*#$3#+!e& f /*'!& '$, (h.%h "e

+&(+$e, (he ,e3#&#$ f (h'( .e&(#$ !e&( #( &h.!, (he$

#$!e .& #$ #$(*#3'(e &+e3.!'(#$& "h#3h '*e .$f#( f* /*'!

,#&3.*&e& "e /' *e&./e #( '( +*e&e$( '$, e)'/#$e h" f'*

e#(he* REASON * SENTIMENT e$(e*& #$( '!! ,e3#&#$& f +*'#&e *

3e$&.*e4

O$e +*#$3#+'! f.$,'(#$ f /*'! +*'#&e 5e#$% &.++&e, ( !#e #$



(he .&ef.!$e&& f '$ .'!#( * '3(#$ #( #& e#,e$( (h'(

REASON /.&( e$(e* f* ' 3$&#,e*'5!e &h'*e #$ '!! ,e3#&#$& f

(h#& 6#$, &#$3e $(h#$% 5.( (h'( f'3.!( 3'$ #$&(*.3( .& #$ (he

(e$,e$3 f .'!#(#e& '$, '3(#$& '$, +#$( .( (he#* 5e$ef#3#'!

3$&e.e$3e& ( &3#e( '$, ( (he#* +&&e&&*4 I$ /'$ 3'&e&

(h#& #& '$ 'ff'#* !#'5!e ( %*e'( 3$(*e*&< ,.5(& /' '*#&e

++&#(e #$(e*e&(& /' 33.* '$, ' +*efe*e$3e /.&( 5e %#e$ (

$e &#,e f*/ e* $#3e #e"& '$, ' &/'!! e*5'!'$3e f

.(#!#(4 Th#& #& +'*(#3.!'*! *e/'*6'5!e #$ .e&(#$& "#(h *e%'*,

( .&(#3e '& #& #$,ee, $'(.*'! ( &.++&e f*/ (h'( &+e3#e&

f .(#!#( "h#3h '((e$,& (h#& #*(.e :F($(e< See A++4 II4;4

e*e ee* &#$%!e #$&('$3e f .&(#3e !#6e (h'( f 5e$e!e$3e

.&ef.! ( &3#e( (h#& ".!, 5e ' /*e &#/+!e &('(e f (he 3'&e

'$, &e!,/ !#'5!e ( %*e'( 3$(*e*&4 B.( '& &#$%!e #$&('$3e&

f .&(#3e '*e f(e$ +e*$#3#.& #$ (he#* f#*&( '$, #//e,#'(e

(e$,e$3 '$, '& (he ','$('%e ( &3#e( *e&.!(& $! f*/ (he

5&e*'$3e f (he %e$e*'! *.!e '$, f*/ (he 3$3.**e$3e '$,

3/5#$'(#$ f &ee*'! +e*&$& #$ (he &'/e e.#('5!e 3$,.3( (he

3'&e he*e 5e3/e& /*e #$(*#3'(e '$, #$!e,4 The '*#.&

3#*3./&('$3e& f &3#e( (he '*#.& 3$&e.e$3e& f '$

+*'3(#3e (he '*#.& #$(e*e&(& "h#3h /' 5e +*+&e, (he&e $

/'$ 33'&#$& '*e ,.5(f.! '$, &.5e3( ( %*e'( ,#&3.&&#$ '$,

#$.#*4 The 5e3( f /.$#3#+'! !'"& #& ( f#) '!! (he .e&(#$&

"#(h *e%'*, ( .&(#3e< (he ,e5'(e& f 3##!#'$& (he *ef!e3(#$&

f +!#(#3#'$& (he +*e3e,e$(& f h#&(* '$, +.5!#3 *e3*,& '*e

'!! ,#*e3(e, ( (he &'/e +.*+&e4 A$, ' e* '33.*'(e REASON *



UDGEMENT #& f(e$ *e.#&#(e ( %#e (he (*.e ,e(e*/#$'(#$

'/#,&( &.3h #$(*#3'(e ,.5(& '*#&#$% f*/ 5&3.*e * ++&#(e

.(#!#(#e&4

B.( (h.%h *e'&$ "he$ f.!! '&&#&(e, '$, #/+*e, 5e

&.ff#3#e$( ( #$&(*.3( .& #$ (he +e*$#3#.& * .&ef.! (e$,e$3 f

.'!#(#e& '$, '3(#$& #( #& $( '!$e &.ff#3#e$( ( +*,.3e '$

/*'! 5!'/e * '++*5'(#$4 U(#!#( #& $! ' (e$,e$3 ( '

3e*('#$ e$, '$, "e*e (he e$, (('!! #$,#ffe*e$( ( .& "e

&h.!, fee! (he &'/e #$,#ffe*e$3e ("'*,& (he /e'$&4 I( #&

*e.#&#(e ' SENTIMENT &h.!, he*e ,#&+!' #(&e!f #$ *,e* (

%#e ' +*efe*e$3e ( (he .&ef.! '5e (he +e*$#3#.& (e$,e$3#e&4

Th#& SENTIMENT 3'$ 5e $ (he* (h'$ ' fee!#$% f* (he h'++#$e&&

f /'$6#$, '$, ' *e&e$(/e$( f (he#* /#&e* &#$3e (he&e '*e (he

,#ffe*e$( e$,& "h#3h #*(.e '$, #3e h'e ' (e$,e$3 ( +*/(e4

He*e (he*ef*e REASON #$&(*.3(& .& #$ (he &ee*'! (e$,e$3#e& f

'3(#$& '$, HUMANITY /'6e& ' ,#&(#$3(#$ #$ f'.* f (h&e

"h#3h '*e .&ef.! '$, 5e$ef#3#'!4

Th#& +'*(#(#$ 5e("ee$ (he f'3.!(#e& f .$,e*&('$,#$% '$,

&e$(#/e$( #$ '!! /*'! ,e3#&#$& &ee/& 3!e'* f*/ (he +*e3e,#$%

h+(he&#&4 B.( I &h'!! &.++&e (h'( h+(he&#& f'!&e< #( "#!!

(he$ 5e *e.#&#(e ( !6 .( f* &/e (he* (he* (h'( /' 5e

&'(#&f'3(* '$, I ,'*e e$(.*e ( 'ff#*/ (h'( $$e &.3h "#!!

ee* 5e f.$, & !$% '& "e &.++&e *e'&$ ( 5e (he &!e &.*3e

f /*'!&4 T +*e (h#& #( "#!! 5e +*+e* ( "e#%h (he f#e



f!!"#$% 3$&#,e*'(#$&4

I4 I( #& e'& f* ' f'!&e h+(he&#& ( /'#$('#$ &/e '++e'*'$3e

f (*.(h "h#!e #( 6ee+& "h!! #$ %e$e*'!& /'6e& .&e f

.$,ef#$e, (e*/& '$, e/+!& 3/+'*#&$& #$&(e', f #$&('$3e&4

Th#& #& +'*(#3.!'*! *e/'*6'5!e #$ (h'( +h#!&+h "h#3h

'&3*#5e& (he ,#&3e*$/e$( f '!! /*'! ,#&(#$3(#$& ( *e'&$

'!$e "#(h.( (he 3$3.**e$3e f &e$(#/e$(4 I( #& #/+&&#5!e

(h'( #$ '$ +'*(#3.!'* #$&('$3e (h#& h+(he&#& 3'$ & /.3h '&

5e *e$,e*e, #$(e!!#%#5!e "h'(ee* &+e3#.& f#%.*e #( /' /'6e #$

%e$e*'! ,e3!'/'(#$& '$, ,#&3.*&e&4 E)'/#$e (he 3*#/e f

INGRATITUDE f* #$&('$3e "h#3h h'& +!'3e "he*ee* "e 5&e*e

%,-"#!! e)+*e&&e, '$, 6$"$ (%e(he* "#(h %,-ff#3e&

+e*f*/e, $ (he $e &#,e '$, ' *e(.*$ f #!!-"#!! *

#$,#ffe*e$3e "#(h #!!-ff#3e& * $e%!e3( $ (he (he*< '$'(/#8e

'!! (he&e 3#*3./&('$3e& '$, e)'/#$e 5 .* *e'&$ '!$e #$

"h'( 3$&#&(& (he ,e/e*#( * 5!'/e4 Y. $ee* "#!! 3/e ( '$

#&&.e * 3$3!.&#$4

Re'&$ .,%e& e#(he* f MATTER OF FACT * f RELATIONS4 E$.#*e

(he$ f#*&( "he*e #& (h'( /'((e* f f'3( "h#3h "e he*e 3'!!

3*#/e +#$( #( .( ,e(e*/#$e (he (#/e f #(& e)#&(e$3e

,e&3*#5e #(& e&&e$3e * $'(.*e e)+!'#$ (he &e$&e * f'3.!( (

"h#3h #( ,#&3e*& #(&e!f4 I( *e&#,e& #$ (he /#$, f (he +e*&$

"h #& .$%*'(ef.!4 He /.&( (he*ef*e fee! #( '$, 5e 3$&3#.&

f #(4 B.( $(h#$% #& (he*e e)3e+( (he +'&&#$ f #!!-"#!! *



'5&!.(e #$,#ffe*e$3e4 Y. 3'$$( &' (h'( (he&e f (he/&e!e&

'!"'& '$, #$ '!! 3#*3./&('$3e& '*e 3*#/e&4 N (he '*e $!

3*#/e& "he$ ,#*e3(e, ("'*,& +e*&$& "h h'e 5ef*e e)+*e&&e,

'$, ,#&+!'e, %,-"#!! ("'*,& .&4 C$&e.e$(! "e /' #$fe*

(h'( (he 3*#/e f #$%*'(#(.,e #& $( '$ +'*(#3.!'* #$,##,.'!

FACT 5.( '*#&e& f*/ ' 3/+!#3'(#$ f 3#*3./&('$3e& "h#3h

5e#$% +*e&e$(e, ( (he &+e3('(* e)3#(e& (he SENTIMENT f 5!'/e

5 (he +'*(#3.!'* &(*.3(.*e '$, f'5*#3 f h#& /#$,4

Th#& *e+*e&e$('(#$ . &' #& f'!&e4 C*#/e #$,ee, 3$&#&(&

$( #$ ' +'*(#3.!'* FACT f "h&e *e'!#( "e '*e '&&.*e, 5

*e'&$ 5.( #( 3$&#&(& #$ 3e*('#$ MORAL RELATIONS ,#&3e*e, 5

*e'&$ #$ (he &'/e /'$$e* '& "e ,#&3e* 5 *e'&$ (he (*.(h& f

%e/e(* * '!%e5*'4 B.( "h'( '*e (he *e!'(#$& I '&6 f "h#3h

. he*e ('!6 I$ (he 3'&e &('(e, '5e I &ee f#*&( %,-"#!!

'$, %,-ff#3e& #$ $e +e*&$ (he$ #!!-"#!! '$, #!!-ff#3e& #$

(he (he*4 Be("ee$ (he&e (he*e #& ' *e!'(#$ f CONTARIETY4 De&

(he 3*#/e 3$&#&( #$ (h'( *e!'(#$ B.( &.++&e ' +e*&$ 5*e /e

#!!-"#!! * ,#, /e #!!-ff#3e& '$, I #$ *e(.*$ "e*e

#$,#ffe*e$( ("'*,& h#/ * ,#, h#/ %, ff#3e&4 He*e #& (he

&'/e *e!'(#$ f CONTRARIETY '$, e( / 3$,.3( #& f(e$ h#%h!

!'.,'5!e4 T"#&( '$, (.*$ (h#& /'((e* '& /.3h '& . "#!! . 3'$

$ee* *e&( (he /*'!#( $ *e!'(#$ 5.( /.&( h'e *e3.*&e (

(he ,e3#&#$& f &e$(#/e$(4

he$ #( #& 'ff#*/e, (h'( (" '$, (h*ee '*e e.'! ( (he h'!f f



(e$ (h#& *e!'(#$ f e.'!#( I .$,e*&('$, +e*fe3(!4 I

3$3e#e (h'( #f (e$ 5e ,##,e, #$( (" +'*(& f "h#3h $e h'&

'& /'$ .$#(& '& (he (he* '$, #f '$ f (he&e +'*(& 5e 3/+'*e,

( (" ',,e, ( (h*ee #( "#!! 3$('#$ '& /'$ .$#(& '& (h'(

3/+.$, $./5e*4 B.( "he$ . ,*'" (he$3e ' 3/+'*#&$ ( /*'!

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5.( #& ' e* 5', $e f* '$ &e*#.& '*%./e$( * *e'&$#$%4

APPENDIX III4

SOME FARTHER CONSIDERATIONS ITH REGARD TO USTICE4

The #$(e$(#$ f (h#& A++e$,#) #& ( %#e &/e /*e +'*(#3.!'*

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APPENDIX IV4

OF SOME VERBAL DISPUTES4

N(h#$% #& /*e .&.'! (h'$ f* +h#!&+he*& ( e$3*'3h .+$ (he

+*#$3e f %*'//'*#'$& '$, ( e$%'%e #$ ,#&+.(e& f "*,&

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David Hume an Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals

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