David Cahen WIS-AERI 04-2013; http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/ Weizmann Institute’s Alternative Sustainable Energy Research Initiative http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/ Presentations are at http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/presentations.html Credits / sources many slides or parts of them came from (websites of): IEA, USDOE BES, NREL ++++ N. Lewis (Caltech), G. Crabtree (ANL), P. Alivisatos, S. Chu (UCB /LBL), A. Nozik, S. Kurtz, D. Ginley (NREL), the late R. Smalley (Rice). , L. Bronicki (Ormat), Y. Lou (CWRU) J. Karni, I. Lubomirsky, I. Maron, G. Hodes (WIS), A. Zaban (BIU) ++++ Pls inform us* of any credit that we missed. Thanks! * [email protected]
34
Embed
David Cahen WIS-AERI 04-2013; Weizmann Institute’s Alternative Sustainable Energy Research Initiative
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
David Cahen WIS-AERI 04-2013; http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/
Weizmann Institute’s Alternative Sustainable Energy Research Initiative
http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/ Presentations are at http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/presentations.html
Credits / sources
many slides or parts of them came from (websites of):
IEA, USDOE BES, NREL ++++
N. Lewis (Caltech), G. Crabtree (ANL), P. Alivisatos, S.
Chu (UCB /LBL), A. Nozik, S. Kurtz, D. Ginley (NREL), the
late R. Smalley (Rice). , L. Bronicki (Ormat), Y. Lou
(CWRU)
J. Karni, I. Lubomirsky, I. Maron, G. Hodes (WIS),
A. Zaban (BIU) ++++
Pls inform us* of any credit that we missed. Thanks!* [email protected]
David Cahen WIS-AERI 04-2013; http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/
Weizmann Institute’s Alternative Sustainable Energy Research Initiative
http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/ Presentations are at http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/presentations.html
ENERGYTHE Global Challenge
David Cahen WIS-AERI 04-2013; http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/
climate
water
food
energy
David Cahen WIS-AERI 04-2013; http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/
To live the life we aspire to, Sustainably, is an unprecedented challenge
Why?
Weizmann Institute’s Alternative Sustainable Energy Research Initiative
http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/ Presentations are at http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/presentations.html
Three Reasons:
ENERGYTHE Global Challenge
David Cahen WIS-AERI 04-2013; http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/
Mankind’s Top Challenges*E N E R G Y resource sustainabilityWATER ( energy)(rest of) ENVIRONMENT ( energy) FOOD ( energy)HEALTH/DISEASES ( energy)POVERTY (~ energy)EDUCATION, SECURITYP O P U L A T I O N (( ~ cheap energy)
-a- Energy defines accessibility to most other
resources
Credits/sources: many slides or parts of them came from (websites of): IEA, USDOE BES, NREL, N. Lewis (Caltech), P. Alivisatos, S. Chu (UCB /LBL), A. Nozik, S. Kurtz, D. Ginley (NREL), J. Karni, I. Lubomirsky, I. Maron, G. Hodes (WIS), A. Zaban (BIU), L. Bronicki (Ormat), Y. Lou (CWRU) , G. Crabtree, * after the late R. Smalley (Rice U)
David Cahen WIS-AERI 04-2013; http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/
Not really; ….………. It is more like WHICH Energy “Types” we need
WHEN and WHERE ?It costs energy to transform energy of type A to
type B “exergy”, ΔG
What is Energy?Energy (work): kWh Power kW(rate of energy use/generation)your electricity bill ! kW/person ~ 0.75 India (2009-2011 data) ~ 2.2 Mexico
~ 2.3 world average*~ 2.5 China ~ 4.2 Israel
~ 5.5 (W.) Europe ~ 9.5 USA * for food: 0.15 is world average
Are we running out?(Energy is conserved, E=mc2; --> nuclear energy !)
David Cahen WIS-AERI 04-2013; http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/
Total World Need for Power
in 2010: ~14.5 TW; in 2050: ~28 – 40 ?? TW
1 TW = 1000 GW1 GW = 1000 MW1 MW = 1000 kW
2011 estimates(%)----------------U.S.A ~ 19 EU ~ 14 FSU ~ 9 Brazil ~ 2.3Mexico ~ 1.5
E.Asia ~ 30 China ~ 21.5 Japan ~ 4
India~ 3.1
Sub Saharan Africa ~ 1.6
David Cahen WIS-AERI 04-2013; http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/
Total World Need for Power
in 2010: ~15 TW; in 2050: ~28 – 40 ?? TW
1 TW = 1,000,000,000,000 W(Mexico~ 0.06 TW)1 GW = 1,000,000,000 W (Itaipu ~ 12.5 GW)1 MW = 1,000,000 W (power for 1000 US homes)
1 kW = 1,000 W (1 room air conditioner)Cell phone charger ~ 5
WTV or Laptop PC ~
20 WFrig + freezer ~ 40
WWashing machine ~500
W
David Cahen WIS-AERI 04-2013; http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/
World Power Sources by Type
TW
for 2010
0
1
2
3
4
5
Oil coal
Nuclear
ENERGY: J, Wsec; BTUPOWER : W = J/sec
1 TW = 1000 GW1 GW = 1000 MW1 MW = 1000 kW
gas
> 80% of world power
fromFossil Fuels
-b- Can we rely on our present energy sources?
Hydro
OtherBiomas
s
Renewables
David Cahen WIS-AERI 04-2013; http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/
but ..…
we’ll run out of oil
Sure, at some point we will, and, yes,
we’re running out of cheap, clean oil, but…
do we really know?
-b- Can we rely on our present energy sources?
David Cahen WIS-AERI 04-2013; http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/
From S. Kurtz, NREL; Source: EIA (Energy Information Administration)
Oil Reserves as reported by several countries
and relying on oil companies isn’t much better
David Cahen WIS-AERI 04-2013; http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/
Energy “Reserves” and Resources
(as number of years of yearly consumption in 2000)
UltimateResources
time-independent constant : ~30-50 yrs of oil
Reserves
but remember….“the Stone Age did not end because of
a shortage of stones” Sheik Ahmed Zaki Yamani, Saudi Oil Minister 1962-1986
-b- Can we rely on our present energy sources?
Oil ≥ 40 ≥ 50
Gas ≥ 70 ≥ 200
David Cahen WIS-AERI 04-2013; http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/
Energy “Reserves” and Resources
(as number of years of yearly consumption in 2000)
UltimateResources
Oil ≥ 40 ≥ 50
Gas ≥ 70 ≥ 200
COAL~ 100 ~ 400
Reserves
So, … coal solves the problemsbut…
-b- Can we rely on our present energy sources?
David Cahen WIS-AERI 04-2013; http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/
while not everyone may agree about coal global warming
few dispute that WE pollute OUR water, air and earth
-b- Can we rely on our present energy sources?
David Cahen WIS-AERI 04-2013; http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/
and … are there alternatives?
The “logical” candidate:
NUCLEAR ENERGY
WHY?
David Cahen WIS-AERI 04-2013; http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/
Renai
ssan
ce
mid
180
0s
early
1900
s
1980
s0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Nuclear
Natural Gas
Oil
Coal
Biomass
Animals
Pre-
anim
al
dom
estic
atio
n
Energy Sources Through the Ages*
* “Western” world
-c- Until today, new energy sources always packed more energy in same weight & volume
than older ones
David Cahen WIS-AERI 04-2013; http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/
and are there other alternatives?
• Nuclear • “Lunar” (gravitational)
David Cahen WIS-AERI 04-2013; http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/
and are there other alternatives?
• Nuclear (geothermal, solar)
Renewable energy sources:
* SOLAR (incl. wind, hydroelectric,
biofuel)
* geothermal; tides, ocean
currents/waves
David Cahen WIS-AERI 04-2013; http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/
1.2x105 TW ~ 100s TW (x 0.110s TW) 0.22 TWp
(other) solar
Renewable Energy on Earth
Wind ~50 TW ~3-8 TW
0.24 TWp
Biomasswith all un-used cultivatable land → ~5 TW (H2O?)
1.9 TW(0.2 TW sustainable)
Hydroelectric4.6 TW1.5 TW0. 8 TW (installed)
Geothermal12 (+30 ocean)~1 TW~ 0.03 TW
but…storage
black: exists, but no idea how to get itred: exists and know how to get itpurple: presently used
David Cahen WIS-AERI 04-2013; http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/
System Power Ratings
1 kW 10 kW 100 kW 1MW 10 MW 100 MW 1GW
seco
nds
hours
min
ute
s
Dis
charg
e T
ime
SMES
Low-Speed
Lead Acid
Flow (redox; Vanadium)
Na-S Compressed Air
Pumped Hydro
System Power Rating
Supercapacitors
Ni-Cd
Li-ion
Hig
h-S
peed
Metal Air
Adapted from ORNL
F U E L S Batteries
Flywheel
Energy Storage: Existing Options
David Cahen WIS-AERI 04-2013; http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/
~ 6 x 6 m2
solar cell panel
for 2 days
1 (US) gallon~ 3.8 liter
~ 37 kWh
workof 2 horses for 25 hrs;of 15 men
1 (40h) week
Fossil Fuels are a true Energy Treasure
David Cahen WIS-AERI 04-2013; http://www.weizmann.ac.il/AERI/
Short term (< 2020) evolutions in technology & engineering: